451
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Naik S, Larsen SB, Gomez NC, Alaverdyan K, Sendoel A, Yuan S, Polak L, Kulukian A, Chai S, Fuchs E. Inflammatory memory sensitizes skin epithelial stem cells to tissue damage. Nature 2017; 550:475-480. [PMID: 29045388 PMCID: PMC5808576 DOI: 10.1038/nature24271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The body’s first line of defense against environmental assaults, the skin barrier is maintained by epithelial stem cells (EpSCs). Despite EpSCs’ vulnerability to inflammatory pressures, neither the primary response nor its enduring consequences are understood. Here, we unearth a prolonged memory to acute inflammation that enables EpSCs to hasten barrier restoration following subsequent tissue damage. This functional adaptation does not require skin resident macrophages or T cells. Rather, EpSCs maintain chromosomal accessibility at key stress response genes that are activated by the primary stimulus. Upon a secondary challenge, genes governed by these domains are transcribed rapidly. Fueling this memory is Aim2, encoding an activator of the inflammasome. Absence of AIM2 or its downstream effectors, Caspase-1 and Interleukin-1β, erases EpSCs’ ability to recollect inflammation. While EpSCs benefit from inflammatory tuning by heightening their responsiveness to subsequent stressors, this enhanced sensitivity likely increases their susceptibility to autoimmune and hyperproliferative disorders, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Naik
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Samantha B Larsen
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas C Gomez
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Kirill Alaverdyan
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ataman Sendoel
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Shaopeng Yuan
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lisa Polak
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Anita Kulukian
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Sophia Chai
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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452
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Skin Immune Landscape: Inside and Outside the Organism. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5095293. [PMID: 29180836 PMCID: PMC5664322 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5095293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an essential organ to the human body protecting it from external aggressions and pathogens. Over the years, the skin was proven to have a crucial immunological role, not only being a passive protective barrier but a network of effector cells and molecular mediators that constitute a highly sophisticated compound known as the “skin immune system” (SIS). Studies of skin immune sentinels provided essential insights of a complex and dynamic immunity, which was achieved through interaction between the external and internal cutaneous compartments. In fact, the skin surface is cohabited by microorganisms recognized as skin microbiota that live in complete harmony with the immune sentinels and contribute to the epithelial barrier reinforcement. However, under stress, the symbiotic relationship changes into a dysbiotic one resulting in skin disorders. Hence, the skin microbiota may have either positive or negative influence on the immune system. This review aims at providing basic background information on the cutaneous immune system from major cellular and molecular players and the impact of its microbiota on the well-coordinated immune responses in host defense.
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453
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Hsieh MH, Jan RL, Wu LSH, Chen PC, Kao HF, Kuo WS, Wang JY. Lactobacillus gasseri attenuates allergic airway inflammation through PPARγ activation in dendritic cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 96:39-51. [PMID: 29032406 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacilli prevent the early development of allergic diseases in children and experimental asthma in mice. However, the detailed mechanism underlying this action remains unknown. We aimed to explore the activation pathway in the host by Lactobacillus and identify its immunomodulation mechanism in allergic asthma. Continuous administration of 107 cfu, but not 109 cfu, of L. gasseri for 4 weeks prevented Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p)-induced airway hypersensitivity and inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. DNA microarray analysis of the mesenteric and lung draining lymph nodes revealed a significant decrease in inflammatory chemokines and increase in gene expression in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, particularly of PPARγ, in 107 cfu L. gasseri-administered mice compared with untreated mice. Compared with WT mice, Der p-sensitized PPARγL/+ mice showed increased airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, inflammatory cell infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine secretion in bronchoalveolar fluid. Moreover, the protective effects of L. gasseri were lost in Der p-induced airway inflammation in PPARγL/+ mice, and L. gasseri-induced PPARγ activation in BMDCs inhibited the development of allergic airway inflammation in both PPARγ WT and PPARγL/+ mice. L. gasseri may act via a novel PPARγ activation pathway in DCs to alleviate allergen-induced airway inflammation in allergic asthma. KEY MESSAGES L. gasseri prevents mite allergen (Der p)-induced airway inflammation. Prevention of airway inflammation occurs via activation of PPARγ in dendritic cells. L. gasseri administration does not reverse Der p-induced airway inflammation in PPARγ(+/-) mice. L. gasseri-induced PPARγ activation inhibits development of airway inflammation in WT and PPARγ(+/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Hsi Hsieh
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Long Jan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liou-Yin, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Pei-Chi Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center for Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research (ACIR), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Kao
- Center for Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research (ACIR), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shuo Kuo
- Center for Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research (ACIR), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Yao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liou-Yin, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Center for Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research (ACIR), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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454
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Combined Action of Human Commensal Bacteria and Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles on the Viability and Immune Responses of Dendritic Cells. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00178-17. [PMID: 28835358 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00178-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) regulate the host-microbe balance in the gut and skin, tissues likely exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) present in drugs, food, and cosmetics. We analyzed the viability and the activation of DCs incubated with extracellular media (EMs) obtained from cultures of commensal bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis) or pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) in the presence of amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs). EMs and NPs synergistically increased the levels of cytotoxicity and cytokine production, with different nanoparticle dose-response characteristics being found, depending on the bacterial species. E. coli and S. epidermidis EMs plus NPs at nontoxic doses stimulated the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-12, IL-10, and IL-6, while E. coli and S. epidermidis EMs plus NPs at toxic doses stimulated the secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-4, and IL-5. On the contrary, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa EMs induced cytokines only when they were combined with NPs at toxic concentrations. The induction of maturation markers (CD86, CD80, CD83, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and major histocompatibility complex class II) by commensal bacteria but not by pathogenic ones was improved in the presence of noncytotoxic SiO2 NP doses. DCs consistently supported the proliferation and differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells secreting IFN-γ and IL-17A. The synergistic induction of CD86 was due to nonprotein molecules present in the EMs from all bacteria tested. At variance with this finding, the synergistic induction of IL-1β was prevalently mediated by proteins in the case of E. coli EMs and by nonproteins in the case of S. epidermidis EMs. A bacterial costimulus did not act on DCs after adsorption on SiO2 NPs but rather acted as an independent agonist. The inflammatory and immune actions of DCs stimulated by commensal bacterial agonists might be altered by the simultaneous exposure to engineered or environmental NPs.
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455
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Ontogeny and function of murine epidermal Langerhans cells. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1068-1075. [PMID: 28926543 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermis-resident antigen-presenting cells that share a common ontogeny with macrophages but function as dendritic cells (DCs). Their development, recruitment and retention in the epidermis is orchestrated by interactions with keratinocytes through multiple mechanisms. LC and dermal DC subsets often show functional redundancy, but LCs are required for specific types of adaptive immune responses when antigen is concentrated in the epidermis. This Review will focus on those developmental and functional properties that are unique to LCs.
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456
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Role of the microbiota in skin immunity and atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int 2017; 66:539-544. [PMID: 28882556 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 15-20% of children and 2-5% of adults in industrialized countries. The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus selectively colonizes the lesional skin of AD patients while this bacterium is absent in the skin of the majority of healthy individuals. However, the role of S. aureus in the pathogenesis of AD remains poorly understood. In addition to S. aureus, recent studies show a contribution of the skin microbiota to the regulation of immune responses in the skin as well as to the development of inflammatory skin disease. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of the microbiota in skin immune responses and the role of S. aureus virulent factors in the pathogenesis of AD.
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457
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Wu CX, Liu ZF. Proteomic Profiling of Sweat Exosome Suggests its Involvement in Skin Immunity. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:89-97. [PMID: 28899687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Healthy human skin sustains an effective immune defense mechanism, formed by a complex physical and chemical epidermal barrier that coordinates with different cellular components of the skin immune system. However, the mechanism by which skin cells regulate local immune homeostasis in health and disease contexts is not well known. To investigate whether exosomes exist in sweat, sweat samples from healthy individuals were collected after aerobic exercise. Sweat exosome was isolated via differential ultracentrifugation, observed under transmission electron microscopy, measured by dynamic light scattering, and confirmed by immunoblot. Further, shotgun liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis was conducted to investigate the proteomic profiling of sweat exosome. Secreted exosome was detected in human sweat. A total of 1,062 proteins were identified in sweat exosome, including 997 different proteins compared with sweat proteomics and 896 unique proteins compared with urine, saliva, and plasma exosomes. Diverse antimicrobial peptides and immunological factors were found in sweat exosome, suggesting the involvement of exosome in skin immunity. This study provides direct evidence that secreted exosomes exist in human sweat. The proteomic profiling of sweat exosome provides insight into sweat features and the potential physiological significance of exosomes in immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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458
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Tissue-Specific Immunity at the Oral Mucosal Barrier. Trends Immunol 2017; 39:276-287. [PMID: 28923364 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The oral mucosal barrier is constantly exposed to a plethora of triggers requiring immune control, including a diverse commensal microbiome, ongoing damage from mastication, and dietary and airborne antigens. However, how these tissue-specific cues participate in the training of immune responsiveness at this site is minimally understood. Moreover, the mechanisms mediating homeostatic immunity at this interface are not yet fully defined. Here we present basic aspects of the oral mucosal barrier and discuss local cues that may modulate and train local immune responsiveness. We particularly focus on the immune cell network mediating immune surveillance at a specific oral barrier, the gingiva - a constantly stimulated and dynamic environment where homeostasis is often disrupted, resulting in the common inflammatory disease periodontitis.
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459
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Sabaté Brescó M, Harris LG, Thompson K, Stanic B, Morgenstern M, O'Mahony L, Richards RG, Moriarty TF. Pathogenic Mechanisms and Host Interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis Device-Related Infection. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1401. [PMID: 28824556 PMCID: PMC5539136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a permanent member of the normal human microbiota, commonly found on skin and mucous membranes. By adhering to tissue surface moieties of the host via specific adhesins, S. epidermidis is capable of establishing a lifelong commensal relationship with humans that begins early in life. In its role as a commensal organism, S. epidermidis is thought to provide benefits to human host, including out-competing more virulent pathogens. However, largely due to its capacity to form biofilm on implanted foreign bodies, S. epidermidis has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen in patients receiving medical devices. S. epidermidis causes approximately 20% of all orthopedic device-related infections (ODRIs), increasing up to 50% in late-developing infections. Despite this prevalence, it remains underrepresented in the scientific literature, in particular lagging behind the study of the S. aureus. This review aims to provide an overview of the interactions of S. epidermidis with the human host, both as a commensal and as a pathogen. The mechanisms retained by S. epidermidis that enable colonization of human skin as well as invasive infection, will be described, with a particular focus upon biofilm formation. The host immune responses to these infections are also described, including how S. epidermidis seems to trigger low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and high levels of interleukin-10, which may contribute to the sub-acute and persistent nature often associated with these infections. The adaptive immune response to S. epidermidis remains poorly described, and represents an area which may provide significant new discoveries in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sabaté Brescó
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland.,Molecular Immunology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of ZurichDavos, Switzerland
| | - Llinos G Harris
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical SchoolSwansea, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Thompson
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Stanic
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
| | - Mario Morgenstern
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Molecular Immunology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of ZurichDavos, Switzerland
| | - R Geoff Richards
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
| | - T Fintan Moriarty
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
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460
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Acuff NV, LaGatta M, Nagy T, Watford WT. Severe Dermatitis Associated with Spontaneous Staphylococcus xylosus Infection in Rag-/-Tpl2-/- Mice. Comp Med 2017; 67:344-349. [PMID: 28830581 PMCID: PMC5557206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus xylosus is a commensal bacterium found on the skin and mucosal surfaces of SPF mice. S. xylosus is rarely pathogenic, most often causing skin lesions and dermatitis in immunocompromised mice, particularly those with impaired NADPH oxidase function. Here we report spontaneous infection with S. xylosus in Rag1-/-Tpl2-/- mice. Infection was characterized by the presence of alopecia, crusts, and scaly skin. S. xylosus was detected in the feces, skin, lymph nodes, and lungs of Rag1-/-Tpl2-/- mice and led to mortality or euthanasia due to humane endpoints. C57BL/6 mice were culture-positive for S. xylosus on the skin, and Rag1-/- and Tpl2-/- mice were culture-positive on the skin and occasionally in the feces. However, S. xylosus did not cause clinical symptoms in C57BL/6, Rag1-/-, or Tpl2-/- mice. Compared with those in Rag1-/- mice, relative concentrations of circulating monocytes, but not neutrophils or lymphocytes, were increased in Rag1-/-Tpl2-/- mice, consistent with their increased incidence of clinical symptoms. Overall, this case study suggests a novel role for Tpl2 in T-cell-independent host resistance to the otherwise commensal organism S. xylosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V Acuff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Monica LaGatta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wendy T Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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461
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Ventre E, Rozières A, Lenief V, Albert F, Rossio P, Laoubi L, Dombrowicz D, Staels B, Ulmann L, Julia V, Vial E, Jomard A, Hacini-Rachinel F, Nicolas JF, Vocanson M. Topical ivermectin improves allergic skin inflammation. Allergy 2017; 72:1212-1221. [PMID: 28052336 DOI: 10.1111/all.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin (IVM) is widely used in both human and veterinary medicine to treat parasitic infections. Recent reports have suggested that IVM could also have anti-inflammatory properties. METHODS Here, we investigated the activity of IVM in a murine model of atopic dermatitis (AD) induced by repeated exposure to the allergen Dermatophagoides farinae, and in standard cellular immunological assays. RESULTS Our results show that topical IVM improved allergic skin inflammation by reducing the priming and activation of allergen-specific T cells, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines. While IVM had no major impact on the functions of dendritic cells in vivo and in vitro, IVM impaired T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production following polyclonal and antigen-specific stimulation. CONCLUSION Altogether, our results show that IVM is endowed with topical anti-inflammatory properties that could have important applications for the treatment of T-cell-mediated skin inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ventre
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - A. Rozières
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - V. Lenief
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - F. Albert
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - P. Rossio
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | - L. Laoubi
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - D. Dombrowicz
- Université de Lille; INSERM; CHU de Lille; European Genomic Institute of Diabetes; Institut Pasteur de Lille; U1011-récepteurs nucléaires maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète; Lille France
| | - B. Staels
- Université de Lille; INSERM; CHU de Lille; European Genomic Institute of Diabetes; Institut Pasteur de Lille; U1011-récepteurs nucléaires maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète; Lille France
| | - L. Ulmann
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle; CNRS; INSERM; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - V. Julia
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | - E. Vial
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | - A. Jomard
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | | | - J.-F. Nicolas
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - M. Vocanson
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
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462
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Berry MR, Mathews RJ, Ferdinand JR, Jing C, Loudon KW, Wlodek E, Dennison TW, Kuper C, Neuhofer W, Clatworthy MR. Renal Sodium Gradient Orchestrates a Dynamic Antibacterial Defense Zone. Cell 2017; 170:860-874.e19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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463
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Kim Y, Lee YS, Yang JY, Lee SH, Park YY, Kweon MN. The resident pathobiont Staphylococcus xylosus in Nfkbiz-deficient skin accelerates spontaneous skin inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6348. [PMID: 28740238 PMCID: PMC5524713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IκBζ, which is encoded by the Nfkbiz gene, is a member of the nuclear IκB family of proteins that act as transcriptional regulators via association with NF-κB. Nfkbiz-deficient (Nfkbiz -/-) mice develop spontaneous dermatitis; however, the underlying mechanism has yet to be elucidated. In our study, we found higher skin pathology scores and more serum IgE antibodies and trans-epidermal water loss in Nfkbiz -/- than in Nfkbiz-sufficient (Nfkbiz +/-) mice. There was also greater expansion of IFN-γ-, IL-17A-, and IL-22-secreting CD4+ T cells and of IL-17A-secreting γδ+ T cells in the skin of Nfkbiz -/- mice than in with Nfkbiz +/- mice. Pyrosequencing analysis showed decreased diversity of resident bacteria and markedly expanded Staphylococcus (S.) xylosus in the skin of Nfkbiz -/- mice. Oral administration of antibiotics including cephalexin and enrofloxacin ameliorated skin inflammation. Topical application of S. xylosus also resulted in the expansion of IL-17A-secreting CD4+ T cells along with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the skin of Nfkbiz -/- mice. The expansion of commensal S. xylosus may be one cause of skin dysbiosis in Nfkbiz -/- mice and suggests that the Nfkbiz gene may play a regulatory role in the microbiota-skin immunity axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Kim
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Lee
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Yang
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Lee
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Yong Park
- ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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464
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and fourth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While cancer is largely considered to be a disease of genetic and environmental factors, increasing evidence has demonstrated a role for the microbiota (the microorganisms associated with the human body) in shaping inflammatory environments and promoting tumor growth and spread. Herein, we discuss both human data from meta'omics analyses and data from mechanistic studies in cell culture and animal models that support specific bacterial agents as potentiators of tumorigenesis-including Fusobacterium nucleatum, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and colibactin-producing Escherichia coli. Further, we consider how microbes can be used in diagnosing colorectal cancer and manipulating the tumor environment to encourage better patient outcomes in response to immunotherapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Brennan
- Departments of Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Genetics & Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Departments of Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Genetics & Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , .,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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465
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Ghenassia A, Gross DA, Lorain S, Tros F, Urbain D, Benkhelifa-Ziyyat S, Charbit A, Davoust J, Chappert P. Intradermal Immunization with rAAV1 Vector Induces Robust Memory CD8 + T Cell Responses Independently of Transgene Expression in DCs. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2309-2322. [PMID: 28720467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors exhibit interesting properties as vaccine carriers for their ability to induce long-lasting antibody responses. However, rAAV-based vaccines have been suggested to trigger functionally impaired long-term memory CD8+ T cell responses, in part due to poor dendritic cell (DC) transduction. Such results, albeit limited to intramuscular immunization, undermined the use of rAAV as vaccine vehicles against intracellular pathogens. We report here that intradermal immunization with a model rAAV2/1-based vaccine drives the development of bona fide long-term memory CD8+ T cell responses. The intradermal route of immunization and the presence of potent major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II responses showed synergistic effects on the overall quantity and quality of systemic long-term effector memory transgene-specific CD8+ T cells being generated against the transgene. Of key interest, we found that the induction of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) following intradermal immunization was solely dependent on the cross-presentation of skin-expressed transgene products, which appeared highly enhanced as compared to muscle-expressed transgene products. Overall our results highlight key tissue-specific differences in transgene presentation pathway requirements of importance for the design of rAAV-based T cell-inducing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ghenassia
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75743 Paris, France
| | - David-Alexandre Gross
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Lorain
- Myology Research Center, UM76, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE 3617, Institut de Myologie, UPMC Université Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabiola Tros
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Urbain
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Sofia Benkhelifa-Ziyyat
- Myology Research Center, UM76, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE 3617, Institut de Myologie, UPMC Université Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alain Charbit
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Jean Davoust
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75743 Paris, France.
| | - Pascal Chappert
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75743 Paris, France.
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466
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St Leger AJ, Desai JV, Drummond RA, Kugadas A, Almaghrabi F, Silver P, Raychaudhuri K, Gadjeva M, Iwakura Y, Lionakis MS, Caspi RR. An Ocular Commensal Protects against Corneal Infection by Driving an Interleukin-17 Response from Mucosal γδ T Cells. Immunity 2017; 47:148-158.e5. [PMID: 28709803 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal sites such as the intestine, oral cavity, nasopharynx, and vagina all have associated commensal flora. The surface of the eye is also a mucosal site, but proof of a living, resident ocular microbiome remains elusive. Here, we used a mouse model of ocular surface disease to reveal that commensals were present in the ocular mucosa and had functional immunological consequences. We isolated one such candidate commensal, Corynebacterium mastitidis, and showed that this organism elicited a commensal-specific interleukin-17 response from γδ T cells in the ocular mucosa that was central to local immunity. The commensal-specific response drove neutrophil recruitment and the release of antimicrobials into the tears and protected the eye from pathogenic Candida albicans or Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Our findings provide direct evidence that a resident commensal microbiome exists on the ocular surface and identify the cellular mechanisms underlying its effects on ocular immune homeostasis and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J St Leger
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jigar V Desai
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca A Drummond
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abirami Kugadas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatimah Almaghrabi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Phyllis Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Mihaela Gadjeva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Animal Models, Institute for Medical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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467
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De Santis S, Galleggiante V, Scandiffio L, Liso M, Sommella E, Sobolewski A, Spilotro V, Pinto A, Campiglia P, Serino G, Santino A, Notarnicola M, Chieppa M. Secretory Leukoprotease Inhibitor (Slpi) Expression Is Required for Educating Murine Dendritic Cells Inflammatory Response Following Quercetin Exposure. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070706. [PMID: 28684695 PMCID: PMC5537821 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells' (DCs) ability to present antigens and initiate the adaptive immune response confers them a pivotal role in immunological defense against hostile infection and, at the same time, immunological tolerance towards harmless components of the microbiota. Food products can modulate the inflammatory status of intestinal DCs. Among nutritionally-derived products, we investigated the ability of quercetin to suppress inflammatory cytokines secretion, antigen presentation, and DCs migration towards the draining lymph nodes. We recently identified the Slpi expression as a crucial checkpoint required for the quercetin-induced inflammatory suppression. Here we demonstrate that Slpi-KO DCs secrete a unique panel of cytokines and chemokines following quercetin exposure. In vivo, quercetin-enriched food is able to induce Slpi expression in the ileum, while little effects are detectable in the duodenum. Furthermore, Slpi expressing cells are more frequent at the tip compared to the base of the intestinal villi, suggesting that quercetin exposure could be more efficient for DCs projecting periscopes in the intestinal lumen. These data suggest that quercetin-enriched nutritional regimes may be efficient for suppressing inflammatory syndromes affecting the ileo-colonic tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania De Santis
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Institute of Research, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy.
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R., Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Galleggiante
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Institute of Research, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy.
| | - Letizia Scandiffio
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Institute of Research, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy.
| | - Marina Liso
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Institute of Research, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy.
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | | | - Vito Spilotro
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Institute of Research, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy.
| | - Aldo Pinto
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. de Renzi, 3, 84125 Salerno, Italy.
| | - Grazia Serino
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Institute of Research, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy.
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R., Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Maria Notarnicola
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Institute of Research, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy.
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Institute of Research, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
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468
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Gimblet C, Meisel JS, Loesche MA, Cole SD, Horwinski J, Novais FO, Misic AM, Bradley CW, Beiting DP, Rankin SC, Carvalho LP, Carvalho EM, Scott P, Grice EA. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Induces a Transmissible Dysbiotic Skin Microbiota that Promotes Skin Inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:13-24.e4. [PMID: 28669672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skin microbiota can impact allergic and autoimmune responses, wound healing, and anti-microbial defense. We investigated the role of skin microbiota in cutaneous leishmaniasis and found that human patients infected with Leishmania braziliensis develop dysbiotic skin microbiota, characterized by increases in the abundance of Staphylococcus and/or Streptococcus. Mice infected with L. major exhibit similar changes depending upon disease severity. Importantly, this dysbiosis is not limited to the lesion site, but is transmissible to normal skin distant from the infection site and to skin from co-housed naive mice. This observation allowed us to test whether a pre-existing dysbiotic skin microbiota influences disease, and we found that challenging dysbiotic naive mice with L. major or testing for contact hypersensitivity results in exacerbated skin inflammatory responses. These findings demonstrate that a dysbiotic skin microbiota is not only a consequence of tissue stress, but also enhances inflammation, which has implications for many inflammatory cutaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Gimblet
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacquelyn S Meisel
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A Loesche
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen D Cole
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph Horwinski
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ana M Misic
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charles W Bradley
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador 40110-160, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador 40110-160, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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469
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Deckers J, De Bosscher K, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Interplay between barrier epithelial cells and dendritic cells in allergic sensitization through the lung and the skin. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:131-144. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deckers
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories; Nuclear Receptor Lab; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology; Ghent Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biochemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories; Nuclear Receptor Lab; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology; Ghent Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
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470
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Tett A, Pasolli E, Farina S, Truong DT, Asnicar F, Zolfo M, Beghini F, Armanini F, Jousson O, De Sanctis V, Bertorelli R, Girolomoni G, Cristofolini M, Segata N. Unexplored diversity and strain-level structure of the skin microbiome associated with psoriasis. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017; 3:14. [PMID: 28649415 PMCID: PMC5481418 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-017-0022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease that has been associated with cutaneous microbial dysbiosis by culture-dependent investigations and rRNA community profiling. We applied, for the first time, high-resolution shotgun metagenomics to characterise the microbiome of psoriatic and unaffected skin from 28 individuals. We demonstrate psoriatic ear sites have a decreased diversity and psoriasis is associated with an increase in Staphylococcus, but overall the microbiomes of psoriatic and unaffected sites display few discriminative features at the species level. Finer strain-level analysis reveals strain heterogeneity colonisation and functional variability providing the intriguing hypothesis of psoriatic niche-specific strain adaptation or selection. Furthermore, we accessed the poorly characterised, but abundant, clades with limited sequence information in public databases, including uncharacterised Malassezia spp. These results highlight the skins hidden diversity and suggests strain-level variations could be key determinants of the psoriatic microbiome. This illustrates the need for high-resolution analyses, particularly when identifying therapeutic targets. This work provides a baseline for microbiome studies in relation to the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tett
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pasolli
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Duy Tin Truong
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Moreno Zolfo
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Olivier Jousson
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Veronica De Sanctis
- NGS Facility, Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Roberto Bertorelli
- NGS Facility, Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Segata
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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471
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Bitschar K, Wolz C, Krismer B, Peschel A, Schittek B. Keratinocytes as sensors and central players in the immune defense against Staphylococcus aureus in the skin. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:215-220. [PMID: 28655473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Healthy human skin provides an effective mechanical as well as immunologic barrier against pathogenic microorganisms with keratinocytes as the main cell type in the epidermis actively participating and orchestrating the innate immune response of the skin. As constituent of the outermost layer encountering potential pathogens they have to sense signals from the environment and must be able to initiate a differential immune response to harmless commensals and harmful pathogens. Staphylococci are among the most abundant colonizers of the skin: Whereas Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the skin microbiota and ubiquitously colonizes human skin, Staphylococcus aureus is only rarely found on healthy human skin, but frequently colonizes the skin of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. This review highlights recent advances in understanding how keratinocytes as sessile innate immune cells orchestrate an effective defense against S. aureus in healthy skin and the mechanisms leading to an impaired keratinocyte function in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Krismer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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472
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Egert M, Simmering R, Riedel CU. The Association of the Skin Microbiota With Health, Immunity, and Disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:62-69. [PMID: 28380682 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human skin is densely colonized by a highly diverse microbiota comprising all three domains of life. Long believed to represent mainly a source of infection, the human skin microbiota is nowadays well accepted as an important driver of human (skin) health and well-being. This microbiota is influenced by many host and environmental factors and interacts closely with the skin immune system. Although cause and effect are usually difficult to discriminate, changes in the skin microbiota clearly play a role in the pathobiology of many types of skin disease and cosmetic disorders. Consequently, treatment and prevention strategies have to respect this role, rendering pre- and probiotic and even transplantation therapies an additional option to the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Egert
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - R Simmering
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Corporate Scientific Services, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C U Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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473
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Interaction of Candida Species with the Skin. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5020032. [PMID: 28590443 PMCID: PMC5488103 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is commonly colonized by diverse fungal species. Some Candida species, especially C. albicans, do not only reside on the skin surface as commensals, but also cause infections by growing into the colonized tissue. However, defense mechanisms at the skin barrier level are very efficient, involving residential non-immune and immune cells as well as immune cells specifically recruited to the site of infection. Therefore, the skin is an effective barrier against fungal infection. While most studies about commensal and pathogenic interaction of Candida species with host epithelia focus on the interaction with mucosal surfaces such as the vaginal and gastrointestinal epithelia, less is known about the mechanisms underlying Candida interaction with the skin. In this review, we focus on the ecology and molecular pathogenesis of Candida species on the skin and give an overview of defense mechanisms against C. albicans in this context. We also discuss new research avenues in dermal infection, including the involvement of neurons, fibroblasts, and commensal bacteria in both mouse and human model systems.
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474
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Belkaid Y, Harrison OJ. Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota. Immunity 2017; 46:562-576. [PMID: 28423337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 722] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host immune system. In return, the host immune system has evolved multiple means by which to maintain its symbiotic relationship with the microbiota. The maintenance of this dialogue allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the utilization of regulatory pathways involved in the sustained tolerance to innocuous antigens. The ability of microbes to set the immunological tone of tissues, both locally and systemically, requires tonic sensing of microbes and complex feedback loops between innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Here we review the dominant cellular mediators of these interactions and discuss emerging themes associated with our current understanding of the homeostatic immunological dialogue between the host and its microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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475
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Xu C, Ruan B, Jiang Y, Xue T, Wang Z, Lu H, Wei M, Wang S, Ye Z, Zhai D, Wang L, Lu Z. Antibiotics-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis promotes tumor initiation via affecting APC-Th1 development in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:418-424. [PMID: 28506830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is critical for maintaining body immune homeostasis and thus affects tumor growth and therapeutic efficiency. Here, we investigated the link between microbiota and tumorgenesis in a mice model of subcutaneous melanoma cell transplantation, and explored the underlying mechanism. We found disruption of gut microbiota by pretreating mice with antibiotics promote tumor growth and remodeling the immune compartment within the primary tumor. Indeed, gut microbial dysbiosis reduced the infiltrated mature antigen-presenting cells of tumor, together with lower levels of co-stimulators, such as CD80, CD86 and MHCII, as well as defective Th1 cytokines, including IFNγ, TNFα, IL12p40, and IL12p35. Meantime, splenic APCs displayed blunted ability in triggering T cell proliferation and IFNγ secretion. However, oral administration of LPS restored the immune surveillance effects and thus inhibited tumor growth in the antibiotics induced gut microbiota dysbiosis group. Taken together, these data highly supported that antibiotics induced gut microbiota dysbiosis promotes tumor initiation, while LPS supplementation would restore the effective immune surveillance and repress tumor initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Banjun Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Yinghao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Ting Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Huanyu Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Ming Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Zicheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - Zifan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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476
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Man WH, de Steenhuijsen Piters WA, Bogaert D. The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:259-270. [PMID: 28316330 PMCID: PMC7097736 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is a complex organ system that is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The human respiratory tract spans from the nostrils to the lung alveoli and is inhabited by niche-specific communities of bacteria. The microbiota of the respiratory tract probably acts as a gatekeeper that provides resistance to colonization by respiratory pathogens. The respiratory microbiota might also be involved in the maturation and maintenance of homeostasis of respiratory physiology and immunity. The ecological and environmental factors that direct the development of microbial communities in the respiratory tract and how these communities affect respiratory health are the focus of current research. Concurrently, the functions of the microbiome of the upper and lower respiratory tract in the physiology of the human host are being studied in detail. In this Review, we will discuss the epidemiological, biological and functional evidence that support the physiological role of the respiratory microbiota in the maintenance of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ho Man
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- Spaarne Gasthuis Academy, Spaarnepoort 1, Hoofddorp, 2134 TM The Netherlands
| | - Wouter A.A. de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
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477
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakeen W. Kashem
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel H. Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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478
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Abstract
Commensal bacteria live intimately and in constant dialogue with skin immune cells. Regulating our immune response to these bacteria is critical for skin homeostasis. Using a new murine model to track Staphylococcus epidermidis-specific T cells, we found that colonization during neonatal but not adult life led to S.epidermidis-specific immune tolerance. This tolerance protected against skin inflammation and was mediated by a wave of regulatory T cells entering neonatal skin. These findings provide new insight into how we establish a healthy symbiosis with commensal microbes and highlight avenues for future research to identify novel therapies for inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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479
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Kong HH, Segre JA. The Molecular Revolution in Cutaneous Biology: Investigating the Skin Microbiome. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:e119-e122. [PMID: 28411842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Building upon the knowledge garnered from investigations utilizing traditional culturing methods, advances in sequencing technologies have catalyzed a revolution in studying human-associated microbes: bacteria, fungi and viruses. Skin microbiome research in healthy individuals and patients with dermatologic disorders has provided insights into the complexity and biogeography of human skin microbes. The continual developments in sequencing and analyses will provide increasingly sophisticated tools to interrogate human-associated microbes, ultimately to improve our understanding of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi H Kong
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Associate Editor, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Julia A Segre
- Associate Editor, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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480
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Yan D, Issa N, Afifi L, Jeon C, Chang HW, Liao W. The Role of the Skin and Gut Microbiome in Psoriatic Disease. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 6:94-103. [PMID: 28804689 DOI: 10.1007/s13671-017-0178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the changes in the microbiome in psoriatic disease, we conducted a systematic review of studies comparing the skin and gut microbiota in psoriatic individuals and healthy controls. FINDINGS Our review of studies pertaining to the cutaneous microbiome showed a trend towards an increased relative abundance of Streptococcus and a decreased level of Propionibacterium in psoriasis patients compared to controls. In the gut microbiome, the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes was perturbed in psoriatic individuals compared to healthy controls. Actinobacteria was also relatively underrepresented in psoriasis patients relative to healthy individuals. SUMMARY Although the field of the psoriatic microbiome is relatively new, these first studies reveal interesting differences in microbiome composition that may be associated with the development of psoriatic comorbidities and serve as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Naiem Issa
- Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Ladan Afifi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Jeon
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hsin Wen Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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481
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Gurung P, Fan G, Lukens JR, Vogel P, Tonks NK, Kanneganti TD. Tyrosine Kinase SYK Licenses MyD88 Adaptor Protein to Instigate IL-1α-Mediated Inflammatory Disease. Immunity 2017; 46:635-648. [PMID: 28410990 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mice carrying a hypomorphic point mutation in the Ptpn6 gene (Ptpn6spin mice) develop an inflammatory skin disease that resembles neutrophilic dermatosis in humans. Here, we demonstrated that interleukin-1α (IL-1α) signaling through IL-1R and MyD88 in both stromal and immune cells drive inflammation in Ptpn6spin mice. We further identified SYK as a critical kinase that phosphorylates MyD88, promoted MyD88-dependent signaling and mediates dermatosis in Ptpn6spin mice. Our studies further demonstrated that SHP1 encoded by Ptpn6 binds and suppresses SYK activation to inhibit MyD88 phosphorylation. Downstream of SHP1 and SYK-dependent counterregulation of MyD88 tyrosine phosphorylation, we have demonstrated that the scaffolding function of receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and tumor growth factor-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-mediating signaling were required to spur inflammatory disease. Overall, these studies identify SHP1 and SYK crosstalk as a critical regulator of MyD88 post-translational modifications and IL-1-driven inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gaofeng Fan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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482
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Burian M, Bitschar K, Dylus B, Peschel A, Schittek B. The Protective Effect of Microbiota on S. aureus Skin Colonization Depends on the Integrity of the Epithelial Barrier. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:976-979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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483
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Scharschmidt TC, Vasquez KS, Pauli ML, Leitner EG, Chu K, Truong HA, Lowe MM, Sanchez Rodriguez R, Ali N, Laszik ZG, Sonnenburg JL, Millar SE, Rosenblum MD. Commensal Microbes and Hair Follicle Morphogenesis Coordinately Drive Treg Migration into Neonatal Skin. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:467-477.e5. [PMID: 28343820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are required to establish immune tolerance to commensal microbes. Tregs accumulate abruptly in the skin during a defined window of postnatal tissue development. However, the mechanisms mediating Treg migration to neonatal skin are unknown. Here we show that hair follicle (HF) development facilitates the accumulation of Tregs in neonatal skin and that upon skin entry these cells localize to HFs, a primary reservoir for skin commensals. Further, germ-free neonates had reduced skin Tregs indicating that commensal microbes augment Treg accumulation. We identified Ccl20 as a HF-derived, microbiota-dependent chemokine and found its receptor, Ccr6, to be preferentially expressed by Tregs in neonatal skin. The Ccl20-Ccr6 pathway mediated Treg migration in vitro and in vivo. Thus, HF morphogenesis, commensal microbe colonization, and local chemokine production work in concert to recruit Tregs into neonatal skin, thereby establishing this tissue Treg niche early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kimberly S Vasquez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mariela L Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Leitner
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hong-An Truong
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Robert Sanchez Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Niwa Ali
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Zoltan G Laszik
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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484
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Nguyen TH, Park MD, Otto M. Host Response to Staphylococcus epidermidis Colonization and Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:90. [PMID: 28377905 PMCID: PMC5359315 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of research in the Staphylococcus field has been dedicated to the understanding of Staphylococcus aureus infections. In contrast, there is limited information on infections by coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) and how the host responds to them. S. epidermidis, a member of the coagulase-negative Staphylococci, is an important commensal organism of the human skin and mucous membranes; and there is emerging evidence of its benefit for human health in fighting off harmful microorganisms. However, S. epidermidis can cause opportunistic infections, which include particularly biofilm-associated infections on indwelling medical devices. These often can disseminate into the bloodstream; and in fact, S. epidermidis is the most frequent cause of nosocomial sepsis. The increasing use of medical implants and the dramatic shift in the patient demographic population in recent years have contributed significantly to the rise of S. epidermidis infections. Furthermore, treatment has been complicated by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Today, S. epidermidis is a major nosocomial pathogen posing significant medical and economic burdens. In this review, we present the current understanding of mechanisms of host defense against the prototypical CoNS species S. epidermidis as a commensal of the skin and mucous membranes, and during biofilm-associated infection and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan H Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew D Park
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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485
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Nakatsuji T, Chen TH, Narala S, Chun KA, Two AM, Yun T, Shafiq F, Kotol PF, Bouslimani A, Melnik AV, Latif H, Kim JN, Lockhart A, Artis K, David G, Taylor P, Streib J, Dorrestein PC, Grier A, Gill SR, Zengler K, Hata TR, Leung DYM, Gallo RL. Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaah4680. [PMID: 28228596 PMCID: PMC5600545 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome can promote or disrupt human health by influencing both adaptive and innate immune functions. We tested whether bacteria that normally reside on human skin participate in host defense by killing Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen commonly found in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and an important factor that exacerbates this disease. High-throughput screening for antimicrobial activity against S. aureus was performed on isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) collected from the skin of healthy and AD subjects. CoNS strains with antimicrobial activity were common on the normal population but rare on AD subjects. A low frequency of strains with antimicrobial activity correlated with colonization by S. aureus The antimicrobial activity was identified as previously unknown antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by CoNS species including Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus hominis These AMPs were strain-specific, highly potent, selectively killed S. aureus, and synergized with the human AMP LL-37. Application of these CoNS strains to mice confirmed their defense function in vivo relative to application of nonactive strains. Strikingly, reintroduction of antimicrobial CoNS strains to human subjects with AD decreased colonization by S. aureus These findings show how commensal skin bacteria protect against pathogens and demonstrate how dysbiosis of the skin microbiome can lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Tiffany H Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Saisindhu Narala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Kimberly A Chun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Aimee M Two
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Tong Yun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Faiza Shafiq
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Paul F Kotol
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Amina Bouslimani
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Alexey V Melnik
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Haythem Latif
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Ji-Nu Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | | | - Keli Artis
- Rho Federal Systems Division Inc., Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Gloria David
- Rho Federal Systems Division Inc., Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Patricia Taylor
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Joanne Streib
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Alex Grier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14611, USA
| | - Steven R Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14611, USA
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Tissa R Hata
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA.
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486
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CD49a Expression Defines Tissue-Resident CD8 + T Cells Poised for Cytotoxic Function in Human Skin. Immunity 2017; 46:287-300. [PMID: 28214226 PMCID: PMC5337619 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells form a heterogeneous population that provides localized protection against pathogens. Here, we identify CD49a as a marker that differentiates CD8+ Trm cells on a compartmental and functional basis. In human skin epithelia, CD8+CD49a+ Trm cells produced interferon-γ, whereas CD8+CD49a− Trm cells produced interleukin-17 (IL-17). In addition, CD8+CD49a+ Trm cells from healthy skin rapidly induced the expression of the effector molecules perforin and granzyme B when stimulated with IL-15, thereby promoting a strong cytotoxic response. In skin from patients with vitiligo, where melanocytes are eradicated locally, CD8+CD49a+ Trm cells that constitutively expressed perforin and granzyme B accumulated both in the epidermis and dermis. Conversely, CD8+CD49a– Trm cells from psoriasis lesions predominantly generated IL-17 responses that promote local inflammation in this skin disease. Overall, CD49a expression delineates CD8+ Trm cell specialization in human epithelial barriers and correlates with the effector cell balance found in distinct inflammatory skin diseases. CD49a expression marks CD8+ Trm cells poised for IFN-γ production in human skin IL-15 drives potent cytotoxic capacity in CD49a+ Trm cells IL-17 is preferentially produced by CD49a− CD8+ Trm cells in the skin CD49a+ versus CD49- Trm cell functional dichotomy is preserved in vitiligo and psoriasis
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487
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Yamamoto Y, Morikawa T, Kawai T, Nonomura Y. Selective Bactericidal Activity of Divalent Metal Salts of Lauric Acid. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:113-121. [PMID: 30023510 PMCID: PMC6044674 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria play a crucial role in skin health. For example, Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes cause skin roughness and acne, whereas Staphylococcus epidermidis enhances innate barrier immunity. Therefore, controlling the bacterial flora is important in dermatology and cosmetic chemistry. In this study, the bactericidal activities of different metal salts of lauric acid were evaluated. The bactericidal behavior of the salts changed according to the type of metal ion. Specifically, the Mg-, Ca-, and Mn-containing salts effectively sterilized only S. aureus and P. acnes. Their Co, Ni, and Cu salts sterilized all bacteria, including S. epidermidis, whereas the Zn salt proved ineffective. The Cu salt displayed the strongest bactericidal activity. Spin-trapping, detected using electron spin resonance, showed that this salt catalyzed the generation of hydroxyl radicals, which can destroy bacterial cell membranes. These findings demonstrate that metal-ion selection is an important factor in the design of bactericidal agents for healthcare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yamamoto
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiya Morikawa
- Skin-Care
Laboratories, Kao Corporation, CRIS Building, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawai
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshimune Nonomura
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
- E-mail: .
Tel: +81-238-26-3164. Fax: +81-238-26-3406
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488
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Rodrigues Hoffmann A. The cutaneous ecosystem: the roles of the skin microbiome in health and its association with inflammatory skin conditions in humans and animals. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:60-e15. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Dermatopathology Specialty Service; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; 4467 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
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489
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Dajnoki Z, Béke G, Kapitány A, Mócsai G, Gáspár K, Rühl R, Hendrik Z, Juhász I, Zouboulis CC, Bácsi A, Bíró T, Törőcsik D, Szegedi A. Sebaceous Gland-Rich Skin Is Characterized by TSLP Expression and Distinct Immune Surveillance Which Is Disturbed in Rosacea. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1114-1125. [PMID: 28131815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The microbial community exhibits remarkable diversity on topographically distinct skin regions, which may be accompanied by differences in skin immune characteristics. Our aim was to compare the immune milieu of healthy sebaceous gland-rich (SGR) and sebaceous gland-poor skin areas, and to analyze its changes in an inflammatory disease of SGR skin. For this purpose, immunohistochemical, immunocytochemical, and quantitative real-time PCR analyses of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and other cytokines, phenotypic immune cell markers and transcription factors were carried out in samples from sebaceous gland-poor, SGR skin and from papulopustular rosacea. TSLP mRNA and protein production was also studied in cultured keratinocytes. In SGR skin, higher TSLP expression, dendritic cell appearance without prominent activation, and T cell presence with IL-17/IL-10 cytokine milieu were detected compared with sebaceous gland-poor skin. Linoleic acid, a major sebum component, was found to induce TSLP expression dose-dependently in keratinocytes. In papulopustular rosacea, significantly decreased TSLP level and influx of inflammatory dendritic cells and T cells with IL-17/interferon-γ cytokine milieu were observed. According to our results, SGR skin is characterized by a distinct, noninflammatory immune surveillance, which may explain the preferred localization of inflammatory skin diseases, and can influence future barrier repair therapeutic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Dajnoki
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Béke
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kapitány
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mócsai
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Gáspár
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ralph Rühl
- MTA-DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Paprika Bioanalytics Bt, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hendrik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Juhász
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szegedi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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490
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Ferretti P, Farina S, Cristofolini M, Girolomoni G, Tett A, Segata N. Experimental metagenomics and ribosomal profiling of the human skin microbiome. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:211-219. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ferretti
- Centre for Integrative Biology; University of Trento; Trento Italy
| | | | | | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Section of Dermatology; Department of Medicine; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Adrian Tett
- Centre for Integrative Biology; University of Trento; Trento Italy
| | - Nicola Segata
- Centre for Integrative Biology; University of Trento; Trento Italy
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491
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Chou-Zheng L, Hatoum-Aslan A. Expression and Purification of the Cas10-Csm Complex from Staphylococci. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2353. [PMID: 28835904 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins) is a class of prokaryotic immune systems that degrade foreign nucleic acids in a sequence-specific manner. These systems rely upon ribonucleoprotein complexes composed of Cas nucleases and small CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are bacterial residents on human skin that are also leading causes of antibiotic resistant infections (Lowy, 1998; National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance, 2004; Otto, 2009). Many staphylococci possess Type III-A CRISPR-Cas systems (Marraffini and Sontheimer, 2008; Cao et al., 2016), which have been shown to prevent plasmid transfer and protect against viral predators (Goldberg et al., 2014; Hatoum-Aslan et al., 2014; Samai et al., 2015) in these organisms. Thus, gaining a mechanistic understanding of these systems in the native staphylococcal background can lead to important insights into the factors that impact the evolution and survival of these pathogens. Type III-A CRISPR-Cas systems encode a five-subunit effector complex called Cas10-Csm (Hatoum-Aslan et al., 2013). Here, we describe a protocol for the expression and purification of Cas10-Csm from its native S. epidermidis background or a heterologous S. aureus background. The method consists of a two-step purification protocol involving Ni2+-affinity chromatography and a DNA affinity biotin pull-down, which together yield a pure preparation of the Cas10-Csm complex. This approach has been used previously to analyze the effects of mutations on Cas10-Csm complex integrity (Hatoum-Aslan et al., 2014), crRNA formation (Hatoum-Aslan et al., 2013), and to detect binding partners that directly interact with the core Cas10-Csm complex (Walker et al., 2016). Importantly, this approach can be easily adapted for use in other Staphylococcus species to probe and understand their native Type III-A CRISPR-Cas systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Chou-Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Asma Hatoum-Aslan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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492
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Hapten-Specific T Cell-Mediated Skin Inflammation: Flow Cytometry Analysis of Mouse Skin Inflammatory Infiltrate. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1559:21-36. [PMID: 28063034 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6786-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hapten-specific T cell-mediated skin inflammation also known as contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is characterized by a strong influx of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells within the skin upon reexposure of sensitized individuals to the same hapten. As many other leukocytes are also recruited during this elicitation phase, we attempted to revisit the skin infiltrate and characterize the inflammatory pattern. Recent improvement in the isolation in conventional as well as inflammatory dendritic cell and macrophage subsets from tissues and in the use of appropriate surface markers unraveling their heterogeneity should allow to determinate their specific functions in the CHS model. Here, we describe procedures to extract those cells from the skin and to analyze them by flow cytometry using a combination of appropriate surface markers allowing further transcriptomic analysis and functional assays.
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493
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Nowarski R, Jackson R, Flavell RA. The Stromal Intervention: Regulation of Immunity and Inflammation at the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Barrier. Cell 2017; 168:362-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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494
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Pakalniškytė D, Schraml BU. Tissue-Specific Diversity and Functions of Conventional Dendritic Cells. Adv Immunol 2017; 134:89-135. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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495
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The aim of this review is to provide a coherent framework for understanding dendritic cells (DCs). It has seven sections. The introduction provides an overview of the immune system and essential concepts, particularly for the nonspecialist reader. Next, the “History” section outlines the early evolution of ideas about DCs and highlights some sources of confusion that still exist today. The “Lineages” section then focuses on five different populations of DCs: two subsets of “classical” DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, monocyte-derived DCs, and Langerhans cells. It highlights some cellular and molecular specializations of each, and also notes other DC subsets that have been proposed. The following “Tissues” section discusses the distribution and behavior of different DC subsets within nonlymphoid and secondary lymphoid tissues that are connected by DC migration pathways between them. In the “Tolerance” section, the role of DCs in central and peripheral tolerance is considered, including their ability to drive the differentiation of different populations of regulatory T cells. In contrast, the “Immunity” section considers the roles of DCs in sensing of infection and tissue damage, the initiation of primary responses, the T-cell effector phase, and the induction of immunological memory. The concluding section provides some speculative ideas about the evolution of DCs. It also revisits earlier concepts of generation of diversity and clonal selection in terms of DCs driving the evolution of T-cell responses. Throughout, this review highlights certain areas of uncertainty and suggests some avenues for future investigation.
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496
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Worbs T, Hammerschmidt SI, Förster R. Dendritic cell migration in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 17:30-48. [PMID: 27890914 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent and versatile antigen-presenting cells, and their ability to migrate is key for the initiation of protective pro-inflammatory as well as tolerogenic immune responses. Recent comprehensive studies have highlighted the importance of DC migration in the maintenance of immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis, and also in the pathogenesis of a range of diseases. In this Review, we summarize the anatomical, cellular and molecular factors that regulate the migration of different DC subsets in health and disease. In particular, we focus on new insights concerning the role of migratory DCs in the pathogenesis of diseases of the skin, intestine, lung, and brain, as well as in autoimmunity and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Worbs
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Swantje I Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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497
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Soares RC, Camargo-Penna PH, de Moraes VCS, De Vecchi R, Clavaud C, Breton L, Braz ASK, Paulino LC. Dysbiotic Bacterial and Fungal Communities Not Restricted to Clinically Affected Skin Sites in Dandruff. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:157. [PMID: 27909689 PMCID: PMC5112237 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dandruff is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin condition of the scalp that has been associated with Malassezia yeasts. However, the microbial role has not been elucidated yet, and the etiology of the disorder remains poorly understood. Using high-throughput 16S rDNA and ITS1 sequencing, we characterized cutaneous bacterial and fungal microbiotas from healthy and dandruff subjects, comparing scalp and forehead (lesional and non-lesional skin sites). Bacterial and fungal communities from dandruff analyzed at genus level differed in comparison with healthy ones, presenting higher diversity and greater intragroup variation. The microbial shift was observed also in non-lesional sites from dandruff subjects, suggesting that dandruff is related to a systemic process that is not restricted to the site exhibiting clinical symptoms. In contrast, Malassezia microbiota analyzed at species level did not differ according to health status. A 2-step OTU assignment using combined databases substantially increased fungal assigned sequences, and revealed the presence of highly prevalent uncharacterized Malassezia organisms (>37% of the reads). Although clinical symptoms of dandruff manifest locally, microbial dysbiosis beyond clinically affected skin sites suggests that subjects undergo systemic alterations, which could be considered for redefining therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan C Soares
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC Santo André, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Camargo-Penna
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC Santo André, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C S de Moraes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC Santo André, Brazil
| | | | - Cécile Clavaud
- L'Oréal, Research and Innovation Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Lionel Breton
- L'Oréal, Research and Innovation Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Antonio S K Braz
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC Santo André, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Paulino
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC Santo André, Brazil
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498
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Shin H, Kumamoto Y, Gopinath S, Iwasaki A. CD301b+ dendritic cells stimulate tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells to protect against genital HSV-2. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13346. [PMID: 27827367 PMCID: PMC5105190 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (CD8 TRM) cells are an essential component of protective immune responses at barrier tissues, including the female genital tract. However, the mechanisms that lead to the initiation of CD8 TRM-mediated protective immunity after viral infection are unclear. Here we report that CD8 TRM cells established by ‘prime and pull' method confer protection against genital HSV-2 infection, and that IFN-γ produced by CD8 TRM cells is required for this protection. Furthermore, we find that CD8 TRM-cell restimulation depends on a population of CD301b+ antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the lamina propria. Elimination of MHC class I on CD301b+ dendritic cells abrogates protective immunity, suggesting the requirement for cognate antigen presentation to CD8 TRM cells by CD301b+ dendritic cells. These results define the requirements for CD8 TRM cells in protection against genital HSV-2 infection and identify the population of APC that are responsible for activating these cells. Tissue-resident memory T cells are needed for optimal antiviral immunity at mucosal surfaces. Here the authors provide a mechanism for this protection, showing that vaginal CD301b+ DC-dependent IFN-γ production by CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells, not circulating T cells, is central to HSV-2 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Shin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Yosuke Kumamoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Smita Gopinath
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
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499
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Haas K, Weighardt H, Deenen R, Köhrer K, Clausen B, Zahner S, Boukamp P, Bloch W, Krutmann J, Esser C. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Keratinocytes Is Essential for Murine Skin Barrier Integrity. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2260-2269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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500
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Martin H, Laborel-Préneron E, Fraysse F, Nguyen T, Schmitt AM, Redoulès D, Davrinche C. Aquaphilus dolomiae extract counteracts the effects of cutaneous S. aureus secretome isolated from atopic children on CD4 + T cell activation. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2782-2785. [PMID: 27180655 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1173069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Skin microbiota takes part in the control of cutaneous inflammation. In skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) cutaneous dysbiosis and the emergence of Staphylococcus aureus contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease. New therapeutic approaches consist in topical application of natural products able to counteract S. aureus effects through activation of resident immune cells producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the potential immunosuppressive properties of Aquaphilus dolomiae (Neisseriaceae), a flagellated bacterium contained in Avène Thermal Spring Water used in hydrotherapy treatments of AD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS An aqueous protein extract of Aquaphilus dolomiae (ADE, 60 μg/mL) was added to human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) for 24 h. Expression of HLA-DR, CD86 and CD83 was evaluated by flow cytometry and released cytokines (IL-10, IL-12) by cytometry bead array assay. The proliferation of allogeneic CFSE-labelled CD4+ T cells stimulated with ADE-conditioned moDC and S. aureus secretome was analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS MoDC exposed to ADE expressed lower levels of HLA-DR and CD86 than untreated cells, no CD83 and secreted barely detectable IL-12 but high amounts of IL-10 (N = 12, p < 0.0002). The proliferative effect of S. aureus secretome on CD4+ T cells was reduced (p < 0.001) in the presence of ADE-moDC. CONCLUSION ADE counteracted the mitogenic effect of a S. aureus secretome on CD4+T cells. Owing to the role of S. aureus colonization in driving inflammation in AD the immunosuppressive property of the ADE might be useful to reduce disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Martin
- a INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , Toulouse , France
| | | | - Frédérique Fraysse
- a INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , Toulouse , France
| | - Thien Nguyen
- b Dermo-Cosmétique , Pierre Fabre , Toulouse , France
| | | | | | - Christian Davrinche
- a INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , Toulouse , France
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