451
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Cho HD, Min HJ, Won YS, Ahn HY, Cho YS, Seo KI. Solid state fermentation process with Aspergillus kawachii enhances the cancer-suppressive potential of silkworm larva in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:241. [PMID: 31488109 PMCID: PMC6727413 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Mulberry silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori) are known as the oldest resource of food and traditional medicine. Although silkworm larvae have been reported to treat various chronic diseases, the effect of fermentation by microorganisms improving the biological activities of silkworm larvae was not reported. In the present study, fermented silkworm larvae was developed via solid-state fermentation with Aspergillus kawachii and investigated its anti-cancer activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Methods We investigated the anti-cancer effects of unfermented (SEE) and fermented silkworm larva ethanol extract (FSEE) on HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells as well as compared changes in free amino acid, fatty acid, and mineral contents. Anti-cancer activities were evaluated by SRB staining, cell cycle analysis, Annexin V staining, Hoechst staining, DNA fragmentation analysis and western blot analysis. Fatty acid, free amino acid and mineral contents of SEE and FSEE were determined by gas chromatography, amino acid analyzer and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer, respectively. Results Compared with SEE, treatment with FSEE resulted in apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells characterized by G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, DNA fragmentation, and formation of apoptotic bodies. Furthermore, FSEE significantly up-regulated pro-apoptotic as well as down-regulated anti-apoptotic proteins in HepG2 cells. However, an equivalent concentration of SEE did not induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Moreover, fermentation process by Aspergillus kawachii resulted in enhancement of fatty acid contents in silkworm larvae, whereas amino acid and mineral contents were decreased. Conclusion Collectively, this study demonstrates that silkworm larvae solid state-fermented by Aspergillus kawachii strongly potentiates caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by regulating secondary metabolites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2649-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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452
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Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
About one-third of the food produced annually worldwide ends up as waste. A minor part of this waste is used for biofuel and compost production, but most is landfilled, causing environmental damage. Mass production of edible insects for human food and livestock feed seems a sustainable solution to meet demand for animal-based protein, which is expected to increase due to rapid global population growth. The aim of this review was to compile up-to-date information on mass rearing of edible insects for food and feed based on food wastes. The use and the potential role of the fermentation process in edible insect mass production and the potential impact of this rearing process in achieving an environmentally friendly and sustainable food industry was also assessed. Food waste comprises a huge nutrient stock that could be valorized to feed nutritionally flexible edible insects. Artificial diets based on food by-products for black soldier fly, house fly, mealworm, and house cricket mass production have already been tested with promising results. The use of fermentation and fermentation by-products can contribute to this process and future research is proposed towards this direction. Part of the sustainability of the food sector could be based on the valorization of food waste for edible insect mass production. Further research on functional properties of reared edible insects, standardization of edible insects rearing techniques, safety control aspects, and life cycle assessments is needed for an insect-based food industry.
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453
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Kim TK, Yong HI, Kim YB, Kim HW, Choi YS. Edible Insects as a Protein Source: A Review of Public Perception, Processing Technology, and Research Trends. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:521-540. [PMID: 31508584 PMCID: PMC6728817 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current trends related to insect as food resources
among consumers, industry, and academia. In Western societies, edible insects
have a greater potential as animal feed than as human food because of cultural
biases associated with harmful insects, although the abundant characteristics of
edible insects should benefit human health. Nevertheless, many countries in
Asia, Oceania, Africa, and Latin America utilize insects as a major protein
source. Using insects can potentially solve problems related to the conventional
food-supply chain, including global water, land, and energy deficits. Academic,
industry, and government-led efforts have attempted to reduce negative
perceptions of insects through developing palatable processing methods, as well
as providing descriptions of health benefits and explaining the necessity of
reducing reliance on other food sources. Our overview reveals that entomophagy
is experiencing a steady increase worldwide, despite its unfamiliarity to the
consumers influenced by Western eating habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Young-Boong Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Kim
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
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454
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Wendin K, Olsson V, Langton M. Mealworms as Food Ingredient-Sensory Investigation of a Model System. Foods 2019; 8:E319. [PMID: 31390775 PMCID: PMC6723702 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of insects as food is a sustainable alternative to meat and as a protein source is fully comparable to meat, fish and soybeans. The next step is to make insects available for use in the more widespread production of food and meals. Sensory attributes are of great importance in being able to increase the understanding of insects as an ingredient in cooking and production. In this pilot study, mealworms were used as the main ingredient in a model system, where the aim was to evaluate the impact on sensory properties of changing particle size, oil/water ratio and salt content of the insects using a factorial design. Twelve different samples were produced according to the factorial design. Further, the effect of adding an antioxidant agent was evaluated. Sensory analysis and instrumental analyses were performed on the samples. Particle size significantly influenced the sensory attributes appearance, odor, taste and texture, but not flavor, whereas salt content affected taste and flavor. The viscosity was affected by the particle size and instrumentally measured color was affected by particle size and oil content. The addition of the antioxidant agent decreased the changes in color, rancidity and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wendin
- Department of Food and Meal Science, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden.
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Viktoria Olsson
- Department of Food and Meal Science, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Maud Langton
- Department of Molecular Sciences, SLU-Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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455
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Niermans K, Woyzichovski J, Kröncke N, Benning R, Maul R. Feeding study for the mycotoxin zearalenone in yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae-investigation of biological impact and metabolic conversion. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:231-242. [PMID: 30864055 PMCID: PMC6611894 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Edible insects as additional food and/or feed source may represent one important component to solve the problem of food security for a growing human population. Especially for covering the rising demand for protein of animal origin, seven insect species currently allowed as feed constituents in the European Union are gaining more interest. However, before considering insects such as yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) as suitable for, e.g. human consumption, the possible presence and accumulation of contaminants must be elucidated. The present work investigates the effects of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites on insect larvae. Seven different diets were prepared: toxin-free control, spiked and artificially contaminated (both containing approx.500 μg/kg and approx. 2000 μg/kg of ZEN) as well as two naturally contaminated diets (600 μg/kg and 900 μg/kg ZEN). The diets were used in a multiple-week feeding trial using T. molitor larvae as model insects. The amount of ZEN and its metabolites in the feed, larvae and the residue were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. A significantly enhanced individual larval weight was found for the insects fed on the naturally contaminated diets compared to the other feeding groups after 8 weeks of exposure. No ZEN or ZEN metabolites were detected in the T. molitor larvae after harvest. However, ZEN, α- and β-stereoisomers of zearalenol were found in the residue samples indicating an intense metabolism of ZEN in the larvae. No further ZEN metabolites could be detected in any sample. Thus, ZEN is not retained to any significant amount in T. molitor larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Niermans
- BfR - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Woyzichovski
- University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nina Kröncke
- University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Rainer Benning
- University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- BfR - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
- University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany.
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456
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Straub P, Tanga C, Osuga I, Windisch W, Subramanian S. Experimental feeding studies with crickets and locusts on the use of feed mixtures composed of storable feed materials commonly used in livestock production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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457
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Kordes A, Grahl N, Koska M, Preusse M, Arce-Rodriguez A, Abraham WR, Kaever V, Häussler S. Establishment of an induced memory response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during infection of a eukaryotic host. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:2018-2030. [PMID: 30952997 PMCID: PMC6775985 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In a given habitat, bacterial cells often experience recurrent exposures to the same environmental stimulus. The ability to memorize the past event and to adjust current behaviors can lead to efficient adaptation to the recurring stimulus. Here we demonstrate that the versatile bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa adopts a virulence phenotype after serial passage in the invertebrate model host Galleria mellonella. The virulence phenotype was not linked to the acquisition of genetic variations and was sustained for several generations, despite cultivation of the ex vivo virulence-adapted P. aeruginosa cells under rich medium conditions in vitro. Transcriptional reprogramming seemed to be induced by a host-specific food source, as reprogramming was also observed upon cultivation of P. aeruginosa in rich medium supplemented with polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids. The establishment of induced memory responses adds a time dimension and seems to fill the gap between long-term evolutionary genotypic adaptation and short-term induced individual responses. Efforts to unravel the fundamental mechanisms that underlie the carry-over effect to induce such memory responses will continue to be of importance as hysteretic behavior can serve survival of bacterial populations in changing and challenging habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kordes
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Nora Grahl
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Michal Koska
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Matthias Preusse
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Alejandro Arce-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Wolf-Rainer Abraham
- Department of Chemical Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Susanne Häussler
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany.
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458
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Comparison of the proximal chemical and fatty acid composition of the fried grasshopper’s (Orthoptera) dish. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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459
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Cricket powder (Gryllus assimilis) as a new alternative protein source for gluten-free breads. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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460
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Ssepuuya G, Smets R, Nakimbugwe D, Van Der Borght M, Claes J. Nutrient composition of the long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens Serville: Effect of swarming season and sourcing geographical area. Food Chem 2019; 301:125305. [PMID: 31387042 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research investigates the effect of swarming season and sourcing geographical area on the nutrient composition of R. differens. On a dry matter basis, protein (34.2-45.8%) and fat (42.2-54.3%) are the major macro-nutrients. Leucine (80. 9-88.5), lysine (54.0-69.8) and valine (59.2-61.8) are the most abundant essential amino acids (EAA) (mg/g protein). Tryptophan is the most limiting EAA. Its EAA composition is like the children and adults' reference protein. Its fat is highly unsaturated (63.5-64.7). Oleic (38.4-42.7), linoleic (19.0-23.0) and palmitic (26.6-27.8) fatty acids (FA) (g/100 g total FA) are the most abundant. Geographical area significantly influences its mineral content within seasons. Season significantly influences its fat, protein, ash and mineral content but not its AAs' and FAs' content. Both factors significantly influence its vitamin B12 content (0.73-1.35 µg/100 g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Ssepuuya
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, Technology Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium; Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, CAES, Makerere University, P.O. Box, 7062 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Ruben Smets
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, Technology Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dorothy Nakimbugwe
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, CAES, Makerere University, P.O. Box, 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mik Van Der Borght
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, Technology Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Johan Claes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, Technology Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium.
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461
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Schrögel P, Wätjen W. Insects for Food and Feed-Safety Aspects Related to Mycotoxins and Metals. Foods 2019; 8:E288. [PMID: 31357435 PMCID: PMC6724024 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible insects as an alternative source of protein are discussed as an important contribution to future feed and food security. However, it has to be ensured that the consumption is non-hazardous. This systematic review summarizes findings concerning contaminations of insects with mycotoxins and heavy metal ions (SciFinder, Pubmed, until 26 June 2019). Both kinds of contaminants were reported to reduce growth performance and increase mortality in insects. There was no evidence for accumulation of various mycotoxins analyzed in distinct insect species. However, further research is necessary due to limitation of data. Since the gut content contributes relevantly to the total body burden of contaminants in insects, a starving period before harvesting is recommended. Contrary, accumulation of heavy metal ions occurred to a varying extent dependent on metal type, insect species, and developmental stage. Examples are the accumulation of cadmium (black soldier fly) and arsenic (yellow mealworm). The reported species-specific accumulation and metabolism patterns of contaminants emphasize the importance to assess potential safety hazards in a case-by-case approach. Subject to regular monitoring of contaminants, the general ban in the European Union to use waste in animal feed should also be questioned regarding insect farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Schrögel
- Postgraduate Course for Toxicology and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 28, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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462
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Schnorr SL, Hofman CA, Netshifhefhe SR, Duncan FD, Honap TP, Lesnik J, Lewis CM. Taxonomic features and comparisons of the gut microbiome from two edible fungus-farming termites (Macrotermes falciger; M. natalensis) harvested in the Vhembe district of Limpopo, South Africa. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:164. [PMID: 31315576 PMCID: PMC6637627 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Termites are an important food resource for many human populations around the world, and are a good supply of nutrients. The fungus-farming ‘higher’ termite members of Macrotermitinae are also consumed by modern great apes and are implicated as critical dietary resources for early hominins. While the chemical nutritional composition of edible termites is well known, their microbiomes are unexplored in the context of human health. Here we sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of gut microbiota extracted from the whole intestinal tract of two Macrotermes sp. soldiers collected from the Limpopo region of South Africa. Results Major and minor soldier subcastes of M. falciger exhibit consistent differences in taxonomic representation, and are variable in microbial presence and abundance patterns when compared to another edible but less preferred species, M. natalensis. Subcaste differences include alternate patterns in sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic Euryarchaeota abundance, and differences in abundance between Alistipes and Ruminococcaceae. M. falciger minor soldiers and M. natalensis soldiers have similar microbial profiles, likely from close proximity to the termite worker castes, particularly during foraging and fungus garden cultivation. Compared with previously published termite and cockroach gut microbiome data, the taxonomic representation was generally split between termites that directly digest lignocellulose and humic substrates and those that consume a more distilled form of nutrition as with the omnivorous cockroaches and fungus-farming termites. Lastly, to determine if edible termites may point to a shared reservoir for rare bacterial taxa found in the gut microbiome of humans, we focused on the genus Treponema. The majority of Treponema sequences from edible termite gut microbiota most closely relate to species recovered from other termites or from environmental samples, except for one novel OTU strain, which clustered separately with Treponema found in hunter-gatherer human groups. Conclusions Macrotermes consumed by humans display special gut microbial arrangements that are atypical for a lignocellulose digesting invertebrate, but are instead suited to the simplified nutrition in the fungus-farmer diet. Our work brings to light the particular termite microbiome features that should be explored further as avenues in human health, agricultural sustainability, and evolutionary research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1540-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Schnorr
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria. .,Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. .,Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. .,Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Courtney A Hofman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.,Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Shandukani R Netshifhefhe
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances D Duncan
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tanvi P Honap
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.,Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Julie Lesnik
- Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Cecil M Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. .,Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
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463
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The nutritive value of black soldier fly larvae reared on common organic waste streams in Kenya. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10110. [PMID: 31300713 PMCID: PMC6626136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In Africa, livestock production currently accounts for about 30% of the gross value of agricultural production. However, production is struggling to keep up with the demands of expanding human populations, the rise in urbanization and the associated shifts in diet habits. High costs of feed prevent the livestock sector from thriving and to meet the rising demand. Insects have been identified as potential alternatives to the conventionally used protein sources in livestock feed due to their rich nutrients content and the fact that they can be reared on organic side streams. Substrates derived from organic by-products are suitable for industrial large-scale production of insect meal. Thus, a holistic comparison of the nutritive value of Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSFL) reared on three different organic substrates, i.e. chicken manure (CM), brewers’ spent grain (SG) and kitchen waste (KW), was conducted. BSFL samples reared on every substrate were collected for chemical analysis after the feeding process. Five-hundred (500) neonatal BSFL were placed in 23 × 15 cm metallic trays on the respective substrates for a period of 3–4 weeks at 28 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity. The larvae were harvested when the prepupal stage was reached using a 5 mm mesh size sieve. A sample of 200 grams prepupae was taken from each replicate and pooled for every substrate and then frozen at −20 °C for chemical analysis. Samples of BSFL and substrates were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extracts (EE), ash, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), amino acids (AA), fatty acids (FA), vitamins, flavonoids, minerals and aflatoxins. The data were then subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using general linear model procedure. BSFL differed in terms of nutrient composition depending on the organic substrates they were reared on. CP, EE, minerals, amino acids, ADF and NDF but not vitamins were affected by the different rearing substrates. BSFL fed on different substrates exhibited different accumulation patterns of minerals, with CM resulting in the largest turnover of minerals. Low concentrations of heavy metals (cadmium and lead) were detected in the BSFL, but no traces of aflatoxins were found. In conclusion, it is possible to take advantage of the readily available organic waste streams in Kenya to produce nutrient-rich BSFL-derived feed.
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464
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Effect of domestic cooking methods on protein digestibility and mineral bioaccessibility of wild harvested adult edible insects. Food Res Int 2019; 121:404-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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465
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Murefu T, Macheka L, Musundire R, Manditsera F. Safety of wild harvested and reared edible insects: A review. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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466
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Melgar‐Lalanne G, Hernández‐Álvarez A, Salinas‐Castro A. Edible Insects Processing: Traditional and Innovative Technologies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1166-1191. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiomar Melgar‐Lalanne
- Author Melgar‐Lalane is with Inst. de Ciencias BásicasUniv. Veracruzana Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n. Col Industrial Ánimas 91192 Xalapa Veracruz Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro Salinas‐Castro
- Author Salinas‐Castro is with Dirección General de InvestigacionesAv. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n. Col Industrial Ánimas 91192 Xalapa Veracruz Mexico
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467
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Dobermann D, Field LM, Michaelson LV. Impact of heat processing on the nutritional content of Gryllus bimaculatus (black cricket). NUTR BULL 2019; 44:116-122. [PMID: 31244552 PMCID: PMC6582549 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Insects are increasingly suggested as a potential novel solution to global nutrition challenges. However, limited research is available on the impact of processing methods on the nutritional content of edible insects. This trial examines the effect of heat processing on the nutritional profile of the black cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Adult black crickets were killed by freezing and then dried at either a low (45°C) or high (120°C) temperature followed by nutritional analysis of protein and micronutrient content. An additional set of samples was either freeze-dried or dried at 32, 45, 72 or 120°C followed by nutritional analysis of lipid content. Analysis showed that percentage protein content was significantly higher in crickets dried at 45°C, a difference of roughly 1% of the total weight. Similarly, calcium content was also significantly higher in crickets dried at 45°C, although no other measured micronutrients were affected. Additionally, the fatty acid content was significantly influenced by higher temperature processing. Freeze-drying black crickets conserved significantly more of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids than drying at 120°C. Insects hold potential as a source of essential nutrients and fatty acids; however, consideration must be given to heat processing at high temperatures as this may affect the nutritional profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dobermann
- Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK.,University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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468
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Current knowledge on the microbiota of edible insects intended for human consumption: A state-of-the-art review. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108527. [PMID: 31554102 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of their positive nutritional characteristics and low environmental impact, edible insects might be considered a 'food of the future'. However, there are safety concerns associated with the consumption of insects, such as contaminating chemical and biological agents. The possible presence of pathogenic and toxigenic microorganisms is one of the main biological hazards associated with edible insects. This review presents an overview of the microbiota of edible insects, highlighting the potential risks for human health. Detailed information on the microbiota of edible insects from literature published in 2000-2019 is presented. These data show complex ecosystems, with marked variations in microbial load and diversity, among edible insects as well as stable and species-specific microbiota for some of the most popular edible insect species, such as mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria). Raw edible insects generally contain high numbers of mesophilic aerobes, bacterial endospores or spore-forming bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, psychrotrophic aerobes, and fungi, and potentially harmful species (i.e. pathogenic, mycotoxigenic, and spoilage microbes) may be present. Several studies have focused on reducing the microbial contamination of edible insects by applying treatments such as starvation, rinsing, thermal treatments, chilling, drying, fermentation, and marination, both alone and, sometimes, in combination. Although these studies show that various heat treatments were the most efficient methods for reducing microbial numbers, they also highlight the need for species-specific mitigation strategies. The feasibility of using edible insects as ingredients in the food industry in the development of innovative insect-based products has been explored; although, in some cases, the presence of spore-forming bacteria and other food-borne pathogens is a concern. Recent studies have shown that a risk assessment of edible insects should also include an evaluation of the incidence of antibiotic-resistance (AR) genes and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in the production chain. Finally, as proposed in the literature, microbial hazards should be limited through the implementation of good hygienic practices during rearing, handling, processing, and storage, as well as the implementation of an appropriate HACCP system for edible insect supply chains. Another issue frequently reported in the literature is the need for a legislative framework for edible insect production, commercialisation, and trading, as well as the need for microbiological criteria specifically tailored for edible insects. Microbiological criteria like those already been established for the food safety and hygiene (e.g. those in the European Union food law) of different food categories (e.g. ready-to-eat products) could be applied to edible insect-based products.
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469
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Konyole SO, Omollo SA, Kinyuru JN, Skau JKH, Owuor BO, Estambale BB, Filteau SM, Michaelsen KF, Friis H, Roos N, Owino VO. Effect of locally produced complementary foods on fat-free mass, linear growth, and iron status among Kenyan infants: A randomized controlled trial. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2019; 15:e12836. [PMID: 31045329 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impact of quality complementary food products on infant growth and body composition has not been adequately investigated. This study evaluated the effect on fat-free mass (FFM) accrual, linear growth, and iron status of locally produced complementary food products comparing to a standard product. In a randomized, double-blind trial, 499 infants at 6 months received nine monthly rations of (a) WinFood Classic (WFC) comprising germinated amaranth (71%), maize (10.4%), small fish (3%), and edible termites (10%); (b) WinFood Lite (WFL) comprising germinated amaranth (82.5%), maize (10.2%), and multimicronutrient premix; or (c) fortified corn-soy blend plus (CSB+). Primary outcomes were changes in FFM, length, and plasma ferritin and transferrin receptors (TfR). FFM was determined using deuterium dilution. Analysis was by intention to treat, based on available cases. Compared with CSB+, there were no differences in change from 6 to 15 months in FFM for WFC 0.0 kg (95% CI [-0.30, 0.29]) and WFL 0.03 kg (95% CI [-0.25, 0.32]) and length change for WFC -0.3 cm (95% CI [-0.9, 0.4]) and WFL -0.3 cm (95% CI [-0.9, 0.3]). TfR increased in WFC group 3.3 mg L-1 (95% CI [1.7, 4.9]) and WFL group 1.7 mg L-1 (95% CI [0.1, 3.4]) compared with CSB+. Compared with the increase in Hb in CSB+ group, there was a reduction in Hb in WFC of -0.9 g dl-1 (95% CI [-1.3, -0.5]) and a lower increase in WFL -0.4 g dl-1 (95% CI [-0.8, 0.0]). In conclusion, the tested WinFoods had the same effect on FFM and length as CSB+, whereas Hb and iron status decreased, suggesting inhibited iron bioavailability from the amaranth-based WinFoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvenus O Konyole
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Selina A Omollo
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John N Kinyuru
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Jutta K H Skau
- Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Benson B Estambale
- Division of Research, Innovations and Outreach, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Suzanne M Filteau
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Victor O Owino
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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470
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Fogang Mba AR, Kansci G, Viau M, Rougerie R, Genot C. Edible caterpillars of Imbrasia truncata and Imbrasia epimethea contain lipids and proteins of high potential for nutrition. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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471
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Im AR, Ji KY, Park I, Lee JY, Kim KM, Na M, Chae S. Anti-Photoaging Effects of Four Insect Extracts by Downregulating Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Signaling. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051159. [PMID: 31126154 PMCID: PMC6566685 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are some of the most diverse organisms on the planet, and have potential value as food or medicine. Here, we investigated the photoprotective properties of insect extracts using hairless mice. The alleviating wrinkle formation effects of insect extracts were evaluated by histological skin analysis to determine epidermal thickness and identify collagen fiber damage. Moreover, we investigated the ability of the insect extracts to alleviate UVB-induced changes to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), oxidative damage, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Insect extracts reduced UVB-induced skin winkles, epidermal thickening, and collagen breakdown, and alleviated the epidermal barrier dysfunction induced by UVB, including the increased loss of transepidermal water. Moreover, the expression of skin hydration-related markers such as hyaluronic acid, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and procollagen was upregulated in the group treated with insect extracts compared to the vehicle-treated group after ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure. UVB irradiation also upregulated the expression of MMPs, the phosphorylation of MAPKs, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which were all attenuated by the oral administration of insect extracts. These results indicate the photoaging protection effect of insect extracts and the underlying mechanism, demonstrating the potential for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Rang Im
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Kon-Young Ji
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - InWha Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Ki Mo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
- University of Science and Technology, Korean Convergence Medicine, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Sungwook Chae
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
- University of Science and Technology, Korean Convergence Medicine, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
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472
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Lucas-González R, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Álvarez JA, Viuda-Martos M. Effect of drying processes in the chemical, physico-chemical, techno-functional and antioxidant properties of flours obtained from house cricket (Acheta domesticus). Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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473
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Li H, Yoo W, Park HM, Lim SY, Shin DH, Kim S, Park HY, Jeong TS. Arazyme Suppresses Hepatic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis in Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Like Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092325. [PMID: 31083413 PMCID: PMC6539878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arazyme, a metalloprotease from the spider Nephila clavata, exerts hepatoprotective activity in CCL4-induced acute hepatic injury. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-like C57BL/6J mice. The mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10/group): the normal diet group, the HFD group, the arazyme group (HFD with 0.025% arazyme), and the milk thistle (MT) group (HFD with 0.1% MT). Dietary supplementation of arazyme for 13 weeks significantly lowered plasma triglyceride (TG) and non-esterified fatty acid levels. Suppression of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in the arazyme group was caused by the reduced hepatic TG and total cholesterol (TC) contents. Arazyme supplementation decreased hepatic lipogenesis-related gene expression, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription protein 1 (Srebf1), fatty acid synthase (Fas), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (Acc1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1), Scd2, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (Gpam), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (Dgat1), and Dgat2. Arazyme directly reduced palmitic acid (PA)-induced TG accumulation in HepG2 cells. Arazyme suppressed macrophage infiltration and tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfa), interleukin-1β (Il1b), and chemokine-ligand-2 (Ccl2) expression in the liver, and inhibited secretion of TNFα and expression of inflammatory mediators, Tnfa, Il1b, Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4, and Ccl5, in PA-induced RAW264.7 cells. Arazyme effectively protected hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis by inhibiting SREBP-1-mediated lipid accumulation and macrophage-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Wonbeak Yoo
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Hye-Mi Park
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Soo-Youn Lim
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | | | - Seokho Kim
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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474
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Xiao Y, Xiao G, Liu H, Zhao X, Sun C, Tan X, Sun K, Liu S, Feng J. Captivity causes taxonomic and functional convergence of gut microbial communities in bats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6844. [PMID: 31106061 PMCID: PMC6499062 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diet plays a crucial role in sculpting microbial communities. Similar diets appear to drive convergence of gut microbial communities between host species. Captivity usually provides an identical diet and environment to different animal species that normally have similar diets. Whether different species’ microbial gut communities can be homogenized by a uniform diet in captivity remains unclear. Methods In this study, we compared gut microbial communities of three insectivorous bat species (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Vespertilio sinensis, and Hipposideros armiger) in captivity and in the wild using 16S rDNA sequencing. In captivity, R. ferrumequinum and V. sinensis were fed yellow mealworms, while H. armiger was fed giant mealworms to rule out the impact of an identical environment on the species’ gut microbial communities. Results We found that the microbial communities of the bat species we studied clustered by species in the wild, while the microbial communities of R. ferrumequinum and V. sinensis in captivity clustered together. All microbial functions found in captive V. sinensis were shared by R. ferrumequinum. Moreover, the relative abundances of all metabolism related KEGG pathways did not significantly differ between captive R. ferrumequinum and V. sinensis; however, the relative abundance of “Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism” differed significantly between wild R. ferrumequinum and V. sinensis. Conclusion Our results suggest that consuming identical diets while in captivity tends to homogenize the gut microbial communities among bat species. This study further highlights the importance of diet in shaping animal gut microbiotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Xiao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guohong Xiao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Congnan Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Keping Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Institute of Resources & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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475
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Lee HJ, Kim JH, Ji DS, Lee CH. Effects of Heating Time and Temperature on Functional Properties of Proteins of Yellow Mealworm Larvae ( Tenebrio molitor L.). Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:296-308. [PMID: 31149671 PMCID: PMC6533403 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is a
promising alternative protein source, the effects of processing conditions on
functional properties are unclear. In this study, a protein extract of yellow
mealworm larvae (PEYM) was subjected to different heat temperature (55°C,
75°C, and 95°C) with different time (20, 40, and 60 min) to
evaluate the functional properties and protein oxidation. Different heat
temperature treatment significantly affected the exposure of surface
hydrophobicity of the proteins and protein molecule aggregation, which reached
maximum levels at 95°C for 60 min. Protein oxidation was inversely
proportional to the temperature. Both the highest carbonyl value (1.49 nmol/mg
protein) and lowest thiol value (22.94 nmol/mg protein) were observed at
95°C for 60 min. The heating time-temperature interaction affected
several functional properties, including solubility, emulsifying potential, and
gel strength (GS). Solubility decreased near the isoelectric point (pH 5 to 6).
As the temperature and heating time increased, emulsifying properties decreased
and GS increased. The oil absorption capacity and foaming properties decreased
and the water absorption capacity increased. These results confirmed that PEYM
is a suitable source of proteins for processing and applications in the food
industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Jung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ji-Han Kim
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Da-Som Ji
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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476
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Graded Incorporation of Defatted Yellow Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Diet Improves Growth Performance and Nutrient Retention. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040187. [PMID: 31018487 PMCID: PMC6523711 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are emerging as a sustainable alternative to fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds. This study assessed the effect of graded incorporation levels of defatted yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) protein meal on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth performance, body composition, and apparent nutrient digestibility. The trial comprised five dietary treatments: control diet with 25% fishmeal, and four experimental diets with yellow mealworm protein meal at 5%, 7.5%, 15%, or 25%, which corresponded to a fishmeal replacement of 20%, 30%, 60%, or 100%, respectively. After 90 days, the graded incorporation of insect protein meal led to a significant stepwise increase in final body weight, and a significant improvement of specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio compared to the control treatment. Regardless of the incorporation level, the insect protein meal had no effects on fish whole-body composition and apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, fat, phosphorus, and energy. Protein, phosphorus, and energy retention significantly increased in fish fed the diets with an insect protein meal. In conclusion, the yellow mealworm protein meal could effectively replace 100% of fishmeal in the diet of juvenile rainbow trout with positive effects on its overall zootechnical performance.
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477
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Rubio NR, Fish KD, Trimmer BA, Kaplan DL. Possibilities for Engineered Insect Tissue as a Food Source. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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478
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Scholliers J, Steen L, Glorieux S, Van de Walle D, Dewettinck K, Fraeye I. The effect of temperature on structure formation in three insect batters. Food Res Int 2019; 122:411-418. [PMID: 31229095 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since insects are a promising alternative protein source, the application potential of three insect larvae (Alphitobius diaperinus, Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio) for food purposes was explored. To this end, the effect of isothermal heating at 5 different temperatures (70 °C-90 °C) on structure formation in insect batters was studied rheologically. Meat batters (with the same protein content as insect batters), isothermally heated at 70 °C, were also studied for comparison. Cryo-SEM imaging was used to visualize the microstructure of raw and heated insect batters. These images showed that a network was formed in the heated batters, as well as in the raw batters. However, no clear effect of temperature or insect larva on the microstructure was observed. Rheologically, both the heating temperature applied and the insect larva used were shown to have a significant effect on the viscoelastic properties of the insect batters. Generally, batters containing Z. morio larvae showed both higher storage moduli (G') and longer linear viscoelastic regions (LVRs) compared to the other insect larvae, indicating that these larvae had the best structure forming capacities. Furthermore, both G' and the length of the LVR increased with increasing isothermal heating temperature, indicating more structure formation and structure stability in insect batters heated at higher temperatures. Compared to the meat batters, however, the insect larvae were shown to have inferior structure forming capacities. Even at the highest heating temperature (90 °C) the viscoelastic properties of the insect batters only approached those of meat batters heated at 70 °C. Therefore, it was concluded that higher heating temperatures may need to be employed in insect-based food products compared to meat products in order to obtain sufficient structure formation and the desired textural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Scholliers
- KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Research Group for Technology and Quality of Animal Products, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Liselot Steen
- KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Research Group for Technology and Quality of Animal Products, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Seline Glorieux
- KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Research Group for Technology and Quality of Animal Products, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Davy Van de Walle
- Ghent University, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Dewettinck
- Ghent University, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Ilse Fraeye
- KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Research Group for Technology and Quality of Animal Products, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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479
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Panthi S, Aryal A, Coogan SCP. Diet and macronutrient niche of Asiatic black bear ( Ursus thibetanus) in two regions of Nepal during summer and autumn. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3717-3727. [PMID: 31015961 PMCID: PMC6468138 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the nutritional ecology of omnivorous Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in Nepal. We characterized the diet of black bears in two seasons (June-July, "summer"; and October-November "autumn") and two study areas (Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve [DHR]; and Kailash Sacred Landscape [KSL]). We then conducted nutritional analysis of species consumed by black bears in each study area, in combination with nutritional estimates from the literature, to estimate the proportions of macronutrients (i.e., protein [P], lipid [L], and carbohydrate [C]) in the seasonal bear foods and diets, as well as their macronutrient niche breadth. We found that bamboo (Arundinaria spp.) had the highest relative frequency in both study areas and seasons. Ants and termites were found in DHR diets, but not KSL diets. One anthropogenic crop was found in DHR summer diets (Zea mays) and two were found in KSL summer diets (Z. mays; and Kodo millet [Paspalum scrobiculatum]). Other than insects, no animal prey was found in either diet. The proportions of macronutrients in diets (i.e., realized macronutrient niches) were relatively high in carbohydrate for both study areas and seasons: DHRsummer 24.1P:8.7L:67.2C; KSLsummer 16.7P:8.2L:75.1C; DHRautumn 21.1P:10.5L:68.4C; KSHautumn 19.0P:11.0L:70.0C. Macronutrient niche breadth was 3.1 × greater in the DHR than KSL during summer, and 4.0 × greater in the autumn, primarily due to the higher proportion of lipid in ants and termites relative to plant foods. Within-study area differences in niche breadth were greater during summer than autumn; in the KSH the macronutrient breadth was 1.4 × greater in summer, while in the DHR it was 1.1 × greater in summer. Similarity in dietary macronutrient proportions despite differences in foods consumed and niche breadth are suggestive of foraging to reach a preferred macronutrient balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Panthi
- Department of Forests and Soil ConservationMinistry of Forests and EnvironmentKathmanduNepal
| | - Achyut Aryal
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical SciencesMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sean C. P. Coogan
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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480
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Preliminary estimation of the export of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems in biomes via emergent insects. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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481
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Kauppi SM, Pettersen IN, Boks C. Consumer acceptance of edible insects and design interventions as adoption strategy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1386/ijfd.4.1.39_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible insects are regarded as one of the most sustainable animal protein sources for human consumption, but for western people insects are a rather unusual food ingredient. In the media, however, insect consumption is gaining increasing attention and people are starting to acknowledge
insects as a potential source of protein. The eating of insects, ‘entomophagy’, is bringing new insect food companies, ‘ento-preneurs’ to the market, yet current research is still insufficient and relatively fragmented to support the commercialization of insect-based
food products. Therefore, more systematic research approaches are needed in this area. This review article introduces the benefits and challenges of insect-eating, discusses the factors that are known to influence consumer acceptance, and categorizes factors including adoption strategies into
a framework that can be applied in future consumer studies on entomophagy. In addition, the article introduces three distinctive examples of design interventions to illustrate how design can contribute as a strategy to support the general adoption of insect foods by western consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Casper Boks
- 0000000115162393NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology
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482
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Sayed WAA, Ibrahim NS, Hatab MH, Zhu F, Rumpold BA. Comparative Study of the Use of Insect Meal from Spodoptera littoralis and Bactrocera zonata for Feeding Japanese Quail Chicks. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040136. [PMID: 30935161 PMCID: PMC6523592 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A transformation of current livestock production towards a more sustainable operation is crucial to face nutritional and environmental challenges. There is an urgent demand for more sustainable high-quality feed sources to reduce environmental costs. Insects pose a potential alternative since they can be reared sustainably on food and feed residues. Know-how in mass rearing already exists for insect species used in biological pest control, such as the African cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis and the peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata. The impact of a replacement of 50% of soybean meal by S. littoralis and B. zonata meal, respectively, on seven-days-old Japanese quail chicks was investigated in feeding trials. Concomitantly, the chemical compositions of the two insect meals and soybean meal were determined and compared. It was observed that the insect meals had higher protein and fat contents, lower carbohydrate contents and contained more saturated fatty acids than soybean meal. They also had higher methionine, and S. littoralis had a higher lysine content. Feeding trials resulted in improved growth, feed performance parameters, carcass characteristics, and biochemical indices for both insect meals. Consequently, both insect meals represent a promising alternative to soy in the feed of Japanese quail chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed A A Sayed
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, 3 ahmed elZomer St, Naser city,11787, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nashaat S Ibrahim
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, 3 ahmed elZomer St, Naser city,11787, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud H Hatab
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, 3 ahmed elZomer St, Naser city,11787, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Fen Zhu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Birgit A Rumpold
- Department Education for Sustainable Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Marchstr. 23, D-10585 Berlin, Germany; rumpold@tu-berlin.
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483
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Kröncke N, Grebenteuch S, Keil C, Demtröder S, Kroh L, Thünemann AF, Benning R, Haase H. Effect of Different Drying Methods on Nutrient Quality of the Yellow Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor L.). INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10040084. [PMID: 30934687 PMCID: PMC6523706 DOI: 10.3390/insects10040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) represents a sustainable source of proteins and fatty acids for feed and food. Industrial production of mealworms necessitates optimized processing techniques, where drying as the first postharvest procedure is of utmost importance for the quality of the final product. This study examines the nutritional quality of mealworm larvae processed by rack oven drying, vacuum drying or freeze drying, respectively. Proximate composition and fatty acid profile were comparable between the dried larvae. In contrast, larvae color impressions and volatile compound profiles were very much dependent on processing procedure. High-temperature rack oven drying caused pronounced darkening with rather low content of volatiles, pointing toward the progress of Maillard reaction. On the other hand, vacuum drying or freeze drying led to enrichment of volatile Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation intermediates, whose actual sensory relevance needs to be clarified in the future. Beyond sensory and visual importance drying intermediates have to be considered with regard to their metal ion chelating ability; in particular for essential trace elements such as Zn2+. This study found comparable total zinc contents for the differently dried mealworm samples. However, dried larvae, in particular after rack oven drying, had only low zinc accessibility, which was between 20% and 40%. Therefore, bioaccessibility rather than total zinc has to be considered when their contribution to meeting the nutritional requirements for zinc in humans and animals is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kröncke
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Sandra Grebenteuch
- Department Food Chemistry and Analytics, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, TU Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Claudia Keil
- Department Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, TU Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Demtröder
- Department Food Chemistry and Analytics, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, TU Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lothar Kroh
- Department Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, TU Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas F Thünemann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rainer Benning
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Hajo Haase
- Department Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, TU Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
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484
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Kim S, Jung T, Ha Y, Gal S, Noh C, Kim I, Lee J, Yoo J. Removal of fat from crushed black soldier fly larvae by carbon dioxide supercritical extraction. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/105132/2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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485
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Magara HJO, Tanga CM, Ayieko MA, Hugel S, Mohamed SA, Khamis FM, Salifu D, Niassy S, Sevgan S, Fiaboe KKM, Roos N, Ekesi S. Performance of Newly Described Native Edible Cricket Scapsipedus icipe (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) on Various Diets of Relevance for Farming. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:653-664. [PMID: 30657915 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new native edible cricket species, Scapsipedus icipe Hugel and Tanga, has been described in Kenya for the first time. However, there is lack of information on suitable diets and their effects on the developmental time, survival, weight gain, body length, growth index, preoviposition, oviposition, postoviposition, fecundity, egg eclosion period, adult emergence, and longevity of this species, which are prerequisite for large-scale production. In this study, six diets (wheat bran, soybean, fish offal, pumpkin leaf, carrot, and maize meals) selected to vary in protein, carbohydrate, and fat content were evaluated. The developmental time and survival rate of the different life stages varied considerably on the various diets, with the shortest development and highest survival rate recorded when fed wheat bran diet. Preoviposition duration was significantly longer on maize and carrot diets (>10 d) compared with that recorded on the other diets (<8 d). Body weight and body length were significantly influenced by the different diets tested. Females of S. icipe fed on protein-rich diets (fish offal, soybean, and wheat bran) had significantly higher lifetime fecundity and fertility. Female-biased sex ratio was recorded on wheat bran and soybean diets, whereas male-biased sex ratio was recorded on maize and carrot diets. Our findings reveal that the impact of diet quality on the biological fitness parameters of S. icipe and the implication of the results are discussed in light of effective mass rearing of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henlay J O Magara
- School of Agriculture and Food Security, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monica A Ayieko
- School of Agriculture and Food Security, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
| | - Sylvain Hugel
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR 3212 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Salifu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Saliou Niassy
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K M Fiaboe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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486
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Replacement of Fish Meal by Defatted Yellow Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) Larvae in Diet Improves Growth Performance and Disease Resistance in Red Seabream ( Pargus major). Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9030100. [PMID: 30893916 PMCID: PMC6466227 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Yellow mealworm is a potential novel protein source for sustainable food production, especially for aquaculture. In this study, the intake of a diet including defatted mealworm larvae was compared with a control diet containing fish meal from anchovy in a feeding trial with red seabream. As a result, the growth of red seabream fed the diet including defatted mealworm larvae with complete replacement of fish meal was higher than that of fish fed the control diet. Moreover, red seabreams fed diets including mealworm larvae gained disease resistance against pathogenic bacteria. The defatting process is thought to be important for insect-based diets, and the potential functional benefits for cultured fish from the diets, such as acquiring disease resistance, are remarkable. Abstract Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae are a potential alternative animal protein source for sustainable aquaculture. However, reports on the successful complete substitution of fish meal with yellow mealworm larvae in an aquaculture diet have been limited. In this study, we conducted a feeding trial with red seabream (Pagrus major) being fed diets with partial or complete replacement of fish meal with yellow mealworm larvae defatted with a hexane–ethanol solution. Feed intake in red seabream increased in accordance with yellow mealworm larvae inclusion, and diets including 65% defatted mealworm larvae (complete replacement of fish meal) showed significant growth promotion. The addition of the oil fraction from mealworm larvae to diets resulted in growth reduction, despite meeting the nutritional requirements of red seabream. Moreover, the survival rate of red seabreams fed diets with partial replacement of fish meal with mealworm larvae was significantly higher in a challenge test with pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda bacteria. The present study demonstrated that yellow mealworm larvae are not merely an alternative animal protein, but have potential as functional feed ingredients for aquaculture production.
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487
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Nutritional value, protein and peptide composition of edible cricket powders. Food Chem 2019; 289:130-138. [PMID: 30955594 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There are various indicators, including FAO and EU sources, that edible insects could become one of the solutions to the problem of global food supply. This report was aimed at improving the knowledge on powdered crickets (Acheta domesticus). The analyses of the basic nutritional composition revealed that cricket powders were rich in protein (42.0-45.8% of dry matter) and fat (23.6-29.1% of dry matter). In terms of mineral content, CPs were rich in Ca, Mg and Fe. Most of all, the levels of Cu, Mn and Zn were especially high (2.33-4.51, 4.1-12.5, 12.8-21.8 mg/100 g of dry matter, respectively). Furthermore, the analyses into the proteins indicated that the cricket powders were treated with high temperatures and allowed the determination of four cricket-specific peptides that showed sufficient thermostability to serve as markers for authentication.
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488
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Quality Aspects of Insects as Food-Nutritional, Sensory, and Related Concepts. Foods 2019; 8:foods8030095. [PMID: 30871008 PMCID: PMC6463183 DOI: 10.3390/foods8030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for another appealing source of future food to cover the increasing need for nutrients of a growing global population, this study reviewed the potential of insects as human food. Most previous reviews have dealt with insects as a group, making it difficult to evaluate each individual insect species as food because of the generalized data. This study assessed some common edible insects, but concentrated on mealworms. Insects, especially mealworms, have a similar or higher nutritional value than many conventional food sources. For example, the protein content of mealworm larvae is reported to be almost 50% of dry weight, while the fat content is about 30% of larval dry weight. Mealworms can be cooked by different methods, such as hot air drying, oven broiling, roasting, pan frying, deep frying, boiling, steaming, and microwaving. Oven broiling in particular gives a desirable aroma of steamed corn for consumers. Changes in the flavor, taste, and texture of mealworm products during storage have not been studied, but must be determined before mealworms can be used as a commercial food source. Factors controlling the shelf-life of mealworms, such as their packaging and storage, should be identified and considered with respect to the feasibility of using mealworms on a commercial scale.
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489
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Shumo M, Khamis FM, Tanga CM, Fiaboe KKM, Subramanian S, Ekesi S, van Huis A, Borgemeister C. Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E79. [PMID: 30832335 PMCID: PMC6466135 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, urban populations are projected to increase by 115% in the coming 15 years. In addition, economic growth and dietary shifts towards animal source foods have put high pressure and demand on agricultural production. The high ecological footprint of meat and dairy production, as well as high feed costs, prevent the livestock sector from meeting the increasing demand in a sustainable manner. Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) have been identified as potential alternatives to the conventionally used protein sources in livestock feed due to their rich nutrient content and the fact that they can be reared on organic side streams. Substrates derived from organic byproducts are suitable for industrial large-scale production of insect meal. Although efficient in waste management and in feed production, BSF larvae are very sensitive to the external environment such as temperature and rearing medium. Therefore, we studied the effect of temperature and substrate type, i.e., brewers' spent grain (SG) and cow dung (CD), on the development and survival of BSF larvae. Both organic substrates were readily available in Nairobi, Kenya, the location of the experiments. In our experiment, 100 3⁻5-day-old BSF larvae were placed into containers that contained either SG or CD and further treated at temperatures of 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C. The duration of larval development was recorded, and the prepupae were removed, weighed, and placed individually in separate, labeled, 35-mL plastic cups filled with moist sawdust. After emergence, 10 2-day-old adults (5 males and 5 females) from every replica per substrate were transferred into a cage (40 × 40 × 40 cm) and allowed to mate for 24 h at their respective temperatures. The laid egg batches were collected and counted, and the adult flies' longevity was recorded. The data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model procedure. BSF larvae reared on SG developed faster than those reared on CD; the former also favored higher temperatures for their larval development and emergence into adults. The optimum range was 25⁻30 °C. With increasing temperatures, the longevity of adult BSF decreased, while the fecundity of females increased. Thus, it is possible to take advantage of the readily available SG waste streams in the urban environments of Kenya to produce BSF larvae-derived livestock feed within a short duration of time and at relatively high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Shumo
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Komi K M Fiaboe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
- IPM Department, The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), B.P. 2008 (Messa), Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Arnold van Huis
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christian Borgemeister
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
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490
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Nutritional composition of insects Gryllus assimilis and Zophobas morio: Potential foods harvested in Brazil. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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491
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Ho KS, Chu LM. Characterization of food waste from different sources in Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:277-288. [PMID: 30239326 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1526138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Food waste from different sources or at different generation stages may have different compositional characteristics and is therefore suitable for recycling into different products. To have a better understanding of their chemical composition, five food waste types were collected, namely, household kitchen waste (HH), preconsumption and postconsumption food waste from a hotel (Hpr and Hpo), wet market food waste (WM) and kitchen waste from a Chinese restaurant (CR), and their compositions were assessed monthly for 1 year. They served as suitable feedstock for various conversion technologies according to their chemical profiles. HH and CR had higher crude protein content (26%) and considerable amounts of minerals, making them nutritionally suitable for feeding animals. Preconsumption food wastes Hpr and WM had more favorable C:N ratios (16.5-17.4) and crude fat contents (4.6-6.5%) as feedstock for composting. Postconsumption food wastes were potential feedstock for the production of biogas and biodiesel because of the higher dry matter (>26%) and fat content (>13%). The coefficients of variation (CV) in all nutrients analyzed except Ca for postconsumption food wastes ranged from 5% to 37%, which showed lower temporal variability than preconsumption food wastes (CVs 10-131%). This implies that the composition of postconsumption food waste was relatively less fluctuating and can be considered a more reliable feedstock for food waste conversion. Implications: Characterization of food waste composition from different sources and determination of their temporal variation were performed to understand their characteristics and facilitate sound food waste management. Separating food wastes according to their sources and types helps reduce their composition variability, and thus increases the consistence in food-waste-derived products and recycling success. Study on temporal variation indicates that postconsumption food wastes varied less with time and could serve as reliable feedstocks for food waste conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Sin Ho
- a School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Lee Man Chu
- a School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
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492
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Somroo AA, Ur Rehman K, Zheng L, Cai M, Xiao X, Hu S, Mathys A, Gold M, Yu Z, Zhang J. Influence of Lactobacillus buchneri on soybean curd residue co-conversion by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) for food and feedstock production. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 86:114-122. [PMID: 30902235 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) can reduce environmental pollution and convert organic wastes into biomass that is rich in protein and fat. The influence of the nutritional characteristics of organic waste on BSFL characteristics relevant for food and feed safety remains poorly understood. To evaluate the conversion of soybean curd residues (SCR) into high-quality animal-derived proteins and fats for human and livestock consumption, this study assessed the co-conversion efficacy, nutrient composition, safety, and anti-nutritional factor concentrations in BSFL after the development on SCR with Lactobacillus buchneri (L3-9). SCR was pretreated with L. buchneri (108 cfu/ml), and then BSFL was employed for conversion. BSFL fed with SCR and L. buchneri had a significantly higher dry mass reduction (55.7 ± 0.9%), bioconversion rate (6.9 ± 0.3%), crude protein content (55.3 ± 0.6%), and fat content (30.0 ± 0.6%) than SCR (49.0 ± 0.7%, 5.0 ± 0.3%, 52.8 ± 0.3%, and 26.1 ± 0.8%, respectively) and artificial feed (43.9 ± 0.8%, 3.9 ± 0.1%, 50.3 ± 0.4%, and 24.3 ± 0.4%, respectively). However, the feed conversion ratio (8.0 ± 0.3), of BSFL fed with SCR and L. buchneri was lower than that of the BSFL fed with SCR (9.8 ± 0.1) and artificial feed (11.1 ± 0.5). In addition, BSFL had satisfactory concentrations of all essential amino acids and fatty acids required for human consumption as recommended by WHO/FAO/UNU. The heavy metals and anti-nutritional factor concentrations were within the safety intake levels for food and feedstock. Therefore, the addition of L. buchneri with BSFL on SCR did not only increase co-conversion performance but also enhanced the nutritional value of BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz Somroo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kashif Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Poultry Research Institute, Government of Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Longyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Minmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shencai Hu
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ziniu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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493
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Gere A, Radványi D, Héberger K. Which insect species can best be proposed for human consumption? INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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494
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Janssen RH, Canelli G, Sanders MG, Bakx EJ, Lakemond CMM, Fogliano V, Vincken JP. Iron-polyphenol complexes cause blackening upon grinding Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2967. [PMID: 30814530 PMCID: PMC6393531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are a promising alternative protein source. One of the bottlenecks in applying insects in food is the fast darkening initiated during grinding. Besides enzymatic browning, non-enzymatic factors can cause off-colour formation, which differs between species. This study investigates the impact of iron, phenoloxidase, and polyphenols on off-colour formation in insect larvae. Hermetia illucens showed a blackish colour, whereas Tenebrio molitor turned brown and Alphitobius diaperinus remained the lightest. This off-colour formation appeared correlated with the iron content in the larvae, which was 61 ± 9.71, 54 ± 1.72 and 221 ± 6.07 mg/kg dw for T. molitor, A. diaperinus and H. illucens, respectively. In model systems, the formation of iron-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) bis- and tris-complexes were evidenced by direct injection into ESI-TOF-MS, based on their charges combined with iron isotope patterns. The reversibility of the binding of iron to phenolics, and thereby loss of blackening, was confirmed by EDTA addition. Besides complex formation, oxidation of L-DOPA by redox reactions with iron occurred mainly at low pH, whereas auto-oxidation of L-DOPA mainly occurred at pH 10. Tyrosinase (i.e. phenoloxidase) activity did not change complex formation. The similarity in off-colour formation between the model system and insects indicated an important role for iron-phenolic complexation in blackening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske H Janssen
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Greta Canelli
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark G Sanders
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin J Bakx
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catriona M M Lakemond
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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495
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Ayensu J, Annan RA, Edusei A, Lutterodt H. Beyond nutrients, health effects of entomophagy: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-02-2018-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeEdible insects have emerged as a promising inexpensive option to address malnutrition among vulnerable groups in the world. However, it is not clear whether including insects in diets can improve health outcomes. This paper aimed to investigate the impact of edible insect consumption on human health.Design/methodology/approachA search was conducted in PubMed Central, BioMed Central, Plosone, Cochrane, Google Scholar, Google Search and bibliographies for all human studies on the impact of edible insect consumption on human health published from January 1990 to April 2018.FindingsTwelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Consumption of cereals fortified with edible insects improved iron status and growth in infants and led to the development of life threatening anaphylactic reactions in sensitive people.Practical implicationsEdible insects are nutritious. More rigorous studies are needed to confirm nutrient bioavailability, acceptability and nutritional benefits in humans.Originality/valueThis review shows that the utilization of edible insects as food promotes desirable health outcomes, but caution must be taken to prevent allergic reactions in some cases.
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496
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Vandeweyer D, Milanović V, Garofalo C, Osimani A, Clementi F, Van Campenhout L, Aquilanti L. Real-time PCR detection and quantification of selected transferable antibiotic resistance genes in fresh edible insects from Belgium and the Netherlands. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 290:288-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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497
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Yang X, Chen K, Liu H, Zhang Y, Luo Y. Purification and identification of peptides with high angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity from honeybee pupae (Apis mellifera) hydrolysates with in silico gastrointestinal digestion. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-03223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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498
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Rubio NR, Fish KD, Trimmer BA, Kaplan DL. In Vitro Insect Muscle for Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1071-1082. [PMID: 33405797 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is primarily associated with medical disciplines, and research has thus focused on mammalian cells. For applications where clinical relevance is not a constraint, it is useful to evaluate the potential of alternative cell sources to form tissues in vitro. Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue engineering for bioactuation and cultured foods could benefit from the incorporation of invertebrate cells because of their less stringent growth requirements and other versatile features. Here, we used a Drosophila muscle cell line to demonstrate the benefits of insect cells relative to those derived from vertebrates. The cells were adapted to serum-free media, transitioned between adherent and suspension cultures, and manipulated with hormones. Furthermore, we analyzed edible scaffolds to support cell adhesion and assayed cellular protein and minerals to evaluate nutrition potential. The insect muscle cells exhibited advantageous growth patterns and hold unique functionality for tissue engineering applications beyond the medical realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Rubio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Kyle D Fish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Barry A Trimmer
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue #4700, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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499
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Berggren Å, Jansson A, Low M. Approaching Ecological Sustainability in the Emerging Insects-as-Food Industry. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:132-138. [PMID: 30655013 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The emerging insects-as-food industry is increasingly promoted as a sustainable alternative to other animal protein production systems. However, the exact nature of its environmental benefits are uncertain because of the overwhelming lack of knowledge concerning almost every aspect of production: from suitable species, their housing and feed requirements, and potential for accidental release. If ecological sustainability is to be a hallmark of mass insect rearing for consumption, ecologists need to engage in research related to sustainability criteria that are directly linked to key elements of the development of the industry. There is more to this subject than simply comparing feed-conversion ratios (FCRs) of insects to traditional livestock production, and we highlight areas where research needs to be immediately focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Berggren
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Jansson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthew Low
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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500
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González CM, Garzón R, Rosell CM. Insects as ingredients for bakery goods. A comparison study of H. illucens, A. domestica and T. molitor flours. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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