451
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Wu TC, Xu K, Banchereau R, Marches F, Yu CI, Martinek J, Anguiano E, Pedroza-Gonzalez A, Snipes GJ, O'Shaughnessy J, Nishimura S, Liu YJ, Pascual V, Banchereau J, Oh S, Palucka K. Reprogramming tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells for CD103+ CD8+ mucosal T-cell differentiation and breast cancer rejection. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:487-500. [PMID: 24795361 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Our studies showed that tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DC) in breast cancer drive inflammatory Th2 (iTh2) cells and protumor inflammation. Here, we show that intratumoral delivery of the β-glucan curdlan, a ligand of dectin-1, blocks the generation of iTh2 cells and prevents breast cancer progression in vivo. Curdlan reprograms tumor-infiltrating DCs via the ligation of dectin-1, enabling the DCs to become resistant to cancer-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), to produce IL-12p70, and to favor the generation of Th1 cells. DCs activated via dectin-1, but not those activated with TLR-7/8 ligand or poly I:C, induce CD8+ T cells to express CD103 (αE integrin), a ligand for cancer cells, E-cadherin. Generation of these mucosal CD8+ T cells is regulated by DC-derived integrin αvβ8 and TGF-β activation in a dectin-1-dependent fashion. These CD103+ CD8+ mucosal T cells accumulate in the tumors, thereby increasing cancer necrosis and inhibiting cancer progression in vivo in a humanized mouse model of breast cancer. Importantly, CD103+ CD8+ mucosal T cells elicited by reprogrammed DCs can reject established cancer. Thus, reprogramming tumor-infiltrating DCs represents a new strategy for cancer rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chia Wu
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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452
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Zhang Y, Yan W, Mathew E, Bednar F, Wan S, Collins MA, Evans RA, Welling TH, Vonderheide RH, di Magliano MP. CD4+ T lymphocyte ablation prevents pancreatic carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:423-35. [PMID: 24795355 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0016-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest human malignancies, is associated with oncogenic Kras and is most commonly preceded by precursor lesions known as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanIN). PanIN formation is accompanied by the establishment of an immunotolerant microenvironment. However, the immune contribution to the initiation of pancreatic cancer is currently poorly understood. Here, we genetically eliminate CD4+ T cells in the iKras* mouse model of pancreatic cancer, in the context of pancreatitis, to determine the functional role of CD4+ T cells during mutant Kras-driven pancreatic carcinogenesis. We show that oncogenic Kras-expressing epithelial cells drive the establishment of an immunosuppressive microenvironment through the recruitment and activity of CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we show that CD4+ T cells functionally repress the activity of CD8+ T cells. Elimination of CD4+ T cells uncovers the antineoplastic function of CD8+ T cells and blocks the onset of pancreatic carcinogenesis. Thus, our studies uncover essential and opposing roles of immune cells during PanIN formation and provide a rationale to explore immunomodulatory approaches in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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453
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Lesina M, Wörmann SM, Neuhöfer P, Song L, Algül H. Interleukin-6 in inflammatory and malignant diseases of the pancreas. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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454
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Decreased expression of GATA2 promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 in vitro and correlated with poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87505. [PMID: 24498120 PMCID: PMC3907524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GATA family of transcription factors are critical for organ development and associated with progression of various cancer types. However, their expression patterns and prognostic values for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still largely unknown. Methods Expression of GATA transcription factors in HCC cell lines and tissues (n = 240) were evaluated by RT-qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Cellular proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 was evaluated by CCK-8 kit, scratch wound assay and transwell matrigel invasion assay, respectively. Results GATA2 expression was decreased in HCC cell lines (p = 0.056 for mRNA, p = 0.040 for protein) and tissues (p = 1.27E-25) compared with normal hepatocytes. Decreased expression of intratumoral GATA2 protein significantly correlated with elevated alpha feto-protein (p = 2.7E-05), tumor size >5 cm (p = 0.049), absence of tumor capsule (p = 0.002), poor differentiation (p = 0.005), presence of tumor thrombi (p = 0.005) and advanced TNM stage (p = 0.001) and was associated with increased recurrence rate and decreased overall survival rate by univariate (p = 1.6E-04 for TTR, p = 1.7E-04 for OS) and multivariate analyses (HR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.43–0.90, p = 0.012 for TTR; HR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.47–0.95, p = 0.026 for OS). RNAi-mediated knockdown of GATA2 expression significantly enhanced proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cell in vitro. Conclusions Decreased expression of hematopoietic factor GATA2 was associated with poor prognosis of HCC following resection.
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455
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Bracci L, Capone I, Moschella F, Proietti E, Belardelli F. Exploiting dendritic cells in the development of cancer vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:1195-210. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.836905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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456
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Harper J, Sainson RCA. Regulation of the anti-tumour immune response by cancer-associated fibroblasts. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 25:69-77. [PMID: 24406209 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironment of established tumours is often immunosuppressed, and this allows tumours to grow and disseminate without being eliminated by the patient's immune system. The recent FDA approval of immunotherapies such as ipilimumab and sipuleucel-T that directly activate the adaptive and innate immune responses has triggered interest in developing other novel anti-cancer approaches that modulate the immune system. Understanding how the different constituents of the tumour microenvironment influence the immune system is thus crucial and is expected to generate a plethora of factors that can be targeted to boost immunity and trigger long lasting anti-tumour efficacy. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a crucial component of the tumour microenvironment. Through secretion of multiple growth factors, cytokines and proteases, CAFs are known to be key effectors for tumour progression and can promote cancer cell growth, invasiveness and angiogenesis. However, recent publications have also linked CAF biology to innate and adaptive immune cell recruitment and regulation. Here, we review recent findings on how CAFs can influence the immune status of tumours through direct and indirect interaction with immune cells and other key components of the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harper
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK.
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457
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Gallois A, Bhardwaj N. Dendritic cell-targeted approaches to modulate immune dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2013; 4:436. [PMID: 24339825 PMCID: PMC3857536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been enormous progress this past decade in the understanding of the biology of dendritic cells (DCs) along with increasing attention for the development of novel dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer therapies. However, the clinical impact of DC-based vaccines remains to be established. This limited success could be explained by suboptimal conditions for generating potent immunostimulatory DCs as well as immune suppression mediated by the tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, strategies that optimize the potency of DC vaccines along with newly described therapies that target the TME in order to overcome immune dysfunction may provide durable tumor-specific immunity. These novel interventions hold the most promise for successful cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gallois
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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458
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Klug F, Prakash H, Huber PE, Seibel T, Bender N, Halama N, Pfirschke C, Voss RH, Timke C, Umansky L, Klapproth K, Schäkel K, Garbi N, Jäger D, Weitz J, Schmitz-Winnenthal H, Hämmerling GJ, Beckhove P. Low-dose irradiation programs macrophage differentiation to an iNOS⁺/M1 phenotype that orchestrates effective T cell immunotherapy. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:589-602. [PMID: 24209604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inefficient T cell migration is a major limitation of cancer immunotherapy. Targeted activation of the tumor microenvironment may overcome this barrier. We demonstrate that neoadjuvant local low-dose gamma irradiation (LDI) causes normalization of aberrant vasculature and efficient recruitment of tumor-specific T cells in human pancreatic carcinomas and T-cell-mediated tumor rejection and prolonged survival in otherwise immune refractory spontaneous and xenotransplant mouse tumor models. LDI (local or pre-adoptive-transfer) programs the differentiation of iNOS⁺ M1 macrophages that orchestrate CTL recruitment into and killing within solid tumors through iNOS by inducing endothelial activation and the expression of TH1 chemokines and by suppressing the production of angiogenic, immunosuppressive, and tumor growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Klug
- Division of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center of Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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459
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Datta A, Alexander R, Sulikowski MG, Nicholson AG, Maher TM, Scotton CJ, Chambers RC. Evidence for a functional thymic stromal lymphopoietin signaling axis in fibrotic lung disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4867-79. [PMID: 24081992 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) recently has emerged as a key cytokine in the development of type 2 immune responses. Although traditionally associated with allergic inflammation, type 2 responses are also recognized to contribute to the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis. However, the role of TSLP in the development of non-allergen-driven diseases, characterized by profibrotic type 2 immune phenotypes and excessive fibroblast activation, remains underexplored. Fibroblasts represent the key effector cells responsible for extracellular matrix production but additionally play important immunoregulatory roles, including choreographing immune cell recruitment through chemokine regulation. The aim of this study was to examine whether TSLP may be involved in the pathogenesis of a proto-typical fibrotic disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We combined the immunohistochemical analysis of human IPF biopsy material with signaling studies by using cultured primary human lung fibroblasts and report for the first time, to our knowledge, that TSLP and its receptor (TSLPR) are highly upregulated in IPF. We further show that lung fibroblasts represent both a novel cellular source and target of TSLP and that TSLP induces fibroblast CCL2 release (via STAT3) and subsequent monocyte chemotaxis. These studies extend our understanding of TSLP as a master regulator of type 2 immune responses beyond that of allergic inflammatory conditions and suggest a novel role for TSLP in the context of chronic fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Datta
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
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460
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Griesinger AM, Birks DK, Donson AM, Amani V, Hoffman LM, Waziri A, Wang M, Handler MH, Foreman NK. Characterization of distinct immunophenotypes across pediatric brain tumor types. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4880-8. [PMID: 24078694 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence that antitumor immune control exists in the pediatric brain, these findings have yet to be exploited successfully in the clinic. A barrier to development of immunotherapeutic strategies in pediatric brain tumors is that the immunophenotype of these tumors' microenvironment has not been defined. To address this, the current study used multicolor FACS of disaggregated tumor to systematically characterize the frequency and phenotype of infiltrating immune cells in the most common pediatric brain tumor types. The initial study cohort consisted of 7 pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), 19 ependymoma (EPN), 5 glioblastoma (GBM), 6 medulloblastoma (MED), and 5 nontumor brain (NT) control samples obtained from epilepsy surgery. Immune cell types analyzed included both myeloid and T cell lineages and respective markers of activated or suppressed functional phenotypes. Immune parameters that distinguished each of the tumor types were identified. PA and EPN demonstrated significantly higher infiltrating myeloid and lymphoid cells compared with GBM, MED, or NT. Additionally, PA and EPN conveyed a comparatively activated/classically activated myeloid cell-skewed functional phenotype denoted in particular by HLA-DR and CD64 expression. In contrast, GBM and MED contained progressively fewer infiltrating leukocytes and more muted functional phenotypes similar to that of NT. These findings were recapitulated using whole tumor expression of corresponding immune marker genes in a large gene expression microarray cohort of pediatric brain tumors. The results of this cross-tumor comparative analysis demonstrate that different pediatric brain tumor types exhibit distinct immunophenotypes, implying that specific immunotherapeutic approaches may be most effective for each tumor type.
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461
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Mamlouk S, Kalucka J, Singh RP, Franke K, Muschter A, Langer A, Jakob C, Gassmann M, Baretton GB, Wielockx B. Loss of prolyl hydroxylase-2 in myeloid cells and T-lymphocytes impairs tumor development. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:849-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soulafa Mamlouk
- Emmy Noether Research Group; University of Technology; Dresden Germany
- Institute of Pathology; University of Technology Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Joanna Kalucka
- Emmy Noether Research Group; University of Technology; Dresden Germany
- Institute of Pathology; University of Technology Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Rashim Pal Singh
- Emmy Noether Research Group; University of Technology; Dresden Germany
- Institute of Pathology; University of Technology Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Emmy Noether Research Group; University of Technology; Dresden Germany
- Institute of Pathology; University of Technology Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Antje Muschter
- Emmy Noether Research Group; University of Technology; Dresden Germany
- Institute of Pathology; University of Technology Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Anika Langer
- Emmy Noether Research Group; University of Technology; Dresden Germany
- Institute of Pathology; University of Technology Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Christiane Jakob
- Institute of Pathology; University of Technology Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH); Lima Peru
| | | | - Ben Wielockx
- Emmy Noether Research Group; University of Technology; Dresden Germany
- Institute of Pathology; University of Technology Dresden; Dresden Germany
- DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; University of Technology Dresden; Dresden Germany
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462
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Ziegler SF, Roan F, Bell BD, Stoklasek TA, Kitajima M, Han H. The biology of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 66:129-55. [PMID: 23433457 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Originally shown to promote the growth and activation of B cells, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is now known to have wide-ranging impacts on both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell lineages, including dendritic cells, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and natural killer T cells, B cells and epithelial cells. While TSLP's role in the promotion of TH2 responses has been extensively studied in the context of lung- and skin-specific allergic disorders, it is becoming increasingly clear that TSLP may impact multiple disease states within multiple organ systems, including the blockade of TH1/TH17 responses and the promotion of cancer and autoimmunity. This chapter will highlight recent advances in the understanding of TSLP signal transduction, as well as the role of TSLP in allergy, autoimmunity and cancer. Importantly, these insights into TSLP's multifaceted roles could potentially allow for novel therapeutic manipulations of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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463
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Protti MP, De Monte L. Immune infiltrates as predictive markers of survival in pancreatic cancer patients. Front Physiol 2013; 4:210. [PMID: 23950747 PMCID: PMC3738865 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with dismal prognosis. The tumor microenvironment is composed by multiple cell types, molecular factors, and extracellular matrix forming a strong desmoplastic reaction, which is a hallmark of the disease. A complex cross-talk between tumor cells and the stroma exists with reciprocal influence that dictates tumor progression and ultimately the clinical outcome. In this context, tumor infiltrating immune cells through secretion of chemokine and cytokines exert an important regulatory role. Here we review the correlation between the immune infiltrates, evaluated on tumor samples of pancreatic cancer patients underwent surgical resection, and disease free and/or overall survival after surgery. Specifically, we focus on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), mast cells (MCs) and macrophages that all contribute to a Th2-type inflammatory and immunosuppressive microenvironment. In these patients tumor immune infiltrates not only do not contribute to disease eradication but rather the features of Th2-type inflammation and immunosuppression is significantly associated with more rapid disease progression and reduced survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Protti
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy ; Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
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464
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) remains a highly lethal disease; new therapeutic modalities are urgently needed. A number of immunotherapies tested in preclinical models have shown promise. Early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated evidence of immune activation that in some cases correlates with clinical response. Moreover, recent evidence delineates the intricate role of inflammation in PDA, even at its earliest stages. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is thus ripe for immunotherapy; however, significant challenges remain before success can be realized. Future studies will need to focus on the discovery of novel PDA antigens and the identification of the multiple immune suppressive pathways within the PDA tumor microenvironment that inhibit an effective PDA-targeted immune response. Technologies are now available to rapidly advance discovery. Rapid translation of new discoveries into scientifically driven clinical trials testing combinations of immune agents will likely continue to shift the procarcinogenic tumor environment toward the most potent anticancer response.
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465
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Klechevsky E, Banchereau J. Human dendritic cells subsets as targets and vectors for therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1284:24-30. [PMID: 23651190 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The skin immune system includes a complex network of dendritic cells (DCs). In addition to generating cellular and humoral immunity against pathogens, skin DCs are involved in tolerogenic mechanisms that maintain immune homeostasis and in pathogenic chronic inflammation in which immune responses are unrestrained. Harnessing DC function by directly targeting DC-derived molecules or by selectively modulating DC subsets is a novel strategy for ameliorating inflammatory diseases. In this short review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the functional specialization of skin DCs and the potential implication for future DC-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eynav Klechevsky
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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466
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Roshani R, McCarthy F, Hagemann T. Inflammatory cytokines in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:157-63. [PMID: 23879960 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal types of cancer with poor prognosis. Despite extensive efforts, the current treatment methods have limited success. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are required. The pancreatic tumor microenvironment is rich in growth factors and inflammatory cytokines that support tumor growth, and it is highly immunosuppressive. Up-regulation of cytokine pathways has been shown to modulate PDAC progression and immune evasion; therefore targeting cytokines may have therapeutic benefits. In this review we provide an overview of current understanding of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in pancreatic cancer and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Roshani
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Fiona McCarthy
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Thorsten Hagemann
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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467
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Wörmann SM, Diakopoulos KN, Lesina M, Algül H. The immune network in pancreatic cancer development and progression. Oncogene 2013; 33:2956-67. [PMID: 23851493 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of stromal desmoplasia is a hallmark of spontaneous pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, forming a unique microenvironment that comprises many cell types. Only recently, the immune system has entered the pathophysiology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development. Tumor cells in the pancreas seem to dysbalance the immune system, thus facilitating spontaneous cancer development. This review will try to assemble all relevant data to demonstrate the implications of the immune network on spontaneous cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wörmann
- Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - K N Diakopoulos
- Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M Lesina
- Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - H Algül
- Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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468
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Amedei A, Niccolai E, Benagiano M, Della Bella C, Cianchi F, Bechi P, Taddei A, Bencini L, Farsi M, Cappello P, Prisco D, Novelli F, D'Elios MM. Ex vivo analysis of pancreatic cancer-infiltrating T lymphocytes reveals that ENO-specific Tregs accumulate in tumor tissue and inhibit Th1/Th17 effector cell functions. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1249-60. [PMID: 23640603 PMCID: PMC11028529 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive disease with dismal prognosis. Surgical resection is the recommended treatment for long-term survival, but patients with resectable PC are in the minority (with a 5-year survival rate of 20 %). Therefore, development of novel therapeutic strategies, such as anti-PC immunotherapy, is crucial. α-Enolase (ENO1) is an enzyme expressed on the surface of pancreatic cancer cells and is able to promote cell migration and cancer metastasis. The capacity of ENO1 to induce an immune response in PC patients renders it a true tumor-associated antigen. In this study, we characterized the effector functions of ENO1-specific T cells isolated from PC patients, and we specifically evaluated the successful role of intra-tumoral T helper 17 (Th17) cells and the inhibitory role of regulatory T (Tregs) cells in respectively promoting or reducing the cancer-specific immune response. In this ex vivo study, we have demonstrated, for the first time, that ENO1-specific Th17 cells have a specific anti-cancer effector function in PC patients, and that there are decreased levels of these cells in cancer compared to healthy mucosa. Conversely, there are elevated levels of ENO1-specific Tregs in PC patients which lead to inhibition of the antigen-specific effector T cells, thus highlighting a possible role in promoting PC progression. These results may be relevant for the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Amedei
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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469
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Madar S, Goldstein I, Rotter V. 'Cancer associated fibroblasts'--more than meets the eye. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:447-53. [PMID: 23769623 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a subpopulation of cells that reside within the tumor microenvironment and promotes the transformation process by encouraging tumor growth, angiogenesis, inflammation, and metastasis. CAF-specific proteins serve as both prognostic markers and targets for anticancer drugs. With the growing interest in CAFs, several controversial issues have been raised, including the genomic landscape of these cells, the identity of specific markers, and their cell of origin. Here, we tackle these debated issues and put forward a new definition for 'CAF' as a cell 'state' rather than a cell type. We hope this conceptualization can resolve the ongoing discrepancies revolving around CAF research and aid in designing better anti-cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalom Madar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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470
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Abstract
Fibrocytes are hematopoietic stem cell-derived fibroblast precursors that are implicated in chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and wound healing. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expand in cancer-bearing hosts and contribute to tumor immune evasion. They are typically described as CD11b⁺HLA-DR⁻ in humans. We report abnormal expansions of CD11b⁺HLA-DR⁺ myeloid cells in peripheral blood mononuclear fractions of subjects with metastatic pediatric sarcomas. Like classical fibrocytes, they display cell surface α smooth muscle actin, collagen I/V, and mediate angiogenesis. However, classical fibrocytes serve as antigen presenters and augment immune reactivity, whereas fibrocytes from cancer subjects suppressed anti-CD3-mediated T-cell proliferation, primarily via indoleamine oxidase (IDO). The degree of fibrocyte expansion observed in individual subjects directly correlated with the frequency of circulating GATA3⁺CD4⁺ cells (R = 0.80) and monocytes from healthy donors cultured with IL-4 differentiated into fibrocytes with the same phenotypic profile and immunosuppressive properties as those observed in patients with cancer. We thus describe a novel subset of cancer-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which bear the phenotypic and functional hallmarks of fibrocytes but mediate immune suppression. These cells are likely expanded in response to Th2 immune deviation and may contribute to tumor progression via both immune evasion and angiogenesis.
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471
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Zheng L, Xue J, Jaffee EM, Habtezion A. Role of immune cells and immune-based therapies in pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1230-40. [PMID: 23622132 PMCID: PMC3641650 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells are important in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis and determine disease severity. Results from cytokine-based clinical trials for acute pancreatitis have been disappointing, so strategies that target and alter the behavior of infiltrating immune cells require consideration. Recurrent acute pancreatitis can progress to chronic pancreatitis, which is a well-described risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). However, most patients with chronic pancreatitis do not develop PDA, and most patients with PDA do not have a history of pancreatitis. Interestingly, chronic pancreatitis and PDA tissues have similarities in their desmoplasia and inflammatory infiltrates, indicating overlapping inflammatory responses. Further studies are needed to determine the differences and similarities of these responses, improve our understanding of PDA pathogenesis, and develop specific immune-based therapies. Immune cells in PDA produce immunosuppressive signals that allow tumors to evade the immune response. Unlike single therapeutic agent studies that block immunosuppressive mechanisms, studies of combination therapies that include therapeutic vaccines have provided promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford, California and The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jing Xue
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford, California and The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Jaffee
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford, California and The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford, California and The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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472
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Chatterjee S, Das S, Chakraborty P, Manna A, Chatterjee M, Choudhuri SK. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) can induce the generation of Th17 response from naïve CD4+ T cells. Immunobiology 2013; 218:718-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.08.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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473
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Madar S, Harel E, Goldstein I, Stein Y, Kogan-Sakin I, Kamer I, Solomon H, Dekel E, Tal P, Goldfinger N, Friedlander G, Rotter V. Mutant p53 attenuates the anti-tumorigenic activity of fibroblasts-secreted interferon beta. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61353. [PMID: 23630584 PMCID: PMC3632588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor protein are highly frequent in tumors and often endow cells with tumorigenic capacities. We sought to examine a possible role for mutant p53 in the cross-talk between cancer cells and their surrounding stroma, which is a crucial factor affecting tumor outcome. Here we present a novel model which enables individual monitoring of the response of cancer cells and stromal cells (fibroblasts) to co-culturing. We found that fibroblasts elicit the interferon beta (IFNβ) pathway when in contact with cancer cells, thereby inhibiting their migration. Mutant p53 in the tumor was able to alleviate this response via SOCS1 mediated inhibition of STAT1 phosphorylation. IFNβ on the other hand, reduced mutant p53 RNA levels by restricting its RNA stabilizer, WIG1. These data underscore mutant p53 oncogenic properties in the context of the tumor microenvironment and suggest that mutant p53 positive cancer patients might benefit from IFNβ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalom Madar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einav Harel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ido Goldstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yan Stein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ira Kogan-Sakin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Iris Kamer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hilla Solomon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elya Dekel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Perry Tal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naomi Goldfinger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gilgi Friedlander
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biological Services Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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474
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Raz Y, Erez N. An inflammatory vicious cycle: Fibroblasts and immune cell recruitment in cancer. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1596-603. [PMID: 23567181 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been established as a key component of the crosstalk between tumor cells and their microenvironment. The ability of CAFs to orchestrate tumor-promoting inflammation is central to their role in facilitating tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Here we review pathways by which CAFs and their soluble mediators provide multiple complex signals that modulate the recruitment, functional activation status, and retention of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Raz
- Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sorasky Medical Center, affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
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475
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Phan-Lai V, Florczyk SJ, Kievit FM, Wang K, Gad E, Disis ML, Zhang M. Three-dimensional scaffolds to evaluate tumor associated fibroblast-mediated suppression of breast tumor specific T cells. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1330-7. [PMID: 23517456 DOI: 10.1021/bm301928u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, the signals from tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAF) that suppress antitumor immunity remain unclear. Here, we develop and investigate an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) scaffold model for the novel evaluation of TAF interaction with breast tumor cells and breast specific, neu antigen (p98) reactive T cells. Breast cancer cells seeded on 3D chitosan-alginate (CA) scaffolds showed productive growth and formed distinct tumor spheroids. Antigen specific p98 T cells, but not naïve T cells, bound significantly better to tumor cells on scaffolds. The p98 T cells induced potent tumor cell killing but T helper cell cytokine function was impaired in the presence of TAF coseeding on scaffolds. We found that the immunosuppression was mediated, in part, by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Therefore, TAF appear capable of inducing potent T cell suppression. CA scaffolds can provide clinically relevant findings prior to preclinical testing of novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy Phan-Lai
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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476
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Zheng MM, Zhang Z, Bemis K, Belch AR, Pilarski LM, Shively JE, Kirshner J. The systemic cytokine environment is permanently altered in multiple myeloma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58504. [PMID: 23544044 PMCID: PMC3609759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable bone marrow malignancy of the B cell lineage. Utilizing multiplex Luminex technology we measured levels of 25 cytokines in the plasma of normal donors (n = 177), those with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (n = 8), and MM patients (n = 55) with either active disease, on treatment, or in remission. The cytokine levels were compared between normal donors and MM patients as well as between various phases of MM, and discriminant analysis was used to create a predictive classification model based on the differentially expressed cytokines. Evaluating age- and gender-dependence of cytokine expression, we determined that with age there is a shift toward a pro-inflammatory environment. Moreover, we observed a strong gender bias in cytokine expression. However, the profile of differentially expressed cytokines was heavily skewed toward an anti-inflammatory, pro-tumorigenic response in patients with MM. Significantly, our predictive model placed all patients in remission in the same category as those with active disease. Thus, our study demonstrates that the homeostasis of systemic cytokines is not restored when MM patients enter remission, suggesting that once an individual has cancer, the microenvironment is permanently altered and the system is primed for a relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Kyle Bemis
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Belch
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linda M. Pilarski
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John E. Shively
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Julia Kirshner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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477
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Xie F, Meng YH, Liu LB, Chang KK, Li H, Li MQ, Li DJ. Cervical carcinoma cells stimulate the angiogenesis through TSLP promoting growth and activation of vascular endothelial cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 70:69-79. [PMID: 23495958 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To explore whether cervical carcinomas cells-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) modulates the biologic behavior of vascular endothelial cells and herein participates in the angiogenesis in the cervical cancer pathogenesis. METHOD OF STUDY We analyzed expression of TSLP and its receptor (TSLPR) in cervical cancer cells by immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and flow cytometry, respectively. We further investigated the effects of TSLP on the proliferation, apoptosis, activation, and angiogenesis in vitro of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS It has been found that the cervical cancer cells translate TSLP and endothelial cells express TSLPR in cervical cancer tissues. Both HeLa and CaSki cells secret TSLP in a time-dependent manner, and the ratio of TSLPR-positive HUVECs is about 30%. It has been showed that recombinant human TSLP (rhTSLP) can significantly increase Ki67 and CD62E expression in HUVECs and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels from HeLa and CaSki cells; on the contrary, anti-human TSLP or TSLPR neutralizing antibody down-regulates the expression of Ki67, angiogenesis-relative molecules CD62E, and CD105 in HUVECs cocultured with HeLa or CasKi cells and inhibits IL-6 secretion from HeLa and CaSki cells. Moreover, both rhTSLP and endogenous TSLP from HeLa or CaSki cells obviously stimulate the proliferation, activation, and angiogenesis, but not influence the apoptosis of HUVECs in vitro. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated that TSLP secreted by cervical carcinomas cells is involved in the angiogenesis of cervical cancer in a paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xie
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
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478
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Artificial neural networks predict survival from pancreatic cancer after radical surgery. Am J Surg 2013; 205:1-7. [PMID: 23245432 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are nonlinear pattern recognition techniques that can be used as a tool in medical decision making. The objective of this study was to develop an ANN model for predicting survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS A flexible nonlinear survival model based on ANNs was designed by using clinical and histopathological data from 84 patients who underwent resection for PDAC. RESULTS Seven of 33 potential risk variables were selected to construct the ANN, including lymph node metastasis, differentiation, body mass index, age, resection margin status, peritumoral inflammation, and American Society of Anesthesiologists grade. Three variables (ie, lymph node metastasis, leukocyte count, and tumor location) were significant according to Cox regression analysis. Harrell's concordance index for the ANN model was .79, and for Cox regression it was .67. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, ANNs have been used to successfully predict individual long-term survival for patients after radical surgery for PDAC.
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479
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Chen LJ, Zheng X, Shen YP, Zhu YB, Li Q, Chen J, Xia R, Zhou SM, Wu CP, Zhang XG, Lu BF, Jiang JT. Higher numbers of T-bet(+) intratumoral lymphoid cells correlate with better survival in gastric cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:553-61. [PMID: 23090288 PMCID: PMC11028958 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we studied the expression of T-bet, a key marker for type 1 immune responses, within the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer, and analyzed its association with clinicopathological parameters. One hundred and fifty-two archival paraffin-embedded gastric tumor tissues were collected, and the expression of T-bet in these cancer tissue specimens was examined by immunohistochemistry. T-bet(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in some gastric cancer tissues were further characterized by flow cytometric analysis. The density of T-bet(+) TILs in gastric cancer tissues in relation to patient's clinicopathological parameters and postoperative prognosis has been analyzed. Herein, we have found significant increases in T-bet(+) lymphocytes in tumor tissues as compared with normal stomach tissues, gastritis tissues or gastric polyp specimens. T-bet(+) cells mainly consisted of CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD56(+) TILs. In addition, lower numbers of T-bet(+) TILs were associated with poor clinicopathological parameters such as invasion to muscular layer, larger tumor size and advanced cancer stages. Moreover, patients with higher numbers of T-bet(+) TILs have longer disease-free survival and overall survival. Thus, our study supports the idea that tumor growth elicits spontaneous type 1 cellular immune responses and tumor progression is associated with suppression of antitumor immunity. T-bet expression within tumor can serve as a prognostic indicator for gastric cancer and a potential biomarker for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-jun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Yue-ping Shen
- Department of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Yi-bei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Rui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Shu-ming Zhou
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, Yixing Tumor Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu China
| | - Chang-ping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Xue-guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Bin-feng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Jing-ting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
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480
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Hamid O, Carvajal RD. Anti-programmed death-1 and anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibodies in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:847-61. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.770836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Hamid
- The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Melanoma Center, 11818 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA ;
| | - Richard D Carvajal
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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481
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Vonderheide RH, Bayne LJ. Inflammatory networks and immune surveillance of pancreatic carcinoma. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:200-5. [PMID: 23422836 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated inflammation plays an important role in restraining anti-tumor immunity, particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) for which a massive infiltration of immunosuppressive leukocytes into the tumor stroma is an early and consistent event in oncogenesis. Intratumoral effector T cells are rare. This pathophysiology is in contrast to many other solid tumors for which infiltration of effector T cells is often prominent, associated with improved clinical outcomes, and mechanistically contributes to tumor immunoediting that ultimately can mediate immune escape. In PDA, increasing evidence suggests that the ras oncogene drives an inflammatory program that establishes immune privilege in the tumor microenvironment. Indeed, PDA cells might remain intrinsically sensitive to T cell killing because they have never been exposed to T cell selective pressure in vivo. In support of this hypothesis, recent studies demonstrate that derailing immune suppressive pathways in the PDA microenvironment, such as tumor derived GM-CSF, facilitates T-cell mediated tumor rejection. These findings carry major implications for the development of novel, combination immunotherapies for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Vonderheide
- 8-121 Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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482
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Ino Y, Yamazaki-Itoh R, Shimada K, Iwasaki M, Kosuge T, Kanai Y, Hiraoka N. Immune cell infiltration as an indicator of the immune microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:914-23. [PMID: 23385730 PMCID: PMC3590668 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The host immune reaction is represented by immune/inflammatory cell infiltrates. Here we systematically analysed tumour-infiltrating immune/inflammatory cells in pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDC) and evaluated their clinicopathological impact. Methods: Using immunohistochemistry, we examined tumour-infiltrating CD68+ pan-macrophages, HLA-DR+CD68+ M1 macrophages (M1), CD163+ or CD204+ M2 macrophages (M2), CD66b+ neutrophils (Neu), CD4+ T cells (CD4+T), CD8+ T cells (CD8+T), and FOXP3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in 212 cases of PDC, and conducted correlation and survival analyses using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Higher levels of tumour-infiltrating pan-macrophages, M2, Neu, or the ratio of Tregs to CD4+T (%Treg) were significantly associated with shorter survival, whereas higher levels of tumour-infiltrating CD4+T, CD8+T, or the ratio of M1 to pan-macrophages (%M1) were significantly associated with longer survival. Survival analysis of pairs of these variables revealed that some of the resulting patient groups had exclusively longer survival. We then connected the apparently related factors, and two significant variables emerged: tumour-infiltrating CD4+Thigh/CD8+Thigh/%Treglow and tumour-infiltrating %M1high/M2low. Multivariate survival analysis revealed that these variables were significantly correlated with longer survival and had a higher hazard ratio. Conclusion: Tumour-infiltrating CD4+Thigh/CD8+Thigh/%Treglow and %M1high/M2low are independent prognosticators useful for evaluating the immune microenvironment of PDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ino
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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483
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Adotévi O, Dosset M, Galaine J, Beziaud L, Godet Y, Borg C. Targeting antitumor CD4 helper T cells with universal tumor-reactive helper peptides derived from telomerase for cancer vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1073-7. [PMID: 23357860 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cancer immunotherapies predominantly rely on CD8(+) T cells to fight against tumors. However accumulative evidence showed that proinflammatory CD4(+) helper T cells are critical determinants of effective antitumor immunity. The utilization of universal tumor-reactive helper peptides from telomerase represents a powerful approach to the fully use of CD4(+) T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Adotévi
- INSERM; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1098; Besançon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; UMR1098; Besançon cedex, France; Université de Franche-Comté; UMR1098 ; SFR IBCT; Besançon, France; CHRU de Besançon ; Service d'Oncologie; Besançon, France
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484
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Abstract
There have been substantial advances in cancer diagnostics and therapies in the past decade. Besides chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy, approaches now include targeting cancer cell-intrinsic mediators linked to genetic aberrations in cancer cells, in addition to cancer cell-extrinsic pathways, especially those regulating vascular programming of solid tumors. More recently, immunotherapeutics have entered the clinic largely on the basis of the recognition that several immune cell subsets, when chronically activated, foster tumor development. Here, we discuss clinical and experimental studies delineating protumorigenic roles for immune cell subsets that are players in cancer-associated inflammation. Some of these cells can be targeted to reprogram their function, leading to resolution, or at least neutralization, of cancer-promoting chronic inflammation, thereby facilitating cancer rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
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485
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Franciszkiewicz K, Boissonnas A, Boutet M, Combadière C, Mami-Chouaib F. Role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in shaping the effector phase of the antitumor immune response. Cancer Res 2012; 72:6325-32. [PMID: 23222302 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune system-mediated eradication of neoplastic cells requires induction of a strong long-lasting antitumor T-cell response. However, generation of tumor-specific effector T cells does not necessarily result in tumor clearance. CTL must first be able to migrate to the tumor site, infiltrate the tumor tissue, and interact with the target to finally trigger effector functions indispensable for tumor destruction. Chemokines are involved in circulation, homing, retention, and activation of immunocompetent cells. Although some of them are known to contribute to tumor growth and metastasis, others are responsible for changes in the tumor microenvironment that lead to extensive infiltration of lymphocytes, resulting in tumor eradication. Given their chemoattractive and activating properties, a role for chemokines in the development of the effector phase of the antitumor immune response has been suggested. Here, we emphasize the role of the chemokine-chemokine receptor network at multiple levels of the T-cell-mediated antitumor immune response. The identification of chemokine-dependent molecular mechanisms implicated in tumor-specific CTL trafficking, retention, and regulation of their in situ effector functions may offer new perspectives for development of innovative immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Franciszkiewicz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale U753, Team 1: Tumor Antigens and T-cell Reactivity, Integrated Research Cancer Institute in Villejuif, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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486
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Kong X, Li L, Li Z, Xie K. Targeted destruction of the orchestration of the pancreatic stroma and tumor cells in pancreatic cancer cases: molecular basis for therapeutic implications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:343-56. [PMID: 22749856 PMCID: PMC3505269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, with a prominent desmoplastic reaction as its defining hallmark. The past several decades have seen dramatic progress in understanding of pancreatic cancer pathogenesis, including identification of precursor lesions, sequential transformation from normal pancreatic tissue to invasive pancreatic cancer and corresponding signature genetic events, and the biological impact of these events on malignant behavior. However, the currently used therapeutic strategies for epithelial tumor cells, which have exhibited potent antitumor activity in cell culture and animal models, have failed to produce significant effects in the clinic. The desmoplastic stroma surrounding pancreatic cancer cells, which accounts for about 90% of a tumor's mass, clearly is not a passive scaffold for cancer cells but an active contributor to carcinogenesis. Improved understanding of the dynamic interaction between cancer cells and the stroma will be important to designing effective therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer. This review focuses on the origin of stromal molecular and cellular components in pancreatic tumors, their biological effects on pancreatic cancer cells, and the orchestration of these two components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Keping Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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487
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Borowski A, Vetter T, Kuepper M, Wohlmann A, Krause S, Lorenzen T, Virchow JC, Luttmann W, Friedrich K. Expression analysis and specific blockade of the receptor for human thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by novel antibodies to the human TSLPRα receptor chain. Cytokine 2012. [PMID: 23199813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin-7 (IL-7)-like cytokine with a pivotal role in development and maintenance of atopic diseases such as allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis. Moreover, recent studies show an involvement of TSLP in the progression of various cancers. TSLP signaling is mediated by the TSLP receptor (TSLPR), a heterodimeric type I cytokine receptor. It consists of the IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Rα), which is shared with the IL-7 receptor, and the TSLPRα chain as a specific subunit. Blocking signal release by TSLP without affecting IL-7 function is a potentially interesting option for the treatment of atopic diseases or certain tumors. By employing the extracellular domain of human TSLPRα chain (hTSLPRα(ex)) as an antigen, we generated a set of monoclonal antibodies. Several binders to native and/or denatured receptor protein were identified and characterized by cytometry and Western blot analysis. A screen based on a STAT3-driven reporter gene assay in murine pro-B cells expressing a functional hTSLPR yielded two hybridoma clones with specific antagonistic properties towards hTSLP, but not IL-7. Kinetic studies measuring blockade of hTSLP-dependent STAT phosphorylation in a TSLP-responsive cell line revealed an inhibitory constant in the nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Borowski
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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488
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Servais C, Erez N. From sentinel cells to inflammatory culprits: cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumour-related inflammation. J Pathol 2012; 229:198-207. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Servais
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel 69978
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel 69978
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489
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Gaida MM, Steffen TG, Günther F, Tschaharganeh DF, Felix K, Bergmann F, Schirmacher P, Hänsch GM. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils promote dyshesion of tumor cells and elastase-mediated degradation of E-cadherin in pancreatic tumors. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:3369-80. [PMID: 23001948 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presenting with a micropapillary growth pattern is frequently associated with a prominent neutrophil infiltration into the tumor. The relevance of neutrophil infiltrates for tumor progression, however, is still debated. To gain insight into the role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in PDAC, we assessed their effect on pancreatic tumor cells grown in vitro as monolayers. Time-lapse video microscopy showed a PMN-induced dyshesion of the tumor cells, and subsequent experiments revealed that this dyshesion was due to PMN elastase-mediated degradation of E-cadherin, an adhesion molecule that mediates the intercellular contact of the tumor cells. E-cadherin degradation by elastase or--(for comparison) down-modulation by specific siRNA, significantly increased the migratory capacity of the pancreatic tumor cells, leading to the hypothesis that PMNs could contribute to the invasive tumor growth. To address this issue, biopsies of patients with PDAC (n = 112) were analyzed. We found that E-cadherin expression correlated negatively with PMN infiltration, compatible with the notion that E-cadherin is cleaved by PMN-derived elastase, which in turn could result in the dispersal of the tumor cells, enhanced migratory capacity and thus invasive tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Gaida
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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490
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Signaling cascades initiated by TSLP-mediated signals in different cell types. Cell Immunol 2012; 279:174-9. [PMID: 23246679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been well characterized as a consequence of its ability to modulate allergic and neoplastic diseases. However, downstream signaling mediated by TSLP varies significantly between the cell type and species examined. Since this observation is often overlooked and in some cases ignored, this review aims to consolidate the molecular pathways activated by TSLP receptors expressed by various human and mouse cell types.
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491
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Di Piazza M, Nowell CS, Koch U, Durham AD, Radtke F. Loss of cutaneous TSLP-dependent immune responses skews the balance of inflammation from tumor protective to tumor promoting. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:479-93. [PMID: 23079658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation can promote or inhibit cancer progression. In this study we have addressed the role of the proinflammatory cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) during skin carcinogenesis. Using conditional loss- and gain-of-function mouse models for Notch and Wnt signaling, respectively, we demonstrate that TSLP-mediated inflammation protects against cutaneous carcinogenesis by acting directly on CD4 and CD8 T cells. Genetic ablation of TSLP receptor (TSLPR) perturbs T-cell-mediated protection and results in the accumulation of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) myeloid cells. These promote tumor growth by secreting Wnt ligands and augmenting β-catenin signaling in the neighboring epithelium. Epithelial specific ablation of β-catenin prevents both carcinogenesis and the accumulation of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) myeloid cells, suggesting tumor cells initiate a feed-forward loop that induces protumorigenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Piazza
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Vaud 1015, Switzerland
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492
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Demehri S, Turkoz A, Manivasagam S, Yockey LJ, Turkoz M, Kopan R. Elevated epidermal thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels establish an antitumor environment in the skin. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:494-505. [PMID: 23079659 PMCID: PMC3480666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine implicated in induction of T helper 2 (Th2)-mediated allergic inflammation, has recently been shown to stimulate solid tumor growth and metastasis. Conversely, studying mice with clonal loss of Notch signaling in their skin revealed that high levels of TSLP released by barrier-defective skin caused a severe inflammation, resulting in gradual elimination of Notch-deficient epidermal clones and resistance to skin tumorigenesis. We found CD4(+) T cells to be both required and sufficient to mediate these effects of TSLP. Importantly, TSLP overexpression in wild-type skin also caused resistance to tumorigenesis, confirming that TSLP functions as a tumor suppressor in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadmehr Demehri
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1095, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Luke’s Hospital, 232 South Woods Mill Road, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
- Authors for correspondence: ,
| | - Ahu Turkoz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1095, USA
| | - Sindhu Manivasagam
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1095, USA
| | - Laura J. Yockey
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1095, USA
| | - Mustafa Turkoz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1095, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1095, USA
- Authors for correspondence: ,
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493
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Pezzilli R, Fabbri D, Imbrogno A. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma screening: New perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4973-7. [PMID: 23049204 PMCID: PMC3460322 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i36.4973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 90% of all pancreatic cancers and its incidence has increased significantly worldwide. Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have a poor outcome and more than 95% of the people affected die from the disease within 12 mo after diagnosis. Surgery is the first-line treatment in the case of resectable neoplasm, but only 20% of patients are candidates for this approach. One of the reasons there are few candidates for surgery is that, during the early phases of the disease, the symptoms are poor or non-specific. Early diagnosis is of crucial importance to improve patient outcome; therefore, we are looking for a good screening test. The screening test must identify the disease in an early stage in order to be effective; having said this, a need exists to introduce the concept of “early” ductal adenocarcinoma. It has been reported that at least five additional years after the occurrence of the initiating mutation are required for the acquisition of metastatic ability of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and patients die an average of two years thereafter. We have reviewed the most recent literature in order to evaluate the present and future perspectives of screening programs of this deadly disease.
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494
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Morphine, but not ketamine, decreases the ratio of Th1/Th2 in CD4-positive cells through T-bet and GATA3. Inflammation 2012; 35:1069-77. [PMID: 22160839 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of morphine on CD4-positive T cells differentiation and the transcriptional factors induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. CD4-positive lymphocytes separated from healthy volunteers were incubated by PMA (25 ng/ml) + ionomycin (1 μg/ml) with or without the presence of morphine, ketamine, or naloxone. Th subsets, supernatant cytokines, and transcriptional factors were detected 4 h later. Th1 and Th2 cells, levels of INF-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and the activities of T-bet and GATA3 were significantly increased after incubation with PMA and ionomycin. However, the number of Th1 cells, Th1/ Th2, the levels of INF-γ and INF-γ/IL-4, and the activities and protein levels of T-bet and GATA3 were decreased after incubation with PMA and ionomycin in the presence of morphine. Naloxone can abolish morphine's suppressive effect on Th cell differentiation. Morphine has a negative effect on Th cell balance induced by PMA and ionomycin, the mechanism is related to T-bet and GATA3.
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495
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Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin 7-like cytokine expressed mainly by epithelial cells. Current studies provide compelling evidence that TSLP is capable of activating dendritic cells to promote T helper (Th) 2 immune responses. TSLP has also been shown to directly promote Th2 differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cell and activate natural killer T cells, basophils and other innate immune cells at the initial stage of inflammation. In addition, TSLP affects B cell maturation and activation and can also influence regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation and development. TSLP-induced Th2 responses are associated with the pathogenesis of allergic inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rhinitis. Based on recent findings in humans and mouse models, TSLP might also be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and progression of cancer. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of the biology of TSLP and highlight the important issues for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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496
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Emerging frontiers in pancreatic cancer research: elaboration of key genes, cells and the extracellular milieu. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2012; 28:516-22. [PMID: 22759592 PMCID: PMC3680108 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0b013e3283567f69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review recent literature with a view to forge an integrative understanding of the molecular, cellular and extracellular milieu of pancreatic cancer, and discuss them in the context of development of novel, personalized therapeutic options. RECENT FINDINGS Pancreatic tumorigenesis, examined using genetically engineered mouse models, appears to be driven by local inflammation, in concert with the 'big four' mutations involving oncogenic KRAS, SMAD4, CDKN2A, and TP53, through induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells, and accompanied by metastasis. High-throughput sequencing of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma as well as neuroendocrine tumors and rarer subtypes of cancers of the pancreas has revealed several novel mutations in genes like PALB2, guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating, death-domain-associated protein, α thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X linked, switch/sucrose nonfermentable pathway related, and in genes in the ubiquitin-dependent pathways such as USP9X. Therapeutic targeting of the tumor-stroma axis by cytokines and immune response modulators and the role of autophagy in pancreatic cancer are some other salient themes explored in the recent publications. SUMMARY Recent publications shed new light on the mutational landscape of pancreatic cancer and further delineate the distinctive pancreatic cancer-stroma ecosystem as determined by the dynamic interplay of inflammation, hallmark mutations, EMT, and cancer stem cells.
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497
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Ochi A, Nguyen AH, Bedrosian AS, Mushlin HM, Zarbakhsh S, Barilla R, Zambirinis CP, Fallon NC, Rehman A, Pylayeva-Gupta Y, Badar S, Hajdu CH, Frey AB, Bar-Sagi D, Miller G. MyD88 inhibition amplifies dendritic cell capacity to promote pancreatic carcinogenesis via Th2 cells. J Exp Med 2012; 209:1671-87. [PMID: 22908323 PMCID: PMC3428946 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of chronic pancreatic fibroinflammatory disease to neoplasia is a primary example of the paradigm linking inflammation to carcinogenesis. However, the cellular and molecular mediators bridging these entities are not well understood. Because TLR4 ligation can exacerbate pancreatic inflammation, we postulated that TLR4 activation drives pancreatic carcinogenesis. In this study, we show that lipopolysaccharide accelerates pancreatic tumorigenesis, whereas TLR4 inhibition is protective. Furthermore, blockade of the MyD88-independent TRIF pathway is protective against pancreatic cancer, whereas blockade of the MyD88-dependent pathway surprisingly exacerbates pancreatic inflammation and malignant progression. The protumorigenic and fibroinflammatory effects of MyD88 inhibition are mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), which induce pancreatic antigen-restricted Th2-deviated CD4(+) T cells and promote the transition from pancreatitis to carcinoma. Our data implicate a primary role for DCs in pancreatic carcinogenesis and illustrate divergent pathways in which blockade of TLR4 signaling via TRIF is protective against pancreatic cancer and, conversely, MyD88 inhibition exacerbates pancreatic inflammation and neoplastic transformation by augmenting the DC-Th2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Ochi
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Andrew H. Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Andrea S. Bedrosian
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Harry M. Mushlin
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Saman Zarbakhsh
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Rocky Barilla
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Constantinos P. Zambirinis
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Nina C. Fallon
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Adeel Rehman
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Sana Badar
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Cristina H. Hajdu
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Alan B. Frey
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Dafna Bar-Sagi
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - George Miller
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, andDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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498
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Differences in signaling through the B-cell leukemia oncoprotein CRLF2 in response to TSLP and through mutant JAK2. Blood 2012; 120:2853-63. [PMID: 22915648 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-413252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALLs) overexpress the cytokine receptor subunit CRLF2, which may confer a poor prognosis. CRLF2 binds its ligand thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) as a heterodimer with IL7R. Subsets of CRLF2-overexpressing B-ALLs also have a gain-of-function CRLF2 F232C mutation or activating mutations in JAK2. Whether these mutant alleles confer differences in signaling has not been addressed. Through a domain mutation analysis, we demonstrate a distinct dependence on the CRLF2 intracellular tyrosine Y368 in signaling by CRLF2 F232C, but not signaling induced by TSLP or through CRLF2/mutant JAK2. In contrast, CRLF2 signaling in each context is strictly dependent on both the CRLF2 box1 domain and the intracellular tryptophan W286. Using a global quantitative analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation induced by TSLP, we previously identified TSLP-induced phosphorylation of multiple kinases implicated in B-cell receptor signaling, including Lyn, Btk, Hck, Syk, MAPK8, MAPK9, and MAPK10. We now demonstrate that cells dependent on CRLF2/mutant JAK2 have reduced phosphorylation at these targets, suggesting that the kinases promote TSLP-mediated proliferation but serve as negative regulators of CRLF2/mutant JAK2 signaling. Thus, targetable nodes downstream of CRLF2 differ based on the presence or absence of additional mutations in CRLF2 signaling components.
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499
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Circulating lymphocyte subsets in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and their relationship to the stage of the disease. Pancreas 2012; 41:976-8. [PMID: 22781914 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31824994ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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500
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Feng Q, Wei H, Morihara J, Stern J, Yu M, Kiviat N, Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE. Th2 type inflammation promotes the gradual progression of HPV-infected cervical cells to cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 127:412-9. [PMID: 22828962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of immunological parameters in tumorigenesis of cervical cancer in women infected with high risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV), and determine whether key findings with human material can be recapitulated in the mouse TC1 carcinoma model which expresses hr-HPV epitopes. METHODS Epithelial and lymphoid cells in cervical tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and serum IL10 levels were determined by ELISA. Tumor draining lymph nodes were analyzed in the mouse TC1 model by flow cytometry. RESULTS The mucosa was infiltrated by CD20+ and CD138+ cells already at cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1) and infiltration increased in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN3)/carcinoma in situ (CIS) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC), where it strongly correlated with infiltration by CD32B+ and FoxP3+ lymphocytes. GATA3+ and T-bet+ lymphoid cells were increased in ICC compared to normal, and expression in epithelial cells of the Th2 inflammation-promoting cytokine TSLP and of IDO1 was higher in CIN3/CIS and ICC. As a corollary, serum levels of IL10 were higher in women with CIN3/CIS or ICC than in normals. Finally we demonstrated in the mouse TC1 carcinoma, which expresses hr-HPV epitopes, an increase of cells expressing B cell or plasma cell markers or Fc receptors in tumor-draining than distal lymph nodes or spleen. CONCLUSIONS hr-HPV initiates a local Th2 inflammation at an early stage, involving antibody forming cells, and fosters an immunosuppressive microenvironment that aids tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Feng
- Department of Pathology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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