451
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Do VQ, Park KH, Seo YS, Park JM, Kim B, Kim SK, Sung JH, Lee MY. Inhalation exposure to cigarette smoke induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and enhances vascular collagen deposition in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:110988. [PMID: 31759066 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is an acknowledged risk factor for vascular disorders, and vascular complication is a main outcome of diabetes. Hence, we investigated the impact of cigarette smoke on blood vessels in diabetes, postulating that smoking might aggravate diabetic vascular impairment. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, cigarette smoke-exposed, diabetic, and cigarette smoke-exposed diabetic groups. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were exposed to cigarette smoke by inhalation at total particulate matter concentration of 200 μg/L for 4 h/day, 5 day/week for a total of 4 weeks. Diabetes caused structural change of aorta, but additional cigarette smoke exposure did not induce further alteration. Collagen, a marker for fibrosis, was increased in media of diabetic aorta, and this increase was augmented by cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling in the diabetic group. Malondialdehyde was increased and glutathione was decreased in blood from diabetes, but these effects were not exaggerated by cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke caused NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 expression in diabetic aorta and enhanced diabetes-induced NOX4 expression in aorta. Taken together, cigarette smoke exposure can aggravate vascular fibrosis and induce eNOS uncoupling in diabetes under experimental condition, suggesting that smoking might exacerbate diabetic vascular impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Quan Do
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuck Sung
- Bio Technology Division, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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452
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Shi L, Zhao Y, Fei C, Guo J, Jia Y, Wu D, Wu L, Chang C. Cellular senescence induced by S100A9 in mesenchymal stromal cells through NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9626-9642. [PMID: 31727865 PMCID: PMC6874461 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) display a senescence phenotype, but the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. Pro-inflammatory signaling within the malignant clone and the bone marrow microenvironment has been identified as a key pathogenetic driver of MDS. Our study revealed that S100A9 is highly-expressed in lower-risk MDS. Moreover, normal primary mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and the human stromal cell line HS-27a co-cultured with lower-risk MDS bone marrow mononuclear cells acquired a senescence phenotype. Exogenous supplemented S100A9 also induced cellular senescence in MSCs and HS-27a cells. Importantly, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibition or knockdown attenuated the cellular senescence induced by S100A9. Furthermore, we showed that S100A9 induces NLRP3 inflammasome formation, and IL-1β secretion; findings in samples from MDS patients further confirmed these thoughts. Moreover, ROS and IL-1β inhibition suppressed the cellular senescence induced by S100A9, whereas NLRP3 overexpression and exogenous IL-1β supplementation induces cellular senescence. Our study demonstrated that S100A9 promotes cellular senescence of bone marrow stromal cells via TLR4, NLRP3 inflammasome formation, and IL-1β secretion for its effects. Our findings deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in MDS reprogramming of MSCs and indicated the essential role of S100A9 in tumor-environment interactions in bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Youshan Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chengming Fei
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chunkang Chang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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453
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Radiation-Induced Normal Tissue Damage: Oxidative Stress and Epigenetic Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3010342. [PMID: 31781332 PMCID: PMC6875293 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is currently one of the leading treatments for various cancers; however, it may cause damage to healthy tissue, with both short-term and long-term side effects. Severe radiation-induced normal tissue damage (RINTD) frequently has a significant influence on the progress of RT and the survival and prognosis of patients. The redox system has been shown to play an important role in the early and late effects of RINTD. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the main sources of RINTD. The free radicals produced by irradiation can upregulate several enzymes including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase), lipoxygenases (LOXs), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and cyclooxygenases (COXs). These enzymes are expressed in distinct ways in various cells, tissues, and organs and participate in the RINTD process through different regulatory mechanisms. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that epigenetic modulators play an important role in the RINTD process. Epigenetic modifications primarily contain noncoding RNA regulation, histone modifications, and DNA methylation. In this article, we will review the role of oxidative stress and epigenetic mechanisms in radiation damage, and explore possible prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for RINTD.
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454
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R. Babu K, Tay Y. The Yin-Yang Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species and MicroRNAs in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215335. [PMID: 31717786 PMCID: PMC6862169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive oxygen-containing chemical species formed as a by-product of normal aerobic respiration and also from a number of other cellular enzymatic reactions. ROS function as key mediators of cellular signaling pathways involved in proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and immune response. However, elevated and sustained ROS production promotes tumor initiation by inducing DNA damage or mutation and activates oncogenic signaling pathways to promote cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that ROS can facilitate carcinogenesis by controlling microRNA (miRNA) expression through regulating miRNA biogenesis, transcription, and epigenetic modifications. Likewise, miRNAs have been shown to control cellular ROS homeostasis by regulating the expression of proteins involved in ROS production and elimination. In this review, we summarized the significance of ROS in cancer initiation, progression, and the regulatory crosstalk between ROS and miRNAs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamesh R. Babu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
| | - Yvonne Tay
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6516-7756
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455
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Prieux R, Eeman M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Valacchi G. Mimicking cigarette smoke exposure to assess cutaneous toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104664. [PMID: 31669394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke stands among the most toxic environmental pollutants and is composed of thousands of chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Despite restrict cigarette smoking ban in indoor or some outdoor locations, the risk of non-smokers to be exposed to environmental cigarette smoke is not yet eliminated. Beside the well-known effects of cigarette smoke to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, a growing literature has shown during the last 3 decades its noxious effects also on cutaneous tissues. Being the largest organ as well as the interface between the outer environment and the body, human skin acts as a natural shield which is continuously exposed to harmful exogenous agents. Thus, a prolonged and/or repetitive exposure to significant levels of toxic smoke pollutants may have detrimental effects on the cutaneous tissue by disrupting the epidermal barrier function and by exacerbating inflammatory skin disorders (i.e. psoriasis, atopic dermatitis). With the development of very complex skin tissue models and sophisticated cigarette smoke exposure systems it has become important to better understand the toxicity pathways induced by smoke pollutants in more realistic laboratory conditions to find solutions for counteracting their effects. This review provides an update on the skin models currently available to study cigarette smoke exposure and the known pathways involved in cutaneous toxicity. In addition, the article will briefly cover the inflammatory skin pathologies potentially induced and/or exacerbated by cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Prieux
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marc Eeman
- Home & Personal Care, Dow Silicones Belgium, Seneffe, Belgium
| | | | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, United States; Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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456
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Egholm C, Heeb LEM, Impellizzieri D, Boyman O. The Regulatory Effects of Interleukin-4 Receptor Signaling on Neutrophils in Type 2 Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2507. [PMID: 31708926 PMCID: PMC6821784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor (IL-4R) signaling plays a pivotal role in type 2 immune responses. Type 2 immunity ensures several host-protective processes such as defense against helminth parasites and wound repair, however, type 2 immune responses also drive the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) have not traditionally been considered a part of type 2 immunity. While neutrophils might be beneficial in initiating a type 2 immune response, their involvement and activation is rather unwanted at later stages. This is evidenced by examples of type 2 immune responses where increased neutrophil responses are able to enhance immunity, however, at the cost of increased tissue damage. Recent studies have linked the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 and their signaling via type I and type II IL-4Rs on neutrophils to inhibition of several neutrophil effector functions. This mechanism directly curtails neutrophil chemotaxis toward potent intermediary chemoattractants, inhibits the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, and antagonizes the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutrophils. These effects are observed in both mouse and human neutrophils. Thus, we propose for type 2 immune responses that neutrophils are, as in other immune responses, the first non-resident cells to arrive at a site of inflammation or infection, thereby guiding and attracting other innate and adaptive immune cells; however, as soon as the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 predominate, neutrophil recruitment, chemotaxis, and effector functions are rapidly shut off by IL-4/IL-13-mediated IL-4R signaling in neutrophils to prevent them from damaging healthy tissues. Insight into this neutrophil checkpoint pathway will help understand regulation of neutrophilic type 2 inflammation and guide the design of targeted therapeutic approaches for modulating neutrophils during inflammation and neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Egholm
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas E M Heeb
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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457
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Adeluyi A, Guerin L, Fisher ML, Galloway A, Cole RD, Chan SSL, Wyatt MD, Davis SW, Freeman LR, Ortinski PI, Turner JR. Microglia morphology and proinflammatory signaling in the nucleus accumbens during nicotine withdrawal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax7031. [PMID: 31633029 PMCID: PMC6785260 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax7031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease in the United States. However, <5% of quit attempts are successful, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutics. Microglia are one untapped therapeutic target. While previous studies have shown that microglia mediate both inflammatory responses in the brain and brain plasticity, little is known regarding their role in nicotine dependence and withdrawal phenotypes. Here, we examined microglial changes in the striatum-a mesolimbic region implicated in the rewarding effects of drugs and the affective disruptions occurring during withdrawal. We show that both nicotine and withdrawal induce microglial morphological changes; however, proinflammatory effects and anxiogenic behaviors were observed only during nicotine withdrawal. Pharmacological microglial depletion during withdrawal prevented these effects. These results define differential effects of nicotine and withdrawal on inflammatory signaling in the brain, laying the groundwork for development of future smoking cessation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Adeluyi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lindsey Guerin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Miranda L. Fisher
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashley Galloway
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Robert D. Cole
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sherine S. L. Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Neuroene Therapeutics, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA
| | - Michael D. Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Linnea R. Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pavel I. Ortinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jill R. Turner
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
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458
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Sánchez-de-Diego C, Valer JA, Pimenta-Lopes C, Rosa JL, Ventura F. Interplay between BMPs and Reactive Oxygen Species in Cell Signaling and Pathology. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E534. [PMID: 31561501 PMCID: PMC6843432 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of cell extrinsic and intrinsic signals is required to maintain appropriate cell physiology and homeostasis. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines that belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, which play a key role in embryogenesis, organogenesis and regulation of whole-body homeostasis. BMPs interact with membrane receptors that transduce information to the nucleus through SMAD-dependent and independent pathways, including PI3K-AKT and MAPKs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are intracellular molecules derived from the partial reduction of oxygen. ROS are highly reactive and govern cellular processes by their capacity to regulate signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB, MAPKs, KEAP1-NRF2 and PI3K-AKT). Emerging evidence indicates that BMPs and ROS interplay in a number of ways. BMPs stimulate ROS production by inducing NOX expression, while ROS regulate the expression of several BMPs. Moreover, BMPs and ROS influence common signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT and MAPK. Additionally, dysregulation of BMPs and ROS occurs in several pathologies, including vascular and musculoskeletal diseases, obesity, diabetes and kidney injury. Here, we review the current knowledge on the integration between BMP and ROS signals and its potential applications in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-de-Diego
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Valer
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Carolina Pimenta-Lopes
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
| | - José Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
- IDIBELL, Avinguda Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
- IDIBELL, Avinguda Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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459
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Bender D, Hildt E. Effect of Hepatitis Viruses on the Nrf2/Keap1-Signaling Pathway and Its Impact on Viral Replication and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184659. [PMID: 31546975 PMCID: PMC6769940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With respect to their genome and their structure, the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are complete different viruses. However, both viruses can cause an acute and chronic infection of the liver that is associated with liver inflammation (hepatitis). For both viruses chronic infection can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases. In light of this, this review summarizes the impact of both viruses on ROS-generating and ROS-inactivating mechanisms. The focus is on the effect of both viruses on the transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2). By binding to its target sequence, the antioxidant response element (ARE), Nrf2 triggers the expression of a variety of cytoprotective genes including ROS-detoxifying enzymes. The review summarizes the literature about the pathways for the modulation of Nrf2 that are deregulated by HBV and HCV and describes the impact of Nrf2 deregulation on the viral life cycle of the respective viruses and the virus-associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bender
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straβe 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straβe 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
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460
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Doğan HO, Yildiz ÖK. Serum NADPH oxidase concentrations and the associations with iron metabolism in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 55:39-43. [PMID: 31345363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired iron metabolism are considered to be possible factors in the pathogenesis of Multiple sclerosis (MS). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases are the primary sources of regulated ROS production. The NADPH oxidase (NOX) family consists of seven catalytic homologues, NOX1-5 and two dual oxidases. NOX1 and NOX5 are associated with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation but NOX4 has a protective effect on vascular function. The aims of this study were to investigate the status of NOX1, NOX4 and NOX5 and its relationship with serum iron metabolism biomarkers in relapsing-remitting MS patients. METHODS The study included 53 RRMS patients and 45 control subjects. Serum NOX1,4,5, ferritin, iron, unbound-iron binding capacity, C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood count (WBC) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels were measured in all the study subjects. RESULTS Higher serum NOX5 (p < 0.0001), CRP (p = 0.014), ferritin (p = 0.040) and lower serum NOX4 (p < 0.0001) and iron (p = 0.013) concentrations were found in the patients than in controls. No correlation was found between NOXs, CRP, WBC, ESR and iron metabolism biomarkers in patients. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that increased NOX5 expression and decreased levels of NOX4 might be related with oxidative stress related vascular changes in MS patients. These findings provide future opportunities to combat MS with separately target individual NOX isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halef Okan Doğan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Kayim Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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461
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Chen YH, Chien WC, Lee DC, Tan KT. Signal Amplification and Detection of Small Molecules via the Activation of Streptavidin and Biotin Recognition. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12461-12467. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kui-Thong Tan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan (ROC)
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462
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Cimmino G, Cirillo P, Conte S, Pellegrino G, Barra G, Maresca L, Morello A, Calì G, Loffredo F, De Palma R, Arena G, Sawamura T, Ambrosio G, Golino P. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins induce tissue factor expression in T-lymphocytes via activation of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 116:1125-1135. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
T-lymphocytes plays an important role in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes. T-cell activation in vitro by pro-inflammatory cytokines may lead to functional tissue factor (TF) expression, indicating a possible contribution of immunity to thrombosis. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs) are found abundantly in atherosclerotic plaques. We aimed at evaluating the effects of oxLDLs on TF expression in T cells and the role of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1).
Methods and results
CD3+ cells were isolated from healthy volunteers. Gene, protein, and surface expression of TF, as well as of LOX-1, were assessed at different time-points after oxLDL stimulation. To determine whether oxLDL-induced TF was LOX-1 dependent, T cells were pre-incubated with an LOX-1 inhibiting peptide (L-RBP) or with an anti-LOX-1 blocking antibody. To exclude that TF expression was mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, oxLDL-stimulated T cells were pre-incubated with superoxide dismutase + catalase or with 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (Tempol), an intracellular free radical scavenger. Finally, to determine if the observed findings in vitro may have a biological relevance, the presence of CD3+/TF+/LOX-1+ cells was evaluated by immunofluorescence in human carotid atherosclerotic lesions. oxLDLs induced functionally active TF expression in T cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, independently on ROS generation. No effect was observed in native LDL-treated T cells. LOX-1 expression was also induced by oxLDLs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Pre-incubation with L-RBP or anti-LOX-1 antibody almost completely inhibited oxLDL-mediated TF expression. Interestingly, human carotid plaques showed significant infiltration of CD3+ cells (mainly CD8+ cells), some of which were positive for both TF and LOX-1.
Conclusion
oxLDLs induce functional TF expression in T-lymphocytes in vitro via interaction of oxLDLs with LOX-1. Human carotid atherosclerotic plaques contain CD3+/CD8+cells that express both TF and LOX-1, indicating that also in patients these mechanisms may play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, c/o Monaldi Hospital, Via L. Bianchi, 1, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, c/o Monaldi Hospital, Via L. Bianchi, 1, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Pellegrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusi Barra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Clinical Immunology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Maresca
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Morello
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Calì
- Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology Institute, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, c/o Monaldi Hospital, Via L. Bianchi, 1, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Molecular Cardiology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Clinical Immunology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Arena
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, c/o Monaldi Hospital, Via L. Bianchi, 1, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Japan
| | | | - Paolo Golino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, c/o Monaldi Hospital, Via L. Bianchi, 1, 80131 Naples, Italy
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463
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Jiang Y, Xu L, Yu L, Xu X, Feng C, Li J. NOX4 inhibition protects enteric glial cells against Clostridium difficile toxin B toxicity via attenuating oxidative and Endoplasmic reticulum stresses. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:932-940. [PMID: 31370714 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1649670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs), one main cell population of the enteric nervous system (ENS), play a major role in regulating intestinal barrier function. Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB) is the major virulence factor produced by C. difficile and estimated to be toxic to EGCs by inducing cell death, cell cycle arrest, and inflammatory cytokine production; however, the detailed mechanism for such effect is still unclear. In this study, we further evaluated the toxic effect of TcdB on EGCs and the involvement of NADPH oxidases in such process using the rat-transformed EGCs (CRL-2690). The results showed that NOX4 was activated by TcdB in EGCs and functioned as the major factor causing cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis. Mechanically, NOX4-generated H2O2 was the inducer of oxidative stress, Ca2+ homeostasis disorder, and ER stress in EGCs upon TcdB treatment, and NOX4 inhibition protected EGCs against TcdB toxicity via attenuating these dysfunctions. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanism by which TcdB affects EGCs and suggest the potential value of NOX4 inhibition for treatment against C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi , China
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi , China
| | - Lin Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi , China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi , China
| | - Chen Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi , China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
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464
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Lacombe J, Brengues M, Mangé A, Bourgier C, Gourgou S, Pèlegrin A, Ozsahin M, Solassol J, Azria D. Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals AK2 as potential biomarker for late normal tissue radiotoxicity. Radiat Oncol 2019; 14:142. [PMID: 31399108 PMCID: PMC6688300 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-019-1351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biomarkers for predicting late normal tissue toxicity to radiotherapy are necessary to personalize treatments and to optimize clinical benefit. Many radiogenomic studies have been published on this topic. Conversely, proteomics approaches are not much developed, despite their advantages. Methods We used the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic approach to analyze differences in protein expression levels in ex-vivo irradiated (8 Gy) T lymphocytes from patients with grade ≥ 2 radiation-induced breast fibrosis (grade ≥ 2 bf+) and patients with grade < 2 bf + after curative intent radiotherapy. Patients were selected from two prospective clinical trials (COHORT and PHRC 2005) and were used as discovery and confirmation cohorts. Results Among the 1979 quantified proteins, 23 fulfilled our stringent biological criteria. Immunoblotting analysis of four of these candidate proteins (adenylate kinase 2, AK2; annexin A1; heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein; and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2) confirmed AK2 overexpression in 8 Gy-irradiated T lymphocytes from patients with grade ≥ 2 bf + compared with patients with grade < 2 bf+. As these candidate proteins are involved in oxidative stress regulation, we also evaluated radiation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with grade ≥ 2 bf + and grade < 2 bf+. Total ROS level, and especially superoxide anion level, increased upon ex-vivo 8 Gy-irradiation in all patients. Analysis of NADPH oxidases (NOXs), a major source of superoxide ion in the cell, showed a significant increase of NOX4 mRNA and protein levels after irradiation in both patient groups. Conversely, only NOX4 mRNA level was significantly different between groups (grade ≥ 2 bf + and grade < 2 bf+). Conclusion These findings identify AK2 as a potential radiosensitivity candidate biomarker. Overall, our proteomic approach highlights the important role of oxidative stress in late radiation-induced toxicity, and paves the way for additional studies on NOXs and superoxide ion metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13014-019-1351-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lacombe
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Muriel Brengues
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Mangé
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Bourgier
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - André Pèlegrin
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jérôme Solassol
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France.,Department of Pathology and Onco-Biology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David Azria
- IRCM, INSERM, University Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, ICM, 34298, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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465
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Scalabrin M, Pollock N, Staunton CA, Brooks SV, McArdle A, Jackson MJ, Vasilaki A. Redox responses in skeletal muscle following denervation. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101294. [PMID: 31450104 PMCID: PMC6831873 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a significant increase in the mitochondrial generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other peroxides in recently denervated muscle fibers. The mechanisms for generation of these peroxides and how the muscle responds to these peroxides are not fully established. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of denervation on the muscle content of proteins that may contribute to mitochondrial peroxide release and the muscle responses to this generation. Denervation of the tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in mice was achieved by surgical removal of a small section of the peroneal nerve prior to its entry into the muscle. An increase in mitochondrial peroxide generation has been observed from 7 days and sustained up to 21 days following denervation in the TA muscle fibers. This increased peroxide generation was reduced by incubation of skinned fibers with inhibitors of monoamine oxidases, NADPH oxidases or phospholipase A2 enzymes and the muscle content of these enzymes together with peroxiredoxin 6 were increased following denervation. Denervated muscle also showed significant adaptations in the content of several enzymes involved in the protection of cells against oxidative damage. Morphological analyses indicated a progressive significant loss of muscle mass in the TA muscle from 7 days up to 21 days following denervation due to fiber atrophy but without fiber loss. These results support the possibility that, at least initially, the increase in peroxide production may stimulate adaptations in an attempt to protect the muscle fibers, but that these processes are insufficient and the increased peroxide generation over the longer term may activate degenerative and atrophic processes in the denervated muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Scalabrin
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Natalie Pollock
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Caroline A Staunton
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan V Brooks
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne McArdle
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Malcolm J Jackson
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK.
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466
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ROS Generation and Antioxidant Defense Systems in Normal and Malignant Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6175804. [PMID: 31467634 PMCID: PMC6701375 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6175804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of normal cell activity. They are produced in many cellular compartments and play a major role in signaling pathways. Overproduction of ROS is associated with the development of various human diseases (including cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders), inflammation, and aging. Tumors continuously generate ROS at increased levels that have a dual role in their development. Oxidative stress can promote tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy through DNA damage, leading to the accumulation of mutations and genome instability, as well as reprogramming cell metabolism and signaling. On the contrary, elevated ROS levels can induce tumor cell death. This review covers the current data on the mechanisms of ROS generation and existing antioxidant systems balancing the redox state in mammalian cells that can also be related to tumors.
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467
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Barua S, Kim JY, Yenari MA, Lee JE. The role of NOX inhibitors in neurodegenerative diseases. IBRO Rep 2019; 7:59-69. [PMID: 31463415 PMCID: PMC6709343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key player in both chronic and acute brain disease due to the higher metabolic demand of the brain. Among the producers of free radicals, NADPH-oxidase (NOX) is a major contributor to oxidative stress in neurological disorders. In the brain, the superoxide produced by NOX is mainly found in leukocytes. However, recent studies have reported that it can be found in several other cell types. NOX has been reported to regulate neuronal signaling, memory processing, and central cardiovascular homeostasis. However, overproduction of NOX can contribute to neurotoxicity, CNS degeneration, and cardiovascular disorders. Regarding the above functions, NOX has been shown to play a crucial role in chronic CNS diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and in acute CNS disorders such as stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and related cerebrovascular diseases. NOX is a multi-subunit complex consisting of two membrane-associated and four cytosolic subunits. Thus, in recent years, inhibition of NOX activity has drawn a great deal of attention from researchers in the field of treating chronic and acute CNS disorders and preventing secondary complications. Mounting evidence has shown that NOX inhibition is neuroprotective and that inhibiting NOX in circulating immune cells can improve neurological disease conditions. This review summarizes recent studies on the therapeutic effects and pharmacological strategies regarding NOX inhibitors in chronic and acute brain diseases and focuses on the hurdles that should be overcome before their clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Barua
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Midori A Yenari
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, MS 127, San Francisco, CA, 94121, United States
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21, PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.,Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
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468
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Stuart JA, Aibueku O, Bagshaw O, Moradi F. Hypoxia inducible factors as mediators of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species homeostasis in physiological normoxia. Med Hypotheses 2019; 129:109249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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469
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Shin YK, Han AY, Hsieh YS, Kwon S, Kim J, Lee KW, Seol GH. Lancemaside A from Codonopsis lanceolata prevents hypertension by inhibiting NADPH oxidase 2-mediated MAPK signalling and improving NO bioavailability in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:1458-1468. [PMID: 31350796 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether lancemaside A (LMA) can prevent hypertension and assessed the mechanisms of action of LMA in rats. METHODS Hypertension was induced by chronic immobilization stress and nicotine administration. Hypertensive vehicle rats were treated with LMA (1, 20, or 40 mg/kg) or nifedipine (10 mg/kg) as a positive control daily for 3 weeks. KEY FINDINGS In hypertensive vehicle rats, LMA dose-dependently reduced systolic blood pressure. LMA doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg reduced the aortic expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)2 (both P < 0.01), and 40 mg/kg LMA reduced serum malondialdehyde (P < 0.01). Serum nitrite levels were significantly higher in LMA treated rats than in hypertensive vehicle rats, with LMA doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg reducing the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in rat aortas (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). LMA also reduced the aortic levels of nuclear factor kappa B and the activation of the three isoforms of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). CONCLUSIONS Lancemaside A prevents hypertension in rats by inhibiting the activation of MAPK signalling and the impairment in nitric oxide bioavailability due to NOX2-mediated oxidative stress. Thus, LMA may act as a preventive agent for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Kyoung Shin
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Han
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Shan Hsieh
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonho Kwon
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhye Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hee Seol
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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470
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Whitelaw JA, Lilla S, Paul NR, Fort L, Zanivan S, Machesky LM. CYRI/ Fam49 Proteins Represent a New Class of Rac1 Interactors. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:112-118. [PMID: 31413787 PMCID: PMC6682259 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1643665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fam49 proteins, now referred to as CYRI (CYFIP-related Rac Interactor), are evolutionarily conserved across many phyla. Their closest relative by amino acid sequence is CYFIP, as both proteins contain a domain of unknown function DUF1394. We recently showed that CYRI and the DUF1394 can mediate binding to Rac1 and evidence is building to suggest that CYRI plays important roles in cell migration, chemotaxis and pathogen entry into cells. Here we discuss how CYRI proteins fit into the current framework of the control of actin dynamics by positive and negative feedback loops containing Rac1, the Scar/WAVE Complex, the Arp2/3 Complex and branched actin. We also provide data regarding the interaction between Rac1 and CYRI in an unbiassed mass spectrometry screen for interactors of an active mutant of Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Lilla
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nikki R. Paul
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Loic Fort
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sara Zanivan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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471
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Gomez-Verjan JC, Ramírez-Aldana R, Pérez-Zepeda MU, Quiroz-Baez R, Luna-López A, Gutierrez Robledo LM. Systems biology and network pharmacology of frailty reveal novel epigenetic targets and mechanisms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10593. [PMID: 31332237 PMCID: PMC6646318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Frailty is an age-associated condition, characterized by an inappropriate response to stress that results in a higher frequency of adverse outcomes (e.g., mortality, institutionalization and disability). Some light has been shed over its genetic background, but this is still a matter of debate. In the present study, we used network biology to analyze the interactome of frailty-related genes at different levels to relate them with pathways, clinical deficits and drugs with potential therapeutic implications. Significant pathways involved in frailty: apoptosis, proteolysis, muscle proliferation, and inflammation; genes as FN1, APP, CREBBP, EGFR playing a role as hubs and bottlenecks in the interactome network and epigenetic factors as HIST1H3 cluster and miR200 family were also involved. When connecting clinical deficits and genes, we identified five clusters that give insights into the biology of frailty: cancer, glucocorticoid receptor, TNF-α, myostatin, angiotensin converter enzyme, ApoE, interleukine-12 and −18. Finally, when performing network pharmacology analysis of the target nodes, some compounds were identified as potentially therapeutic (e.g., epigallocatechin gallate and antirheumatic agents); while some other substances appeared to be toxicants that may be involved in the development of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M U Pérez-Zepeda
- Instituto Nacional de Geriatría (INGER), Mexico City, Mexico.,Geriatric Medicine Research, Dalhousie University and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - R Quiroz-Baez
- Instituto Nacional de Geriatría (INGER), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Luna-López
- Instituto Nacional de Geriatría (INGER), Mexico City, Mexico
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472
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Mueller FB, Yang H, Lubetzky M, Verma A, Lee JR, Dadhania DM, Xiang JZ, Salvatore SP, Seshan SV, Sharma VK, Elemento O, Suthanthiran M, Muthukumar T. Landscape of innate immune system transcriptome and acute T cell-mediated rejection of human kidney allografts. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128014. [PMID: 31292297 PMCID: PMC6629252 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute rejection of human allografts has been viewed mostly through the lens of adaptive immunity, and the intragraft landscape of innate immunity genes has not been characterized in an unbiased fashion. We performed RNA sequencing of 34 kidney allograft biopsy specimens from 34 adult recipients; 16 were categorized as Banff acute T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) and 18 as normal. Computational analysis of intragraft mRNA transcriptome identified significantly higher abundance of mRNA for pattern recognition receptors in TCMR compared with normal biopsies, as well as increased expression of mRNAs for cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and caspases. Intragraft levels of calcineurin mRNA were higher in TCMR biopsies, suggesting underimmunosuppression compared with normal biopsies. Cell-type-enrichment analysis revealed higher abundance of dendritic cells and macrophages in TCMR biopsies. Damage-associated molecular patterns, the endogenous ligands for pattern recognition receptors, as well markers of DNA damage were higher in TCMR. mRNA expression patterns supported increased calcium flux and indices of endoplasmic, cellular oxidative, and mitochondrial stress were higher in TCMR. Expression of mRNAs in major metabolic pathways was decreased in TCMR. Our global and unbiased transcriptome profiling identified heightened expression of innate immune system genes during an episode of TCMR in human kidney allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
| | - Michelle Lubetzky
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
- Department of Transplantation Medicine
| | - Akanksha Verma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine
| | - John R. Lee
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
- Department of Transplantation Medicine
| | - Darshana M. Dadhania
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
- Department of Transplantation Medicine
| | - Jenny Z. Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; and
| | - Steven P. Salvatore
- Division of Renal Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Surya V. Seshan
- Division of Renal Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vijay K. Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine
| | - Manikkam Suthanthiran
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
- Department of Transplantation Medicine
| | - Thangamani Muthukumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
- Department of Transplantation Medicine
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473
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Avian Stress-Related Transcriptome and Selenotranscriptome: Role during Exposure to Heavy Metals and Heat Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070216. [PMID: 31295914 PMCID: PMC6680911 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium, through incorporation into selenoproteins, is one of the key elements of the antioxidant system. Over the past few years there has been increased interest in exploring those molecular mechanisms in chicken, responsible for the development of this protection system. In more detail, Cd/Pb poisoning and heat stress increase oxidation, mRNA levels of inflammatory proteins, and apoptotic proteins. Selenium seems to enhance the antioxidant status and alleviates these effects via upregulation of antioxidant proteins and other molecular effects. In this review, we analyze avian transcriptome key elements with particular emphasis on interactions with heavy metals and on relation to heat stress.
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474
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Zemlianskykh NG, Babiychuk LA. The Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Human Erythrocytes during Cryopreservation with Glycerol and Polyethylene Glycol. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919040237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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475
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Kumar Sahel D, Kaira M, Raj K, Sharma S, Singh S. Mitochondrial dysfunctioning and neuroinflammation: Recent highlights on the possible mechanisms involved in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosci Lett 2019; 710:134347. [PMID: 31229625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the injury to the vasculature of brain while trauma caused by physical, chemical and biological stimuli. TBI is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity around the world. In this, primary insult leads to secondary injury through the involvement and initiation of various pathological processes. The most citable includes excitotoxicity, Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) dysfunction, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, calcium efflux, microglial mediated release of proinflammatory mediators (cytokine, chemokines, interleukin, tissue necrosis factor etc.). The morphological changes in TBI are proportional to mitochondrial dysfunctioning and microglial activation, which play an assorted role in neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injury. It is also assumed that the release of nitric oxide, activation of microglial cells plays a diversive role in maintaining the physiological and pathological balance. This review cites different pathophysiological mechanisms that are involved in progenesis of secondary injury after primary insult. These targets further are useful to explore the deep molecular mechanisms and to analyse the effectiveness of available drugs. Moreover, the present review reflects the underlying inflammatory cascade responsible for neuronal loss and neurological deficit in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Sahel
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Meenakshi Kaira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Khadga Raj
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Shakshi Sharma
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
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476
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Werner SL, Sharma R, Woodruff K, Horn D, Harris SE, Gorin Y, Lee DY, Hua R, Gu S, Fajardo RJ, Habib SL, Jiang JX. CSF-1 in Osteocytes Inhibits Nox4-mediated Oxidative Stress and Promotes Normal Bone Homeostasis. JBMR Plus 2019; 4:e10080. [PMID: 32666016 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CSF-1 is a key factor in regulating bone remodeling; osteocytes express CSF-1 and its receptor. Viable osteocytes are essential for bone remodeling through cell-cell contact and secretion of factors that regulate osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Increased oxidative stress contributes to osteocyte death and correlates with bone loss during aging. The NADPH oxidase Nox4 is a major source of ROS in bone. CSF-1 decreases Nox4, suggesting that CSF-1 protects against oxidative stress. Here, we show that osteocyte apoptosis previously reported in our global CSF-1KO mice is associated with increased Nox4, as well as 4-HNE expression in osteocytes. Osteocytes isolated from CSF-1KO mice were less viable and showed increased intracellular ROS, elevated NADPH oxidase activity/Nox4 protein, activation of mTOR/S6K, and downstream apoptosis signals compared with WT osteocytes. Nox4 expression was also increased in CSF-1KO osteocytes and colocalized with MitoTracker Red in mitochondria. Notably, CSF-1 inhibited Nox4 expression and apoptosis cascade signals. In additional studies, shNox4 decreased these signals in CSF-1KO osteocytes, whereas overexpression of Nox4 in WT osteocytes activated the apoptosis pathway. To determine the role of CSF-1 in osteocytes, DMP1Cre-CSF-1cKO (CSF-1cKO) mice that lack CSF-1 in osteocytes/late osteoblasts were developed. Osteocyte defects in CSF-1cKO mice overlapped with those in CSF-1KO mice, including increased apoptosis, Nox4, and 4-HNE-expressing osteocytes. CSF-1cKO mice showed unbalanced cancellous bone remodeling with decreased bone formation and resorption. Continued exposure to high Nox4/ROS levels may further compromise bone formation and predispose to bone loss and skeletal fragility. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel link between CSF-1, Nox4-derived ROS, and osteocyte survival/function that is crucial for osteocyte-mediated bone remodeling. Results reveal new mechanisms by which CSF-1/oxidative stress regulate osteocyte homeostasis, which may lead to therapeutic strategies to improve skeletal health in aging. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Werner
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Ramaswamy Sharma
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Kathleen Woodruff
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Diane Horn
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Stephen E Harris
- Department of Periodontics University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Yves Gorin
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Doug-Yoon Lee
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Rui Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Sumin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Roberto J Fajardo
- Department of Orthopedics University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Samy L Habib
- South Texas Veterans Health Care and Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
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477
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Zhou Q, Cheng KW, Gong J, Li ETS, Wang M. Apigenin and its methylglyoxal-adduct inhibit advanced glycation end products-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 166:231-241. [PMID: 31158339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycation in the body can lead to malfunction of intracellular and extracellular proteins. Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) have been identified to be key intermediates in the reactions. The reaction products, generally termed as advanced glycation end products (AGEs), have been implicated in the development of diabetic complications. In this study, the activity of apigenin (API), a natural flavone in scavenging RCS and the molecular mechanism involved in its protective effect against AGEs-induced oxidative stress and inflammation were examined in vitro. Results showed that API could directly trap methylglyoxal (MGO) to form API-MGO adducts, thus inhibiting AGEs formation. API and di-apigenin adduct (DMA) were found to inhibit AGEs-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by significantly suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (30% relative to control) and decreasing the protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules by 30-70%. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that the protective effect was likely mediated via suppression of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK)/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway initiated by AGEs-RAGE (receptor for AGEs) interaction and induction of ERK/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway with subsequent up-regulation of antioxidant defense molecules. In summary, our results suggest that API possesses great potential to protect against AGEs-associated health disorders by modulating cellular inflammatory and antioxidant defense signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Gong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Edmund T S Li
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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478
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Ibbett P, Goverdhan SV, Pipi E, Chouhan JK, Keeling E, Angus EM, Scott JA, Gatherer M, Page A, Teeling JL, Lotery AJ, Arjuna Ratnayaka J. A lasered mouse model of retinal degeneration displays progressive outer retinal pathology providing insights into early geographic atrophy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7475. [PMID: 31097765 PMCID: PMC6522499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early stages of geographic atrophy (GA) age-related macular degeneration is characterised by the demise of photoreceptors, which precedes the loss of underlying retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Sight-loss due to GA has no effective treatment; reflecting both the complexity of the disease and the lack of suitable animal models for testing potential therapies. We report the development and characterisation of a laser-induced mouse model with early GA-like pathology. Retinas were lasered at adjacent sites using a 810 nm laser (1.9 J/spot), resulting in the development of confluent, hypopigmented central lesions with well-defined borders. Optical Coherence Tomography over 2-months showed progressive obliteration of photoreceptors with hyper-reflective outer plexiform and RPE/Bruch’s membrane (BrM) layers within lesions, but an unaffected inner retina. Light/electron microscopy after 3-months revealed lesions without photoreceptors, leaving the outer plexiform layer apposed to the RPE. We observed outer segment debris, hypo/hyperpigmented RPE, abnormal apical-basal RPE surfaces and BrM thickening. Lesions had wedge-shaped margins, extended zones of damage, activated Müller cells, microglial recruitment and functional retinal deficits. mRNA studies showed complement and inflammasome activation, microglial/macrophage phagocytosis and oxidative stress providing mechanistic insights into GA. We propose this mouse model as an attractive tool for early GA studies and drug-discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ibbett
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, SGH, South Lab and Path Block, MP840, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Srinivas V Goverdhan
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.,Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Pipi
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, SGH, South Lab and Path Block, MP840, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Joe K Chouhan
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, SGH, South Lab and Path Block, MP840, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Eloise Keeling
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M Angus
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny A Scott
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen Gatherer
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Page
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L Teeling
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, SGH, South Lab and Path Block, MP840, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom. .,Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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479
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Luangmonkong T, Suriguga S, Mutsaers HAM, Groothuis GMM, Olinga P, Boersema M. Targeting Oxidative Stress for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 175:71-102. [PMID: 29728869 DOI: 10.1007/112_2018_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a reflection of the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the scavenging capacity of the antioxidant system. Excessive ROS, generated from various endogenous oxidative biochemical enzymes, interferes with the normal function of liver-specific cells and presumably plays a role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Once exposed to harmful stimuli, Kupffer cells (KC) are the main effectors responsible for the generation of ROS, which consequently affect hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and hepatocytes. ROS-activated HSC undergo a phenotypic switch and deposit an excessive amount of extracellular matrix that alters the normal liver architecture and negatively affects liver function. Additionally, ROS stimulate necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes, which causes liver injury and leads to the progression of end-stage liver disease. In this review, we overview the role of ROS in liver fibrosis and discuss the promising therapeutic interventions related to oxidative stress. Most importantly, novel drugs that directly target the molecular pathways responsible for ROS generation, namely, mitochondrial dysfunction inhibitors, endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitors, NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitors, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-affecting agents, are reviewed in detail. In addition, challenges for targeting oxidative stress in the management of liver fibrosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerut Luangmonkong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Su Suriguga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus A M Mutsaers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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480
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Isoyan AS, Simonyan KV, Simonyan RM, Babayan MA, Simonyan GM, Chavushyan VA, Simonyan MA. Superoxide-producing lipoprotein fraction from Stevia leaves: definition of specific activity. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:88. [PMID: 31023287 PMCID: PMC6485107 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni has various pharmacological actions, which includes antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. The superoxide and consequently NADPH oxidase (Nox) are relevant targets involved in biological effects of Stevia. The presence of NADPH-containing superoxide-producing lipoprotein (suprol) in Stevia leaves has not yet been tested. The mechanism of producing superoxide radicals (O2-) by suprol was determined in vitro, which is associated with the electron transfer from NADPH in the composition of suprol by traces of transition metal ions (Fe3+ or Cu2+) to molecular oxygen, turning it into O2-. It is expected that the therapeutic efficacy of Stevia leaves is caused by specific activity of superoxide-producing lipoprotein fraction. METHODS For the first time, from the dry leaves of Stevia the NADPH-containing superoxide-producing lipoprotein was isolated and purified. The specific content of suprol (milligrams in 1 g of Stevia leaves- mg/g) was determined after desalination of suprol and lyophilization. RESULTS According to the method provided, the specific content of the isolated suprol from Stevia's leaves was up to 4.5 ± 0.2 mg / g (yields up to 68.5 ± 4.7%, p < 0.05, n = 6). Nox forms a stable complex with suprol. The optical absorption spectrum of the Nox-suprol complex represents the overlapping suprol and Nox spectra, with a certain background increase and characteristic features of optical absorption for Nox. Due to O2- producing capacity suprol-Nox complex discolors KMnO4 solutions, Coomassie brilliant blue, restores nitrotetrazolium blue to formazan and oxidizes epinephrine to adrenochrome. The oxidation activity of adrenaline is 50.3 ± 5.1 U / mg / ml (p < 0.05, n = 6). CONCLUSION Superoxide-producing lipoprotein fraction-Nox complex from Stevia leaves (membranes) can modulate redox regulated signaling pathways and may play a positive role in type-2 diabetes by means of adrenaline oxidation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Isoyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - K. V. Simonyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - R. M. Simonyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 5/1 P.Sevag str, 0014 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - M. A. Babayan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 5/1 P.Sevag str, 0014 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - G. M. Simonyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 5/1 P.Sevag str, 0014 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - V. A. Chavushyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - M. A. Simonyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 5/1 P.Sevag str, 0014 Yerevan, Armenia
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481
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Chapman NM, Shrestha S, Chi H. Metabolism in Immune Cell Differentiation and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1011:1-85. [PMID: 28875486 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1170-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a central determinant of organismal health. Functional immune responses require quiescent immune cells to rapidly grow, proliferate, and acquire effector functions when they sense infectious agents or other insults. Specialized metabolic programs are critical regulators of immune responses, and alterations in immune metabolism can cause immunological disorders. There has thus been growing interest in understanding how metabolic processes control immune cell functions under normal and pathophysiological conditions. In this chapter, we summarize how metabolic programs are tuned and what the physiological consequences of metabolic reprogramming are as they relate to immune cell homeostasis, differentiation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sharad Shrestha
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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482
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Liu L, Hong W, Li M, Ren H, Wang J, Xu H, Shi X, Xu Y. A Cross Talk Between BRG1 and Males Absent on the First Contributes to Reactive Oxygen Species Production in a Mouse Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1539-1552. [PMID: 29963902 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hepatocytes in response to excessive nutrients and the ensuing liver damages caused by ROS constitute a key pathophysiological event in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In the present study, we investigated the epigenetic mechanism underlying ROS production in NASH pathogenesis. Results: NASH was induced by feeding the mice with a methionine-and-choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 4 weeks. Compared with the control mice (wild type [WT]), mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Brg1 (HepcKO), a core component of the mammalian chromatin remodeling complex, developed a less severe form of NASH when fed on the MCD diet. Importantly, ROS levels were attenuated in HepcKO mice as opposed to WT mice. Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1) deficiency downregulated the transcription of NADPH oxidases (NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4) both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, Brg1 deletion rendered a more repressive chromatin structure surrounding the NOX promoters as characterized by reduced levels of acetylated histones. In addition, Brg1 interacted with the histone H4K16 acetyltransferase males absent on the first (MOF) to activate NOX transcription. MOF knockdown by small interfering RNA or pharmaceutical inhibition by MG149 suppressed NOX transcription and ameliorated ROS levels. Innovation: Our data highlight a novel epigenetic mechanism through which Brg1 and MOF cooperate to regulate ROS production in hepatocytes in response to pro-NASH stimuli. Conclusion: A cross talk between Brg1 and MOF epigenetically activates NOX transcription and elevates ROS synthesis contributing to NASH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxuan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province's Key Medical Center for Hepatobiliary Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province's Key Medical Center for Hepatobiliary Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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483
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Rossi M, Fasel N. How to master the host immune system? Leishmania parasites have the solutions! Int Immunol 2019; 30:103-111. [PMID: 29294040 PMCID: PMC5892169 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania results in the development of leishmaniasis, an increasingly prevalent group of diseases affecting over 12 million people worldwide. Leishmaniasis can have very different outcomes ranging from cutaneous lesions, mucosal lesions to visceralization depending on the species of the infecting parasite and on the immune response developed by the host. As an obligate intracellular parasite, residing within macrophages, Leishmania evolved in strict contact with the host immune system, developing different mechanisms to evade or modulate the immune response. Various types of immune responses are observed during different Leishmania spp. infections, resulting in parasite clearance but also contributing to the pathogenesis, thus increasing the complexity of the course of the disease. Interestingly, depending on the type of leishmaniasis developed, opposite treatment strategies, which either boost or inhibit the inflammatory response, have shown efficacy. In this review, we summarize the contribution of different immune cell types to the development of the anti-leishmanial immune response and the parasite strategies to evade and modulate host immunity. Further, we discuss the involvement of co-infecting pathogens in the determination of the outcome of leishmaniasis and on the effectiveness of treatment and the implication of the immune response for treatment and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
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484
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Ben Shlomo S, Mouhadeb O, Cohen K, Varol C, Gluck N. COMMD10-Guided Phagolysosomal Maturation Promotes Clearance of Staphylococcus aureus in Macrophages. iScience 2019; 14:147-163. [PMID: 30959277 PMCID: PMC6453835 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of infectious disease. Liver Kupffer cells (KCs) are responsible for sequestering and destroying S. aureus through the phagolysosomal pathway. Proteins belonging to the COMMD family emerge as key intracellular regulators of protein trafficking, but the role of COMMD10 in macrophage-mediated S. aureus eradication is unknown. Here we report that COMMD10 in macrophages was necessary for its timely elimination, as demonstrated with two different S. aureus subspecies. In vivo, COMMD10-deficient liver KCs exhibited impaired clearance of systemic S. aureus infection. S. aureus-infected COMMD10-deficient macrophages exhibited impaired activation of the transcription factor EB, resulting in reduced lysosomal biogenesis. Moreover, S. aureus-initiated phagolysosomal maturation and function were significantly attenuated in COMMD10-deficient macrophages. Finally, expression of COMMD/CCDC22/CCDC93 complex, linked to phagolysosomal maturation, was reduced by COMMD10 deficiency. Collectively, these results support an important role for COMMD10 in instructing macrophage phagolysosomal biogenesis and maturation during S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Ben Shlomo
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Odelia Mouhadeb
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Keren Cohen
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Nathan Gluck
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel.
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485
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The Differential Expression of Mitochondrial Function-Associated Proteins and Antioxidant Enzymes during Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Infection: A Potential Mechanism for Virus Infection-Induced Oxidative Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7072917. [PMID: 31011285 PMCID: PMC6442485 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7072917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxidative species (ROS) are important inflammatory mediators. Electrons escaping from the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) during oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) complexes contribute to ROS production. The cellular antioxidant enzymes are important for maintaining ROS release at the physiological levels. It has been reported that BoHV-1 infection induces overproduction of ROS and oxidative mitochondrial dysfunction in cell cultures. In this study, we found that chemical interruption of RC complexes by TTFA (an inhibitor of RC complex II), NaN3 (an inhibitor of RC complex IV), and oligomycin A (an inhibitor of ATP synthase) consistently decreased virus productive infection, suggesting that the integral processes of RC complexes are important for the virus replication. The virus infection significantly increased the expression of subunit SDHB (succinate dehydrogenase) and MTCO1 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I), critical components of RC complexes II and IV, respectively. The expression of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2, catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was differentially affected following the virus infection. The protein TFAM (transcription factor A, mitochondrial) stimulated by either nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) or NRF2 is a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, the virus infection at the late stage (at 16 h after infection) stimulated TFAM expression but decreased the levels of both NRF1 and NRF2, indicating that virus infection activated TFAM signaling independent of either NRF1 or NRF2. Overall, this study provided evidence that BoHV-1 infection altered the expression of molecules associated with RC complexes, antioxidant enzymes, and mitochondrial biogenesis-related signaling NRF1/NRF2/TFAM, which correlated with the previous report that virus infection induces ROS overproduction and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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486
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Prasad GVRK, Dhar V, Mukhopadhaya A. Vibrio cholerae OmpU Mediates CD36-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Triggering an Additional Pathway of MAPK Activation in Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2431-2450. [PMID: 30867241 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OmpU, one of the porins of Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae, induces TLR1/2-MyD88-NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes and macrophages of human and mouse origin. In this study, we report that in both the cell types, OmpU-induced proinflammatory responses involve activation of MAPKs (p38 and JNK). Interestingly, we observed that in OmpU-treated macrophages, p38 activation is TLR2 dependent, but JNK activation happens through a separate pathway involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by NADPH oxidase complex and mitochondrial ROS. Further, we observed that OmpU-mediated mitochondrial ROS generation probably depends on OmpU translocation to mitochondria and NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production is due to activation of scavenger receptor CD36. For the first time, to our knowledge, we are reporting that a Gram-negative bacterial protein can activate CD36 as a pattern recognition receptor. Additionally, we found that in OmpU-treated monocytes, both JNK and p38 activation is linked to the TLR2 activation only. Therefore, the ability of macrophages to employ multiple receptors such as TLR2 and CD36 to recognize a single ligand, as in this case OmpU, probably explains the very basic nature of macrophages being more proinflammatory than monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V R Krishna Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Vinica Dhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Arunika Mukhopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
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487
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Sakai T, Imai J, Takagaki H, Ui M, Hatta S. Cytoplasmic OH scavenger TA293 attenuates cellular senescence and fibrosis by activating macrophages through oxidized phospholipids/TLR4. Life Sci 2019; 221:284-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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488
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Yasuoka H, Garrett SM, Nguyen XX, Artlett CM, Feghali-Bostwick CA. NADPH oxidase-mediated induction of reactive oxygen species and extracellular matrix deposition by insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L644-L655. [PMID: 30810066 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00106.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) induces production of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components collagen and fibronectin both in vitro and in vivo and is overexpressed in patients with fibrosing lung diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, the mechanism by which IGFBP-5 exerts its fibrotic effect is incompletely understood. Recent reports have shown a substantial role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in fibrosis; thus we hypothesized that IGFBP-5 induces production of ROS to mediate the profibrotic process. In vitro analyses revealed that ROS production was induced by recombinant and adenoviral vector-mediated IGFBP-5 (AdBP5) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, regulated through MEK/ERK and JNK signaling, and primarily mediated by NADPH oxidase (Nox). Silencing IGFBP-5 in SSc and IPF fibroblasts reduced ROS production. The antioxidants diphenyleneiodonium and N-acetylcysteine blocked IGFBP-5-stimulated ECM production in normal, SSc, and IPF human primary lung fibroblasts. In murine fibroblasts lacking critical components of the Nox machinery, AdBP5-stimulated ROS production and fibronectin expression were reduced compared with wild-type fibroblasts. IGFBP-5 stimulated transcriptional expression of Nox3 in human fibroblasts while selective knockdown of Nox3 reduced ROS production by IGFBP-5. Thus IGFBP-5 mediates fibrosis through production of ROS in a Nox-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekata Yasuoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Aichi , Japan
| | - Sara M Garrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Xinh-Xinh Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Carol M Artlett
- Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carol A Feghali-Bostwick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
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489
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE NAD+ and NADP+ are important cosubstrates in redox reactions and participate in regulatory networks operating in adjustment of metabolic pathways. Moreover, NAD+ is a cosubstrate in post-translational modification of proteins and is involved in DNA repair. NADPH is indispensable for reductive syntheses and the redox chemistry involved in attaining and maintaining correct protein conformation. Recent Advances: Within a couple of decades, a wealth of information has been gathered on NAD(H)+/NADP(H) redox imaging, regulatory role of redox potential in assembly of spatial protein structures, and the role of ADP-ribosylation of regulatory proteins affecting both gene expression and metabolism. All these have a bearing also on disease, healthy aging, and longevity. CRITICAL ISSUES Knowledge of the signal propagation pathways of NAD+-dependent post-translational modifications is still fragmentary for explaining the mechanism of cellular stress effects and nutritional state on these actions. Evaluation of the cosubstrate and regulator roles of NAD(H) and NADP(H) still suffers from some controversies in experimental data. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Activating or inhibiting interventions in NAD+-dependent protein modifications for medical purposes has shown promise, but restraining tumor growth by inhibiting DNA repair in tumors by means of interference in sirtuins is still in the early stage. The same is true for the use of this technology in improving health and healthy aging. New genetically encoded specific NAD and NADP probes are expected to modernize the research on redox biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilmo E Hassinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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490
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Bolduc JA, Collins JA, Loeser RF. Reactive oxygen species, aging and articular cartilage homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 132:73-82. [PMID: 30176344 PMCID: PMC6342625 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are responsible for the maintenance of the articular cartilage. A loss of homeostasis in cartilage contributes to the development of osteoarthritis (OA) when the synthetic capacity of chondrocytes is overwhelmed by processes that promote matrix degradation. There is evidence for an age-related imbalance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production relative to the anti-oxidant capacity of chondrocytes that plays a role in cartilage degradation as well as chondrocyte cell death. The ROS produced by chondrocytes that have received the most attention include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, the reactive nitrogen species nitric oxide, and the nitric oxide derived product peroxynitrite. Excess levels of these ROS not only cause oxidative-damage but, perhaps more importantly, cause a disruption in cell signaling pathways that are redox-regulated, including Akt and MAP kinase signaling. Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced activity of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) are associated with an increase in mitochondrial-derived ROS and are in part responsible for the increase in chondrocyte ROS with age. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a key family of peroxidases responsible for removal of H2O2, as well as for regulating redox-signaling events. Prxs are inactivated by hyperoxidation. An age-related increase in chondrocyte Prx hyperoxidation and an increase in OA cartilage has been noted. The finding in mice that deletion of SOD2 or the anti-oxidant gene transcriptional regulator nuclear factor-erythroid 2- related factor (Nrf2) result in more severe OA, while overexpression or treatment with mitochondrial targeted anti-oxidants reduces OA, further support a role for excessive ROS in the pathogenesis of OA. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies targeting specific anti-oxidant systems including mitochondrial ROS may be of value in reducing the progression of age-related OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesalyn A Bolduc
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John A Collins
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard F Loeser
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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491
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Taute H, Bester MJ, Gaspar ARM. The dual functionality of antimicrobial peptides Os and Os-C in human leukocytes. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3156. [PMID: 30740816 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), Os and Os-C, have been identified as multifunctional peptides with antibacterial, antiendotoxin, and anti-inflammatory properties. For further development of Os and Os-C as therapeutic peptides, it is essential to evaluate these effects in human mononuclear (MN) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. The cytotoxicity and the effects of both peptides on MN and PMN morphology were determined with the Alamar-Blue assay and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The ability of Os and Os-C to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to protect against 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-induced oxidative damage in both cell populations was evaluated using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA). Using fluorescently labeled peptides, the ability of the peptides to cross the cell membranes of MN and PMN was also evaluated. At the minimum bactericidal concentrations of Os and Os-C, neither peptide was cytotoxic. Os caused morphological features of toxicity at 100 μM, entered MN cells, and also protected these cells against oxidative damage. Os-C caused MN and PMN leukocyte activation associated with ROS formation and was unable to penetrate cell membranes, indicating extracellular membrane interactions. This study confirms that both Os and Os-C at less than 100 μM are not cytotoxic. The MN-specific uptake of Os identifies it as a cell-specific cargo-carrier peptide, with additional anti-inflammatory properties. In contrast, the ability of Os-C to activate MN and PMN cells implies that this peptide should be further evaluated as an AMP, which, in addition to its ability to eradicate infection, can further enhance host immunity. These novel characteristics of Os and Os-C indicate that these AMPs as peptides can be further developed for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Taute
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Megan J Bester
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anabella R M Gaspar
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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492
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Perturbation in cellular redox homeostasis: Decisive regulator of T cell mediated immune responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 67:449-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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493
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Li T, Yang S, She X, Yan Q, Zhang P, Zhu H, Wang F, Luo X, Sun X. Modulation of α-adrenoceptor signalling protects photoreceptors after retinal detachment by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:801-813. [PMID: 30588605 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Currently available treatments do not halt progression of photoreceptor death and subsequent visual impairment related to retinal detachment (RD) which is observed in various retinal disorders. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of two adrenoceptor ligands, the α1 -adrenoceptor antagonist doxazosin and the α2 -adrenoceptor agonist guanabenz, against photoreceptor cell death in RD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used a model of experimental RD in Brown-Norway rats induced by subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate. Oxidative stress biomarkers and cytokine production were quantified with elisa. Protein expression levels and immunofluorescent labelling were determined in rats with RD and controls for mechanistic elucidation. The effects of systemic (i.p.) administration of doxazosin or guanabenz on photoreceptor apoptosis, retinal histology and electroretinography were evaluated in rats with RD and compared to the effects in vehicle controls. KEY RESULTS Photoreceptors were the major source of RD-induced ROS overproduction in the rat retina through the regulation of NADPH oxidase. Systemic administration of doxazosin or guanabenz decreased the RD-induced production of ROS and proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and the chemokine CCL2, and suppressed retinal gliosis, resulting in attenuation of photoreceptor death and preservation of retinal structures and functions in RD. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings point to α-adrenoceptors as novel therapeutic targets to provide photoreceptor protection and suggest that both doxazosin and guanabenz, two FDA-approved drugs, could be further explored to treat retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjun She
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueting Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
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494
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Parascandolo A, Laukkanen MO. Carcinogenesis and Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling: Interaction of the NADPH Oxidase NOX1-5 and Superoxide Dismutase 1-3 Signal Transduction Pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:443-486. [PMID: 29478325 PMCID: PMC6393772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reduction/oxidation (redox) balance could be defined as an even distribution of reduction and oxidation complementary processes and their reaction end products. There is a consensus that aberrant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), commonly observed in cancer, stimulate primary cell immortalization and progression of carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism how different ROS regulate redox balance is not completely understood. Recent Advances: In the current review, we have summarized the main signaling cascades inducing NADPH oxidase NOX1-5 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1-3 expression and their connection to cell proliferation, immortalization, transformation, and CD34+ cell differentiation in thyroid, colon, lung, breast, and hematological cancers. CRITICAL ISSUES Interestingly, many of the signaling pathways activating redox enzymes or mediating the effect of ROS are common, such as pathways initiated from G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors involving protein kinase A, phospholipase C, calcium, and small GTPase signaling molecules. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The clarification of interaction of signal transduction pathways could explain how cells regulate redox balance and may even provide means to inhibit the accumulation of harmful levels of ROS in human pathologies.
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495
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Akoumianakis I, Antoniades C. Impaired Vascular Redox Signaling in the Vascular Complications of Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:333-353. [PMID: 29084432 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Oxidative stress, a crucial regulator of vascular disease pathogenesis, may be involved in the vascular complications of obesity, systemic insulin resistance (IR), and diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent Advances: Excessive production of reactive oxygen species in the vascular wall has been linked with vascular disease pathogenesis. Recent evidence has revealed that vascular redox state is dysregulated in cases of obesity, systemic IR, and DM, potentially participating in the well-known vascular complications of these disease entities. Critical Issues: The detrimental effects of obesity and the metabolic syndrome on vascular biology have been extensively described at a clinical level. Further, vascular oxidative stress has often been associated with the presence of obesity and IR as well as with a variety of detrimental vascular phenotypes. However, the mechanisms of vascular redox state regulation under conditions of obesity and systemic IR, as well as their clinical relevance, are not adequately explored. In addition, the notion of vascular IR, and its relationship with systemic parameters of obesity and systemic IR, is not fully understood. In this review, we present all the important components of vascular redox state and the evidence linking oxidative stress with obesity and IR. Future Directions: Future studies are required to describe the cellular effects and the translational potential of vascular redox state in the context of vascular disease. In addition, further elucidation of the direct vascular effects of obesity and IR is required for better management of the vascular complications of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Akoumianakis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
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496
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Huang YT, Liu CH, Yang YC, Aneja R, Wen SY, Huang CY, Kuo WW. ROS- and HIF1α-dependent IGFBP3 upregulation blocks IGF1 survival signaling and thereby mediates high-glucose-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13557-13570. [PMID: 30659610 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic hyperglycemia and its complications, imposing a critical burden on the worldwide economy and the global healthcare system, is a pressing issue. Mounting evidence indicates that oxidative stress and hypoxia, two noticeable features of hyperglycemia, play a joint crucial role in mediating cellular apoptosis. However, the underlying detailed molecular mechanism remains elusive. Triggered by the observation that insulin-like growth factor (IGF1)-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) can mediate, in renal cells, high-glucose-induced apoptosis by elevating oxidative stress, we wish to, in this study, know whether or not the similar scenario holds in cardiac cells and, if so, to find its relevant molecular key players, thereby dissecting the underlying molecular pathway. Specifically, we used a combination of three different cellular sources (H9c2 cells, diabetic rats, and neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes) as our model systems of study. We made use of Co-IP assay and western blot analysis in conjunction with loss-of-function reasoning, gain-of-function logic, and inhibitor treatment as our main analytical tools. As a result, briefly, our main findings are that hyperglycemia can induce cardiac IGFBP3 overexpression and secretion, that high levels of IGFBP3 can sequester IGF1 from IGF1 survival pathway, leading to apoptosis, and that IGFBP3 gene upregulation is hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α-dependent and reactive oxygen species dependent. Piecing these findings together allows us to propose the improved molecular regulatory mechanism. In conclusion, we have established the molecular roles of IGFBP3, HIF1, and prolyl hydroxylase domain in connecting oxidative stress with hypoxia and in cellular apoptosis under hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Te Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hung Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chih Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Su-Ying Wen
- Division of Dermatology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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497
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Rocha TM, Machado NJ, de Sousa JAC, Araujo EVO, Guimaraes MA, Lima DF, Leite JRDSDA, Leal LKAM. Imidazole alkaloids inhibit the pro-inflammatory mechanisms of human neutrophil and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:849-859. [PMID: 30652314 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epiisopiloturine (EPI) and epiisopilosine (EPIIS) are side products in the pharmaceutical industry. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of the alkaloids EPI and EPIIS in human neutrophils and mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. METHODS Neutrophils (5 × 106 cells/ml) incubated with EPI and EPIIS and stimulated by the addition of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate. The release of myeloperoxidase (MPO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, calcium influx, gene expression of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines production were evaluated. It was also investigated the effect these alkaloids on carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia model in mice. KEY FINDINGS We demonstrated that both EPI and EPIIS inhibited the degranulation of activated neutrophils. This effect was accompanied by the reduction in ROS, the prevention of the increase in intracellular Ca2+ and decrease in the density of cytosolic NF-κB, and inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6 production. Evaluating hypernociception in mice, EPI and EPIIS inhibited carrageenan-induced inflammatory hypernociception and reduced MPO levels. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained suggest EPI and EPIIS not only inhibit neutrophils functions in vitro, but also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, acting through the modulation of the activation and/or accumulation of neutrophils in the inflammatory focus. Thus, EPI and EPIIS possess promising anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Magalhães Rocha
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Nuno J Machado
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - David Fernandes Lima
- Academic College of Medicine, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Paulo Afonso, Brazil
| | | | - Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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498
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Wei J, Meng L, Hou X, Qu C, Wang B, Xin Y, Jiang X. Radiation-induced skin reactions: mechanism and treatment. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 11:167-177. [PMID: 30613164 PMCID: PMC6306060 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s188655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a major treatment for malignant tumors. The latest data show that >70% of patients with malignant tumors need RT at different periods. Skin changes can be experienced by up to 95% of patients who underwent RT. Inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) have been shown to be generally associated with radiation-induced skin reactions (RISRs). Inflammatory response and OS interact and promote each other during RISRs. Severe skin reactions often have a great impact on the progress of RT. The treatment of RISRs is particularly critical because advanced RT technology can also lead to skin reactions. RISRs are classified into acute and chronic reactions. The treatment methods for acute RISRs include steroid treatment, creams, ointments, and hydrocolloid dressings, depending on the reaction grading. Chronic RISRs includes chronic ulcerations, telangiectasias, and fibrosis of the skin, and advanced treatments such as mesenchymal stem cells, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, superoxide dismutase, and low-intensity laser therapy can be considered. Here, we review and summarize the important mechanisms that cause RISRs as well as the standard and advanced treatments for RISRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32803, USA
| | - Xue Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
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499
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When safeguarding goes wrong: Impact of oxidative stress on protein homeostasis in health and neurodegenerative disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 114:221-264. [PMID: 30635082 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular redox status is an established player in many different cellular functions. The buildup of oxidants within the cell is tightly regulated to maintain a balance between the positive and negative outcomes of cellular oxidants. Proteins are highly sensitive to oxidation, since modification can cause widespread unfolding and the formation of toxic aggregates. In response, cells have developed highly regulated systems that contribute to the maintenance of both the global redox status and protein homeostasis at large. Changes to these systems have been found to correlate with aging and age-related disorders, such as neurodegenerative pathologies. This raises intriguing questions as to the source of the imbalance in the redox and protein homeostasis systems, their interconnectivity, and their role in disease progression. Here we focus on the crosstalk between the redox and protein homeostasis systems in neurodegenerative diseases, specifically in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS. We elaborate on some of the main players of the stress response systems, including the master regulators of oxidative stress and the heat shock response, Nrf2 and Hsf1, which are essential features of protein folding, and mediators of protein turnover. We illustrate the elegant mechanisms used by these components to provide an immediate response, including protein plasticity controlled by redox-sensing cysteines and the recruitment of naive proteins to the redox homeostasis array that act as chaperons in an ATP-independent manner.
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500
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophage activation and function in diabetes. Immunobiology 2018; 224:242-253. [PMID: 30739804 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In a diabetic milieu high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are induced. This contributes to the vascular complications of diabetes. Recent studies have shown that ROS formation is exacerbated in diabetic monocytes and macrophages due to a glycolytic metabolic shift. Macrophages are important players in the progression of diabetes and promote inflammation through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteases. Because ROS is an important mediator for the activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, obesity and hyperglycemia-induced ROS production may favor induction of M1-like pro-inflammatory macrophages during diabetes onset and progression. ROS induces MAPK, STAT1, STAT6 and NFκB signaling, and interferes with macrophage differentiation via epigenetic (re)programming. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the impact of ROS on macrophage phenotype and function is needed in order to improve treatment of diabetes and its vascular complications. In the current comprehensive review, we dissect the role of ROS in macrophage polarization, and analyze how ROS production links metabolism and inflammation in diabetes and its complications. Finally, we discuss the contribution of ROS to the crosstalk between macrophages and endothelial cells in diabetic complications.
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