Identification of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes as prognostic markers in colon cancer

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers, including colon cancer, by regulating tumor cell survival, growth, and immune response. However, the specific genes involved in ERS that could serve as prognostic markers in colon cancer remain underexplored. This study aims to identify and validate endoplasmic reticulum stress related genes (ERSRGs) in colon cancer that correlate with patient prognosis, thereby enhancing the understanding of ERS in oncological outcomes and potential therapeutic targeting. We utilized bioinformatics analyses to identify ERSRGs from publicly available colon cancer datasets. Differential expression analysis and survival analysis were performed to assess the prognostic significance of these genes. Validation was conducted through quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) on selected colon cancer cell lines. Our study identified nine ERS related genes (ASNS, ATF4, ATF6B, BOK, CLU, DDIT3, MANF, SLC39A14, TRAF2) involved in critical pathways including IL-12, PI3K-AKT, IL-7, and IL-23 signaling, and linked to 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival of patients with colon cancer. A multivariate Cox model based on these ERS related genes demonstrated significant prognostic power. Further, TRAF2 strong correlated with immune cells infiltration, suggesting its potential roles in modulating immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. The RT-qPCR validation confirmed the differential expression of these genes in human colon cancer cell lines versus human normal colonic epithelial cell line. The identified ERSRGs could serve as valuable prognostic markers and may offer new insights into the therapeutic targeting of ERS in colon cancer.

Janus piezoelectric adhesives regulate macrophage TRPV1/Ca2+/cAMP axis to stimulate tendon-to-bone healing by multi-omics analysis

Piezoelectric stimulation has garnered substantial interest as a promising strategy for tissue regeneration. However, studies investigating its impact on tendon-to-bone healing characterized by fibrocartilage remain scarce. Moreover, there are considerable technical challenges in achieving minimally invasive application of piezoelectric stimulation on the irregular tendon-to-bone interface. Herein, we developed Janus asymmetric piezoelectric adhesives by assembling adhesive hydrogel (GAN) and non-adhesive hydrogel (GM) on each side of piezoelectric poly (L-lactic acid) nanofiber. Piezoelectric adhesives exhibited superior anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and ex vivo. Notably, the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, a class of versatile signaling molecules, are closely associated with the regulation of inflammation. This study demonstrated that piezoelectric stimulation promoted Ca2+ influx through the activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), further enhancing cAMP signaling pathway in macrophages by RNA sequencing. Additionally, in vivo proteomic analysis revealed Arachidonic acid metabolism and TNF-α signaling pathway downregulation and VEGF signaling pathway upregulation in a rat rotator cuff repair model. Piezoelectric adhesives ultimately achieved inflammation alleviation, angiogenesis enhancement, and fibrocartilage regeneration promotion, improving the biomechanical strength of the enthesis. This study elucidated the mechanism by which piezoelectric stimulation regulated tendon-to-bone healing through multi-omics analysis. The piezoelectric adhesives hold promise as a convenient and effective strategy for enhancing tendon-to-bone healing in clinical practice.

Macrophage polarization-mediated PKM2/mTORC1/YME1L signaling pathway activation in fibrosis associated with Cardiorenal syndrome

BACKGROUND

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a complex condition characterized by the interplay between cardiac and renal dysfunction, often culminating in renal fibrosis. The role of macrophage polarization and its downstream effects in CRS-induced renal fibrosis remains an area of active investigation.

METHODS

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and immune infiltration analyses were employed to identify key immune cells and genes involved in renal fibrosis in CRS. Meta-analysis and pseudo-time analysis were conducted to validate the functional relevance of these genes. Functional studies utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and lentiviral vectors assessed macrophage polarization and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In vivo, a CRS mouse model was established, and fibrosis progression was tracked using histological and imaging methods.

RESULTS

The PKM2/mTORC1/YME1L signaling axis was identified as a critical pathway driving renal fibrosis, mediated by HIF-1α-induced M1 macrophage polarization. Inhibition of HIF-1α significantly alleviated renal fibrosis by restricting M1 polarization and suppressing the PKM2/mTORC1/YME1L axis. Co-culture models further demonstrated the involvement of EMT and metabolic reprogramming in affected cells.

CONCLUSION

Targeting the HIF-1α signaling pathway offers a promising therapeutic strategy for renal fibrosis by modulating macrophage polarization and the PKM2/mTORC1/YME1L axis.

Sinomenine alleviates experimental autoimmune uveitis in rats: Possible involvement of PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways

Uveitis is an inflammatory ocular condition characterized by an autoimmune etiology. Sinomenine (SIN), the main active constituent of the rhizome of Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils., exhibits both anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. The present study sought to investigate the therapeutic effects of SIN on experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in rats and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. A bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of uveitis, leading to the identification of the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways for further experimental validation. An EAU model was subsequently established, and the ocular surface morphology was examined using slit lamp microscopy and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Immunofluorescence was utilized to measure the protein expression and distribution. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Experimental findings demonstrated that SIN significantly decreased ocular inflammation scores. Further validation revealed that SIN significantly elevated levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) while reducing levels of IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β in EAU rats. SIN significantly suppressed the expression of phosphorylated proteins in the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways. In addition, it reduced the expression of RORγt while enhancing the expression of Foxp3, the transcription factors associated with Th17 cells and Tregs, respectively. In summary, our data demonstrate that SIN alleviates EAU inflammation by inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways and restoring the balance between Th17 and Tregs. These findings highlight SIN as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of uveitis.

CBD-conjugated BMP-inhibiting exosomes on collagen scaffold dual-target Achilles tendon repair: Synergistic regeneration and heterotopic ossification prevention

Tendon injuries in the aging population are often complicated by heterotopic ossification (HO), hindering functional recovery. Exosomes from tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) promote regeneration but may also induce osteogenesis, contributing to HO. Preconditioning with the BMP inhibitor LDN193189 and modification with collagen-binding peptides (CBD) can enhance the tenogenic potential of exosomes while mitigating osteogenic effects. We evaluated the efficacy of a 3D-printed scaffold loaded with LDN-preconditioned, CBD-modified exosomes (3D-CBD@LDN/Exos) derived from CD26+ TSPCs in promoting Achilles tendon repair and preventing HO in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. CD26+ TSPCs were isolated from rat tendons, and exosomes were collected after LDN treatment and subsequently modified with CBD. A scaffold composed of PLGA and collagen I was fabricated via 3D printing and loaded with the exosomes. Rats (20 months old) with 6-mm Achilles tendon defects were randomly assigned to Control, 3D-Exos, 3D-LDN/Exos, or 3D-CBD@LDN/Exos groups, and tendon regeneration was evaluated at 4 and 12 weeks using histology, ECM quantification, micro-CT, and biomechanical testing. At 12 weeks, the 3D-CBD@LDN/Exos group exhibited near-normal histology, enhanced collagen and sGAG deposition, biomechanical properties comparable to native tendons, and significantly reduced HO, indicating that this dual-targeted strategy holds promise for tendon repair.

Artificial Intelligence in bone Metastases: A systematic review in guideline adherence of 92 studies

Background

The last decade has witnessed a surge in artificial intelligence (AI). With bone metastases becoming more prevalent, there is an increasing call for personalized treatment options, a domain where AI can greatly contribute. However, integrating AI into clinical settings has proven to be difficult. Therefore, we aimed to provide an overview of AI modalities for treating bone metastases and recommend implementation-worthy models based on TRIPOD, CLAIM, and UPM scores.

Methods

This systematic review included 92 studies on AI models in bone metastases between 2008 and 2024. Using three assessment tools we provided a reliable foundation for recommending AI modalities fit for clinical use (TRIPOD or CLAIM ≥ 70 % and UPM score ≥ 10).

Results

Most models focused on survival prediction (44/92;48%), followed by imaging studies (37/92;40%). Median TRIPOD completeness was 70% (IQR 64-81%), CLAIM completeness was 57% (IQR 48-67%), and UPM score was 7 (IQR 5-9). In total, 10% (9/92) AI modalities were deemed fit for clinical use.

Conclusion

Transparent reporting, utilizing the aforementioned three evaluation tools, is essential for effectively integrating AI models into clinical practice, as currently, only 10% of AI models for bone metastases are deemed fit for clinical use. Such transparency ensures that both patients and clinicians can benefit from clinically useful AI models, potentially enhancing AI-driven personalized cancer treatment.

Specific fluorescence detection strategy for single-stranded nucleic acids by dual-toehold branch migration

Small changes in nucleic acid sequences can produce large phenotypic differences and are closely associated with many serious diseases. Therefore, accurate detection of the nucleic acid targets is extremely necessary. Research focusing on improving the detection specificity of the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA still needs to be developed. Herein, the research developed a specific fluorescence detection strategy for single-stranded nucleic acids through the innovative use of dual-toehold branch migration (DTBM). The ssDNA L1 and miRNA let-7a were selected as single-stranded nucleic acid detection models, respectively. By extension with the KF polymerase, ssDNA L1 was transformed into a double-stranded probe to trigger the DTBM, which ensures the detection specificity. For let-7a detection, a strand displacement amplification (SDA)-triggered DTBM strategy was further proposed. The SDA process formed the ssDNA L2, which was also converted into a double-stranded probe by enzymes to trigger the subsequent DTBM. This specific fluorescence detection strategy showed high specificity for ssDNA L1 and miRNA let-7a, and the average discrimination factors (DFs) were 24.49 and 30.59, respectively. And it displayed excellent analytical performance. Additionally, this strategy is user-friendly and does not require frequent temperature change steps or sample additions, which brings about great expectations regarding the practical application of ssDNA and miRNA detection.

Pulsed Radiofrequency Alleviates Acute Soft Tissue Injury in Rats by Regulating the TNF/mTOR Signaling Pathway

Objective: Acute traumatic muscle injuries are common and result in substantial loss of time and risk of recurrence. Pulsed radiofrequency (PR) is a strategy that has been gradually adopted for treating muscle injuries in clinical practice. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its therapeutic effects is currently unclear. Materials and Methods: In this study, we screened the gene expression profiles of rats with muscle contusion obtained from the online dataset GSE162565. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of the differentially expressed genes were conducted. Further, we established an acute soft tissue injury (ASTI) rat model and applied PR treatment. Muscle swelling rate analysis, malondialdehyde (MAD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content, inflammatory cytokine release, and hematoxylin and eosin staining of the gastrocnemius muscles of ASTI and ASTI + PR rats were performed, and the results were compared with those of control rats. Further, we evaluated the gene expression of Ccl1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-kappa-B-inhibitor alpha (Nfkbia), Akt1, Jun, Fos, and Caps3 in the model and PR-treated groups, all of which are key genes in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway according to the KEGG analysis. Results: The results revealed that 52 genes involved in the TNF/mTOR signaling pathway were closely associated with ASTI progression in rats. PR treatment significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content but increased the SOD content in ASTI model rat muscles, efficiently alleviated muscle contusions and reduced TNF-α and IL-1β production. Moreover, PR treatment significantly decreased Ccl1, IL-6, and Nfkbia expression but increased Akt1, Jun, Fos, and Caps3 levels in ASTI models. These data indicate that PR alleviated ASTI in rats by mediating redox homeostasis and the inflammatory response, which might be modulated by the TNF/mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusions: Thus, this study contributes to the understanding of ASTI progression and provides more substantial information about the genetic mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of PR on ASTI.

Therapeutic Effects of Different Ultrasound Intensity Stimulation on Brown Adipose Tissue for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a persistent illness that has a high incidence rate. Still, there is no conclusive evidence on effectively improving blood sugar levels in patients through physical therapy. This study examined the regulatory effects of different intensities of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on T2D by stimulating brown adipose tissue (BAT). Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into six groups (n = 10 per group): Control sham (C-Sham), Control-LIPUS (C-LIPUS), T2D-sham (T2D-Sham), T2D groups treated with LIPUS at spatial average-temporal-average intensity (Isata) of 60mW/cm² (T2D-L-60), 80mW/cm² (T2D-L-80), and 100mW/cm² (T2D-L-100). T2D models were induced by intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) three times after 12 wks of high-fat diet (HFD). The T2D-LIPUS group received LIPUS stimulation for 20 minutes per day for 6 weeks. The LIPUS stimulation had a duty cycle of 20%, a frequency of 1 MHz, and Isata of 60mW/cm², 80mW/cm², 100mW/cm². Subsequently, glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were performed, and body fat content in mice was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Metabolic changes were monitored using metabolic cages. The results indicated that 80mW/cm² intensity level significantly improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic function after LIPUS exposure. Significant reductions in body fat content and enhanced thermogenesis were observed, highlighting the potential of LIPUS in T2D management. This provides the basis for the dose study of LIPUS in the treatment of T2D.

Leptin Enhances M1 Macrophage Polarization and Impairs Tendon-Bone Healing in Rotator Cuff Repair: A Rat Model

BACKGROUND

Rotator cuff tears are common, affecting more than 60% of individuals older than 80 years, and they have been implicated in 70% of patients with shoulder pain. M1 polarization-related inflammation has been reported to be associated with poor healing outcomes of rotator cuff injury, and leptin, an adipokine, has been reported to be a potential activator of inflammation. However, whether leptin affects rotator cuff repair remains unknown.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

Using in vitro cell experiments and an in vivo rat rotator cuff tear model, we therefore asked: (1) Does leptin promote the M1 polarization of macrophages in vitro and in vivo? (2) Does leptin impair biomechanical strength, the histologic structure of the tendon-bone interface, bone mineral density (BMD), or gait in the rotator cuff tear scenario? (3) Does leptin promote M1 polarization by upregulating the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway?

METHODS

The impact of leptin on M1 macrophage polarization in vitro was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the Western blot test, and immunofluorescence staining. The effect of leptin on tendon-bone healing was assessed in an in vivo rat rotator cuff tear model by comparing a leptin group with a suture group in terms of gait, biomechanical tensile strength, the histologic structure of the tendon-bone interface, and BMD. In the in vivo experiments, 8-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were used, adapting a previously developed rat rotator cuff tear model. The supraspinatus tendon was resected from the greater tuberosity bilaterally, and then the tendon was secured to its anatomical footprint using the transosseous single-row technique. In total, 30 rats were randomized into two groups (suture, leptin) by drawing lots (15 rats in each group). They were assessed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the surgery. In the suture group, 100 µL of normal saline was injected into the subacromial space after the deltoid muscle was restitched to the original position. In the leptin group, 100 µL of leptin solution (200 ng/mL) was injected into the subacromial space after the deltoid muscle was restitched to the original position. Biomechanical properties including maximal failure load, stiffness, and tensile failure stress were determined to assess the biomechanical strength at 4 and 8 weeks after the surgery. Histologic staining was conducted to compare the structure of the tendon-bone interface between treatment groups. Micro-MRI and micro-CT assessments were conducted to compare the overall healing outcome and BMD between treatment groups. Gait analysis was conducted to compare the stride length and strength between treatment groups. M1 macrophage polarization in vivo at the tendon-bone interface was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Finally, to explore the underlying mechanism of the effects of leptin, Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) was used to block the TNF signaling pathway in the in vitro macrophage study, and RT-PCR and Western blot were used to explore the underlying mechanism.

RESULTS

Leptin enhanced LPS-induced M1 polarization of macrophages in vitro, showing increased gene expression of CD86, Nos2, and TNF-α as well as increased protein expression of CD86, TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The in vivo polarization showed that the M1 polarization of macrophages at the tendon-bone interface was promoted. At 2 weeks postoperatively, there were more M1 cells in the leptin group (53 ± 5 versus 77 ± 8, mean difference 24 [95% confidence interval (CI) 11 to 37]; p = 0.002), although the proportion of M1 cells (ratio of the number of M1 cells to the total number of macrophages) was not higher (18.6% ± 2.9% versus 21.5% ± 1.7%, mean difference 2.9% [95% CI -2.8% to 8.7%]; p = 0.36). At 4 weeks postoperatively, the leptin group exhibited more M1 cells (31 ± 4 versus 50 ± 6, mean difference 19 [95% CI 6 to 32]; p = 0.008) and at a higher proportion (16.4% ± 2.6% versus 23.0% ± 3.0%, mean difference 6.6% [95% CI 0.8% to 12.4%]; p = 0.03). The in vivo experiments showed that leptin impaired tendon-bone healing. At 4 weeks postoperatively, the biomechanical properties of both groups were not different in terms of maximal failure load (12.7 ± 1.6 N versus 12.4 ± 1.8 N, mean difference -0.3 N [95% CI -2.6 to 1.8]; p = 0.91), stiffness (5.1 ± 0.7 N/mm versus 4.6 ± 0.8 N/mm, mean difference -0.5 N/mm [95% CI -1.3 to 0.5]; p = 0.44), and tensile failure stress (2.0 ± 0.3 N/mm 2 versus 2.0 ± 0.3 N/mm 2 , mean difference 0.0 N/mm 2 [95% CI -0.4 to 0.4]; p = 0.99). At 8 weeks postoperatively, the leptin group showed worse maximal failure load (17.6 ± 1.4 N versus 14.1 ± 1.4 N, mean difference -3.5 N [95% CI -5.7 to -1.3]; p = 0.002), stiffness (7.0 ± 0.6 N/mm versus 5.2 ± 0.6 N/mm, mean difference -1.8 N/mm [95% CI -2.7 to -0.9]; p < 0.001), and tensile failure stress (3.4 ± 0.3 N/mm 2 versus 2.8 ± 0.4 N/mm 2 , mean difference -0.6 N/mm 2 [95% CI -1.0 to -0.2]; p = 0.007). Results of histologic staining, image assessments, and gait analysis also demonstrated that leptin impaired the healing process. In vitro experiments showed that leptin upregulated the gene expression of molecules in the TNF pathway, including CCL2 and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), and M1 markers, such as TNF-α, CD86, and Nos2; the addition of Nec-1 neutralized the effect of leptin on macrophage polarization, reducing the expression of M1 markers, including TNF-α, CD86, and Nos2, and blocking the TNF signaling pathway, including CCL2 and RIPK. The protein expression exhibited similar trends.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of this study, leptin appears to impair tendon-bone healing in a rat model of rotator cuff tear, promote M1 macrophage polarization at the tendon-bone interface, and upregulate the TNF signaling pathway in macrophages to promote M1 polarization.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Obesity and fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff muscle are associated with poor healing of rotator cuff tears. In this study, the effect of leptin, an adipose factor, on tendon-bone healing and the underlying mechanism were explored. Future studies might focus on developing novel approaches to improve the tendon-bone healing in patients with obesity by targeting leptin or the TNF signaling pathway with the aid of biomaterials.

Use of polyethylene glycol as an alternative to optimal cutting temperature medium in freeze sectioning for plant histochemical studies

Plant anatomical and histochemical studies are concerned with the structural organization of tissues as well as localization of various metabolites and enzyme activity inside cells and tissues. Traditionally, rotary microtomes are used for paraffin and resin-embedded samples which provide excellent preservation of tissue morphology but removes enzymes, lipid components, and various specialized metabolites. Freeze sectioning apparently remained unexplored in plant histology because of the presence of rigid cell walls and highly vacuolated cytoplasm in plant tissues. In this study, we have described a simple cryostat-based sectioning technique using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as embedding medium after glycerol infiltration that protects the plant tissues from freezing and thawing damage. We have also compared the suitability of inexpensive aqueous PEG solution as compared to commercially available optimal cutting temperature (OCT) medium and obtained identical microscopic images. Diverse plant organs from different genera were sectioned to check the application of this method in plant anatomical studies. In all the cases, cross sections were shown to be well preserved similar to paraffin-embedded plant tissues. In addition, histochemical analyses showed retention of metabolites and even enzymes in the tissues, which can make this method an alternate choice in cryo-microtomy replacing the expensive OCT medium.

The Potential Role of C4 MYH11+ Fibroblasts and the MDK-SDC2 Ligand-Receptor Pair in Lung Adenocarcinoma: Implications for Prognosis and Therapeutic Strategies

BACKGROUND

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) posed a significant threat to global human health. This study employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze transcriptomic data from nine LUAD patients at different stages of tumor infiltration, aiming to elucidate the tumor microenvironment and key biological processes of LUAD.

METHODS

In this study, we processed the scRNA-seq data using the Seurat package and sequentially applied principal component analysis followed by the Harmony package to effectively correct for batch effects, identifying 105,725 high-quality cells. Through cell clustering and gene expression profiling, we identified critical cell subpopulations and gene expression patterns in LUAD patients.

RESULTS

Our analysis revealed that the C4 MYH11+ Fibroblasts subtype was primarily involved in biological processes related to muscle function. Further investigations uncovered the MDK-SDC2 ligand-receptor pair as a critical regulator of tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and migration, driving LUAD progression. Additionally, we developed a gene-based prognostic model that effectively predicted patient survival, providing valuable clinical insights.

CONCLUSION

This study provided a comprehensive atlas of the LUAD tumor microenvironment, highlighted the role of the C4 MYH11+ Fibroblasts in tumor progression. It also proposed the MDK-SDC2 ligand-receptor pair as a novel mechanism, addressing a significant gap in this area of research. And presented a gene-based prognostic model as a novel perspective for research into immunotherapy and drug sensitivity in LUAD.

Enhancing bone metastasis prediction in prostate cancer using quantitative mpMRI features, ISUP grade and PSA density: a machine learning approach

PURPOSE

Bone metastasis is a critical complication in prostate cancer, significantly impacting patient prognosis and quality of life. This study aims to enhance bone metastasis prediction using machine learning (ML) techniques by integrating dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) perfusion features, International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 122 patients with histopathologically confirmed prostate cancer who underwent multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Quantitative mpMRI features, PSA density, and ISUP grades were extracted and normalized. The dataset was balanced using oversampling and divided into training (70%) and test (30%) sets. Various ML models were developed and evaluated using area under the curve (AUC) metrics.

RESULTS

Bone metastases were present in 26 patients (21.3%) at diagnosis. IAUGC and MaxSlope showed a statistically significant association with bone metastasis (p = 0.035, p = 0.050 respectively). The optimal PSA density cut-off value of 0.24 yielded a sensitivity of 0.88, specificity of 0.60, and AUC of 0.77. Machine learning models were developed using the dataset created with IAUGC, MaxSlope, ISUP grade, and PSA density values. Among the ML models, XGBoost demonstrated superior performance with validation and test AUCs of 91.5% and 92.6%, respectively, along with high precision (93.3%) and recall (93.1%).

CONCLUSION

Integrating quantitative mpMRI features, ISUP grade, and PSA density through machine learning algorithms, particularly XGBoost, significantly improves the accuracy of bone metastasis prediction in prostate cancer patients. This approach can potentially reduce the need for additional imaging modalities and associated radiation exposure.

Providing integrated mental health care as a neurologist

Mental health comorbidities are highly prevalent and problematic in epilepsy, making it important for neurologists to be equipped to manage their patients' mental health concerns. This article explores the paradigm shift toward integrated mental health care approaches, aiming to educate early-career neurologists on their role within epilepsy care. We focus on depression and anxiety, how they present in epilepsy, and the role of integrated mental health care in managing these comorbidities. Key areas include the neurologist's role in identifying mental health issues through patient discussions and screening tools, and the basics of neurologist-led management. This covers the selection and adjustment of antiseizure medications and the use of psychopharmacology. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of providing psychoeducation and promoting healthy lifestyle choices that support mental well-being. Finally, we discuss the neurologist's role in facilitating referrals to mental health specialists, including information about the role of psychological interventions and psychiatry. This article aims to provide foundational knowledge to encourage early-career neurologists to actively engage in integrated mental health care approaches with their patients. This care can be flexible in how it incorporates different modalities and is tailored to local resources. It does not have to be extensive but should be meaningful enough to identify mental health concerns and facilitate patient access to appropriate resources and care.

Extracellular vesicles in dry eye disease and Sjögren's syndrome: A systematic review on their diagnostic and therapeutic role

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), defined as membrane-bound vesicles released from all cells, are being explored for their diagnostic and therapeutic role in dry eye disease (DED). We systematically shortlisted 32 articles on the role of EVs in diagnosing and treating DED. We cover the progress in the last 2 decades on the classification and isolation of EVs and their role in DED. The diagnostic predictability of exosomes was evaluated in Sjögren syndrome (SS) patients' tears, plasma, and saliva, where upregulation of inflammatory proteins was reported uniformly across studies. Also, we evaluate the therapeutic effects of MSC-derived EVs in in vitro and in vivo studies of SS and DED mouse models. A significant response occurs at a functional level with improved tear production and saliva flow rate and at a cellular level with reduced lymphocyte infiltration, improved corneal structural integrity, decreased epithelial cell apoptosis, and dampening of the inflammatory cytokine response. The proposed mechanisms of EV action include PD-L1, PRDM, NLRP-3, and Nf-kb pathways, and an increase in M2 macrophage phenotype. Current use of exosomes in DED is limited due to their cumbersome isolation techniqus. Further research on human subjects is needed, in addition to optimizing exosome isolation and delivery methods.

Defect-Rich MoO3-X@CuO2 Nanosheets Mediated Ultrasound-Enhanced Cuproptosis Antibacterial Activity and M2 Macrophage Reprogramming for Optimizing Diabetic Wound Repairment

Diabetic wounds are often plagued by persistent bacterial infections, which exacerbate inflammation and impair healing processes such as collagen deposition and fibroblast migration. Conventional antibiotic therapies frequently prove ineffective and can even hinder wound repair. To address these challenges, biodegradable MoO3-x@CuO2 ion disruptors (MCO IDs) that for comprehensive diabetic wound treatment is developed. The MCO IDs generate a burst of multimodal reactive oxygen species (ROS) that effectively penetrate bacterial defenses and disrupt redox homeostasis. Released copper ions induce proteotoxic stress-like bacterial death by targeting lipoylated and iron-sulfur cluster proteins. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal that this mechanism systematically inhibits bacterial energy metabolism and gene expression, effectively suppressing proliferation. Following bacterial eradication, the released copper ions promote macrophage repolarization to the M2 phenotype, mitigating chronic inflammation and stimulating wound healing. Furthermore, to enhance wound management, a portable wound dressing (PVA-MCO) is fabricated by electrospinning polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) incorporating the MCO IDs. In vivo studies demonstrate that the PVA-MCO dressing effectively eliminates pathogenic bacteria and promotes collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and epithelialization, thereby accelerating diabetic wound healing. This multifaceted therapeutic strategy offers a promising solution for managing persistent infections and promoting diabetic wound repair.

Organoid Vascularization: Strategies and Applications

Organoids provide 3D structures that replicate native tissues in biomedical research. The development of vascular networks within organoids enables oxygen and nutrient delivery while facilitating metabolic waste removal, which supports organoid growth and maturation. Recent studies demonstrate that vascularized organoid models offer insights into tissue interactions and promote tissue regeneration. However, the current limitations in establishing functional vascular networks affect organoid growth, viability, and clinical translation potential. This review examines the development of vascularized organoids, including the mechanisms of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, construction strategies, and biomedical applications. The approaches are categorized into in vivo and in vitro methods, with analysis of their specific advantages and limitations. The review also discusses emerging techniques such as bioprinting and gene editing for improving vascularization and functional integration in organoid-based therapies. Current developments in organoid vascularization indicate potential applications in modeling human diseases and developing therapeutic strategies, contributing to advances in translational research.

Hydrophobic carbon/bamboo-like carbon nanotube supported Fe/Co nanocomposites with antibacterial activity for wound healing

The development of novel nanozymes with excellent enzyme simulation ability provides a new perspective for antibacterial and wound healing. However, the enzyme activity of traditional simplex nanozyme is not sufficient, meanwhile the nanozymic catalytic therapy alone cannot fulfill the purpose of effective antibacterial and wound healing. Hence, we develop novel multifunctional nanocomposites composed of FeCo alloys integrate with carbon spheres and carbon nanotubes (FeCo-C/CNT NCs) with hydrophobic property, enhanced oxidase-like (OXD-like) activity and photothermal property. Remarkably, in vitro experiment shows the antibacterial rates of 200 μg/mL FeCo-C/CNT NCs against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are as high as 83.46 % and 90.98 %, respectively. The mechanism of synergistic antibacterial effect is not only due to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from FeCo alloy part of FeCo-C/CNT NCs, but also because the local high temperature generated by the photothermal effects of FeCo-C/CNT NCs under near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, as well as heat promoted ROS production. The FeCo-C/CNT NCs under NIR laser irradiation present best wound healing via hydrophobic protection, synergistic catalytic and photothermal therapy on S. aureus-infected mice. This work introduces a novel alloy nanozyme with excellent antibacterial property, providing new idea in the field of wound healing.

Platelet-rich plasma inhibits ferroptosis and inflammation to alleviate frozen shoulder via activating the CST1/GPX4 signaling pathway

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been shown to be beneficial to frozen shoulder (FS), but the mechanism of PRP's intervention in FS is still incomplete. Ferroptosis and inflammation are important pathological factors of cartilage injury, but their role in FS has not been explored. In vivo, we found that PRP treatment significantly enhanced the joint range of motion and mitigated joint histopathological damage in FS rats. Notably, levels of iron ions, the ferroptosis marker prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) in the cartilage tissue of PRP-treated rats were significantly reduced. Conversely, levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were markedly increased. In vitro experiments revealed that PRP effectively countered the IL-1β-induced suppression of chondrocyte proliferation while also reducing levels of ferroptosis and inflammation. Furthermore, the CST1/GPX4 pathway was suppressed in the FS environment, while it has the potential to be activated by PRP. Importantly, silencing CST1 negated the therapeutic effects of PRP on IL-1β-treated chondrocytes and FS rats. In summary, we found that PRP alleviated the progression of FS by inhibiting ferroptosis and the inflammatory response by activating the CST1/GPX4 signaling pathway.

Associated factors of oral frailty in older adults with long-term T2DM duration of more than 10 years

OBJECTIVE

To identify the factors that affect oral frailty in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with long-term disease duration of more than 10 years.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted at a National Metabolic Center in China from October 2023 to March 2024. Participants with T2DM (aged ≥ 60 years and a disease duration > 10 years) underwent comprehensive dental examinations to assess functional natural teeth (FNT) counts and oral restoration behaviors. Oral frailty and cognitive function were assessed using the Oral Frailty Index-8 (OFI-8) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), respectively. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the hospital information system. Univariate analysis and hierarchical multiple linear regressions were performed to identify associated factors of oral frailty.

RESULTS

Among 211 participants (mean age 71.22 ± 6.35 years, mean diabetes duration 20.95 ± 7.34 years), the mean OFI-8 score was 5.08 ± 2.29, with 74.4% scoring ≥ 4 (indicating oral frailty). The final regression model was statistically significant (F = 19.101, P < 0.001). In the regression model, a lower number of FNTs was significantly associated with higher oral frailty scores (β = -0.263, P < 0.001), whereas different oral restoration behaviors vary in the effect on oral frailty, fasting blood glucose (FBG) (β = 0.131, P = 0.014) and cognitive impairment (β = 0.255, P < 0.001) were positively associated with OFI-8 scores.

CONCLUSIONS

The study found that older adults with T2DM and a disease duration exceeding 10 years had a higher likelihood of exhibiting oral frailty. Individuals with fewer FNTs and those exhibiting cognitive impairment are the potential intervention targets to be concerned. Strict glycemic control and timely oral restoration are recommended to reduce oral frailty incidence in this population.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

Small extracellular vesicles: the origins, current status, future prospects, and applications

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are membrane-bound vesicles with a size of less than 200 nm, released by cells. Due to their relatively small molecular weight and ability to participate in intercellular communication, sEVs can serve not only as carriers of biomarkers for disease diagnosis but also as effective drug delivery agents. Furthermore, these vesicles are involved in regulating the onset and progression of various diseases, reflecting the physiological and functional states of cells. This paper introduces the classification of extracellular vesicles, with a focus on the extraction and identification of sEVs and their significant role in repair, diagnosis, and intercellular communication. Additionally, the paper addresses the engineering modification of sEVs to provide a reference for enhanced understanding and application.

Therapeutic prospects and potential mechanisms of Prdx6: as a novel target in musculoskeletal disorders

With the global population aging, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) have posed significant physical and psychological health challenges for patients as well as a substantial economic burden on society. The advancements in conservative and surgical interventions for MSDs have been remarkable in recent years; however, the current treatment modalities still fall short of meeting the optimal requirements of patients. Recently, peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) has gained considerable attention from researchers due to its remarkable antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. It has been found that Prdx6 is involved in multiple system diseases, including MSDs; however, the exact role of Prdx6 in MSDs is still lacking. This study aimed to summarize the structure, regulatory mechanism, and potential function of Prdx6. These findings may demonstrate Prdx6 as a novel target for inhibiting the advancement of MSDs.

Epigenetic modifications in breast cancer: from immune escape mechanisms to therapeutic target discovery

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors among women globally, with the number of cases accounting for even more than 1/3 of all tumor patients in women. Recent studies have found that the incidence of BC is increasing every year. Despite the great progress made in BC treatment, the characteristics of BC cells, such as strong immune evasion, easy recurrence and drug resistance, are still the main reasons limiting the survival of BC patients. Epigenetics is becoming an important method to reveal the development of cancer, mainly through the study of DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin structure changes and non-coding RNA. In addition, researchers have found that epigenetic markers have great potential for early detection and personalized treatment of BC. Inhibitors targeting epigenetically modified enzymes are effective in treating a wide range of tumors and provide significant patient survival and quality of life. Therefore, this review will comprehensively summarize the role of epigenetic modifications in BC development. Second, this paper will focus on summarizing how epigenetic modifications induce the formation of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in BC. Targeting the mechanism of action of epigenetic modifications provides new perspectives to unravel the complex process of BC development, while paving the way for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In the future, by integrating multi-omics data to enable a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of BC, we will be able to promote the overall development of precision medicine.

LncRNA RMG controls liquid-liquid phase separation of MEIS2 to regulate myogenesis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), driving the formation of biomolecular condensates essential for cellular function. However, this regulatory mechanism is yet to be reported in skeletal muscles. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed lncRNAs in skeletal muscle across multiple pig breeds, developmental stages, and tissues. Our analysis identified over 10,000 novel lncRNAs. We found that the lnc-regulator of muscle growth (lnc-RMG) regulates myogenesis by modulating the LLPS of Meis homeobox 2 (MEIS2). Lnc-RMG was specifically expressed in the skeletal muscle, with significantly higher expression in the fetal stage than in the embryonic stage. Notably, lnc-RMG was highly conserved between pigs and humans and exhibits similar biological functions in myogenesis. Furthermore, lnc-RMG knockdown promoted skeletal muscle regeneration. Mechanistically, lnc-RMG produces mature microRNA (miR)-133a-3p, which targets and inhibits MEIS2 expression, thereby inhibiting MEIS2 LLPS. This inhibition promoted the transcription of transforming growth factor-β receptor II (TGFβR2), ultimately regulating myogenesis. Overall, our findings revealed a novel lnc-RMG/miR-133a-3p/MEIS2/TGFβR2 axis that regulated myogenesis through LLPS and provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive muscle development and regeneration. These findings highlight potential therapeutic targets for muscle-related diseases and novel strategies for livestock improvement.

Peptide-conjugated alginate fiber: A skeletal muscle regenerative scaffold

Biopolymeric fibers have garnered significant attention in biomedical applications due to their ability to promote tissue regeneration through aligned microstructures. Alginate (Alg) is commonly used to prepare wet-spun fibers through ionic interactions. However, ion-crosslinked Alg fibers present limitations in tissue regeneration due to their rapid degradation under physiological conditions and the absence of binding sites for bioactive molecules. In this study, oxidized methacrylated alginate (OMA) derivatives were synthesized to create Alg fibers crosslinked by both Ca2+ ions and photo-initiated covalent bonds. Moreover, aldehyde groups introduced on the oxidized chains facilitate covalent conjugation of bioactive molecules via Schiff base reactions. As a model bioactive factor, C domain peptide of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1C) was conjugated to fibers, and the resulting fibers (OMA-P) were evaluated for their potential in muscle regeneration. Cell experiments showed that OMA-P fibers promoted C2C12 myoblast proliferation and guided their oriented growth. In rat volume muscle loss (VML) models, OMA-P fibers significantly improved muscle regeneration compared to peptide-free OMA fibers and OMA-P sponges without aligned structure, because of the dual effects of axial guidance cue and bioactive peptide conjugation. This study presents a novel method for fabricating bioactive fibers, highlighting their potential as structured scaffolds for regenerative medicine.

Nanoparticle-Driven Tendon Repair: Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Immune Modulation and Stem Cell Enhancement

Tendon repair remains challenging owing to the limited capacity for endogenous repair. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) promotes bone tissue regeneration; however, its role in tendon repair remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that VIP stimulated M2 polarization of macrophages and facilitated tendon regeneration by regulating immune homeostasis and maintaining the function of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs). Additionally, we established GelMa-loaded VIP@PLGA@ZIF-8 (VPZ) nanoparticles (VPZG) to enable the sustained and localized release of VIP at the site of patellar tendon injury in SD rats. The results of the in vitro experiments demonstrated that VPZG regulated the homeostasis of macrophage polarization by downregulating the NF-κB axis. VPZG also promoted efferocytosis and suppressed the release of proinflammatory factors. Additionally, VPZG enhanced the tenogenic differentiation of TSPCs when cocultured with macrophages. In vivo, we implanted VPZG at the site of patellar tendon injury, where it released VIP sustainably and slowly to promote tendon regeneration. This effect was achieved through the downregulation of the expression levels of various inflammatory factors, as well as the regulation of local immune homeostasis. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that VPZG facilitated tendon injury repair by regulating immune homeostasis and enhancing TSPC function. These findings suggest that VPZG is a promising avenue for the clinical improvement of tendon injury treatment.

Regulation of Apoptotic Pathways by MicroRNAs: A Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder marked by a gradual decline in memory and cognitive functions. It is characterized by the presence of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal degeneration, affecting a significant portion of the human population. A key feature of various nervous system disorders, including AD, is extensive cellular death caused by apoptosis, which affects not only neurons but also glial cells. While apoptosis plays a vital role in eliminating certain cells and supporting normal development, alterations or disruptions in apoptotic pathways can lead to harmful neurodegenerative conditions such as AD. Thus, targeting apoptosis presents a promising therapeutic approach for these diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNA, play diverse roles in cellular functions, including proliferation, gene expression regulation, programmed cell death, intercellular communication, and angiogenesis. By modulating regulatory genes, miRNAs can influence apoptosis, either promoting or inhibiting it. Aberrant expression of miRNAs can impact multiple apoptotic pathways, potentially driving the progression of AD and related health issues. This review summarizes recent research on miRNAs and their dual role in exacerbating or protecting against neural cell damage in AD by altering apoptotic pathways. The regulation of apoptosis by miRNAs offers a prospective therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.

Molecular insight of nanosized Ba-Hao herbal ointment in accelerating chronic wound healing

Chronic wound treatment poses a substantial challenge to healthcare systems. Certain herbal medicines have demonstrated clinical efficacy in promoting chronic wound healing, yet their therapeutic mechanisms at the molecular level remain elusive due to their complex composition and multifaceted nature. In this study, Ba-Hao ointment (BHO), a sophisticated herbal formulation with diverse ingredients, is selected as a model to precisely investigate its wound-healing mechanism. Network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking simulations reveal that BHO specifically interacts with key wound-healing proteins, including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), suggesting its ability to modulate critical biological pathways involved in inflammation and tissue regeneration. Experimental validation further demonstrates that BHO significantly promotes cell proliferation, suppresses bacterial infection, and enhances the expression of essential growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and VEGFA in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF), all of which are vital for effective wound healing. In vivo studies confirm that BHO accelerates wound closure, reduces inflammation, and promotes the development of well-organized granulation tissue via activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. This study is interesting since it unveils BHO's molecular role in chronic wound healing, furthering herbal medicine development and insights.

Machine Learning for Thyroid Cancer Detection, Presence of Metastasis, and Recurrence Predictions-A Scoping Review

Thyroid Cancer (TC) is one of the most prevalent endocrine malignancies, with early detection being critical for patient management. The motivation for integrating Machine Learning (ML) in thyroid cancer research stems from the limitations of conventional diagnostic and monitoring approaches, as ML offers transformative potential for reducing human errors and improving prediction outcomes for diagnostic accuracy, risk stratification, treatment options, recurrence prognosis, and patient quality of life. This scoping review maps existing literature on ML applications in TC, particularly those leveraging clinical data, Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), and synthesized findings. This study analyzed 1231 papers, evaluated 203 full-text articles, selected 21 articles, and detailed three themes: (1) malignancy prediction and nodule classification; (2) other metastases derived from TC prediction; and (3) recurrence and survival prediction. This work examined the case studies' characteristics and objectives and identified key trends and challenges in ML-driven TC research. Finally, this scoping review addressed the limitations of related and highlighted directions to enhance the clinical potential of ML in this domain while emphasizing its capability to transform TC patient care into advanced precision medicine.

Endogenous protein S100A14 stabilizes glutaminase to render hepatocellular carcinoma resistant to sorafenib

BACKGROUND

Many cases of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are resistant to the widely used drug sorafenib, which worsens prognosis. While many studies have explored how acquired resistance emerges during drug exposure, the mechanism underlying primary resistance before treatment still remain elusive.

METHODS

Single-cell lineage tracing and RNA sequencing were performed to identify primary sorafenib-resistant lineages in HCC. Differential gene expression analysis was employed to identify the biomarkers of drug-resistant lineage cells. Cell viability and colony formation assays were adopted to assess the involvement of S100A14 on sorafenib resistance. Co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) and mass spectrometry analysis were conducted to uncover the downstream targets and regulatory mechanisms of S100A14 in primary resistance to sorafenib. In vivo mouse xenograft experiments were carried out to assess the effect of S100A14 or its interacting protein glutaminase (GLS) on primary resistance to sorafenib in HCC.

RESULTS

Single-cell lineage tracing identified a cluster of sorafenib primary resistant cells, and S100A14, a Ca2+-binding protein, was determined to be a critical biomarker for primary resistance to sorafenib. Knockdown of S100A14 significantly increases sorafenib treatment sensitivity in HCC cells. Mechanistically, S100A14 binds to GLS and blocks its phosphorylation at residues Y308 and S314, which in turn inhibits its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. By stabilizing GLS, S100A14 reduces oxidative stress in HCC cells, thereby antagonizing sorafenib-induced apoptosis. Inhibiting S100A14 or GLS significantly improved sorafenib efficacy against xenograft tumors in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate that S100A14 plays a pivotal role in promoting primary resistance to sorafenib by stabilizing GLS to reduce oxidative stress, and acts as a potential therapeutic target to enhance the efficacy of sorafenib in HCC patients.

Adipose-derived small extracellular vesicle miR-146a-5p targets Fbx32 to regulate mitochondrial autophagy and delay aging in skeletal muscle

This study investigates how miR-146a-5p, found in adipose tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEV), influences mitochondrial autophagy and its impact on delaying skeletal muscle aging through the targeting of Fbx32. The findings highlight miR-146a-5p as crucial in skeletal muscle development and aging, influencing autophagy, apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation, collectively impacting muscle atrophy. In C2C12 cells, miR-146a-5p mimics decreased apoptosis, autophagy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, while enhancing ATP production; conversely, miR-146a-5p inhibitors had the opposite effects. Furthermore, miR-146a-5p-enriched sEV from adipose tissue alleviated skeletal muscle atrophy in aged mice and promoted muscle fiber growth and repair by regulating mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis. Mechanistically, miR-146a-5p modulated mitochondrial autophagy in myoblasts by targeting Fbx32 and impacting the FoxO3 signaling pathway. This led to a notable decrease in apoptosis-related gene expression, reduced ROS production, and elevated ATP levels. In conclusion, miR-146a-5p derived from WAT-sEV modulates myoblast autophagy, apoptosis, ROS, and differentiation through the Fbx32/FoxO3 signaling axis. This work presents a novel molecular target and theoretical framework for delaying skeletal muscle aging and developing therapies for skeletal muscle-related disorders.

Interaction between post-tumor inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy

Background

Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) presents a critical complication in cancer patients, contributing notably to heart failure and elevated mortality rates. While its clinical relevance is well-documented, the intricate molecular mechanisms that link sepsis, tumor-driven inflammation, and cardiac dysfunction remain inadequately explored. This study aims to elucidate the interaction between post-tumor inflammation, intratumor heterogeneity, and the dysfunction of VSMC in SIC, as well as to evaluate the therapeutic potential of exercise training and specific pharmacological interventions.

Methods

Transcriptomic data from NCBI and GEO databases were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with SIC. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), gene ontology (GO), and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were utilized to elucidate the biological significance of these genes. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were used to investigate drug-target interactions, and immune infiltration and gene mutation analyses were carried out by means of platforms like TIMER 2.0 and DepMap to comprehend the influence of DVL1 on immune responsiveness.

Results

Through the utilization of the datasets, we discovered the core gene DVL1 that exhibited remarkable up-regulated expression both in SIC and in diverse kinds of cancers, which were associated with poor prognosis and inflammatory responses. Molecular docking revealed that Digoxin could bind to DVL1 and reduce oxidative stress in SIC. The DVL1 gene module related to SIC was identified by means of WGCNA, and the immune infiltration analysis demonstrated the distinctive immune cell patterns associated with DVL1 expression and the impact of DVL1 on immunotherapeutic resistance.

Conclusions

DVL1 is a core regulator of SIC and other cancers and, therefore, can serve as a therapeutic target. The present study suggests that targeted pharmacological therapies to enhance response to exercise regimens may be a novel therapeutic tool to reduce the inflammatory response during sepsis, particularly in cancer patients. The identified drugs, Digoxin, require further in vivo and clinical studies to confirm their effects on SIC and their potential efforts to improve outcomes in immunotherapy-resistant cancer patients.

Bioactive hydrogel formulations for regeneration of pathological bone defects

Bone defects caused by osteoporosis, infection, diabetes, post-tumor resection, and nonunion often cause severe pain and markedly increase morbidity and mortality, which remain a significant challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The precise local treatments for these pathological complications are essential to avoid poor or failed bone repair. Hydrogel formulations serve as injectable innovative platforms that overcome microenvironmental obstacles and as delivery systems for controlled release of various bioactive substances to bone defects in a targeted manner. Additionally, hydrogel formulations can be tailored for specific mechanical strengths and degradation profiles by adjusting their physical and chemical properties, which are crucial for prolonged drug retention and effective bone repair. This review summarizes recent advances in bioactive hydrogel formulations as three-dimensional scaffolds that support cell proliferation and differentiation. It also highlights their role as smart drug-delivery systems with capable of continuously releasing antibacterial agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, chemotherapeutic agents, and osteogenesis-related factors to enhance bone regeneration in pathological areas. Furthermore, the limitations of hydrogel formulations in pathological bone repair are discussed, and future development directions are proposed, which is expected to pave the way for the repair of pathological bone defects.

Synergy of Body Composition, Exercise Oncology, and Pharmacokinetics: A Narrative Review of Personalizing Paclitaxel Treatment for Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Paclitaxel is a type of small molecule chemotherapy widely used for breast cancer, but its clinical efficacy is often hindered by dose-limiting toxicities such as chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and neutropenia. Traditional dosing based on body surface area does not account for variations in body composition, which may influence paclitaxel metabolism, toxicity, and treatment outcomes. This review explores the interplay between body composition, physical activity, and paclitaxel pharmacokinetics, emphasizing the potential for personalized dosing strategies.

METHODS

A comprehensive narrative review was conducted by analyzing the literature on body composition, small molecule chemotherapy-related toxicities, pharmacokinetics, and exercise oncology. Studies examining the role of skeletal muscle mass, adipose tissue, and physical activity in modulating paclitaxel metabolism and side effects were included.

RESULTS

Evidence suggests that patients with low skeletal muscle mass are at a higher risk of paclitaxel-induced toxicities due to altered drug distribution and clearance. Sarcopenic obesity, characterized by low muscle and high-fat levels, further exacerbates these risks. Exercise, particularly resistance and aerobic training, has been shown to improve muscle mass, mitigate toxicities, and enhance chemotherapy tolerance. However, the precise mechanisms by which exercise influences paclitaxel pharmacokinetics remain underexplored.

CONCLUSIONS

Personalized chemotherapy dosing, considering body composition and physical activity, may optimize paclitaxel treatment outcomes. Future research should focus on integrating exercise interventions into oncology care and refining dosing models that account for interindividual differences in drug metabolism. These advancements could improve treatment efficacy while minimizing toxicities in breast cancer patients.

Clinical outcomes and safety of combined calcitriol and bisphosphonates in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

Despite the well-known benefits of calcitriol and bisphosphonates in managing osteoporosis, limited research has explored the combined therapeutic effects of these agents on bone metabolism, immune function, and clinical outcomes in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients. This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of calcitriol combined with bisphosphonates in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis through a retrospective cohort analysis.

METHODS

A total of 152 postmenopausal osteoporosis patients treated at our hospital from March 2019 to June 2021 were enrolled and divided into two groups based on the treatment received. The control group received calcitriol alone, while the study group received calcitriol combined with bisphosphonates. Treatment outcomes were assessed by comparing Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores for pain, Barthel Index for daily living ability, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for dysfunction before and after treatment. Bone metabolism markers (BALP, BGP, PINP, TRACP), immune cytokines (IL-6, TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-10), and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured. The incidence of adverse reactions was also recorded.

RESULTS

The total effective rate in the study group was 96.05%, significantly higher than 84.21% in the control group (P < 0.05). Post-treatment VAS and ODI scores decreased significantly in both groups, with greater improvement in the study group (P < 0.05). Barthel Index scores increased more in the study group (P < 0.05). Bone metabolism markers (BALP, BGP, PINP, TRACP) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TGF-β1, TNF-α) decreased more significantly in the study group, while IL-10 levels and BMD increased more markedly (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions was lower in the study group (2.63%) than in the control group (5.26%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The combination of calcitriol and bisphosphonates demonstrates superior clinical efficacy and safety in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis, effectively reducing pain and disability, enhancing bone metabolism and immune function, and improving bone mineral density and daily living ability.

Efficacy of Three-Dimensional Bioactive Composites in Long Bone Repair with Photobiomodulation

Different treatments have been proposed for morphofunctional bone repair; however, they are not always efficient and have limitations. In this experimental study, we present matrix composites with a possible synergistic effect acting with scaffolds for bone growth and use of photobiomodulation (PBM) to accelerate this tissue repair. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of PBM in the repair of a long bone (tibia) of rats filled with biomimetic collagen matrices with nanohydroxyapatite and heterologous fibrin biopolymer (FB). Forty-eight rats were distributed into eight groups (n = six each): Blood Clot (BC), Blood Clot + PBM (BCP), Matrix (M), Matrix + PBM (MP), Fibrin Biopolymer (FB), Fibrin Biopolymer + PBM (FBP), Matrix + FB (MFB), Matrix + FB + PBM (MFBP). A 2.0 mm bone defect was created in the proximal third of the left tibia. The BCP, MP, FBP, and MFBP groups underwent PBM during surgery and maintained twice a week until euthanasia at 42 days. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), histomorphological and histomorphometric analyses were performed. Micro-CT analysis revealed that PBM influenced cortical interposition between the remnant and newly formed bone. Histologically, no exacerbated inflammatory focus or foreign body-type granulomatous reaction was observed in any group; however, a vast collagenous matrix with a more oriented and thicker spatial conformation was observed in the PBM-treated groups. Histomorphometrically, the BCP, MP, and MFBP groups showed significantly higher values compared to the other groups. Specifically, the BC group presented a mean bone tissue density of 68.33 ± 7.394, while the BCP and MP groups showed 99.83 ± 11.87 and 99.67 ± 20.58, respectively (p < 0.05). Qualitative analysis of collagen fibers indicated enhanced organization and maturation in PBM-treated groups. This study concluded that the association of PBM in the repair of long bones in rats, filled with biomimetic collagen matrices with nanohydroxyapatite and fibrin biopolymer, presented results that contribute to the improvement of bone growth, together with the association of scaffolds.

Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies Supporting the Role of Polydeoxyribonucleotide in the Treatment of Tendon Disorders

Tendon disorders are among the most common musculoskeletal conditions, accounting for 30% to 50% of all sports-related injuries. Injured tendons heal slowly and often fail to regain their original structural integrity and mechanical strength, creating significant challenges for physicians. Recently, investigations have reported that polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) plays a key role in promoting tendon healing. For example, preclinical studies indicate that PDRN can enhance tendon repair by inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis while promoting collagen production. In clinical studies, the effectiveness and safety of PDRN were also confirmed for managing several conditions, including plantar fasciitis, epicondylitis, Achilles tendinopathy, pes anserine tendinopathy, and chronic rotator cuff disease. In light of these findings, this article aims to review the preclinical and clinical studies that support the role of PDRN in the treatment of tendon disorders. A search was conducted in Medline and PubMed from January 1994 to October 2024 to find relevant research. Ultimately, the review included 3 preclinical studies and 8 clinical studies, involving a total of 318 patients. In conclusion, PDRN is a promising therapeutic option for treating tendon disorders. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to better understand its effects on tendon disorders and to support future clinical applications.

Si-ITGA6-Loaded Liposomes Inhibit Capsule Fibrosis via the FAK/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in Adhesive Capsulitis of Shoulder

Background

Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder (ACS) is a common shoulder disease with pain, joint stiffness, and capsule fibrosis. The pathogenesis of ACS remains unclear, and long-term efficacy of current treatment for ACS is not satisfactory. Given the absence of targeted therapy, proteomic analysis is conducted on the capsules of ACS patients, in an effort to identify the potential target for ACS treatment. The liposome-based siRNA delivery system was utilized for in vivo experiments due to its non-immunogenicity, stability, and low off-target effects compared to other siRNA delivery methods. We aimed to provide a potential approach for targeted therapy of ACS.

Methods

Capsules from rotator cuff tear (RCT) patients with or without ACS were collected. Proteomic analysis was performed to detect differentially expressed proteins. For in vitro experiments, EdU assay, wound healing assay, CCK-8, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining and western blot was conducted. Histological, immunofluorescence and biomechanical assessments were utilized in a mouse model of ACS. The properties of siRNA-loaded liposomes were determined using laser particle size analyzer and electron microscopy.

Results

Proteomic analysis identified integrin α6 (ITGA6) as a significantly upregulated protein in the capsules of RCT patients with ACS compared to those without ACS. ITGA6 promoted cell proliferation, migration ability, and pro-fibrotic proteins expression, while the blockade of ITGA6 exhibited anti-fibrotic effect. The regulatory effect of ITGA6 was dependent on FAK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Finally, liposome was prepared to carry si-ITGA6, and this si-ITGA6-loaded liposomes demonstrated a potent therapeutic effect in a mouse model of ACS. After si-ITGA6-loaded liposomes injection, the capsule thickness was decreased from 120.3 ± 14.3 μm to 73.3 ± 12.6 μm (p < 0.01), and the ROM also improved from 81.0 ± 9.0 to 112.2 ± 8.1 degrees (p < 0.01). These results indicated that si-ITGA6-loaded liposomes significantly ameliorated capsule fibrosis and joint mobility without indication of toxicity.

Conclusion

This research elucidated that ITGA6 was upregulated in the capsules of patients with ACS and is capable of significantly activating fibroblasts through the FAK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. By targeting ITGA6, si-ITGA6-loaded liposomes could effectively attenuate capsule fibrosis. In this study, we identified ITGA6 as a key regulator in ACS and demonstrated that targeting ITGA6 with siRNA-loaded liposomes effectively attenuated capsule fibrosis and improved joint mobility, offering a promising approach for targeted therapy of ACS.

Updated progression of honokiol in lung cancer treatment

OBJECTIVES

Despite significant advancements in innovative therapy, lung cancer continues to have an unexpectedly low 5-year survival rate. This necessitates the urgent development of novel and effective therapies. One such potential therapy is Honokiol (HNK, C18H18O2), a biphenolic natural compound isolated from the leaves and bark of Magnolia plant species. The objective of this review is to examine the various studies supporting the anti-lung cancer effects of HNK and its potential use in the treatment of lung cancer.

KEY FINDINGS

Emerging research has shown that HNK possesses a range of pharmacological characteristics that make it a promising agent in the fight against lung cancer. Specifically, HNK has been found to regulate various molecular targets, including the activation of pro-apoptotic factors and the suppression of anti-apoptotic proteins and different transcription factors. It also downregulates various enzymes, chemokines, cell surface adhesion molecules, and cell cycle proteins. Additionally, HNK inhibits the activity of protein tyrosine kinases and serine/threonine kinases. These effects contribute to its ability to efficiently prevent the progression of lung cancer, either solely or in combination with other therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, several nanotechnologies have been employed to modify HNK for the treatment of lung cancer, enhancing its potential efficacy.

SUMMARY

In summary, Honokiol (HNK) is a biphenolic natural compound with significant anti-lung cancer properties. Its pharmacological characteristics, including the regulation of various molecular targets and the inhibition of key enzymes and kinases, make it a promising agent for the treatment of lung cancer. Emerging research supports its ability to prevent the progression of lung cancer, either alone or in combination with other therapies. Additionally, nanotechnologies have been used to modify HNK, potentially enhancing its efficacy in the treatment of lung cancer. This review highlights the various studies documenting the anti-lung cancer effects of HNK, underscoring its potential as a novel and effective therapy for this deadly disease.

Zn‐DHM Nanozymes Enhance Muscle Regeneration Through ROS Scavenging and Macrophage Polarization in Volumetric Muscle Loss Revealed by Single‐Cell Profiling

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a severe condition in which the loss of skeletal muscle surpasses the body's intrinsic repair capabilities, leading to irreversible functional deficits and potential disability, with persistent inflammation and impaired myogenic differentiation. To address these challenges, a novel zinc‐dihydromyricetin (Zn‐DHM) nanozyme with superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐like activity is developed, designed to neutralize excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and restore oxidative balance. Zn‐DHM mitigates oxidative stress and promotes polarization of macrophages from the proinflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype, thereby reducing chronic inflammation and creating a conducive environment for muscle repair. Further, Zn‐DHM significantly enhances the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells, accelerating wound healing processes. These studies confirm the biosafety and low toxicity of Zn‐DHM. As per a murine tibialis anterior VML model, Zn‐DHM effectively suppresses inflammation and markedly improves skeletal muscle repair outcomes. Single‐cell RNA sequencing reveals that Zn‐DHM treatment increases the expression of M2 macrophage markers and enhances the proliferation and differentiation capacity of muscle stem cells (MuSCs). In addition, intercellular communication analysis reveals interactions between MuSCs and macrophages in the Zn‐DHM treatment group, suggesting that these interactions may drive tissue regeneration through the activation of the GAS and Notch signaling pathways.

5-Methylcytosine RNA modification and its roles in cancer and cancer chemotherapy resistance

Recent advancements in cancer therapies have improved clinical outcomes, yet therapeutic resistance remains a significant challenge because of its complex mechanisms. Among epigenetic factors, m5C RNA modification is emerging as a key player in cancer drug resistance, similar to the well-known m6A modification. m5C affects RNA metabolism processes, including splicing, export, translation, and stability, thereby influencing drug efficacy. This review highlights the critical roles of m5C in modulating resistance to chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. This review also discusses the functions of key regulators, including methyltransferases, demethylases, and m5C-binding proteins, as essential modulators of the m5C epigenetic landscape that contribute to its dynamic and complex regulatory network. Targeting these regulatory components offers a promising strategy to overcome resistance. We highlight the need for further research to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which m5C contributes to resistance and to develop precise m5C-targeted therapies, presenting m5C-focused strategies as potential novel anticancer treatments.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition orchestrates tumor microenvironment: current perceptions and challenges

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process in cancer progression, facilitating tumor cells to develop invasive traits and augmenting their migratory capabilities. EMT is primed by tumor microenvironment (TME)-derived signals, whereupon cancer cells undergoing EMT in turn remodel the TME, thereby modulating tumor progression and therapeutic response. This review discusses the mechanisms by which EMT coordinates TME dynamics, including secretion of soluble factors, direct cell contact, release of exosomes and enzymes, as well as metabolic reprogramming. Recent evidence also indicates that cells undergoing EMT may differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts, thereby establishing themselves as functional constituents of the TME. Elucidating the relationship between EMT and the TME offers novel perspectives for therapeutic strategies to enhance cancer treatment efficacy. Although EMT-directed therapies present significant therapeutic potential, the current lack of effective targeting approaches-attributable to EMT complexity and its microenvironmental context dependency-underscores the necessity for mechanistic investigations and translational clinical validation.

Smart self-healing hydrogel wound dressings for diabetic wound treatment

Diabetic wounds are difficult to treat clinically because they heal poorly, often leading to severe complications such as infections and amputations. Hydrogels with smart self-healing properties show great promise for treating diabetic wounds. These hydrogels are capable of continuously and dynamically responding to changes in the wound environment, feature improved mechanical qualities and the capacity to self-heal damage. We explore the latest developments in smart self-healing hydrogels for diabetic wound healing in this review. First, we systematically summarize the obstacles in treating diabetic wounds. We then highlighted the significance of smart self-healing hydrogels, explaining their stimulus-responsive mechanisms and self-healing design approaches, along with their applications in addressing these challenges. Finally, we discussed the unresolved obstacles and potential avenues for future research. We anticipate that this review will facilitate the continued refinement of smart self-healing hydrogels for diabetic wound dressings, aiming for broader clinical adoption.

Reduced retear rates yet similar clinical outcomes following arthroscopic partial repair of large and massive irreparable rotator cuff tears with biceps augmentation compared to repairs without biceps augmentation: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To compare the clinical outcomes between arthroscopic partial rotator cuff repair with biceps augmentation (BA) and partial repair (PR) without BA.

METHODS

This systematic review included studies comparing outcomes of arthroscopic repair for large to massive irreparable rotator cuff tears with and without the BA. The focus was on postoperative clinical results and retear rates. Mean differences were used to express continuous outcomes, while odds ratios (ORs) were employed for dichotomous outcomes.

RESULTS

Ten studies (733 shoulders, all level 3 evidence) were included. The BA group showed a significant reduction in retear rates (OR = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20-0.77, P = 0.007) and comparable postoperative outcomes across various measures: American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, visual analogue scale for pain, University of California-Los Angeles shoulder score, active forward flexion motion and active external rotation at the arm-at-side position compared to the PR group. Subgroup analysis of two BA techniques-rerouting and supplementation following supraglenoid tenotomy-showed no significant differences in ASES score for either technique versus PR. However, rerouting significantly lowered retear rates (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.12-0.36, p < 0.001), while supplementation showed similar retear rates to PR (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.37-2.02, n.s.).

CONCLUSION

Arthroscopic partial rotator cuff repair with BA for large to massive irreparable rotator cuff tears is a reliable technique, resulting in improved postoperative outcomes. BA using supplementation following supraglenoid tenotomy showed similar clinical outcomes and range of motion but with lower retear rates compared to the PR group.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III.

Reactive oxygen species in tendon injury and repair

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemical moieties that in physiological concentrations serve as fast-acting signaling molecules important for cellular homeostasis. However, their excess either due to overproduction or inability of the antioxidant system to inactivate them results in oxidative stress, contributing to cellular dysfunction and tissue damage. In tendons, which are hypovascular, hypocellular, and composed predominantly of extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly collagen I, ROS likely play a dual role: regulating cellular processes such as inflammation, proliferation, and ECM remodeling under physiological conditions, while contributing to tendinopathy and impaired healing when dysregulated. This review explores the sources of ROS in tendons, including NADPH oxidases and mitochondria, and their role in key processes such as tissue adaptation to mechanical load and injury repair, also in systemic conditions such as diabetes. In addition, we integrate the emerging perspective that calcium signaling-mediated by mechanically activated ion channels-plays a central role in tendon mechanotransduction under daily mechanical loads. We propose that mechanical overuse (overload) may lead to hyperactivation of calcium channels, resulting in chronically elevated intracellular calcium levels that amplify ROS production and oxidative stress. Although direct evidence linking calcium channel hyperactivity, intracellular calcium dysregulation, and ROS generation under overload conditions is currently circumstantial, this review aims to highlight these connections and identify them as critical avenues for future research. By framing ROS within the context of both adaptive and maladaptive responses to mechanical load, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of redox biology in tendon injury and repair, paving the way for future work, including development of therapeutic strategies targeting ROS and calcium signaling to enhance tendon recovery and resilience.

Synergistic restoration of spinal cord injury through hyaluronic acid conjugated hydrogel-polydopamine nanoparticles combined with human mesenchymal stem cell transplantation

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease with limited treatment options due to the restricted regenerative capacity of the central nervous system. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inadequate endogenous neural stem progenitor cells (eNSPCs) in the lesion site exacerbates neurologic deficits and impedes motor function recovery. We have developed a temperature-responsive hyaluronic acid conjugated hydrogel-polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) combined with human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSCs) transplantation, denoted as H-P-M hydrogel. Microglia cells treated with PDA NPs have been shown to reduce intracellular ROS levels by 65 % and suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β (decreased by 35 %) and IL-6 (decreased by 23 %), thus mitigating the microglia's inflammatory response. Additionally, our results have demonstrated that the H-P-M hydrogel combined with hMSCs transplantation can recruit eNSPCs to the injury site as evidenced by utilizing Nestin lineage tracer mice. The RNA-seq has unveiled the potential of the H-P-M hydrogel to facilitate eNSPCs neuronal differentiation through the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, these differentiated neurons are integrated into local neural circuits. Together, it suggests that the H-P-M hydrogel synergistically improves the SCI niche. It serves as catalysts inducing 5-HT axon regeneration and improving BMS score after SCI through the modulation of the ROS milieu and the promotion of neuronal differentiation from eNSPCs, thereby presenting a promising strategy for SCI repair.

Discovering the Potential Role of the C2 DUSP2+ MCs Subgroup in Lung Adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE

In both industrialized and developing nations worldwide, lung adenocarcinoma is one of the deadliest malignant tumors and the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. Its cellular heterogeneity is unclear to the fullest extent, although in recent years, its prevalence in younger individuals has increased. Therefore, it is urgent to deepen the understanding of lung adenocarcinoma and explore new therapeutic methods.

METHODS

CytoTRACE, Monocle, SCENIC, and enrichment analysis were used to analyze the single cell RNA data, we characterized the biological characteristics of mast cells (MCs) in lung adenocarcinoma patient samples. CellChat was used to analyze and validate the interaction between MCs and tumor cells in lung adenocarcinoma. Prognostic models were used to evaluate and predict the development trend and outcome of a patient's disease, such as the survival time of cancer patients. The python package SCENIC was used to evaluate the enrichment of transcription factors and the activity of regulators in lung adenocarcinoma cell subgroups. CCK-8 assay could validate the activity of a specific cell subgroup sequenced in single cell sequencing to confirm the role of this cell subgroup in tumor proliferation.

RESULTS

Our analysis identified seven major cell types, further grouping MCs within them and identifying four distinct subgroups, including MCs with high DUSP2 expression, which showed some tumor-related characteristics. In addition, we identified the key signaling receptor EGFR and validated it through in vitro knockdown experiments, demonstrating its role in promoting cancer. In addition, we established an independent prognostic indicator, the DUSP2+ MCs risk score, which showed an association between groups with high risk scores and poor outcomes.

CONCLUSION

These findings shed light on the complex interactions in the lung adenocarcinoma tumor microenvironment and suggest that targeting specific MCs subgroups, particularly through the EGFR signaling pathway, may provide new therapeutic strategies.

Tumor-stroma proportion is associated with increased M2 macrophage abundance and predicts the resistance to immune checkpoint blockade in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

The tumor stroma has been reported to be associated with worse prognosis in several solid tumors, but its prognostic value in breast cancer (BRCA) is still undefined.

METHODS

In this research, multiple public and in-house patient cohorts were collected to demonstrate the clinical and immune correlations of tumor-stroma proportion (TSP) in BRCA. In addition, in vitro assays uncovered the oncogenic role of TSP-related collagen in BRCA.

RESULTS

High TSP status based on hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was associated with positive hormone receptor status, advanced clinical stages, and poor immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response. In addition, we developed a RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq)-based stromal score based on four critical genes expression (AEBP1, COL6A3, CTSK, and PLAC9). Both TSP status and stromal score were positively associated with increased M2 macrophage abundance in BRCA. Moreover, tumor collagen has been found to be enriched in samples with the high TSP status, and collagen promoted BRCA cells aggressiveness and macrophage M2 polarization.

CONCLUSIONS

The tumor stroma was found to be notably related to poor ICB response in patients with BRCA as a result of tumor stroma-macrophage interactions. Thus, the TSP status could predict the clinical outcomes of BRCA patients receiving ICB therapy.

SMARCC1 promotes M2 macrophage polarization and reduces ferroptosis in lung cancer by activating FLOT1 transcription

Grounded on the bioinformatics insights, this study explores the role of flotillin 1 (FLOT1) in modulating macrophage phenotype and immune evasion in lung cancer cells. The bioinformatics analyses revealed positive correlations between FLOT1 expression and infiltration of M2 macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and CD4 memory T cells. Furthermore, elevated FLOT1 expression was associated with a poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. Analysis of tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues from 53 lung cancer patients revealed significantly higher immunohistochemical staining of FLOT1 in tumor tissues, showing positive correlation with the staining intensity of PD-L1. Additionally, staining intensities for markers of M2 macrophages (Arg1), CD4 memory T cells (CD4), dendritic cells (CD83), and neutrophils (CD177) were significantly higher in tumor tissues with high FLOT1 levels. Silencing of FLOT1 was induced in two lung cancer cell lines. Co-culturing in conditioned media of the FLOT1-silenced cancer cells led to reduced chemotactic migration and M2 skewing of macrophages in vitro. Using xenograft models, we observed that FLOT1 silencing weakened tumorigenic activity of A549 cells in mice and reduced M2 macrophage infiltration in tumors. SWI/SNF related BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit C1 (SMARCC1) was identified as a transcription factor that activated FLOT1 transcription by binding to its promoter. Knockdown of SMARCC1 in lung cancer cells similarly reduced the migration and M2 polarization of macrophages as well as weakened tumorigenesis in mice. However, these effects were counteracted by FLOT1 overexpression. Further analysis of the downstream effectors of the SMARCC1/FLOT1 cascade revealed the enrichment of these factors in ferroptosis-related pathways. Mechanistically, SMARCC1 knockdown led to a decreased GSH:GSSG ratio and increased lipid peroxidation in macrophages, while FLOT1 overexpression restored these changes. Transmission electron microscopic observation revealed typical features of ferroptosis-resistant mitochondria following SMARCC1 knockdown, including fragmented or reduced cristae and increased outer membrane integrity. These mitochondrial changes were mitigated by FLOT1 overexpression. In conclusion, SMARCC1 promotes immune evasion in lung cancer by activating FLOT1 transcription. This activation enhances recruitment and M2 polarization of macrophages, and increases PD-L1 expression, reduces ferroptosis. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of immune evasion and suggest potential therapeutic targets for lung cancer treatment. KEY MESSAGES: • FLOT1 is associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. • Association between FLOT1 and immune cell infiltration in lung cancer. • Silencing FLOT1 inhibits the recruitment of macrophages by lung cancer cells. • SMARCC1 is highly expressed in lung cancer and promotes the transcription of FLOT1. • FLOT1 overexpression rescues the inhibitory effect of SMARCC1 knockdown on M2 macrophage infiltration and activation of Ferroptosis.

Bioactive materials from berberine-treated human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells accelerate tooth extraction socket healing through the jaw vascular unit

Delayed tooth extraction socket (TES) healing can cause failure of subsequent oral implantation and increase socioeconomic burden on patients. Excessive amounts of M1 macrophages, apoptotic neutrophils (ANs), and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) impair alveolar bone regeneration during TES healing. In the present study, we first discovered that conditioned medium (CM) collected from berberine-treated human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BBR-HB-CM) accelerated TES healing. BBR-HB-CM contained bioactive materials that promoted the polarization of macrophages from M1 to M2, impeded the formation of ANs and NETs, and modulated M2 macrophage efferocytosis in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, BBR-HB-CM promoted bone formation by inhibiting macrophage-myofibroblast transition and reprogrammed macrophage polarization through p85/AKT/mTOR pathway-dependent autophagy. The 3-methyladenine abolished the therapeutic effects of BBR-HB-CM. Further studies revealed that BBR-HB-CM accelerated TES healing in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Overall, our results demonstrated that BBR-HB-CM had high potential to promote rapid TES healing.