451
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Murine aortic smooth muscle cells acquire, though fail to present exogenous protein antigens on major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:949845. [PMID: 25136640 PMCID: PMC4127268 DOI: 10.1155/2014/949845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study aortic murine smooth muscle cell (SMC) antigen presentation capacity was evaluated using the Eα-GFP/Y-Ae system to visualize antigen uptake through a GFP tag and tracking of Eα peptide/MHCII presentation using the Y-Ae Ab. Stimulation with IFN-γ (100 ng/mL) for 72 h caused a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the percentage of MHC class II positive SMCs, compared with unstimulated cells. Treatment with Eα-GFP (100 μg/mL) for 48 h induced a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the percentage of GFP positive SMCs while it did not affect the percentage of Y-Ae positive cells, being indicative of antigen uptake without its presentation in the context of MHC class II. After IFN-γ-stimulation, ovalbumin- (OVA, 1 mg/mL) or OVA323–339 peptide-(0.5 μg/mL) treated SMCs failed to induce OT-II CD4+ T cell activation/proliferation; this was also accompanied by a lack of expression of key costimulatory molecules (OX40L, CD40, CD70, and CD86) on SMCs. Finally, OVA-treated SMCs failed to induce DO11.10-GFP hybridoma activation, a process independent of costimulation. Our results demonstrate that while murine primary aortic SMCs express MHC class II and can acquire exogenous antigens, they fail to activate T cells through a failure in antigen presentation and a lack of costimulatory molecule expression.
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Abstract
Insights into the important contribution of inflammation and immune functions in the development and progression of atherosclerosis have greatly improved our understanding of this disease. Although the role of T cells has been extensively studied for decades, only recently has the role of B cells gained more attention. Recent studies have identified differential effects of different B-cell subsets and helped to clarify the still poorly understood mechanisms by which these act. B1 cells have been shown to prevent lesion formation, whereas B2 cells have been suggested to promote it. Natural IgM antibodies, mainly derived from B1 cells, have been shown to mediate atheroprotective effects, but the functional role of other immunoglobulin classes, particularly IgG, still remains elusive. In this review, we will focus on recent insights on the role of B cells and various immunoglobulin classes and how these may mediate their effects in atherosclerotic lesion formation. Moreover, we will highlight potential therapeutic approaches focusing on B-cell depletion that could be used to translate experimental evidence to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsiantoulas
- From the Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (C.J.D., J.L.W.)
| | - Cody J Diehl
- From the Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (C.J.D., J.L.W.)
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- From the Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (C.J.D., J.L.W.)
| | - Christoph J Binder
- From the Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (C.J.D., J.L.W.).
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453
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Zanetti M, Zenti M, Barazzoni R, Zardi F, Semolic A, Messa MG, Mearelli F, Russi G, Fonda M, Scarano L, Bonora E, Cattin L. HELP LDL apheresis reduces plasma pentraxin 3 in familial hypercholesterolemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101290. [PMID: 25014007 PMCID: PMC4094380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a key component of the humoral arm of innate immunity, is secreted by vascular cells in response to injury, possibly aiming at tuning arterial activation associated with vascular damage. Severe hypercholesterolemia as in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) promotes vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis; low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis is currently the treatment of choice to reduce plasma lipids in FH. HELP LDL apheresis affects pro- and antiinflammatory biomarkers, however its effects on PTX3 levels are unknown. We assessed the impact of FH and of LDL removal by HELP apheresis on PTX3. METHODS Plasma lipids, PTX3, and CRP were measured in 19 patients with FH undergoing chronic HELP LDL apheresis before and after treatment and in 20 control subjects. In the patients assessment of inflammation and oxidative stress markers included also plasma TNFα, fibrinogen and TBARS. RESULTS At baseline, FH patients had higher (p = 0.0002) plasma PTX3 than matched control subjects. In FH PTX3 correlated positively (p≤0.05) with age, gender and CRP and negatively (p = 0.01) with HELP LDL apheresis vintage. The latter association was confirmed after correction for age, gender and CRP. HELP LDL apheresis acutely reduced (p≤0.04) plasma PTX3, CRP, fibrinogen, TBARS and lipids, but not TNFα. No association was observed between mean decrease in PTX3 and in LDL cholesterol. PTX3 paralleled lipids, oxidative stress and inflammation markers in time-course study. CONCLUSION FH is associated with increased plasma PTX3, which is acutely reduced by HELP LDL apheresis independently of LDL cholesterol, as reflected by the lack of association between change in PTX3 and in LDL levels. These results, together with the finding of a negative relationship between PTX3 and duration of treatment suggest that HELP LDL apheresis may influence both acutely and chronically cardiovascular outcomes in FH by modulating PTX3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Zanetti
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Zenti
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Zardi
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Annamaria Semolic
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Giuseppe Messa
- Nephrology, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Filippo Mearelli
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Russi
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Unit, Ospedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fonda
- Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Scarano
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Unit, Ospedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Enzo Bonora
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattin
- Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Li X, Li Y, Jin J, Jin D, Cui L, Li X, Rei Y, Jiang H, Zhao G, Yang G, Zhu E, Nan Y, Cheng X. Increased serum cathepsin K in patients with coronary artery disease. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:912-9. [PMID: 24954318 PMCID: PMC4075394 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.4.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cathepsin K is a potent collagenase implicated in human and animal atherosclerosis-based vascular remodeling. This study examined the hypothesis that serum CatK is associated with the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 2011 and December 2012, 256 consecutive subjects were enrolled from among patients who underwent coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention treatment. A total of 129 age-matched subjects served as controls. RESULTS The subjects' serum cathepsin K and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured. The patients with CAD had significantly higher serum cathepsin K levels compared to the controls (130.8±25.5 ng/mL vs. 86.9±25.5 ng/mL, p<0.001), and the patients with acute coronary syndrome had significantly higher serum cathepsin K levels compared to those with stable angina pectoris (137.1±26.9 ng/mL vs. 102.6±12.9 ng/mL, p<0.001). A linear regression analysis showed that overall, the cathepsin K levels were inversely correlated with the high-density lipoprotein levels (r=-0.29, p<0.01) and positively with hs-CRP levels (r=0.32, p<0.01). Multiple logistic regression analyses shows that cathepsin K levels were independent predictors of CAD (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 1.56; p<0.01). CONCLUSION These data indicated that elevated levels of cathepsin K are closely associated with the presence of CAD and that circulating cathepsin K serves a useful biomarker for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China
| | - Yuzi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China
| | - Jiyong Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China
| | - Dehao Jin
- Intervention Laboratory, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China
| | - Lan Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China.
| | - Xiangshan Li
- Central Laboratory, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China
| | - Yanna Rei
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China. ; Department of Anesthesiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China
| | - Haiying Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China
| | - Guangxian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China
| | - Enbo Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China
| | - Yongshan Nan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China
| | - Xianwu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin P.R., China. ; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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455
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Mangge H, Becker K, Fuchs D, Gostner JM. Antioxidants, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:462-477. [PMID: 24976919 PMCID: PMC4072837 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i6.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors are involved in the etiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Pathological changes occur in a variety of cell types long before symptoms become apparent and diagnosis is made. Dysregulation of physiological functions are associated with the activation of immune cells, leading to local and finally systemic inflammation that is characterized by production of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Patients suffering from inflammatory diseases often present with diminished levels of antioxidants either due to insufficient dietary intake or, and even more likely, due to increased demand in situations of overwhelming ROS production by activated immune effector cells like macrophages. Antioxidants are suggested to beneficially interfere with diseases-related oxidative stress, however the interplay of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants with the overall redox system is complex. Moreover, molecular mechanisms underlying oxidative stress in CVD are not fully elucidated. Metabolic dybalances are suggested to play a major role in disease onset and progression. Several central signaling pathways involved in the regulation of immunological, metabolic and endothelial function are regulated in a redox-sensitive manner. During cellular immune response, interferon γ-dependent pathways are activated such as tryptophan breakdown by the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in monocyte-derived macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells. Neopterin, a marker of oxidative stress and immune activation is produced by GTP-cyclohydrolase I in macrophages and dendritic cells. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is induced in several cell types to generate nitric oxide (NO). NO, despite its low reactivity, is a potent antioxidant involved in the regulation of the vasomotor tone and of immunomodulatory signaling pathways. NO inhibits the expression and function of IDO. Function of NOS requires the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which is produced in humans primarily by fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Highly toxic peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is formed solely in the presence of superoxide anion (O2-). Neopterin and kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp), as an estimate of IDO enzyme activity, are robust markers of immune activation in vitro and in vivo. Both these diagnostic parameters are able to predict cardiovascular and overall mortality in patients at risk. Likewise, a significant association exists between increase of neopterin concentrations and Kyn/Trp ratio values and the lowering of plasma levels of vitamin-C, -E and -B. Vitamin-B deficiency is usually accompanied by increased plasma homoycsteine. Additional determination of NO metabolites, BH4 and plasma antioxidants in patients with CVD and related clinical settings can be helpful to improve the understanding of redox-regulation in health and disease and might provide a rationale for potential antioxidant therapies in CVD.
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456
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Robbins GR, Wen H, Ting JPY. Inflammasomes and metabolic disorders: old genes in modern diseases. Mol Cell 2014; 54:297-308. [PMID: 24766894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Modern medical and hygienic practices have greatly improved human health and longevity; however, increased human life span occurs concomitantly with the emergence of metabolic and age-related diseases. Studies over the past decade have strongly linked host inflammatory responses to the etiology of several metabolic diseases including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and gout. A common immunological factor to these diseases is the activation of the inflammasome and release of proinflammatory cytokines that promote disease progression. Here we review the molecular mechanism(s) of inflammasome activation in response to metabolic damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and discuss potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Robbins
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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457
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Ait-Oufella H, Sage AP, Mallat Z, Tedgui A. Adaptive (T and B cells) immunity and control by dendritic cells in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2014; 114:1640-60. [PMID: 24812352 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in response to lipoprotein accumulation in the arterial wall is central in the development of atherosclerosis. Both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in this process. Adaptive immune responses develop against an array of potential antigens presented to effector T lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells, especially dendritic cells. Functional analysis of the role of different T-cell subsets identified the Th1 responses as proatherogenic, whereas regulatory T-cell responses exert antiatherogenic activities. The effect of Th2 and Th17 responses is still debated. Atherosclerosis is also associated with B-cell activation. Recent evidence established that conventional B-2 cells promote atherosclerosis. In contrast, innate B-1 B cells offer protection through secretion of natural IgM antibodies. This review discusses the recent development in our understanding of the role of T- and B-cell subsets in atherosclerosis and addresses the role of dendritic cell subpopulations in the control of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafid Ait-Oufella
- From INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (H.A.-O., Z.M., A.T.); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France (H.A.-O.); and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., Z.M.)
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458
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Libby P, Tabas I, Fredman G, Fisher EA. Inflammation and its resolution as determinants of acute coronary syndromes. Circ Res 2014; 114:1867-79. [PMID: 24902971 PMCID: PMC4078767 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to many of the characteristics of plaques implicated in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes. Moreover, inflammatory pathways not only regulate the properties of plaques that precipitate acute coronary syndromes but also modulate the clinical consequences of the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. This synthesis will provide an update on the fundamental mechanisms of inflammatory responses that govern acute coronary syndromes and also highlight the ongoing balance between proinflammatory mechanisms and endogenous pathways that can promote the resolution of inflammation. An appreciation of the countervailing mechanisms that modulate inflammation in relation to acute coronary syndromes enriches our fundamental understanding of the pathophysiology of this important manifestation of atherosclerosis. In addition, these insights provide glimpses into potential novel therapeutic interventions to forestall this ultimate complication of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Libby
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (I.T.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (E.A.F.).
| | - Ira Tabas
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (I.T.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (E.A.F.)
| | - Gabrielle Fredman
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (I.T.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (E.A.F.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (P.L.); Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (I.T.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (E.A.F.)
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459
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Pober JS, Jane-wit D, Qin L, Tellides G. Interacting mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1609-14. [PMID: 24903097 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.302818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is the major cause of late graft loss in heart transplant recipients. Histological studies of characteristic end-stage lesions reveal arterial changes consisting of a diffuse, confluent, and concentric intimal expansion containing graft-derived cells expressing smooth muscle markers, extracellular matrix, penetrating microvessels, and a host mononuclear cell infiltrate concentrated subjacent to an intact graft-derived luminal endothelial cell lining with little evidence of acute injury. This intimal expansion combined with inadequate compensatory outward remodeling produces severe generalized stenosis extending throughout the epicardial and intramyocardial arterial tree that causes ischemic graft failure. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy lesions affect ≥50% of transplant recipients and are both progressive and refractory to treatment, resulting in ≈5% graft loss per year through the first 10 years after transplant. Lesions typically stop at the suture line, implicating alloimmunity as the primary driver, but pathogenesis may be multifactorial. Here, we will discuss 6 potential contributors to lesion formation (1) conventional risk factors of atherosclerosis; (2) pre- or peritransplant injuries; (3) infection; (4) innate immunity; (5) T-cell-mediated immunity; and (6) B-cell-mediated immunity through production of donor-specific antibody. Finally, we will consider how these various mechanisms may interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Pober
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
| | - Dan Jane-wit
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - George Tellides
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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460
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Therapeutic potential of p38 MAP kinase inhibition in the management of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2014; 14:155-65. [PMID: 24504769 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-014-0063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPKs) are key signalling molecules that regulate cellular behavior in response to environmental stresses. They regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and therefore p38 MAPKs are implicated in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory-driven conditions, including atherosclerosis. Therapeutic inhibition of p38 MAPKs to attenuate inflammation has been the focus of comprehensive research in the last 2 decades, following the discovery of p38α as the molecular target of pyrindinyl imidazole compounds, which suppress the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1. The potential of p38 MAPK inhibitors was initially explored within archetypal inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease, but early studies demonstrated poor clinical efficacy and unacceptable side effects. Subsequent clinical trials evaluating different p38 MAPK inhibitor compounds in disease models such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and atherosclerosis have shown potential clinical efficacy. This review aims to provide succinct background information regarding the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, a focus of p38 MAPKs in disease, and a brief summary of relevant pre-clinical studies. An update of human clinical trial experience encompassing a clinically orientated approach, dedicated to cardiovascular disease follows. It provides a current perspective of the therapeutic potential of p38 MAPK inhibitors in the cardiovascular domain, including safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics.
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461
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Lancaster GI, Febbraio MA. The immunomodulating role of exercise in metabolic disease. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:262-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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462
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Aalto K, Havulinna AS, Jalkanen S, Salomaa V, Salmi M. Soluble vascular adhesion protein-1 predicts incident major adverse cardiovascular events and improves reclassification in a finnish prospective cohort study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:529-35. [PMID: 24850810 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) associates to subclinical atherosclerotic manifestations in young people, but its association to incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and cardiovascular mortality in a general population is not known. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a newly developed ELISA to measure soluble VAP-1 (sVAP-1) levels in 2775 participants (mean age, 60 years) from a prospective cohort study (the FINRISK 2002). During a mean follow-up of 9 years, 265 participants underwent a MACE, and these participants had higher levels of sVAP-1 than those without MACE (868 ng/mL and 824 ng/mL, respectively, P<0.001). In multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazard model including traditional Framingham risk factors (age, sex, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, prevalent diabetes mellitus, and antihypertensive treatment), sVAP-1 independently predicted incident MACE (P=0.0046) and MACE mortality (P=0.026). The impact of sVAP-1 in predicting the 9-year absolute risk of MACE was analyzed using integrated discrimination improvement and net reclassification improvement with 10-fold cross-validation. Inclusion of sVAP-1 in the Framingham model improved integrated discrimination improvement (P=0.042), and the clinical net reclassification improvement by correctly reclassifying 9% (P=0.0019) of people in the intermediate risk (5%-20%) group. CONCLUSIONS sVAP-1 associated with increased risk of MACE and MACE mortality in people aged >50 years without prior MACE, and inclusion of sVAP-1 in the risk prediction model improved the clinical net reclassification improvement of incident MACE. Thus, sVAP-1 may be a potential new biomarker for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (K.A., S.J., M.S.), and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku and Helsinki, Finland (A.S.H., S.J., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (K.A., S.J., M.S.), and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku and Helsinki, Finland (A.S.H., S.J., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (K.A., S.J., M.S.), and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku and Helsinki, Finland (A.S.H., S.J., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (K.A., S.J., M.S.), and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku and Helsinki, Finland (A.S.H., S.J., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Marko Salmi
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (K.A., S.J., M.S.), and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku and Helsinki, Finland (A.S.H., S.J., V.S., M.S.).
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463
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Keith Ozaki C. In brief. Curr Probl Surg 2014. [DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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464
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Lin-Tsai O, Clark PE, Miller NL, Fowke JH, Hameed O, Hayward SW, Strand DW. Surgical intervention for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia is correlated with expression of the AP-1 transcription factor network. Prostate 2014; 74:669-79. [PMID: 24500928 PMCID: PMC4160824 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately one-third of patients fail medical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH/LUTS) requiring surgical intervention. Our purpose was to establish a molecular characterization for patients undergoing surgical intervention for LUTS to address therapeutic deficiencies. METHODS Clinical, molecular, and histopathological profiles were analyzed in 26 patients undergoing surgery for severe LUTS. Incidental transitional zone nodules were isolated from 37 patients with mild symptoms undergoing radical prostatectomy. Clinical parameters including age, prostate volume, medication, prostate specific antigen, symptom score, body mass index, and incidence of diabetes were collected. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustments for potential confounding variables was used to examine associations between patient clinical characteristics and molecular targets identified through molecular profiling. RESULTS Compared to incidental BPH, progressive symptomatic BPH was associated with increased expression of the activating protein-1 transcription factor/chemokine network. As expected, inverse correlations were drawn between androgen receptor levels and age, as well as between 5α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) treatment and tissue prostate specific antigen levels; however, a novel association was also drawn between 5ARI treatment and increased c-FOS expression. CONCLUSIONS This study provides molecular evidence that a network of pro-inflammatory activating protein-1 transcription factors and associated chemokines are highly enriched in symptomatic prostate disease, a profile that molecularly categorizes with many other chronic autoimmune diseases. Because 5ARI treatment was associated with increased c-FOS expression, future studies should explore whether increased activating protein-1 proteins are causal factors in the development of symptomatic prostate disease, inflammation or resistance to traditional hormonal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opal Lin-Tsai
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Peter E. Clark
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nicole L. Miller
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jay H. Fowke
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Omar Hameed
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Douglas W. Strand
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Correspondence to: Douglas W. Strand, Department of Urologic Surgery, A-1302 Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2765.
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465
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Elevated systemic expression of ER stress related genes is associated with stress-related mental disorders in the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 43:62-70. [PMID: 24703171 PMCID: PMC4106129 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in mental illness is not well understood. Human studies and animal models of depression show elevated brain ER stress response. In addition, some ER stress associated disorders (e.g. cardiovascular disease) show higher rates of depression compared to the general population, raising the possibility that ER stress response contributes to depression risk. It remains unknown, however, if ER stress response is present among individuals suffering from other stress-related mental illness, and whether such a response would be evident in a non-clinical sample. This study tests for systemic changes in ER stress response associated with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among community-dwelling individuals. METHODS We analyzed expression of BiP, EDEM1, CHOP, and XBP1, the major indicators of ER stress response, with real-time PCR in leukocyte-derived RNA samples from 86 participants of the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study. Participants were selected based on the presence of either past year MDD or past year PTSD; controls were age and sex matched. RESULTS Relative to controls, MDD is associated with a 1.34-fold increase in BiP (P=0.004), 1.35-fold increase in EDEM1 (P=0.001), 1.68-fold increase in CHOP (P=0.002), and 1.60-fold increase in XBP1 (P=0.004). These results remained significant after correction for multiple testing. In contrast, PTSD is associated with a 1.27-fold increase in EDEM1 expression only (P=0.027), a result that is attenuated to non-significance following adjustment for multiple testing; however, a subsample of participants with past month PTSD showed elevated expression of BiP and EDEM1 (uncorrected P value 0.049 and 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate systemic and persistent activation of the ER stress response pathway in MDD among community-dwelling individuals. Systemic activation of the ER stress response may also occur in PTSD among persons with more recent symptoms.
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466
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Ozaki CK, Sobieszczyk PS, Ho KJ, McPhee JT, Gravereaux EC. Evidence-based carotid artery-based interventions for stroke risk reduction. Curr Probl Surg 2014; 51:198-242. [PMID: 24767101 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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467
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Awan Z, Genest J. Inflammation modulation and cardiovascular disease prevention. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 22:719-33. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487314529350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques Genest
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Canada
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468
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Schött HF, Luister A, Husche C, Schäfers HJ, Böhm M, Plat J, Lütjohann D, Laufs U, Weingärtner O. The relationships of phytosterols and oxyphytosterols in plasma and aortic valve cusps in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:805-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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469
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Giunzioni I, Bonomo A, Bishop E, Castiglioni S, Corsini A, Bellosta S. Cigarette smoke condensate affects monocyte interaction with endothelium. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:383-90. [PMID: 24747113 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating monocytes adhere to the endothelium and migrate into the intima contributing to atherosclerotic plaque growth. Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, but it is not completely known how it affects monocyte behavior in atherogenesis. METHODS We studied the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on human monocytes (HM) chemotaxis and transmigration through an endothelial cell (EC) monolayer. RESULTS Pre-treatment with CSC caused a decrease in HM chemotaxis and transmigration (-55% and -18% vs control, p < 0.05, respectively), paralleled by a reduced expression of Rac 1 GTPase. On the contrary, direct exposure of both HM and EC to CSC increased (+23% vs control, p < 0.05) HM transmigration, paralleled by a strong stimulation of VCAM1 and ICAM1 expression by ECs, and by a slight increase in monocyte integrin expression. An enhancement of monocyte transmigration was obtained after the exposure of both HM and EC to medium conditioned by HM previously incubated with CSC (+265% vs control, p < 0.001). CSC showed a stimulatory effect on the expression by HM of TLR4, MCP1, IL8, IL1beta, and TNFalfa, which was ablated by pre treatment with PDTC. Incubation with neutralizing antibodies against both MCP1 or IL8 completely abolished the CSC-conditioned medium induced HM transmigration. CONCLUSIONS CSC induces HM to release chemotactic factor(s), which amplify the recruitment and transmigration of inflammatory cells through EC, but CSC may also reduce HM migratory capacity. Therefore, exposure to CSC affects monocyte behavior and interaction with the endothelium, thus potentially facilitating and/or further aggravating the atherogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Giunzioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - A Bonomo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - E Bishop
- British American Tobacco Group Research & Development, Southampton, UK
| | - S Castiglioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - A Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - S Bellosta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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470
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Davis BT, Wang XJ, Rohret JA, Struzynski JT, Merricks EP, Bellinger DA, Rohret FA, Nichols TC, Rogers CS. Targeted disruption of LDLR causes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in Yucatan miniature pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93457. [PMID: 24691380 PMCID: PMC3972179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in engineering the genomes of large animals has spurred increased interest in developing better animal models for diseases where current options are inadequate. Here, we report the creation of Yucatan miniature pigs with targeted disruptions of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene in an effort to provide an improved large animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Yucatan miniature pigs are well established as translational research models because of similarities to humans in physiology, anatomy, genetics, and size. Using recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated gene targeting and somatic cell nuclear transfer, male and female LDLR+/− pigs were generated. Subsequent breeding of heterozygotes produced LDLR−/− pigs. When fed a standard swine diet (low fat, no cholesterol), LDLR+/− pigs exhibited a moderate, but consistent increase in total and LDL cholesterol, while LDLR−/− pigs had considerably elevated levels. This severe hypercholesterolemia in homozygote animals resulted in atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and abdominal aorta that resemble human atherosclerosis. These phenotypes were more severe and developed over a shorter time when fed a diet containing natural sources of fat and cholesterol. LDLR-targeted Yucatan miniature pigs offer several advantages over existing large animal models including size, consistency, availability, and versatility. This new model of cardiovascular disease could be an important resource for developing and testing novel detection and treatment strategies for coronary and aortic atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T. Davis
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Judy A. Rohret
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Elizabeth P. Merricks
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dwight A. Bellinger
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Frank A. Rohret
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Nichols
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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471
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Ding R, Gao W, He Z, Liao M, Wu F, Zou S, Ma L, Liang C, Wu Z. Effect of serum interleukin 21 on the development of coronary artery disease. APMIS 2014; 122:842-7. [PMID: 24673562 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been more and more evidence to confirm the essential role of inflammatory processes in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Interleukin-21 (IL-21), the most recently discovered CD132-dependent cytokine, plays a key role in regulating inflammation. The aim of the study was to understand the effect of peripheral IL-21 on the pathogenesis and progression of CAD. Serum level of IL-21 in 92 CAD patients and 73 controls was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data showed that IL-21 expression was significantly increased in CAD than in controls (p < 0.001). Interestingly, when comparing IL-21 level with different genders, male subjects revealed higher IL-21 than female subjects (p = 0.024). Also, we observed that patients with hypertension had upregulated level of serum IL-21 (p = 0.002). Moreover, serum level of IL-21 was positively correlated with total cholesterol level (p = 0.015) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.0009) of CAD cases. In addition, we analyzed IL-21 level with the severity of CAD, and identified that cases with 3-vessel affected had significantly elevated level of IL-21 than those with 1-vessel or 2-vessel affected. These data suggested that serum level of IL-21 may be closely associated with the development and progression of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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472
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Örbom A, Jansson B, Schiopu A, Evans-Axelsson S, Nilsson J, Fredrikson GN, Strand SE. Multi-radionuclide digital autoradiography of the intra-aortic atherosclerotic plaques using a monoclonal antibody targeting oxidized low-density lipoprotein. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 4:172-80. [PMID: 24753983 PMCID: PMC3992210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use multi-radionuclide autoradiography to compare the different distributions of three radiolabelled tracers in an atherosclerotic mouse model. This method, along with immunohistochemistry, was applied to investigate the intra-aortic distribution of 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG), (131)I/(125)I labeled anti-oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL), and non-binding control antibodies. Aortas were isolated from a total of 12 apoB-100/LDL receptor deficient mice 73 h post injection of radioiodine-labeled anti-oxLDL and control antibody and 1 h post injection of (18)F-FDG. A solid-state real-time digital autoradiography system was used to image the slide mounted aortas. Contributions from each radionuclide were separated by half-life and emission energy and the aortas were subsequently stained with Oil Red O for plaque to aorta contrast ratios. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect anti-oxLDL and control antibody localization. Radiolabeled anti-oxLDL showed increased total activity uptake in the aorta over control antibody and immunohistochemical analysis of plaques indicated increased binding of the specific antibody compared to control. The intra-aortic activity distribution of the anti-oxLDL antibody was however very similar to that of the control antibody although both had higher atherosclerotic plaques to aorta wall ratios than (18)F-FDG. Given the right choice of radionuclides, multi-radionuclide digital autoradiography can be employed to compare several tracers ex vivo in the same animal. The distribution of anti-oxLDL antibodies did not significantly differ from the control antibody but it did appear to have a better plaque to aorta contrast at 73 h post injection than (18)F-FDG at 1 h post injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Örbom
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | | | - Alexandru Schiopu
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund UniversitySweden,Cardiology Clinic, Skåne University Hospital MalmöSweden
| | - Susan Evans-Axelsson
- Division of Urological Cancers, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund UniversityMalmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund UniversitySweden
| | - Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund UniversitySweden
| | - Sven-Erik Strand
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
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473
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Li X, Deroide N, Mallat Z. The role of the inflammasome in cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:307-19. [PMID: 24638861 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasome is a very important signaling platform sensing a variety of triggers of the innate immune system. Inflammasome promotes the production of important pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18. Tight control of inflammasome activity is, therefore, essential and occurs at multiple levels. The activation of inflammasome pathways is linked to the pathogenesis of various prevalent disorders including cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, ischemic injury, cardiomyopathy, and Kawasaki disease. The study of the inflammasome in the cardiovascular system has led to the identification of important triggers and endogenous modulators, and to the exploration of new treatment strategies based on the inhibition of inflammasome activation or its end products, i.e., IL-1β and IL-18. In summary, the discovery of the inflammasome has greatly advanced our understanding of how the innate immune system interferes with cardiovascular disease development and progression, and targeting inflammasome provides new avenues for the treatment and management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
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474
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Marino F, Maresca AM, Castiglioni L, Cosentino M, Maio RC, Schembri L, Klersy C, Mongiardi C, Robustelli Test L, Grandi AM, Guasti L. Simvastatin down-regulates the production of interleukin-8 by neutrophil leukocytes from dyslipidemic patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:37. [PMID: 24629144 PMCID: PMC3995542 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil (PMN) leukocytes participate to the initial phases of atherosclerosis through the release of Interleukin 8 (CxCL8; IL-8) that contribute to amplification of inflammation. Aim of the study is to investigate the production of IL-8 by PMN leukocytes from dyslipidemic patients treated with simvastatin. METHODS In 15 dyslipidemic subjects with moderately increased cardiovascular risk, assessed by Framingham Risk Score, blood samples were obtain to investigate PMNs IL-8 production [at baseline and after N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) stimulation] before and after long-term (1-year) simvastatin treatment. RESULTS The resting release of IL-8 was higher in dyslipidemic patients at baseline when compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). One year of treatment was significantly associated with reduced IL-8 production (p < 0.01). Moreover, the fMLP-induced IL-8 production in dyslipidemic untreated patients was higher than that of controls (p < 0.05) and was reduced after simvastatin treatment (p < 0.01). IL-8 release after 1 year of treatment was reduced to levels which were lower than those observed in control subjects both for resting and stimulated cytokine production (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged treatment with simvastatin is associated with a reduction of IL-8 production, suggesting the possibility of statin to modulate the pro-inflammatory response in PMNs of patients with moderately increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Maria Maresca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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475
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Taghavie-Moghadam PL, Butcher MJ, Galkina EV. The dynamic lives of macrophage and dendritic cell subsets in atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1319:19-37. [PMID: 24628328 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major pathological process through which arterial plaques are formed, is a dynamic chronic inflammatory disease of large- and medium-sized arteries in which the vasculature, lipid metabolism, and the immune system all play integral roles. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis but myeloid cells represent the major component of the burgeoning atherosclerotic plaque. Various myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages (MΦs), and dendritic cells (DCs) can be found within the healthy and atherosclerotic arterial wall, where they can contribute to or regulate inflammation. However, the precise behaviors and functions of these cells in situ are still active areas of investigation that continue to yield exciting and surprising new data. Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the complex biology of MΦs and DCs, focusing particularly on the dynamic regulation of these subsets in the arterial wall and novel, emerging functions of these cells during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parésa L Taghavie-Moghadam
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
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476
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Abstract
Despite their small size and anucleate status, platelets have diverse roles in vascular biology. Not only are platelets the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but platelets are also immune cells that initiate and accelerate many vascular inflammatory conditions. Platelets are linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, malaria infection, transplant rejection, and rheumatoid arthritis. In some contexts, platelet immune functions are protective, whereas in others platelets contribute to adverse inflammatory outcomes. In this review, we will discuss platelet and platelet-derived mediator interactions with the innate and acquired arms of the immune system and platelet-vessel wall interactions that drive inflammatory disease. There have been many recent publications indicating both important protective and adverse roles for platelets in infectious disease. Because of this new accumulating data, and the fact that infectious disease continues to be a leading cause of death globally, we will also focus on new and emerging concepts related to platelet immune and inflammatory functions in the context of infectious disease.
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477
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Zufferey A, Schvartz D, Nolli S, Reny JL, Sanchez JC, Fontana P. Characterization of the platelet granule proteome: evidence of the presence of MHC1 in alpha-granules. J Proteomics 2014; 101:130-40. [PMID: 24549006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the present study, we performed an extensive qualitative characterization of the platelet granule proteome using subcellular fractionation followed by mass spectrometry analysis and functional annotation. Eight-hundred-and-twenty-seven proteins were identified, most of them being associated to granules and to the granule's secretory machinery. Functional pathway analysis revealed 30 pathways, including the major histocompatibility complex class 1 (MHC I) presenting antigen pathway. This pathway was of particular interest for its potential interrelation between platelets and the immune system. Key proteins belonging to this metabolic route such as β-2-microglobulin, 26S protease regulatory subunit 10B from the proteasome and proteins 1 and 2 of the transporter associated with antigen processing were shown to co-localize with von Willebrand factor in resting platelets and to be located on the plasma membrane when platelets were activated. Key proteins of the MHC1 antigen-presenting pathway are located in platelet alpha-granules. These results suggest a possible functional role of platelet granules in platelet-related immune modulation. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we described the largest dataset related to platelet granule proteins. We performed a functional pathway analysis that evidenced several expected granule-related pathways. We also highlighted the "Antigen processing and presentation" pathway that has drawn our attention. Using immunofluorescence technique, we confirmed the presence of several key proteins for antigen presentation in platelet granules. This study suggests a putative functional role of MHC1 and platelet granules in the immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Zufferey
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Department of Medical Specialisations, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domitille Schvartz
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Séverine Nolli
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Department of Medical Specialisations, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Reny
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Department of Medical Specialisations, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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478
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Du F, Yu F, Wang Y, Hui Y, Carnevale K, Fu M, Lu H, Fan D. MicroRNA-155 deficiency results in decreased macrophage inflammation and attenuated atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:759-67. [PMID: 24504735 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE microRNA-155 (miR155) plays a critical role in immunity and macrophage inflammation. We aim to investigate the role of miR155 in atherogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that miR155 was expressed in mouse and human atherosclerotic lesions. miR155 expression in macrophages was correlated positively with proinflammatory cytokine expression. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of miR155 in macrophages enhanced their inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide through targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 and impaired cholesterol efflux from acetylated low-density lipoprotein-loaded macrophages, whereas deficiency of miR155 blunted macrophage inflammatory responses and enhanced cholesterol efflux possibly via enhancing lipid loading-induced macrophage autophagy. We next examined the atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) and miR155(-/-)/apoE(-/-) (double knockout) mice fed a Western diet. Compared with apoE(-/-) mice, the double knockout mice developed less atherosclerosis lesion in aortic root, with reduced neutral lipid content and macrophages. Flow cytometric analysis showed that there were increased number of regulatory T cells and reduced numbers of Th17 cells and CD11b+/Ly6C(high) cells in the spleen of double knockout mice. Peritoneal macrophages from the double knockout mice had significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression and secretion both in the absence and presence of lipopolysaccharide stimulation. To determine whether miR155 in leukocytes contributes to atherosclerosis, we performed a bone marrow transplantation study. Deficiency of miR155 in bone marrow-derived cells suppressed atherogenesis in apoE(-/-) mice, demonstrating that hematopoietic cell-derived miR155 plays a critical role. CONCLUSIONS miR155 deficiency attenuates atherogenesis in apoE(-/-) mice by reducing inflammatory responses of macrophages, enhancing macrophage cholesterol efflux and resulting in an antiatherogenic leukocyte profile. Targeting miR155 may be a promising strategy to halt atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Du
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China (F.D.); the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (F.D., F.Y., Y.W., Y.H, H.L., D.F.) and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.C.), University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China (F.Y.); and Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Shock/Trauma Research Center, University of Missouri, Kansas City (M.F.)
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479
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno P.J. de Winther
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.P.J.d.W., E.L.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany (E.L.)
| | - Esther Lutgens
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.P.J.d.W., E.L.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany (E.L.)
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480
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Hong YJ, Cho YN, Kim TJ, Jin HM, Kim MJ, Jung HJ, Kang JH, Lee SJ, Park KJ, Kim N, Kee SJ, Park YW. Functional deficiency of natural killer cells in acute coronary syndrome is related to ineffective degranulation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:613-5. [PMID: 24507742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nan Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jong Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Ju Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Kang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ji Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Wook Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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481
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Koulis C, Chen YC, Hausding C, Ahrens I, Kyaw TS, Tay C, Allen T, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Sweet MJ, Akira S, Bobik A, Peter K, Agrotis A. Protective role for Toll-like receptor-9 in the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:516-25. [PMID: 24436372 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is driven by inflammatory reactions that are shared with the innate immune system. Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system that is currently under clinical investigation as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated whether TLR9 has a role in the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Newly generated double-knockout ApoE(-/-):TLR9(-/-) mice and control ApoE(-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet from 8 weeks and effects on lesion size, cellular composition, inflammatory status, and plasma lipids were assessed after 8, 12, 15, and 20 weeks. All 4 time points demonstrated exacerbated atherosclerotic lesion severity in ApoE(-/-):TLR9(-/-) mice, with a corresponding increase in lipid deposition and accumulation of macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD4(+) T cells. Although ApoE(-/-):TLR9(-/-) mice exhibited an increase in plasma very low-density lipoprotein/low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, the very low-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein:high-density lipoprotein ratio was unaltered because of a parallel increase in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. As a potential mechanism accounting for plaque progression in ApoE(-/-):TLR9(-/-) mice, CD4(+) T-cell accumulation was further investigated and depletion of these cells in ApoE(-/-):TLR9(-/-) mice significantly reduced lesion severity. As a final translational approach, administration of a TLR9 agonist (type B CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1668) to ApoE(-/-) mice resulted in a reduction of lesion severity. CONCLUSIONS Genetic deletion of the innate immune receptor TLR9 exacerbated atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet. CD4(+) T cells were identified as potential mediators of this effect. A type B CpG oligodeoxynucleotide TLR9 agonist reduced lesion severity, thus identifying a novel therapeutic approach in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Koulis
- From the Department of Cell Biology & Atherosclerosis (C.K., Y.C.C., C.H., I.A., T.S.K., C.T., A.B., K.P., A.A.) and Department of Diabetic Complications (C.K., T.A., K.J.-D.), Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Centre Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany (I.A.); Molecular Cell Biology Division, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (M.J.S.); Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (S.A.); and Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.B., K.P., A.A.)
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482
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Lim H, Kim YU, Sun H, Lee JH, Reynolds JM, Hanabuchi S, Wu H, Teng BB, Chung Y. Proatherogenic conditions promote autoimmune T helper 17 cell responses in vivo. Immunity 2014; 40:153-65. [PMID: 24412615 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with systemic autoimmune diseases show increased incidence of atherosclerosis. However, the contribution of proatherogenic factors to autoimmunity remains unclear. We found that atherogenic mice (herein referred to as LDb mice) exhibited increased serum interleukin-17, which was associated with increased numbers of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in secondary lymphoid organs. The environment within LDb mice was substantially favorable for Th17 cell polarization of autoreactive T cells during homeostatic proliferation, which was considerably inhibited by antibodies directed against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Moreover, the uptake of oxLDL induced dendritic-cell-mediated Th17 cell polarization by triggering IL-6 production in a process dependent on TLR4, CD36, and MyD88. Furthermore, self-reactive CD4(+) T cells that expanded in the presence of oxLDL induced more profound experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These findings demonstrate that proatherogenic factors promote the polarization and inflammatory function of autoimmune Th17 cells, which could be critical for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other related autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyong Lim
- Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Young Uk Kim
- Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hua Sun
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joyce H Lee
- Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph M Reynolds
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Shino Hanabuchi
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ba-Bie Teng
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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483
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Janssen CI, Kiliaan AJ. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from genesis to senescence: The influence of LCPUFA on neural development, aging, and neurodegeneration. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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484
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Carbone F, Montecucco F. The role of the intraplaque vitamin d system in atherogenesis. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:620504. [PMID: 24459602 PMCID: PMC3888771 DOI: 10.1155/2013/620504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has been shown to play critical activities in several physiological pathways not involving the calcium/phosphorus homeostasis. The ubiquitous distribution of the vitamin D receptor that is expressed in a variety of human and mouse tissues has strongly supported research on these "nonclassical" activities of vitamin D. On the other hand, the recent discovery of the expression also for vitamin D-related enzymes (such as 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 α -hydroxylase and the catabolic enzyme 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase) in several tissues suggested that the vitamin D system is more complex than previously shown and it may act within tissues through autocrine and paracrine pathways. This updated model of vitamin D axis within peripheral tissues has been particularly investigated in atherosclerotic pathophysiology. This review aims at updating the role of the local vitamin D within atherosclerotic plaques, providing an overview of both intracellular mechanisms and cell-to-cell interactions. In addition, clinical findings about the potential causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and atherogenesis will be analysed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Cardiology Division, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Geneva, 64, Avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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485
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Fredman
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology (M.S.), Diabetes and Obesity Center (M.S.), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (G.F.)
| | - Matthew Spite
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology (M.S.), Diabetes and Obesity Center (M.S.), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (G.F.)
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486
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Morris-Rosenfeld S, Lipinski MJ, McNamara CA. Understanding the role of B cells in atherosclerosis: potential clinical implications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 10:77-89. [PMID: 24308836 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.857602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory disease of the medium to large arteries that is the largest contributor to cardiovascular disease. B-cell subsets have been shown in animal models of atherosclerosis to have both atherogenic and atheroprotective properties. In this review, we highlight the research that developed our understanding of the role of B cells in atherosclerosis both in humans and mice. From this we discuss the potential clinical impact B cells could have both as diagnostic biomarkers and as targets for immunotherapy. Finally, we recognize the inherent difficulty in translating findings from animal models into humans given the differences in both cardiovascular disease and the immune system between mice and humans, making the case for greater efforts at addressing the role of B cells in human atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Morris-Rosenfeld
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA and Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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487
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New therapeutic targets for calcific aortic valve stenosis: the lipoprotein(a)-lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2-oxidized phospholipid axis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 63:478-80. [PMID: 24161316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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488
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Buch SJ. Cannabinoid receptor 2 activation: a means to prevent monocyte-endothelium engagement. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1375-1377. [PMID: 24055258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This Commentary highlights the article by Rom et al which shows that selective cannabinoid receptor 2 activation in leukocytes decreases key steps in monocyte-blood brain barrier engagement suppressing inflammatory leukocyte responses and preventing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa J Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
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489
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HDL cholesterol in cardiovascular diseases: the good, the bad, and the ugly? Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3157-9. [PMID: 23962777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries. HDL-raising therapeutic modalities (such as cholesterol ester transferase protein (CETP) inhibitors) are being developed to combat these diseases. However, recent setback of two CETP inhibitors (Torcetrapib and Dalcetrapib) has highlighted the importance of measuring qualitative functionality of HDL particles, rather than focusing quantitatively on HDL cholesterol serum concentrations. It has been known that, HDL from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (i.e., HDL(CAD)) limits the anti-inflammatory and endothelial repair properties of normal HDL, due to the activation of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), thereby causing failure in endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production. A more recent study (Immunity 2013; 38: 754-768) also demonstrates that HDL from patients with chronic kidney dysfunction (CKD) (i.e., HDL(CKD)), unlike its healthy counterpart (i.e., HDL(Healthy)), promotes superoxide production, reduces NO bioavailability and raises blood pressure via toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) activation. This study provides novel insights into understanding why HDL-raising agents failed to demonstrate beneficial effects on cardiovascular mortality in large clinical trials and why CKD accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in CAD patients. Further research is warranted to elucidate whether HDL(CKD) and HDL(CAD) participate in other cellular processes in atherosclerosis, such as foam cell formation, the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, and most importantly, plaque destabilization.
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