451
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Pinto MP, Arce M, Yameen B, Vilos C. Targeted brain delivery nanoparticles for malignant gliomas. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 12:59-72. [PMID: 27876436 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors display the highest mortality rates of all childhood cancers, and over the last decade its prevalence has steadily increased in elderly. To date, effective treatments for brain tumors and particularly for malignant gliomas remain a challenge mainly due to the low permeability and high selectivity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to conventional anticancer drugs. In recent years, the elucidation of the cellular mechanisms involved in the transport of substances into the brain has boosted the development of therapeutic-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) with the ability to cross the BBB. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the available therapeutic strategies developed against malignant gliomas based on 'actively targeted' NPs, the challenges of crossing the BBB and blood-brain tumor barrier as well as its mechanisms and a critical assessment of clinical studies that have used targeted NPs for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Finally, we discuss the potential of actively targeted NP-based strategies in clinical settings, its possible side effects and future directions for therapeutic applications. First draft submitted: 4 October 2016; Accepted for publication: 14 October 2016; Published online: 23 November 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Laboratory of Immunology of Reproduction, Faculty of Chemistry & Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Arce
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Basit Yameen
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Chemistry, SBA School of Science & Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Targeted Delivery, Center for Integrative Medicine & Innovative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370071 Santiago, Chile.,Center for Bioinformatics & Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370071 Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
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452
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Aratani S, Fujita H, Kuroiwa Y, Usui C, Yokota S, Nakamura I, Nishioka K, Nakajima T. Murine hypothalamic destruction with vascular cell apoptosis subsequent to combined administration of human papilloma virus vaccine and pertussis toxin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36943. [PMID: 27833142 PMCID: PMC5105142 DOI: 10.1038/srep36943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most powerful way to prevent human beings from contracting infectious diseases including viruses. In the case of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, an unexpectedly novel disease entity, HPV vaccination associated neuro-immunopathetic syndrome (HANS), has been reported and remains to be carefully verified. To elucidate the mechanism of HANS, we applied a strategy similar to the active experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) model - one of the most popular animal models used to induce maximum immunological change in the central nervous system. Surprisingly, mice vaccinated with pertussis toxin showed neurological phenotypes that include low responsiveness of the tail reflex and locomotive mobility. Pathological analyses revealed the damage to the hypothalamus and circumventricular regions around the third ventricle, and these regions contained apoptotic vascular endothelial cells. These data suggested that HPV-vaccinated donners that are susceptible to the HPV vaccine might develop HANS under certain environmental factors. These results will give us the new insight into the murine pathological model of HANS and help us to find a way to treat of patients suffering from HANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Aratani
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Future Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Physician, Student and Researcher Support Center, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Fujita
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Future Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Chie Usui
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shumpei Yokota
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuro Nakamura
- Japan Medical Research Foundation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kusuki Nishioka
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Future Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Integrated Gene Editing Section (iGES), Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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453
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Gampa G, Vaidhyanathan S, Resman BW, Parrish KE, Markovic SN, Sarkaria JN, Elmquist WF. Challenges in the delivery of therapies to melanoma brain metastases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:309-325. [PMID: 28546917 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced melanoma. Recent approval of several molecularly-targeted agents and biologics has brought hope to patients with this previously untreatable disease. However, patients with symptomatic melanoma brain metastases have often been excluded from pivotal clinical trials. This may be in part attributed to the fact that several of the approved small molecule molecularly-targeted agents are substrates for active efflux at the blood-brain barrier, limiting their effective delivery to brain metastases. We believe that successful treatment of melanoma brain metastases will depend on the ability of these agents to traverse the blood-brain barrier and reach micrometastases that are often not clinically detectable. Moreover, overcoming the emergence of a unique pattern of resistance, possibly through adequate delivery of combination targeted therapies in brain metastases will be important in achieving a durable response. These concepts, and the current challenges in the delivery of new treatments to melanoma brain metastases, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautham Gampa
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shruthi Vaidhyanathan
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brynna-Wilken Resman
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karen E Parrish
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - William F Elmquist
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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454
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Morgun AV, Kuvacheva NV, Khilazheva ED, Pozhilenkova EA, Gorina YV, Malinovskaya NA, Komleva YK, Lopatina OL, Panina YA, Gasymly ED, Salmina AB. Perinatal Brain Injury is Accompanied by Disturbances in Expression of SLC Protein Superfamily in Endotheliocytes of Hippocampal Microvessels. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:770-774. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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455
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Li T, Vandesquille M, Koukouli F, Dudeffant C, Youssef I, Lenormand P, Ganneau C, Maskos U, Czech C, Grueninger F, Duyckaerts C, Dhenain M, Bay S, Delatour B, Lafaye P. Camelid single-domain antibodies: A versatile tool for in vivo imaging of extracellular and intracellular brain targets. J Control Release 2016; 243:1-10. [PMID: 27671875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Detection of intracerebral targets with imaging probes is challenging due to the non-permissive nature of blood-brain barrier (BBB). The present work describes two novel single-domain antibodies (VHHs or nanobodies) that specifically recognize extracellular amyloid deposits and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles, the two core lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Following intravenous administration in transgenic mouse models of AD, in vivo real-time two-photon microscopy showed gradual extravasation of the VHHs across the BBB, diffusion in the parenchyma and labeling of amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles. Our results demonstrate that VHHs can be used as specific BBB-permeable probes for both extracellular and intracellular brain targets and suggest new avenues for therapeutic and diagnostic applications in neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Li
- Institut Pasteur, CITECH, Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; ICM, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris 5, France
| | - Matthias Vandesquille
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), MIRCen, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Fani Koukouli
- Institut Pasteur, Neurobiologie intégrative des systèmes cholinergiques, CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Dudeffant
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; ICM, Paris, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), MIRCen, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ihsen Youssef
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; ICM, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Lenormand
- Institut Pasteur, CITECH, Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Institut Pasteur, Neurobiologie intégrative des systèmes cholinergiques, CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France
| | - Christian Czech
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD DTA, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Grueninger
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD DTA, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; ICM, Paris, France
| | - Marc Dhenain
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), MIRCen, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Benoît Delatour
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; ICM, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lafaye
- Institut Pasteur, CITECH, Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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456
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He X, Zhu Y, Wang M, Jing G, Zhu R, Wang S. Antidepressant effects of curcumin and HU-211 coencapsulated solid lipid nanoparticles against corticosterone-induced cellular and animal models of major depression. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4975-4990. [PMID: 27757031 PMCID: PMC5055126 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with few treatment approaches. The use of nontargeted antidepressants induced many side effects with their low efficacy. A more precise targeting strategy is to develop nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems; hence, we employed solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to encapsulate HU-211 and curcumin (Cur). The antidepressant effects of the dual-drug nanoparticles (Cur/SLNs-HU-211) for major depression treatment were investigated in corticosterone-induced cellular and animal models of major depression. Cur/SLNs-HU-211 can effectively protect PC12 cells from corticosterone-induced apoptosis and can release more dopamine, which may be associated with the higher uptake of Cur/SLNs-HU-211 shown by cellular uptake behavior analysis. Additionally, Cur/SLNs-HU-211 significantly reduced the immobility time in forced swim test, enhanced fall latency in rotarod test, and improved the level of dopamine in mice blood. Cur/SLNs-HU-211 can deliver more Cur to the brain and thus produce a significant increase in neurotransmitters level in brain tissue, especially in the hippocampus and striatum. The results of Western blot and immunofluorescence revealed that Cur/SLNs-HU-211 can significantly enhance the expression of CB1, p-MEK1, and p-ERK1/2. Our study suggests that Cur/SLNs-HU-211 may have great potential for major depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolie He
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjing Zhu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxin Jing
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilong Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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457
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Concepts, technologies, and practices for drug delivery past the blood–brain barrier to the central nervous system. J Control Release 2016; 240:251-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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458
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Shimoni O, Shi B, Adlard PA, Bush AI. Delivery of Fluorescent Nanoparticles to the Brain. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:405-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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459
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Pharmacokinetic considerations of nanodelivery to the brain: Using modeling and simulations to predict the outcome of liposomal formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 92:173-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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460
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Engelhardt B, Carare RO, Bechmann I, Flügel A, Laman JD, Weller RO. Vascular, glial, and lymphatic immune gateways of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:317-38. [PMID: 27522506 PMCID: PMC4992028 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) has been ascribed to the presence of a blood–brain barrier and the lack of lymphatic vessels within the CNS parenchyma. However, immune reactions occur within the CNS and it is clear that the CNS has a unique relationship with the immune system. Recent developments in high-resolution imaging techniques have prompted a reassessment of the relationships between the CNS and the immune system. This review will take these developments into account in describing our present understanding of the anatomical connections of the CNS fluid drainage pathways towards regional lymph nodes and our current concept of immune cell trafficking into the CNS during immunosurveillance and neuroinflammation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid are the two major components that drain from the CNS to regional lymph nodes. CSF drains via lymphatic vessels and appears to carry antigen-presenting cells. Interstitial fluid from the CNS parenchyma, on the other hand, drains to lymph nodes via narrow and restricted basement membrane pathways within the walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries that do not allow traffic of antigen-presenting cells. Lymphocytes targeting the CNS enter by a two-step process entailing receptor-mediated crossing of vascular endothelium and enzyme-mediated penetration of the glia limitans that covers the CNS. The contribution of the pathways into and out of the CNS as initiators or contributors to neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease, will be discussed. Furthermore, we propose a clear nomenclature allowing improved precision when describing the CNS-specific communication pathways with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy O Weller
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Neuropathology, Mailpoint 813, Level E, South Block, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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461
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Olumolade OO, Wang S, Samiotaki G, Konofagou EE. Longitudinal Motor and Behavioral Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Opening with Transcranial Focused Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:2270-2282. [PMID: 27339763 PMCID: PMC5381156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS), in combination with microbubbles, has been found to open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) non-invasively. When this technique is used for drug delivery, repeated drug administration and BBB opening are likely required. Therefore, it is worth investigating the long-term effects of FUS-induced BBB opening. In this study, we focused on the assessment of potential behavior changes in mice that could be attributed to repeated BBB opening for up to 6 months. The striatum of animals was unilaterally sonicated either monthly or biweekly throughout the monitoring period. Behavioral assessments were conducted using open-field and rotarod performance tests. Upon completion of each sonication, mice underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to confirm and assess the volume of the BBB opening. No differences in locomotor activity between BBB-opened and control groups in both biweekly and monthly treated mice were evident up to 6 months. Similarly, there was no affinity for a particular turn angle in the sonicated mice compared with the control animals. However, the positive control group exhibited a significant decrease in locomotor activity, as well as rotation ipsilateral to the sonicated hemisphere. Our results based on the assessment using open-field and rotarod tests indicated that repeated opening of the BBB in the striatum using FUS in conjunction with microbubbles over a period of 6 mo and under the parameters used here did not cause motor impairment, behavioral changes or morphologic alterations. This reinforces the tolerability of repeated and long-term drug delivery using FUS-induced BBB opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyemi O Olumolade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shutao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gesthimani Samiotaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elisa E Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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462
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Proia P, Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Fricano A, Di Liegro I. Lactate as a Metabolite and a Regulator in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1450. [PMID: 27598136 PMCID: PMC5037729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
More than two hundred years after its discovery, lactate still remains an intriguing molecule. Considered for a long time as a waste product of metabolism and the culprit behind muscular fatigue, it was then recognized as an important fuel for many cells. In particular, in the nervous system, it has been proposed that lactate, released by astrocytes in response to neuronal activation, is taken up by neurons, oxidized to pyruvate and used for synthesizing acetyl-CoA to be used for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. More recently, in addition to this metabolic role, the discovery of a specific receptor prompted a reconsideration of its role, and lactate is now seen as a sort of hormone, even involved in processes as complex as memory formation and neuroprotection. As a matter of fact, exercise offers many benefits for our organisms, and seems to delay brain aging and neurodegeneration. Now, exercise induces the production and release of lactate into the blood which can reach the liver, the heart, and also the brain. Can lactate be a beneficial molecule produced during exercise, and offer neuroprotection? In this review, we summarize what we have known on lactate, discussing the roles that have been attributed to this molecule over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Proia
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo I-90128, Italy.
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo (UNIPA), Palermo I-90128, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo (UNIPA), Palermo I-90128, Italy.
| | - Anna Fricano
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo (UNIPA), Palermo I-90128, Italy.
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo I-90127, Italy.
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463
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Jumnongprakhon P, Govitrapong P, Tocharus C, Tocharus J. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on cerebral endothelial cells dysfunction induced by methamphetamine via NADPH oxidase-2. Brain Res 2016; 1650:84-92. [PMID: 27590720 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone that mostly produced from the pineal gland, and it performs as a strong neuroprotectant to both neuron and glial cells against methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity. Recently, it has been found that METH also damages the blood brain barrier (BBB) structure and function. However, the protective mechanism of melatonin on the BBB impairment caused by METH has not been investigated. In this study, the primary rat brain microvascular endothelium cells (BMVECs) isolated from neonatal rats was used to investigate the protective effect of melatonin on METH-induced BBB impairment and the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that melatonin decreased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and apoptosis induced by METH via NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2 since apocynin, a NOX-2 inhibitor abolished those changes. In addition, melatonin was found to improve cell integrity by increasing the transendothelial electric resistance (TEER) values, and up-regulate the tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5, thereby decreasing the paracellular permeability caused by METH mediated by NOX-2. Our data suggest that METH induces BBB impairment by mediating NOX-2 activity, and then induces oxidative and nitrative stress, as well as apoptosis, which causes the impairment of cell integrity, and that melatonin reduces these negative effects of METH by mediating via MT1/2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichaya Jumnongprakhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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464
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Safavi M, Sabourian R, Abdollahi M. The development of biomarkers to reduce attrition rate in drug discovery focused on oncology and central nervous system. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:939-56. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1217196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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465
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Diaz R, Miguel PM, Deniz BF, Confortim HD, Barbosa S, Mendonça MCP, Cruz‐Höfling MA, Pereira LO. Environmental enrichment attenuates the blood brain barrier dysfunction induced by the neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 53:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Diaz
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Patrícia Maidana Miguel
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Bruna Ferrary Deniz
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Heloísa Deola Confortim
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Sílvia Barbosa
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
- Departamento de Ciências MorfológicasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)CampinasSPBrazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia TecidualInstituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)CampinasSPBrazil
| | - Maria Alice Cruz‐Höfling
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)CampinasSPBrazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia TecidualInstituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)CampinasSPBrazil
| | - Lenir Orlandi Pereira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
- Departamento de Ciências MorfológicasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
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466
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Papadia K, Markoutsa E, Antimisiaris SG. How do the physicochemical properties of nanoliposomes affect their interactions with the hCMEC/D3 cellular model of the BBB? Int J Pharm 2016; 509:431-438. [PMID: 27286634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanosized liposomes composed of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), cholesterol and polyethylene glycol-conjugated phospholipid (PEG), incorporating FITC-dextran (FITC) and in some cases also Rhodamine-conjugated phospholipid (RHO) (as labels) were constructed by the thin film hydration method, followed by extrusion; membranes with pore diameters from 50 to 400nm were used, while charged vesicles were produced by partially replacing DSPC with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (DSPG). The uptake of liposomes by hCMED/D3 cells was evaluated by measuring FITC in cells, and their permeability across cell monolayers was evaluated, by measuring the FI of liposome associated-FITC and RHO in the receiving side of a monolayer-transwell system. Results prove that liposome size has a significant effect on their uptake and permeability (for both charged and non-charged vesicles). The effect of liposome charge on cell uptake was slight (but significant), however charge (in the range from -2 to -16mV) did not significantly affect vesicle permeability; a significant decrease was only demonstrated for the liposome with the highest charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Papadia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
| | - Eleni Markoutsa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
| | - Sophia G Antimisiaris
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio 26504, Greece.
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467
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Krämer SD, Aschmann HE, Hatibovic M, Hermann KF, Neuhaus CS, Brunner C, Belli S. When barriers ignore the "rule-of-five". Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:62-74. [PMID: 26877103 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Why are a few drugs with properties beyond the rule of 5 (bRo5) absorbed across the intestinal mucosa while most other bRo5 compounds are not? Are such exceptional bRo5 compounds exclusively taken up by carrier-mediated transport or are they able to permeate the lipid bilayer (passive lipoidal diffusion)? Our experimental data with liposomes indicate that tetracycline, which violates one rule of the Ro5, and rifampicin, violating three of the rules, significantly permeate a phospholipid bilayer with kinetics similar to labetalol and metoprolol, respectively. Published data from experimental work and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the formation of intramolecular H-bonds and the possibility to adopt an elongated shape besides the presence of a significant fraction of net neutral species facilitate lipid bilayer permeation. As an alternative to lipid bilayer permeation, carrier proteins can be targeted to improve absorption, with the potential drawbacks of drug-drug interactions and non-linear pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie D Krämer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Hélène E Aschmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Hatibovic
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina F Hermann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia S Neuhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyrill Brunner
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Belli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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468
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Maussang D, Rip J, van Kregten J, van den Heuvel A, van der Pol S, van der Boom B, Reijerkerk A, Chen L, de Boer M, Gaillard P, de Vries H. Glutathione conjugation dose-dependently increases brain-specific liposomal drug delivery in vitro and in vivo. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2016; 20:59-69. [PMID: 27986226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a major obstacle for the delivery and development of drugs curing brain pathologies. However, this biological barrier presents numerous endogenous specialized transport systems that can be exploited by engineered nanoparticles to enable drug delivery to the brain. In particular, conjugation of glutathione (GSH) onto PEGylated liposomes (G-Technology®) showed to safely enhance delivery of encapsulated drugs to the brain. Yet, understanding of the mechanism of action remains limited and full mechanistic understanding will aid in the further optimization of the technology. In order to elucidate the mechanism of brain targeting by GSH-PEG liposomes, we here demonstrate that the in vivo delivery of liposomal ribavirin is increased in brain extracellular fluid according to the extent of GSH conjugation onto the liposomes. In vitro, using the hCMEC/D3 human cerebral microvascular endothelial (CMEC) cell line, as well as primary bovine and porcine CMEC (and in contrast to non-brain derived endothelial and epithelial cells), we show that liposomal uptake occurs through the process of endocytosis and that the brain-specific uptake is also glutathione conjugation-dependent. Interestingly, the uptake mechanism is an active process that is temperature-, time- and dose-dependent. Finally, early endocytosis events rely on cytoskeleton remodeling, as well as dynamin- and clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathways. Overall, our data demonstrate that the glutathione-dependent uptake mechanism of the G-Technology involves a specific endocytosis pathway indicative of a receptor-mediated mechanism, and supports the benefit of this drug delivery technology for the treatment of devastating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Maussang
- to-BBB technologies BV (now 2-BBB Medicines BV), J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands; Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Rip
- to-BBB technologies BV (now 2-BBB Medicines BV), J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joan van Kregten
- to-BBB technologies BV (now 2-BBB Medicines BV), J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique van den Heuvel
- to-BBB technologies BV (now 2-BBB Medicines BV), J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne van der Pol
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Burt van der Boom
- to-BBB technologies BV (now 2-BBB Medicines BV), J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arie Reijerkerk
- to-BBB technologies BV (now 2-BBB Medicines BV), J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Chen
- to-BBB technologies BV (now 2-BBB Medicines BV), J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco de Boer
- to-BBB technologies BV (now 2-BBB Medicines BV), J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Gaillard
- to-BBB technologies BV (now 2-BBB Medicines BV), J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Helga de Vries
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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469
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Nishimura A, Ago T, Kuroda J, Arimura K, Tachibana M, Nakamura K, Wakisaka Y, Sadoshima J, Iihara K, Kitazono T. Detrimental role of pericyte Nox4 in the acute phase of brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1143-54. [PMID: 26661159 PMCID: PMC4908615 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15606456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes are mural cells abundantly present in cerebral microvessels and play important roles, including the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. Nox4 is a major source of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular cells and modulate cellular functions, particularly under pathological conditions. In the present study, we found that the expression of Nox4 was markedly induced in microvascular cells, including pericytes, in peri-infarct areas after middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke models in mice. The upregulation of Nox4 was greater in a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model compared with an ischemia/reperfusion transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model. We performed permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion on mice with Nox4 overexpression in pericytes (Tg-Nox4). Infarct volume was significantly greater with enhanced reactive oxygen species production and blood-brain barrier breakdown in peri-infarct areas in Tg-Nox4, compared with littermate controls. In cultured brain pericytes, Nox4 was significantly upregulated by hypoxia and was promptly downregulated by reoxygenation. Phosphorylation of NFκB and production of matrix metalloproteinase 9 were significantly increased in both cultured pericytes overexpressing Nox4 and in peri-infarct areas in Tg-Nox4. Collectively, Nox4 is upregulated in pericytes in peri-infarct areas after acute brain ischemia and may enhance blood-brain barrier breakdown through activation of NFκB and matrix metalloproteinase 9, thereby causing enlargement of infarct volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ataru Nishimura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ago
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Arimura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Tachibana
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Wakisaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Koji Iihara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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470
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Birngruber T, Sinner F. Cerebral open flow microperfusion (cOFM) an innovative interface to brain tissue. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2016; 20:19-25. [PMID: 27986219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral open flow microperfusion (cOFM) is a new in-vivo technique for continuous sampling of the interstitial fluid in brain tissue. cOFM can be used to monitor substance transport across the blood-brain barrier (pharmacokinetics) and to investigate metabolic changes in brain tissue after drug application (pharmacodynamics). The possibility of long-term implantation into the brain makes cOFM an outstanding tool in the development of brain relevant pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Birngruber
- Joanneum Research GmbH, HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Frank Sinner
- Joanneum Research GmbH, HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; Medical University of Graz, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
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471
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Kim DG, Bynoe MS. A2A adenosine receptor modulates drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1717-33. [PMID: 27043281 PMCID: PMC4855938 DOI: 10.1172/jci76207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from toxic substances within the peripheral circulation. It maintains brain homeostasis and is a hurdle for drug delivery to the CNS to treat neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and brain tumors. The drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is highly expressed on brain endothelial cells and blocks the entry of most drugs delivered to the brain. Here, we show that activation of the A2A adenosine receptor (AR) with an FDA-approved A2A AR agonist (Lexiscan) rapidly and potently decreased P-gp expression and function in a time-dependent and reversible manner. We demonstrate that downmodulation of P-gp expression and function coincided with chemotherapeutic drug accumulation in brains of WT mice and in primary mouse and human brain endothelial cells, which serve as in vitro BBB models. Lexiscan also potently downregulated the expression of BCRP1, an efflux transporter that is highly expressed in the CNS vasculature and other tissues. Finally, we determined that multiple pathways, including MMP9 cleavage and ubiquitinylation, mediated P-gp downmodulation. Based on these data, we propose that A2A AR activation on BBB endothelial cells offers a therapeutic window that can be fine-tuned for drug delivery to the brain and has potential as a CNS drug-delivery technology.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/blood
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/blood
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Proteolysis/drug effects
- Purines/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Ubiquitination/drug effects
- Ubiquitination/genetics
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472
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Abstract
Covering: up to 2015. Traditional Chinese medicine has played a significant role in the mainstream healthcare system in China for thousands of years. Here, we summarize 84 major compounds from 15 selected herbal medicines targeting neurodegenerative diseases. We present a perspective based on the analysis of physicochemical properties of these TCM compounds, and comparison with current drugs and candidates for the treatment of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The results demonstrate that traditional Chinese medicines contain compounds possessing physicochemical properties that have excellent overlap with developed western medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Tang
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia. and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China and Eskitis-SIMM Joint Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Australia
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia. and Eskitis-SIMM Joint Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Australia
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia. and Eskitis-SIMM Joint Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Australia
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473
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Patel R, Alahmad AJ. Growth-factor reduced Matrigel source influences stem cell derived brain microvascular endothelial cell barrier properties. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:6. [PMID: 27068644 PMCID: PMC4828815 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an innovative source as an in vitro model for neurological diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated the differentiation of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) from various stem cell sources, including iPSC lines. However, the impact of the culturing conditions used to maintain such stem cell pluripotency on their ability to differentiate into BMECs remains undocumented. In this study, we investigated the effect of different sources of Matrigel and stem cell maintenance medium on BMEC differentiation efficiency. METHODS The IMR90-c4 iPSC line was maintained on mTeSR1 or in essential-8 (E-8) medium on growth factor-reduced (GFR) Matrigel from three different manufacturers. Cells were differentiated into BMECs following published protocols. The phenotype of BMEC monolayers was assessed by immunocytochemistry. Barrier function was assessed by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability to sodium fluorescein, whereas the presence of drug efflux pumps was assessed by uptake assay using fluorescent substrates. RESULTS Stem cell maintenance medium had little effect on the yield and barrier phenotype of IMR90-derived BMECs. The source of GFR-Matrigel used for the differentiation process significantly impacted the ability of IMR90-derived BMECs to form tight monolayers, as measured by TEER and fluorescein permeability. However, the Matrigel source had minimal effect on BMEC phenotype and drug efflux pump activity. CONCLUSION This study supports the ability to differentiate BMECs from iPSCs grown in mTeSR1 or E-8 medium and also suggests that the origin of GFR-Matrigel has a marked inpact on BMEC barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Abraham J Alahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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474
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Bain AR, Nybo L, Ainslie PN. Cerebral Vascular Control and Metabolism in Heat Stress. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:1345-80. [PMID: 26140721 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an in-depth update on the impact of heat stress on cerebrovascular functioning. The regulation of cerebral temperature, blood flow, and metabolism are discussed. We further provide an overview of vascular permeability, the neurocognitive changes, and the key clinical implications and pathologies known to confound cerebral functioning during hyperthermia. A reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF), derived primarily from a respiratory-induced alkalosis, underscores the cerebrovascular changes to hyperthermia. Arterial pressures may also become compromised because of reduced peripheral resistance secondary to skin vasodilatation. Therefore, when hyperthermia is combined with conditions that increase cardiovascular strain, for example, orthostasis or dehydration, the inability to preserve cerebral perfusion pressure further reduces CBF. A reduced cerebral perfusion pressure is in turn the primary mechanism for impaired tolerance to orthostatic challenges. Any reduction in CBF attenuates the brain's convective heat loss, while the hyperthermic-induced increase in metabolic rate increases the cerebral heat gain. This paradoxical uncoupling of CBF to metabolism increases brain temperature, and potentiates a condition whereby cerebral oxygenation may be compromised. With levels of experimentally viable passive hyperthermia (up to 39.5-40.0 °C core temperature), the associated reduction in CBF (∼ 30%) and increase in cerebral metabolic demand (∼ 10%) is likely compensated by increases in cerebral oxygen extraction. However, severe increases in whole-body and brain temperature may increase blood-brain barrier permeability, potentially leading to cerebral vasogenic edema. The cerebrovascular challenges associated with hyperthermia are of paramount importance for populations with compromised thermoregulatory control--for example, spinal cord injury, elderly, and those with preexisting cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Bain
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada
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475
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Jia SW, Liu XY, Wang SC, Wang YF. Vasopressin Hypersecretion-Associated Brain Edema Formation in Ischemic Stroke: Underlying Mechanisms. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:1289-300. [PMID: 27068863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain edema formation is a major cause of brain damages and the high mortality of ischemic stroke. The aim of this review is to explore the relationship between ischemic brain edema formation and vasopressin (VP) hypersecretion in addition to the oxygen and glucose deprivation and the ensuing reperfusion injury. METHODS Pertinent studies involving ischemic stroke, brain edema formation, astrocytes, and VP were identified by a search of the PubMed and the Web of Science databases in January 2016. Based on clinical findings and reports of animal experiments using ischemic stroke models, this systematic review reanalyzes the implication of individual reports in the edema formation and then establishes the inherent links among them. RESULTS This systematic review reveals that cytotoxic edema and vasogenic brain edema in classical view are mainly under the influence of a continuous malfunction of astrocytic plasticity. Adaptive VP secretion can modulate membrane ion transport, water permeability, and blood-brain barrier integrity, which are largely via changing astrocytic plasticity. Maladaptive VP hypersecretion leads to disruptions of ion and water balance across cell membranes as well as the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. This review highlights our current understandings of the cellular mechanisms underlying ischemic brain edema formation and its association with VP hypersecretion. CONCLUSIONS VP hypersecretion promotes brain edema formation in ischemic stroke by disrupting hydromineral balance in the neurovascular unit; suppressing VP hypersecretion has the potential to alleviate ischemic brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wei Jia
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Stephani C Wang
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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476
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Lymphatic Clearance of the Brain: Perivascular, Paravascular and Significance for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:181-94. [PMID: 26993512 PMCID: PMC4844641 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic clearance pathways of the brain are different compared to the other organs of the body and have been the subject of heated debates. Drainage of brain extracellular fluids, particularly interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is not only important for volume regulation, but also for removal of waste products such as amyloid beta (Aβ). CSF plays a special role in clinical medicine, as it is available for analysis of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Despite the lack of a complete anatomical and physiological picture of the communications between the subarachnoid space (SAS) and the brain parenchyma, it is often assumed that Aβ is cleared from the cerebral ISF into the CSF. Recent work suggests that clearance of the brain mainly occurs during sleep, with a specific role for peri- and para-vascular spaces as drainage pathways from the brain parenchyma. However, the direction of flow, the anatomical structures involved and the driving forces remain elusive, with partially conflicting data in literature. The presence of Aβ in the glia limitans in Alzheimer's disease suggests a direct communication of ISF with CSF. Nonetheless, there is also the well-described pathology of cerebral amyloid angiopathy associated with the failure of perivascular drainage of Aβ. Herein, we review the role of the vasculature and the impact of vascular pathology on the peri- and para-vascular clearance pathways of the brain. The different views on the possible routes for ISF drainage of the brain are discussed in the context of pathological significance.
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477
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Saunders NR, Habgood MD, Møllgård K, Dziegielewska KM. The biological significance of brain barrier mechanisms: help or hindrance in drug delivery to the central nervous system? F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 26998242 PMCID: PMC4786902 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7378.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrier mechanisms in the brain are important for its normal functioning and development. Stability of the brain's internal environment, particularly with respect to its ionic composition, is a prerequisite for the fundamental basis of its function, namely transmission of nerve impulses. In addition, the appropriate and controlled supply of a wide range of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, monocarboxylates, and vitamins is also essential for normal development and function. These are all cellular functions across the interfaces that separate the brain from the rest of the internal environment of the body. An essential morphological component of all but one of the barriers is the presence of specialized intercellular tight junctions between the cells comprising the interface: endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier itself, cells of the arachnoid membrane, choroid plexus epithelial cells, and tanycytes (specialized glial cells) in the circumventricular organs. In the ependyma lining the cerebral ventricles in the adult brain, the cells are joined by gap junctions, which are not restrictive for intercellular movement of molecules. But in the developing brain, the forerunners of these cells form the neuroepithelium, which restricts exchange of all but the smallest molecules between cerebrospinal fluid and brain interstitial fluid because of the presence of strap junctions between the cells. The intercellular junctions in all these interfaces are the physical basis for their barrier properties. In the blood-brain barrier proper, this is combined with a paucity of vesicular transport that is a characteristic of other vascular beds. Without such a diffusional restrain, the cellular transport mechanisms in the barrier interfaces would be ineffective. Superimposed on these physical structures are physiological mechanisms as the cells of the interfaces contain various metabolic transporters and efflux pumps, often ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, that provide an important component of the barrier functions by either preventing entry of or expelling numerous molecules including toxins, drugs, and other xenobiotics. In this review, we summarize these influx and efflux mechanisms in normal developing and adult brain, as well as indicating their likely involvement in a wide range of neuropathologies. There have been extensive attempts to overcome the barrier mechanisms that prevent the entry of many drugs of therapeutic potential into the brain. We outline those that have been tried and discuss why they may so far have been largely unsuccessful. Currently, a promising approach appears to be focal, reversible disruption of the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound, but more work is required to evaluate the method before it can be tried in patients. Overall, our view is that much more fundamental knowledge of barrier mechanisms and development of new experimental methods will be required before drug targeting to the brain is likely to be a successful endeavor. In addition, such studies, if applied to brain pathologies such as stroke, trauma, or multiple sclerosis, will aid in defining the contribution of brain barrier pathology to these conditions, either causative or secondary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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478
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Shindo A, Maki T, Mandeville ET, Liang AC, Egawa N, Itoh K, Itoh N, Borlongan M, Holder JC, Chuang TT, McNeish JD, Tomimoto H, Lok J, Lo EH, Arai K. Astrocyte-Derived Pentraxin 3 Supports Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Under Acute Phase of Stroke. Stroke 2016; 47:1094-100. [PMID: 26965847 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.012133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is released on inflammatory responses in many organs. However, roles of PTX3 in brain are still mostly unknown. Here we asked whether and how PTX3 contributes to blood-brain barrier dysfunction during the acute phase of ischemic stroke. METHODS In vivo, spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. At day 3, brains were analyzed to evaluate the cellular origin of PTX3 expression. Correlations with blood-brain barrier breakdown were assessed by IgG staining. In vitro, rat primary astrocytes and rat brain endothelial RBE.4 cells were cultured to study the role of astrocyte-derived PTX3 on vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated endothelial permeability. RESULTS During the acute phase of stroke, reactive astrocytes in the peri-infarct area expressed PTX3. There was negative correlation between gradients of IgG leakage and PTX3-positive astrocytes. Cell culture experiments showed that astrocyte-conditioned media increased levels of tight junction proteins and reduced endothelial permeability under normal conditions. Removing PTX3 from astrocyte-conditioned media by immunoprecipitation increased endothelial permeability. PTX3 strongly bound vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro and was able to decrease vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial permeability. CONCLUSIONS Astrocytes in peri-infarct areas upregulate PTX3, which may support blood-brain barrier integrity by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor-related mechanisms. This response in astrocytes may comprise a compensatory mechanism for maintaining blood-brain barrier function after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shindo
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Takakuni Maki
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Emiri T Mandeville
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Anna C Liang
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Naohiro Egawa
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Kanako Itoh
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Naoki Itoh
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Mia Borlongan
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Julie C Holder
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Tsu Tshen Chuang
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - John D McNeish
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Josephine Lok
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Eng H Lo
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Ken Arai
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.).
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Characterization of passive permeability at the blood-tumor barrier in five preclinical models of brain metastases of breast cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:373-83. [PMID: 26944053 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is compromised in brain metastases, allowing for enhanced drug permeation into brain. The extent and heterogeneity of BBB permeability in metastatic lesions is important when considering the administration of chemotherapeutics. Since permeability characteristics have been described in limited experimental models of brain metastases, we sought to define these changes in five brain-tropic breast cancer cell lines: MDA-MB-231BR (triple negative), MDA-MB-231BR-HER2, JIMT-1-BR3, 4T1-BR5 (murine), and SUM190 (inflammatory HER2 expressing). Permeability was assessed using quantitative autoradiography and fluorescence microscopy by co-administration of the tracers (14)C-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and Texas red conjugated dextran prior to euthanasia. Each experimental brain metastases model produced variably increased permeability to both tracers; additionally, the magnitude of heterogeneity was different among each model with the highest ranges observed in the SUM190 (up to 45-fold increase in AIB) and MDA-MB-231BR-HER2 (up to 33-fold in AIB) models while the lowest range was observed in the JIMT-1-BR3 (up to 5.5-fold in AIB) model. There was no strong correlation observed between lesion size and permeability in any of these preclinical models of brain metastases. Interestingly, the experimental models resulting in smaller mean metastases size resulted in shorter median survival while models producing larger lesions had longer median survival. These findings strengthen the evidence of heterogeneity in brain metastases of breast cancer by utilizing five unique experimental models and simultaneously emphasize the challenges of chemotherapeutic approaches to treat brain metastases.
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480
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Lindqvist A, Jönsson S, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Exploring Factors Causing Low Brain Penetration of the Opioid Peptide DAMGO through Experimental Methods and Modeling. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1258-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lindqvist
- Translational
PKPD Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member
of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Siv Jönsson
- Pharmacometrics
Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Translational
PKPD Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member
of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
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481
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Intranasal Delivery of Recombinant AAV Containing BDNF Fused with HA2TAT: a Potential Promising Therapy Strategy for Major Depressive Disorder. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22404. [PMID: 26935651 PMCID: PMC4776097 DOI: 10.1038/srep22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a disturbing psychiatric disease with unsatisfied therapy. Not all patients are sensitive to anti-depressants currently in use, side-effects are unavoidable during therapy, and the cases with effectiveness are always accompanied with delayed onset of clinical efficacy. Delivering brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to brain seems to be a promising therapy. However, a better approach to delivery is still rudimentary. The purpose of our present work is to look for a rapid-onset and long-lasting therapeutic strategy for major depressive disorder (MDD) by effectively delivering BDNF to brain. BDNF, fused with cell-penetrating peptides (TAT and HA2), was packaged in adenovirus associated virus (AAV) to construct the BDNF-HA2TAT/AAV for intranasally delivering BDNF to central nervous system (CNS) via nose-brain pathway. Intranasal administration of BDNF-HA2TAT/AAV to normal mice displayed anti-depression effect in forced swimming test when the delivery lasted relatively longer. The AAV applied to mice subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS) through intranasal administration for 10 days also alleviated depression-like behaviors. Western-blotting analysis revealed that BDNF-HA2TAT/AAV nasal administration enhanced hippocampal BDNF content. These results indicate intranasal administration of constructed BDNF-HA2TAT/AAV exerts anti-depression effect in CMS mice by increasing hippocampal BDNF, suggesting that this strategy holds a promising therapeutic potential for MDD.
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482
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Jacus MO, Daryani VM, Harstead KE, Patel YT, Throm SL, Stewart CF. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Anticancer Agents for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Tumors: Update of the Literature. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:297-311. [PMID: 26293618 PMCID: PMC4761278 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant improvement in outcomes for patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors over the past 10 years, patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors continue to have a poor prognosis. A primary reason for this is the inability of many chemotherapeutic drugs to penetrate into the brain and brain tumors at concentrations high enough to exert an antitumor effect because of unique barriers and efflux transporters. Several studies have been published recently examining the central nervous system pharmacokinetics of various anticancer drugs in patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors. To summarize recent advances in the field, this review critically presents studies published within the last 9 years examining brain and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of clinically available anticancer agents for patients with central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O Jacus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Vinay M Daryani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - K Elaine Harstead
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yogesh T Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Stacy L Throm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Clinton F Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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483
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Varga N, Csapó E, Majláth Z, Ilisz I, Krizbai IA, Wilhelm I, Knapp L, Toldi J, Vécsei L, Dékány I. Targeting of the kynurenic acid across the blood-brain barrier by core-shell nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 86:67-74. [PMID: 26924227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Core-shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) were developed to get over therapeutic amount of kynurenic acid (KYNA) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as core for encapsulation of KYNA and the BSA/KYNA composite was finally encapsulated by poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) polymer as shell. In the interest of the optimization of the synthesis the BSA and KYNA interaction was studied by two-dimensional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique as well. The average size of d~100 nm was proven by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the structure of the composites was characterized by fluorescence (FL) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The in vitro release properties of KYNA were investigated by a vertical diffusion cell at 25.0 °C and 37.5 °C and the kinetic of the release were discussed. The penetration capacity of the NPs into the central nervous system (CNS) was tested by an in vitro BBB model. The results demonstrated that the encapsulated KYNA had significantly higher permeability compared to free KYNA molecules. In the neurobiological serial of in vivo experiments the effects of peripherally administered KYNA with CSNPs were studied in comparison with untreated KYNA. These results clearly proved that KYNA in the CSNPs, administrated peripherally is suitable to cross the BBB and to induce electrophysiological effects within the CNS. As the neuroprotective properties of KYNA nowadays are proven, the importance of the results is obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Varga
- MTA-SZTE Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Dóm tér 8, Szeged, Hungary
| | - E Csapó
- MTA-SZTE Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Dóm tér 8, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Z Majláth
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725 Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, Hungary
| | - I Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Dóm tér 7, Szeged, Hungary
| | - I A Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, Hungary
| | - I Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, Hungary
| | - L Knapp
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, H-6726 Közép fasor 52, Szeged, Hungary
| | - J Toldi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, H-6726 Közép fasor 52, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, Hungary
| | - L Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725 Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, H-6726 Közép fasor 52, Szeged, Hungary
| | - I Dékány
- MTA-SZTE Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Dóm tér 8, Szeged, Hungary.
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484
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Karamanos Y, Pottiez G. Proteomics and the blood-brain barrier: how recent findings help drug development. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:251-8. [PMID: 26778576 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1143780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The drug discovery and development processes are divided into different stages separated by milestones to indicate that significant progress has been made and that certain criteria for target validation, hits, leads and candidate drugs have been met. Proteomics is a promising approach for the identification of protein targets and biochemical pathways involved in disease process and thus plays an important role in several stages of the drug development. The blood-brain barrier is considered as a major bottleneck when trying to target new compounds to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the survey of recent findings and with a projection on expected improvements, this report attempt to address how proteomics participates in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Karamanos
- a Laboratoire de la Barrière Hématoencéphalique (LBHE) , Univesrité d'Artois EA2465 , Lens , France
| | - Gwënaël Pottiez
- a Laboratoire de la Barrière Hématoencéphalique (LBHE) , Univesrité d'Artois EA2465 , Lens , France
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485
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van der Helm MW, van der Meer AD, Eijkel JCT, van den Berg A, Segerink LI. Microfluidic organ-on-chip technology for blood-brain barrier research. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1142493. [PMID: 27141422 PMCID: PMC4836466 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1142493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs-on-chips are a new class of microengineered laboratory models that combine several of the advantages of current in vivo and in vitro models. In this review, we summarize the advances that have been made in the development of organ-on-chip models of the blood-brain barrier (BBBs-on-chips) and the challenges that are still ahead. The BBB is formed by specialized e3ndothelial cells and separates blood from brain tissue. It protects the brain from harmful compounds from the blood and provides homeostasis for optimal neuronal function. Studying BBB function and dysfunction is important for drug development and biomedical research. Microfluidic BBBs-on-chips enable real-time study of (human) cells in an engineered physiological microenvironment, for example incorporating small geometries and fluid flow as well as sensors. Examples of BBBs-on-chips in literature already show the potential of more realistic microenvironments and the study of organ-level functions. A key challenge in the field of BBB-on-chip development is the current lack of standardized quantification of parameters such as barrier permeability and shear stress. This limits the potential for direct comparison of the performance of different BBB-on-chip models to each other and existing models. We give recommendations for further standardization in model characterization and conclude that the rapidly emerging field of BBB-on-chip models holds great promise for further studies in BBB biology and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinke W van der Helm
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine & MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente ; Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente ; Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C T Eijkel
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine & MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente ; Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine & MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente ; Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Loes I Segerink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine & MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente ; Enschede, The Netherlands
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486
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Heath F, Newman A, Clementi C, Pasut G, Lin H, Stephens GJ, Whalley BJ, Osborn HMI, Greco F. A novel PEG–haloperidol conjugate with a non-degradable linker shows the feasibility of using polymer–drug conjugates in a non-prodrug fashion. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01418f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A PEG–haloperidol conjugate was synthesised, which retains binding to the dopamine D2receptor, showing the possibility of using polymer-drug conjugates as drugsper se' rather than as prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chiara Clementi
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Via F. Marzolo 5
- University of Padua
- Padova
- Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Via F. Marzolo 5
- University of Padua
- Padova
- Italy
| | - Hong Lin
- Reading School of Pharmacy
- Reading
- UK
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487
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Singh G, Arora A, Rani S, Maurya IK, Aulakh D, Wriedt M. Heteroaryl chalcone allied triazole conjugated organosilatranes: synthesis, spectral analysis, antimicrobial screening, photophysical and theoretical investigations. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13949c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of heteroaryl tethered triazole conjoined organosilatranes were synthesized and studied for their solvatochromism experimentally and theoretically followed by antimicrobial screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Aanchal Arora
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Sunita Rani
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | | | - Darpandeep Aulakh
- Functional Materials Design & X-ray Diffraction Lab
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| | - Mario Wriedt
- Functional Materials Design & X-ray Diffraction Lab
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
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488
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Wang JTW, Rubio N, Kafa H, Venturelli E, Fabbro C, Ménard-Moyon C, Da Ros T, Sosabowski JK, Lawson AD, Robinson MK, Prato M, Bianco A, Festy F, Preston JE, Kostarelos K, Al-Jamal KT. Kinetics of functionalised carbon nanotube distribution in mouse brain after systemic injection: Spatial to ultra-structural analyses. J Control Release 2015; 224:22-32. [PMID: 26742944 PMCID: PMC4756275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies proved the success of using chemically functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWNTs) as nanocarriers to the brain. Little insight into the kinetics of brain distribution of f-MWNTs in vivo has been reported. This study employed a wide range of qualitative and quantitative techniques with the aim of shedding the light on f-MWNT's brain distribution following intravenous injection. γ-Scintigraphy quantified the uptake of studied radiolabelled f-MWNT in the whole brain parenchyma and capillaries while 3D-single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging and autoradiography illustrated spatial distribution within various brain regions. Raman and multiphoton luminescence together with transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of intact f-MWNT in mouse brain, in a label-free manner. The results evidenced the presence of f-MWNT in mice brain parenchyma, in addition to brain endothelium. Such information on the rate and extent of regional and cellular brain distribution is needed before further implementation into neurological therapeutics can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie T-W Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Houmam Kafa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Enrica Venturelli
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Chiara Fabbro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Cécilia Ménard-Moyon
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Tatiana Da Ros
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Jane K Sosabowski
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | | | - Maurizio Prato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Frederic Festy
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jane E Preston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, Brunswick Square, London, UK.
| | - Khuloud T Al-Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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489
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András IE, Toborek M. Extracellular vesicles of the blood-brain barrier. Tissue Barriers 2015; 4:e1131804. [PMID: 27141419 PMCID: PMC4836554 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1131804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (ECV), like exosomes, gained recently a lot of attention as potentially playing a significant role in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in Aβ pathology. While there are a lot of reports on ECV/exosomes derived from a variety of cell types, there is limited information on ECV/exosomes originated from brain microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this review, we summarize the literature data on brain endothelial ECV/exosomes and present our own data on BBB-derived ECV and their possible involvement in the brain's Aβ pathology. We propose that ECV/exosome release from brain endothelial cells associated with Aβ affects different cells of the neurovascular unit and may be an important contributor to the Aβ deposition in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya E András
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Miami School of Medicine ; Miami, FL USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Miami School of Medicine ; Miami, FL USA
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490
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Qosa H, Miller DS, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. Regulation of ABC efflux transporters at blood-brain barrier in health and neurological disorders. Brain Res 2015; 1628:298-316. [PMID: 26187753 PMCID: PMC4681613 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The strength of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in providing protection to the central nervous system from exposure to circulating chemicals is maintained by tight junctions between endothelial cells and by a broad range of transporter proteins that regulate exchange between CNS and blood. The most important transporters that restrict the permeability of large number of toxins as well as therapeutic agents are the ABC transporters. Among them, P-gp, BCRP, MRP1 and MRP2 are the utmost studied. These efflux transporters are neuroprotective, limiting the brain entry of neurotoxins; however, they could also restrict the entry of many therapeutics and contribute to CNS pharmacoresistance. Characterization of several regulatory pathways that govern expression and activity of ABC efflux transporters in the endothelium of brain capillaries have led to an emerging consensus that these processes are complex and contain several cellular and molecular elements. Alterations in ABC efflux transporters expression and/or activity occur in several neurological diseases. Here, we review the signaling pathways that regulate expression and transport activity of P-gp, BCRP, MRP1 and MRP2 as well as how their expression/activity changes in neurological diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Qosa
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - David S Miller
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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491
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Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are one of the most recalcitrant brain tumors because of their aggressive invasive growth and resistance to therapy. They are highly heterogeneous malignancies at both the molecular and histological levels. Specific histological hallmarks including pseudopalisading necrosis and microvascular proliferation distinguish GBM from lower-grade gliomas, and make GBM one of the most hypoxic as well as angiogenic tumors. These microanatomical compartments present specific niches within the tumor microenvironment that regulate metabolic needs, immune surveillance, survival, invasion as well as cancer stem cell maintenance. Here we review features and functions of the distinct GBM niches, detail the different cell constituents and the functional status of the vasculature, and discuss prospects of therapeutically targeting GBM niche constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, 1450 3 Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; Brain Tumor Center, University of California San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, 1450 3 Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, 1450 3 Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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492
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Hendricks BK, Cohen-Gadol AA, Miller JC. Novel delivery methods bypassing the blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 38:E10. [PMID: 25727219 DOI: 10.3171/2015.1.focus14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor and carries a grave prognosis. Despite years of research investigating potentially new therapies for GBM, the median survival rate of individuals with this disease has remained fairly stagnant. Delivery of drugs to the tumor site is hampered by various barriers posed by the GBM pathological process and by the complex physiology of the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. These anatomical and physiological barriers serve as a natural protection for the brain and preserve brain homeostasis, but they also have significantly limited the reach of intraparenchymal treatments in patients with GBM. In this article, the authors review the functional capabilities of the physical and physiological barriers that impede chemotherapy for GBM, with a specific focus on the pathological alterations of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in this disease. They also provide an overview of current and future methods for circumventing these barriers in therapeutic interventions. Although ongoing research has yielded some potential options for future GBM therapies, delivery of chemotherapy medications across the BBB remains elusive and has limited the efficacy of these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Hendricks
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University Department of Neurological Surgery; and
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493
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Parrish KE, Pokorny J, Mittapalli RK, Bakken K, Sarkaria JN, Elmquist WF. Efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier limit delivery and efficacy of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib (PD-0332991) in an orthotopic brain tumor model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:264-71. [PMID: 26354993 PMCID: PMC4613960 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.228213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-([5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]amino)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7(8H)-one [palbociclib (PD-0332991)] is a cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and is currently undergoing clinical trials for many solid tumors. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and has limited treatment options. The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 pathway is commonly dysregulated in GBM and is a promising target in treating this devastating disease. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the delivery of drugs to invasive regions of GBM, where the efflux transporters P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein can prevent treatments from reaching the tumor. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms limiting the effectiveness of palbociclib therapy in an orthotopic xenograft model. The in vitro intracellular accumulation results demonstrated that palbociclib is a substrate for both P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein. In vivo studies in transgenic mice confirmed that efflux transport is responsible for the limited brain distribution of palbociclib. There was an ∼115-fold increase in brain exposure at steady state in the transporter deficient mice when compared with wild-type mice, and the efflux inhibitor elacridar significantly increased palbociclib brain distribution. Efficacy studies demonstrated that palbociclib is an effective therapy when GBM22 tumor cells are implanted in the flank, but ineffective in an orthotopic (intracranial) model. Moreover, doses designed to mimic brain exposure were ineffective in treating flank tumors. These results demonstrate that efflux transport in the BBB is involved in limiting the brain distribution of palbociclib and this has critical implications in determining effective dosing regimens of palbociclib therapy in the treatment of brain tumors.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Acridines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dogs
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Glioblastoma/drug therapy
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Heterografts
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Piperazines/pharmacokinetics
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacokinetics
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Parrish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (K.E.P., R.K.M., W.F.E.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.P., K.B., J.N.S.)
| | - Jenny Pokorny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (K.E.P., R.K.M., W.F.E.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.P., K.B., J.N.S.)
| | - Rajendar K Mittapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (K.E.P., R.K.M., W.F.E.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.P., K.B., J.N.S.)
| | - Katrina Bakken
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (K.E.P., R.K.M., W.F.E.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.P., K.B., J.N.S.)
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (K.E.P., R.K.M., W.F.E.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.P., K.B., J.N.S.)
| | - William F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (K.E.P., R.K.M., W.F.E.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.P., K.B., J.N.S.)
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494
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Quantitative aspects of drug permeation across in vitro and in vivo barriers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 87:30-46. [PMID: 26493585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of permeation across epithelial and endothelial cell sheets and across cell membranes is determinant for the pharmacokinetics of a drug. In vitro transport experiments with cultured cells or artificial barriers have tremendously improved the predictability of the in vivo behaviour of tested compounds. This article focuses on the parameters and calculation methods that are used to describe permeation quantitatively, with a focus on in vitro experiments and the prediction of intestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier passage. It shows under which in vitro experimental conditions standard calculations are adequate and under which conditions equations should be adapted to the experimental details. The impact of volume differences between donor and receiver compartments, pH gradients, addition of albumin, accumulation in the barrier and unidirectional transport by an efflux transporter on the results is shown in simulations. The article should make researchers aware of experimental factors that affect the outcome of a permeation experiment and how to account for this during data analysis. Finally, strategies to predict the in vivo behaviour of a compound based on the in vitro data are discussed. The goal of the article is to support researchers in choosing experimental conditions and calculation methods that deliver appropriate and reproducible results in permeation studies in vitro.
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495
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Abstract
Brain capillary endothelial cells denote the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and conjugation of nanoparticles with antibodies that target molecules expressed by these endothelial cells may facilitate their uptake and transport into the brain. Magnetic nanoparticles can be encapsulated in liposomes and carry large molecules with therapeutic potential, for example, siRNA, cDNA and polypeptides. An additional approach to enhance the transport of magnetic nanoparticles across the BBB is the application of extracranially applied magnetic force. Stepwise targeting of magnetic nanoparticles to brain capillary endothelial cells followed by transport through the BBB using magnetic force may prove a novel mechanism for targeted therapy of macromolecules to the brain.
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496
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Bruun J, Larsen TB, Jølck RI, Eliasen R, Holm R, Gjetting T, Andresen TL. Investigation of enzyme-sensitive lipid nanoparticles for delivery of siRNA to blood-brain barrier and glioma cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5995-6008. [PMID: 26451106 PMCID: PMC4590347 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s87334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical applications of siRNA for treating disorders in the central nervous system require development of systemic stable, safe, and effective delivery vehicles that are able to cross the impermeable blood–brain barrier (BBB). Engineering nanocarriers with low cellular interaction during systemic circulation, but with high uptake in targeted cells, is a great challenge and is further complicated by the BBB. As a first step in obtaining such a delivery system, this study aims at designing a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) able to efficiently encapsulate siRNA by a combination of titratable cationic lipids. The targeted delivery is obtained through the design of a two-stage system where the first step is conjugation of angiopep to the surface of the LNP for targeting the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 expressed on the BBB. Second, the positively charged LNPs are masked with a negatively charged PEGylated (poly(ethylene glycol)) cleavable lipopeptide, which contains a recognition sequence for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a class of enzymes often expressed in the tumor microenvironment and inflammatory BBB conditions. Proteolytic cleavage induces PEG release, including the release of four glutamic acid residues, providing a charge switch that triggers a shift of the LNP charge from weakly negative to positive, thus favoring cellular endocytosis and release of siRNA for high silencing efficiency. This work describes the development of this two-stage nanocarrier-system and evaluates the performance in brain endothelial and glioblastoma cells with respect to uptake and gene silencing efficiency. The ability of activation by MMP-triggered dePEGylation and charge shift is demonstrated to substantially increase the uptake and the silencing efficiency of the LNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bruun
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Trine B Larsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus I Jølck
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Eliasen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - René Holm
- H Lundbeck A/S, Biologics and Pharmaceutical Science, Valby, Denmark
| | - Torben Gjetting
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
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497
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Wasko MJ, Pellegrene KA, Madura JD, Surratt CK. A Role for Fragment-Based Drug Design in Developing Novel Lead Compounds for Central Nervous System Targets. Front Neurol 2015; 6:197. [PMID: 26441817 PMCID: PMC4566055 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of U.S. dollars are invested in the research and development of a single drug. Lead compound development is an area ripe for new design strategies. Therapeutic lead candidates have been traditionally found using high-throughput in vitro pharmacological screening, a costly method for assaying thousands of compounds. This approach has recently been augmented by virtual screening (VS), which employs computer models of the target protein to narrow the search for possible leads. A variant of VS is fragment-based drug design (FBDD), an emerging in silico lead discovery method that introduces low-molecular weight fragments, rather than intact compounds, into the binding pocket of the receptor model. These fragments serve as starting points for “growing” the lead candidate. Current efforts in virtual FBDD within central nervous system (CNS) targets are reviewed, as is a recent rule-based optimization strategy in which new molecules are generated within a 3D receptor-binding pocket using the fragment as a scaffold. This process not only places special emphasis on creating synthesizable molecules but also exposes computational questions worth addressing. Fragment-based methods provide a viable, relatively low-cost alternative for therapeutic lead discovery and optimization that can be applied to CNS targets to augment current design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wasko
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Kendy A Pellegrene
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Jeffry D Madura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Duquesne University , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Christopher K Surratt
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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498
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Disdier C, Devoy J, Cosnefroy A, Chalansonnet M, Herlin-Boime N, Brun E, Lund A, Mabondzo A. Tissue biodistribution of intravenously administrated titanium dioxide nanoparticles revealed blood-brain barrier clearance and brain inflammation in rat. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:27. [PMID: 26337446 PMCID: PMC4559366 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notwithstanding increasing knowledge of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) passing through biological barriers, their biodistribution to the central nervous system (CNS) and potential effects on blood-brain barrier (BBB) physiology remain poorly characterized. METHODS Here, we report time-related responses from single-dose intravenous (IV) administration of 1 mg/kg TiO2 NPs to rats, with particular emphasis on titanium (Ti) quantification in the brain. Ti content in tissues was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Integrity and functionality of the BBB as well as brain inflammation were characterized using a panel of methods including RT-PCR, immuno-histo chemistry and transporter activity evaluation. RESULTS Biokinetic analysis revealed Ti biopersistence in liver, lungs and spleen up to one year after TiO2 NPs administration. A significant increase of Ti in the brain was observed at early end points followed by a subsequent decrease. In-depth analysis of Ti in the total brain demonstrated quantitative Ti uptake and clearance by brain microvasculature endothelial cells (BECs) with minimal translocation in the brain parenchyma. The presence of Ti in the BECs did not affect BBB integrity, despite rapid reversible modulation of breast cancer resistance protein activity. Ti biopersistence in organs such as liver was associated with significant increases of tight junction proteins (claudin-5 and occludin), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) and γ inducible protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10) in BECs and also increased levels of IL-1β in brain parenchyma despite lack of evidence of Ti in the brain. These findings mentioned suggest potential effect of Ti present at a distance from the brain possibly via mediators transported by blood. Exposure of an in vitro BBB model to sera from TiO2 NPs-treated animals confirmed the tightness of the BBB and inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggest the clearance of TiO2 NPs at the BBB with persistent brain inflammation and underscore the role of Ti biopersistence in organs that can exert indirect effects on the CNS dependent on circulating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Disdier
- CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, iBiTec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Equipe Pharmacologie Neurovasculaire, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérôme Devoy
- INRS, Département Polluants et Santé, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Anne Cosnefroy
- CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, iBiTec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Equipe Pharmacologie Neurovasculaire, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Monique Chalansonnet
- INRS, Département Polluants et Santé, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Herlin-Boime
- DSM, IRAMIS, NIMBE (UMR 3685), laboratory of Nanometric Structures, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Emilie Brun
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR CNRS 8000, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Amie Lund
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Aloïse Mabondzo
- CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, iBiTec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Equipe Pharmacologie Neurovasculaire, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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499
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Nagyőszi P, Nyúl-Tóth Á, Fazakas C, Wilhelm I, Kozma M, Molnár J, Haskó J, Krizbai IA. Regulation of NOD-like receptors and inflammasome activation in cerebral endothelial cells. J Neurochem 2015; 135:551-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Nagyőszi
- Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - Ádám Nyúl-Tóth
- Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - Csilla Fazakas
- Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - Mihály Kozma
- Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - Judit Molnár
- Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - János Haskó
- Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - István A. Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
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500
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Wang JTW, Al-Jamal KT. Functionalized carbon nanotubes: revolution in brain delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2639-42. [PMID: 26328513 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tzu-Wen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Khuloud Taysir Al-Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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