451
|
Gitelman SE, Kobrin MS, Ye JQ, Lopez AR, Lee A, Derynck R. Recombinant Vgr-1/BMP-6-expressing tumors induce fibrosis and endochondral bone formation in vivo. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1994; 126:1595-609. [PMID: 8089189 PMCID: PMC2290953 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.126.6.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the TGF-beta superfamily appear to modulate mesenchymal differentiation, including the processes of cartilage and bone formation. Nothing is yet known about the function of the TGF-beta-related factor vgr-1, also called bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6), and only limited studies have been conducted on the most closely related factors BMP-5, osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) or BMP-7, and OP-2. Because vgr-1 mRNA has been localized in hypertrophic cartilage, this factor may play a vital role in endochondral bone formation. We developed antibodies to vgr-1, and documented that vgr-1 protein was expressed in hypertrophic cartilage of mice. To further characterize the role of this protein in bone differentiation, we generated CHO cells that overexpressed recombinant murine vgr-1 protein. Western blot analysis documented that recombinant vgr-1 protein was secreted into the media and was proteolytically processed to yield the mature vgr-1 molecule. To assess the biological activity of recombinant vgr-1 in vivo, we introduced the vgr-1-expressing CHO cells directly into the subcutaneous tissue of athymic nude mice. CHO-vgr-1 cells produced localized tumors, and the continuous secretion of vgr-1 resulted in tumors with a strikingly different gross and histological appearance as compared to the parental CHO cells. The tumors of control CHO cells were hemorrhagic, necrotic, and friable, whereas the CHO-vgr-1 tumors were dense, firm, and fibrotic. In contrast with control CHO tumors, the nests of CHO-vgr-1 tumor cells were surrounded by extensive connective tissue, which contained large regions of cartilage and bone. Further analysis indicated that secretion of vgr-1 from the transfected CHO tumor cells induced the surrounding host mesenchymal cells to develop along the endochondral bone pathway. These findings suggest that endochondral bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Gitelman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco 94143
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
452
|
Affiliation(s)
- P Lemaire
- Wellcome/CRC Institute, Cambridge, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
453
|
Serra R, Pelton RW, Moses HL. TGF beta 1 inhibits branching morphogenesis and N-myc expression in lung bud organ cultures. Development 1994; 120:2153-61. [PMID: 7523056 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120.8.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung buds isolated from 11.5 days post coitum mouse embryos survive and undergo branching morphogenesis in culture. This organ culture system was used to examine the role of TGF beta 1 and N-myc expression in lung branching morphogenesis. By 24 hours, TGF beta 1 reversibly inhibited branching morphogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner. N-myc is known to be expressed during embryonic development in epithelial cells involved in branching morphogenesis and homozygous null N-myc mice have defects in lung development. In the present study, TGF beta 1 was shown to inhibit the steady-state level of N-myc RNA 3- to 4-fold at 14 and 48 hours of treatment as measured by northern blot and RNase protection analysis. Suppression of N-myc expression in epithelium was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Since inhibition of N-myc occurred prior to the observed changes in morphology and previous genetic studies have demonstrated and important role for N-myc in lung development, a model is proposed in which TGF beta 1 inhibits tracheobronchial development by inhibiting expression of N-myc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Serra
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2175
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
454
|
Abstract
Embryonic induction is the process by which signals from one cell population change the developmental fate of another. Polypeptides related to growth factors are one group of molecules mediating many inductive events. Recent data on the embryonic expression and function of signaling proteins related to transforming growth factor beta, in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems, have shown that these molecules play important roles in both pattern formation and tissue specification during embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Wall
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37209
| | | |
Collapse
|
455
|
Abstract
Increasing numbers of transgenic mouse lines have resulted in several dozens of mutants created by insertional mutagenesis. The advantages of different vector systems and the problems associated with the analysis of mutations and the cloning of the affected genes are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Rijkers
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
456
|
Abstract
Initiation of osteogenesis and cementogenesis is a problem central to periodontal regeneration. A major advance in the understanding of bone formation has been the identification of an entirely new family of protein initiators, the bone morphogenetic proteins, that regulate cartilage and bone differentiation in vivo. The purification, genetic cloning and expression of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have laid the foundation for the cellular and molecular dissection of bone development and regeneration. The striking evolutionary conservation of the BMP genes indicates that they are critical in the normal development and function of animals. In addition to postfetal osteogenesis, the BMPs may play multiple roles in embryonic development and organogenesis, including skeletogenesis and the development of craniofacial and dental tissues. The availability of recombinant human BMPs provides several challenges and opportunities to gain insights into the mechanisms regulating the regeneration of bone and cementum for optimal outcome in the periodontal patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Ripamonti
- Medical Research Council/University of the Witwatersrand, Dental Research Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
457
|
Conlon FL, Lyons KM, Takaesu N, Barth KS, Kispert A, Herrmann B, Robertson EJ. A primary requirement for nodal in the formation and maintenance of the primitive streak in the mouse. Development 1994; 120:1919-28. [PMID: 7924997 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120.7.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 413.d insertional mutation arrests mouse development shortly after gastrulation. nodal, a novel TGF beta-related gene, is closely associated with the locus. The present study provides direct evidence that the proviral insertion causes a loss of function mutation. nodal RNA is initially detected at day 5.5 in the primitive ectoderm. Concomitant with gastrulation, expression becomes restricted to the proximal posterior regions of the embryonic ectoderm. nodal RNA is also expressed in the primitive endoderm overlying the primitive streak. A few hours later, expression is strictly confined to the periphery of the mature node. Interestingly 413.d mutant embryos show no morphological evidence for the formation of a primitive streak. Nonetheless, about 25% of mutant embryos do form randomly positioned patches of cells of a posterior mesodermal character. Data presented in this report demonstrate the involvement of a TGF beta-related molecule in axis formation in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F L Conlon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
458
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Streit
- Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10035
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
459
|
Skonier J, Bennett K, Rothwell V, Kosowski S, Plowman G, Wallace P, Edelhoff S, Disteche C, Neubauer M, Marquardt H. beta ig-h3: a transforming growth factor-beta-responsive gene encoding a secreted protein that inhibits cell attachment in vitro and suppresses the growth of CHO cells in nude mice. DNA Cell Biol 1994; 13:571-84. [PMID: 8024701 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1994.13.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
beta ig-h3 is a novel gene first discovered by differential screening of a cDNA library made from A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells treated with transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). It encodes a 683-amino-acid protein containing a secretory signal sequence and four homologous internal domains. Here we show that treatment of several types of cells, including human melanoma cells, human mammary epithelial cells, human keratinocytes, and human fibroblasts, with TGF-beta resulted in a significant increase in beta ig-h3 RNA. A portion of the beta ig-h3 coding sequence was expressed in bacteria, and antisera against the bacterially produced protein was raised in rabbits. This antisera was used to demonstrate that several cell lines secreted a 68-kD beta IG-H3 protein after treatment with TGF-beta. Transfection of beta IG-H3 expression plasmids into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells led to a marked decrease in the ability of these cells to form tumors in nude mice. The beta IG-H3 protein was purified from media conditioned by recombinant CHO cells, characterized by immunoblotting and protein sequencing and shown to function in an anti-adhesion assay in that it inhibited the attachment of A549, HeLa, and WI-38 cells to plastic in serum-free media. Sequencing of cDNA clones encoding murine beta ig-H3 indicated 90.6% conservation at the amino acid level between the murine and human proteins. Finally, the beta ig-h3 gene was localized to human chromosome 5q31, a region frequently deleted in preleukemic myelodysplasia and leukemia. The corresponding mouse beta ig-h3 gene was mapped to mouse chromosome 13 region B to C1, which confirms a region of conservation on human chromosome 5 and mouse chromosome 13. We suggest that this protein be named p68 beta ig-h3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Skonier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute Seattle, WA 98121
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
460
|
Incerti B, Dong J, Borsani G, Matzuk MM. Structure of the mouse growth/differentiation factor 9 gene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1222:125-8. [PMID: 8186260 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Using a mouse GDF-9 cDNA as a probe, over 20 kb of sequence encompassing the GDF-9 gene was isolated from a mouse 129SvEv genomic library. Sequence analysis of the exons, exon-intron boundaries, and 5'- and 3'-non-translated regions was used to establish the structure of the mouse GDF-9 gene. The GDF-9 gene is encoded by two exons separated by a 2.9 kb intron. Multiple putative transcription start sites are detected between 31 and 57 bp upstream of the start site of translation and a putative polyadenylation signal lies 342 bp 3' of the end of translation. Knowledge of the GDF-9 gene structure will enable us to further understand the role of GDF-9 in ovarian physiology and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Incerti
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
461
|
Sanders EJ, Hu N, Wride MA. Expression of TGF beta 1/beta 3 during early chick embryo development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1994; 238:397-406. [PMID: 8179221 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092380314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have used an antibody against a TGF beta peptide fragment to localize this growth factor in the early chick embryo from laying to the ten-somite stage of development. Western blotting showed that the antibody reacted with both mammalian TGF beta 1 and chicken TGF beta 3. By immunocytochemistry we find that at the earliest developmental stage (stage X of Eyal-Giladi and Kochav) immunoreactivity to this antibody is primarily located in the cells of the area opaca and marginal zone, as well as in the most peripheral edge cells of the blastoderm. The yolk is non-reactive, except in a highly localized region subjacent to the edge cells. This pattern persists at stage XII, and at both stages individual isolated cells in the epiblast and hypoblast are also reactive. By the time of gastrulation, reactivity in the epiblast is polarized to the ventral extremity of the cells, and again some isolated cells in this layer are intensely immunoreactive. At this stage also, the endoderm cells, particularly those underlying the primitive streak, are positive, as are the mesoderm cells lateral to the streak. At somite stages, the neuroepithelium is not reactive but the ectoderm lateral to it is strongly positive. At the caudal primitive streak levels of early somite embryos, the ectoderm and endoderm are immunoreactive while the mesoderm loses the reactivity it showed at the early gastrulation stages. The neuroepithelial cells later show reactivity at their apical poles, and, as at the earlier stages, individual cells show intense labelling. These results indicate that TGF beta 1 and/or TGF beta 3 immunoreactivity is developmentally regulated from very early stages of morphogenesis in the chick, and together with data from earlier functional studies, suggest that this factor has roles in embryonic axis formation and in blastoderm expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Sanders
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
462
|
Heikinheimo K. Stage-specific expression of decapentaplegic-Vg-related genes 2, 4, and 6 (bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4, and 6) during human tooth morphogenesis. J Dent Res 1994; 73:590-7. [PMID: 8163729 DOI: 10.1177/00220345940730030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the decapentaplegic-Vg-related (DVR) gene family are diffusible signaling molecules regulating inductive tissue interactions during vertebrate development. Expression of DVR/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2, 4, and 6 was studied in human fetal teeth. Sequential morphogenetic stage-specific studies of DVR/BMP 2 and 4 mRNA expression by in situ hybridization revealed transcripts for DVR/BMP 4 during compaction of the dental mesenchyme. In contrast, DVR/BMP 2 mRNA appeared later during tooth development and was located in differentiated cells (odontoblasts). These results were confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which detected DVR/BMP 2 and 4 mRNA in human tooth-germ samples. DVR/BMP 6 protein was distributed in the early dental epithelium and, later, in pre-odontoblasts and odontoblasts, where it remained during dentin formation. These results suggest that DVR/BMP 4 is involved in the early tooth morphogenesis. DVR/BMP 6 may, in particular, be implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions controlling cytodifferentiation. DVR/BMP 2 and 6 may also be involved in odontoblast secretory function. The results suggest that members of the DVR gene family may play regulatory roles during human tooth development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Heikinheimo
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
463
|
|
464
|
Vassalli A, Matzuk MM, Gardner HA, Lee KF, Jaenisch R. Activin/inhibin beta B subunit gene disruption leads to defects in eyelid development and female reproduction. Genes Dev 1994; 8:414-27. [PMID: 8125256 DOI: 10.1101/gad.8.4.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhibins and activins are dimeric growth factors of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, a class of peptides that can regulate the growth and differentiation of a variety of cell types. Recently, activins have been implicated in early vertebrate development through their ability to evoke, in Xenopus embryo explants, both morphological and molecular changes characteristic of mesoderm induction. To understand these processes further, we have used homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to create mouse strains carrying mutations in the gene encoding the activin/inhibin beta B subunit. These mice are expected to be deficient in activin B (beta B:beta B), activin AB (beta A:beta B), and inhibin B (alpha:beta B). Viable mutant animals were generated, indicating that the beta B subunit is not essential for mesoderm formation in the mouse. Mutant animals suffered, however, from distinct developmental and reproductive defects. An apparent failure of eyelid fusion during late embryonic development led to eye lesions in mutant animals. Whereas beta B-deficient males bred normally, mutant females manifested a profoundly impaired reproductive ability, characterized by perinatal lethality of their offspring. The phenotype of mutant mice suggests that activin beta B (1) plays a role in late fetal development and (2) is critical for female fecundity. In addition, we have found that expression of the related beta A subunit of activin is highly upregulated in ovaries of mutant females. Altered regulation of beta A activin in beta B-deficient mice may contribute to the mutant phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Vassalli
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
465
|
DeGregori J, Russ A, von Melchner H, Rayburn H, Priyaranjan P, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Ruley HE. A murine homolog of the yeast RNA1 gene is required for postimplantation development. Genes Dev 1994; 8:265-76. [PMID: 8314081 DOI: 10.1101/gad.8.3.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A gene has been characterized that is required for postimplantation mouse development. The gene, designated fug1, was disrupted in embryonic stem cells by the U3Neo gene trap retrovirus, and the disrupted allele was introduced into the germ line. Homozygous mutant embryos arrest at the egg cylinder stage at about embryonic day 6 and are mostly resorbed by day 8.5. The appearance of the proamniotic cavity is delayed, and epiblast cells that surround the cavity are disorganized. fug1 transcripts are undetectable at E6 but are induced throughout the embryo after E6.5. The gene is expressed at low levels in all adult tissues examined, maps to chromosome 15, and is conserved among mammals. The cDNA sequence encodes a protein of 589 amino acids, the first 400 of which are 38% identical to the Saccaromyces cerevisiae RNA1 gene. Regions of greatest similarity include a long acidic domain and 11 leucine-rich motifs, thought to mediate high affinity protein-protein interactions. These similarities suggest that Fug1 may be required for developmental changes in RNA processing or chromatin structure prior to gastrulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J DeGregori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
466
|
ten Dijke P, Franzén P, Yamashita H, Ichijo H, Heldin CH, Miyazono K. Serine/threonine kinase receptors. PROGRESS IN GROWTH FACTOR RESEARCH 1994; 5:55-72. [PMID: 8199354 DOI: 10.1016/0955-2235(94)90017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new family of transmembrane receptors that contain intracellular serine/threonine kinase domains is emerging. Ligands for this class of receptors include members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, e.g. TGF-beta s and activins. TGF-beta s exert their effects on target cells via formation of heteromeric serine/threonine kinase complexes (TGF-beta type I and type II receptors). Other components, i.e. TGF-beta type III receptor and endoglin, appear to have more indirect roles, e.g. to present ligands to the signalling receptors. Given the structural similarity between members of the TGF-beta superfamily, other ligands in this family may act through structurally and functionally similar serine/threonine kinase receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P ten Dijke
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
467
|
Savagner P, Boyer B, Valles AM, Jouanneau J, Thiery JP. Modulations of the epithelial phenotype during embryogenesis and cancer progression. Cancer Treat Res 1994; 71:229-249. [PMID: 7946950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2592-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Savagner
- Laboratoire de Pathophysiologie du Developpement, CNRS-Ecole Normale Supérieur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
468
|
Vidricaire G, Jardine K, McBurney MW. Expression of the Brachyury gene during mesoderm development in differentiating embryonal carcinoma cell cultures. Development 1994; 120:115-22. [PMID: 8119120 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When aggregated and treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), P19 embryonal carcinoma cells differentiate into cell types normally derived from the mesoderm and endoderm including epithelium and cardiac and skeletal muscle. The Brachyury gene is expressed transiently in these differentiating cultures several days before the appearance of markers of the differentiated cell types. The expression of Brachyury is not affected by DMSO but is induced by cell aggregation, which requires extracellular calcium. Expression of Brachyury is also induced by various members of the TGF beta family such as activin and bone morphogenetic proteins. D3 is a mutant clone of P19 cells selected for its failure to differentiate when aggregated in DMSO. Aggregated D3 cells express Brachyury mRNA suggesting that the mutation(s) responsible for the phenotype of D3 cells is downstream of the chain of events initiated by Brachyury expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Vidricaire
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
469
|
Kingsley DM. The TGF-beta superfamily: new members, new receptors, and new genetic tests of function in different organisms. Genes Dev 1994; 8:133-46. [PMID: 8299934 DOI: 10.1101/gad.8.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1509] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Kingsley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, California 94305-5427
| |
Collapse
|
470
|
Takada S, Stark KL, Shea MJ, Vassileva G, McMahon JA, McMahon AP. Wnt-3a regulates somite and tailbud formation in the mouse embryo. Genes Dev 1994; 8:174-89. [PMID: 8299937 DOI: 10.1101/gad.8.2.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian studies have implicated Wnt signaling in the regulation of mesoderm formation, although direct evidence is lacking. We have characterized the expression of 12 mammalian Wnt-genes, identifying three that are expressed during gastrulation. Only one of these, Wnt-3a, is expressed extensively in cells fated to give rise to embryonic mesoderm, at egg cylinder stages. A likely null allele of Wnt-3a was generated by gene targeting. All Wnt-3a-/Wnt-3a- embryos lack caudal somites, have a disrupted notochord, and fail to form a tailbud. Thus, Wnt-3a may regulate dorsal (somitic) mesoderm fate and is required, by late primitive steak stages, for generation of all new embryonic mesoderm. Wnt-3a is also expressed in the dorsal CNS. Mutant embryos show CNS dysmorphology and ectopic expression of a dorsal CNS marker. We suggest that dysmorphology is secondary to the mesodermal and axial defects and that dorsal patterning of the CNS may be regulated by inductive signals arising from surface ectoderm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Takada
- Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Roche Research Center, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
471
|
Burt DW, Law AS. Evolution of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. PROGRESS IN GROWTH FACTOR RESEARCH 1994; 5:99-118. [PMID: 8199356 DOI: 10.1016/0955-2235(94)90020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is the prototype of an increasingly complex superfamily of growth and differentiation factors. To date, a total of 74 TGF-beta-like sequences have been published, probably representing 23 distinct genes. These sequences were obtained from mammalian, avian, amphibian and insect species, thus emphasising the ancient nature of the TGF-beta superfamily peptides. This article summarises current hypotheses concerning the evolutionary history of this protein superfamily, based on the molecular phylogeny of the published sequences. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences leads to the definition of five main groups within the superfamily (TGF-beta, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins [BMP], Anti-Müllerian Hormone [AMH], Inhibin alpha [INH alpha] and GDF-9) and six subgroups within the BMPs (60A, Decapentaplegic [dpp], Vg1, BMP-3, Inhibin beta [INH beta A/B] and nodal). This classification predicts possible phylogenetic and functional relationships among these proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Burt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, AFRC Roslin Institute, Midlothian, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
472
|
The Role of Growth Factors in Mammalian Pregastrulation Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3116(08)60006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
473
|
Pruitt SC. Primitive streak mesoderm-like cell lines expressing Pax-3 and Hox gene autoinducing activities. Development 1994; 120:37-47. [PMID: 7907014 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Differentiating P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells transiently express an endogenous activity capable of inducing Pax-3 expression in adjacent P19 stem cells (Pruitt, Development 116, 573–583, 1992). In the present study, expression of this activity in mesodermal cell lineages is demonstrated. First, expression of the mesodermal marker Brachyury correlates with expression of Pax-3-inducing activity. Second, the ability of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to block mesoderm differentiation at two different points is demonstrated and correlated with the inhibition of Pax-3-inducing activity. Finally, two mesodermal cell lines that express Pax-3-inducing activity were derived from P19 EC cells. Each of these lines expresses high levels of the mesodermal marker Brachyury and high levels of Oct-3/4 (which is down-regulated at early times during mesoderm differentiation) suggesting that these lines are early mesodermal derivatives. Unlike EC or embryonic stem cell lines, each of the two mesodermal derivatives autoinduces Hox gene expression on aggregation even in the presence of LIF. Following aggregation, anterior-specific genes are expressed more rapidly than more posterior genes. These observations directly demonstrate the ability of murine mesodermal derivatives to autoinduce Hox gene expression in the absence of signals from other cell lineages. Similar to the Pax-3-inducing activity, signals from mesodermal cell lines were sufficient to induce HOX expression in adjacent P19 stem cells in cell mixing assays. These observations are consistent with the previous suggestion (Blum, M., Gaunt, S. J., Cho, K. W. Y., Steinbeisser, H., Blumberg, B., Bittner, D. and De Robertis, E. M. (1992) Cell 69, 1097–1106) that signals responsible for anterior-posterior organizer activity are localized to the anterior primitive streak mesoderm of the mouse embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Pruitt
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Buffalo, NY 14263
| |
Collapse
|
474
|
Ma C, Zhou Y, Beachy PA, Moses K. The segment polarity gene hedgehog is required for progression of the morphogenetic furrow in the developing Drosophila eye. Cell 1993; 75:927-38. [PMID: 8252628 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell-type specification in the Drosophila compound eye begins at the morphogenetic furrow. The furrow sweeps across the developing eye epithelium and is coincident with four classes of cellular events: coordinated changes in cell shape, changes in gene expression, synchronization of the cell cycle, and the specification of a regular array of ommatidial founder cells. The molecular mechanisms that induce these events in the developing eye have hitherto been unknown. We identify here a gene specifically required for furrow progression, hedgehog (hh). We show that hh expression posterior to the morphogenetic furrow is continuously required for its progression. We propose that forward diffusion of hh protein induces anterior cells to enter the furrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
475
|
Harris I, Mizrahi L, Ziv T, Thomsen G, Mitrani E. Identification of TGF-?-related genes in the early chick embryo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993; 203:159-163. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00365055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/08/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
476
|
Monaghan AP, Kaestner KH, Grau E, Schütz G. Postimplantation expression patterns indicate a role for the mouse forkhead/HNF-3 alpha, beta and gamma genes in determination of the definitive endoderm, chordamesoderm and neuroectoderm. Development 1993; 119:567-78. [PMID: 8187630 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119.3.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The HNF-3 alpha, beta and gamma genes constitute a family of transcription factors that are required for hepatocyte-specific gene expression of a number of genes, e.g. transthyretin, alpha-1 antitrypsin and tyrosine aminotransferase. These genes share a highly conserved DNA-binding domain first found in the Drosophila gene, forkhead, which is required for the normal patterning of the developing gut and central nervous system in Drosophila. In adult mouse tissues, transcripts from HNF-3 alpha and beta have been localised to the liver, intestine and lung, whereas HNF-3 gamma is found in the liver, intestine and testis. In light of the early developmental significance of forkhead in Drosophila, we have compared the patterns of expression of HNF-3 alpha, beta and gamma mRNAs during murine embryogenesis. We find that these genes are sequentially activated during development in the definitive endoderm. HNF-3 beta mRNA is expressed in the node at the anterior end of the primitive streak in all three germ layers and is the first gene of this family to be activated. Subsequently, HNF-3 alpha is transcribed in the primitive endoderm in the region of the invaginating foregut and HNF-3 gamma appears upon hindgut differentiation. These genes have different anterior boundaries of mRNA expression in the developing endoderm and transcripts are found in all endoderm-derived structures that differentiate posterior to this boundary. Therefore, we propose that these genes define regionalization within the definitive endoderm. Furthermore, differential mRNA expression of HNF-3 alpha and beta is detected in cells of the ventral neural epithelium, chordamesoderm and notochord. In the neural epithelium, expression of HNF-3 alpha and beta mRNA becomes localised to cells of the floor plate. We propose that, in addition to their characterised requirement for liver-specific gene expression, HNF-3 alpha and beta are required for mesoderm and neural axis formation. We also conclude that HNF-3 beta is the true orthologue of the Drosophila forkhead gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Monaghan
- Division Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
477
|
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily comprises a set of regulatory peptides with multiple effects on cell growth and differentiation. The elaborate regulation of TGF-beta s during embryonic development of the heart, the upregulation of TGF-beta after hemodynamic stress, and the impact of TGF-beta on cardiac gene expression together imply a prominent functional role for this family of growth factors in cardiac organogenesis and hypertrophy. Basal and TGF-beta-induced expression of skeletal alpha-actin, one of several genes specifically associated with developing or hypertrophied myocardium, each are contingent on transcriptional activation by serum response factor. A truncated form of the type II TGF-beta receptor, created by deletion of the cytoplasmic kinase domain, acts as a dominant suppressor of TGF-beta signal transduction in cultured cardiac muscle cells and may provide a suitable means to establish the functions of TGF-beta in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W R MacLellan
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex. 77030
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
478
|
Izpisúa-Belmonte JC, De Robertis EM, Storey KG, Stern CD. The homeobox gene goosecoid and the origin of organizer cells in the early chick blastoderm. Cell 1993; 74:645-59. [PMID: 7916659 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90512-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The chick homeobox gene goosecoid (gsc) is first expressed in a barely noticeable cell population near the posterior margin (Koller's sickle) of the unincubated egg. Then it is detected in Hensen's node, traditionally considered the chick organizer. Later, gsc-expressing cells leave the node with the prechordal plate. Fate mapping indicates that these three regions are related by cell lineage, and transplantation experiments suggest that they all have inducing activity. Quail posterior margin and anterior primitive streak grafts (gsc expressing) induce gsc transcription in neighboring chick host cells. We propose that development of the chick organizer starts earlier than previously thought and that gsc marks this changing cell population.
Collapse
|
479
|
Abstract
Vertebrate embryos exhibit a striking midline axis of symmetry that can be recognized in the overall body plan, the framework of skeletal structures and the organization of the nervous system. Cells located at the midline of the embryo during gastrulation have a crucial influence on the establishment of cell identity and pattern within the nervous system. The identification of transcription factors and secreted proteins that are expressed by these midline cell groups has begun to provide a molecular characterization of the organizing centers that establish early neural identity and pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz i Altaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | | |
Collapse
|
480
|
Abstract
Cartilage and bone tissues are rich in different polypeptide factors (growth factors) which participate in the regulation of skeletal development and growth. Parallels between the embryonal endochondral ossification, callus formation during fracture repair, and ectopic bone induction in postnatal life have encouraged scientists to search for common mechanisms underlying these processes. A set of polypeptide factors belonging to the TGF-beta superfamily called the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), have been found to be of fundamental importance both in bone formation and mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in early embryogenesis. Thus, this group of proteins is a common denominator in all the above-mentioned processes involving osteoinduction and there is great potential for their clinical application as bone-inducing factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Elima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
481
|
Beddington RS, Smith JC. Control of vertebrate gastrulation: inducing signals and responding genes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1993; 3:655-61. [PMID: 8241775 DOI: 10.1016/0959-437x(93)90103-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, genes with similar expression patterns in the early gastrulae of several different vertebrate species have been identified. The remarkable conservation of these expression patterns suggests that fundamental similarities exist within the vertebrates at remarkably early stages. It has yet to be established exactly how these genes are activated in the correct spatial patterns and what their functions might be.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Beddington
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
482
|
Abstract
In the past, understanding of the process of gastrulation in the mouse has primarily been based on morphological analyses. Recently, a number of molecules have been implicated in mesoderm induction and axis formation in Xenopus, and several of these exhibit unique patterns of expression during mouse gastrulation. These gene-expression data, together with fate mapping, ectopic expression experiments and mutational analysis, will now facilitate studies on the functional aspects of gastrulation in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Faust
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4955
| | | |
Collapse
|
483
|
Sasaki H, Hogan BL. Differential expression of multiple fork head related genes during gastrulation and axial pattern formation in the mouse embryo. Development 1993; 118:47-59. [PMID: 8375339 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Four genes encoding fork-head-domain-containing proteins (FD genes) have been isolated from a mouse 8.5 days post coitum (p.c.) embryo cDNA library. Two are mouse homologues of rat HNF-3 beta and HNF-3 alpha. The other two are novel and have been named MF-1 and MF-2 (for mesoderm/mesenchyme fork head). Wholemount in situ hybridization of embryos between 6.5 and 9.5 days p. c. shows that each gene has a unique expression pattern. HNF-3 beta is expressed in the node, notochord, floor plate and gut, while HNF-3 alpha is mainly in the definitive endoderm and gut, but also in the floor plate of the midbrain. These results suggest that HNF-3 beta and HNF-3 alpha, in addition to their known functions as transcriptional activators in adult liver, play a role in body axis formation, neural tube patterning and definitive endoderm formation during gastrulation. MF-1 RNA is present in non-notochordal mesoderm, and in neural-crest-derived head mesenchyme, while MF-2 transcripts are found in the sclerotomes of the somites and in head mesenchyme, including that from neural crest. Studies on gastrulation stage embryos suggest that the early temporal and spatial patterns of HNF-3 beta, MF-1 and HNF-3 alpha correlate with populations of cells undergoing commitment to different developmental fates. A model is proposed linking FD gene expression with gastrulation events in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sasaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | | |
Collapse
|
484
|
|