451
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Pogribny IP, Beland FA. DNA methylome alterations in chemical carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2012; 334:39-45. [PMID: 23010082 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis, a complex multifactorial process of the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells, is characterized by many biologically significant and interdependent alterations triggered by the mutational and/or non-mutational (i.e., epigenetic) events. One of these events, specific to all types of cancer, is alterations in DNA methylation. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of DNA methylation changes induced by various genotoxic chemicals (carcinogenic agents that interact with DNA) and non-genotoxic carcinogens (chemicals causing tumor by mechanisms other than directly damaging DNA) in the lung, colorectal, liver, and hematologic carcinogenesis. It also emphasizes the potential role for epigenetic changes to serve as markers for carcinogen exposure and carcinogen risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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452
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Sharma MK, Gour N, Pandey A, Wallia D, Kislay D. Epidemiological trends of cancer morbidity at a government medical college hospital, Chandigarh, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:3061-4. [PMID: 22994710 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM An epidemiological shift has resulted in increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD). Unlike other NCDs which are easily and definitely preventable, the knowledge of cancer prevention is still limited at present. Various aetiological factors are difficult to control since those are habit forming. Hence an available remedy remains its secondary and tertiary prevention for which appropriate planning is of paramount importance. Evidence based planning requires careful analysis of data with a view to prioritize various cancers. Keeping in view the fact that the adaptation of smoking free status in Chandigarh city might have a far reaching positive effect on the cancer related morbidity of the people, the following study was undertaken to provide base line data to be used for future comparisons. METHODS The registers maintained in the Department of Radiotherapy were checked and those belonging to the years 1999 to 2009 were utilized to analyze the cancer morbidity in respect to age, sex, and year of presentation to health care facility. RESULTS A total of 4,600 cancer patients (males=2276, females=2324) demonstrated a gradual increase in the number of cancer cases from 150 in the year 1999 to 783 in the year 2009. The most common cancers amongst males were cancer of gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) and lung (including larynx) constituting 37.3% and 27.1% of the total, respectively. In females these were cancers of breast and cervix representing 33.3% and 17.6% of total cancer cases, respectively, and lung cancer constituted 5.3%. The maximum cases of bone cancer (53.8% of all bone cancers) were observed amongst children aged less than 20 years and lung cancer (48.2% of all lung cancers) among the elderly aged 60-69 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine and JNM Hospitals, Kalyani, India
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453
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Cagle PT, Zhai QJ, Murphy L, Low PS. Folate receptor in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: potential target for folate-linked therapeutic agents. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012; 137:241-4. [PMID: 22984810 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0176-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer deaths in the United States and globally. The advent of targeted therapies has offered a new treatment paradigm for lung cancer, but currently validated and emerging drugs are effective in only a small minority of lung cancers, predominantly adenocarcinomas. Folate receptors can serve as targets for drugs attached to folate and are overexpressed in many cancers. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of folate receptor overexpression in lung cancers of different cell types as potential targets for folate-linked therapy. DESIGN High-density tissue microarrays were constructed from archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded resection specimens from 188 primary stage I or stage II adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas of the lung with three 0.1-cm cores from each tumor. Tissue microarrays were immunostained for folate receptor α with mAb343 and the results scored (0 to 1+ = weak expression, 2+ to 3+ = strong expression). RESULTS Eighty-four of 117 (72%) of the adenocarcinomas were strongly positive for the folate receptor, and 36 of 71 (51%) of the squamous cell carcinomas were strongly positive for the folate receptor. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that a large percentage of lung cancers, including squamous cell carcinomas in addition to adenocarcinomas, strongly express folate receptor. This suggests that folate-linked targeted therapy can potentially be used to treat the majority of lung cancers, both adenocarcinomas and, particularly, squamous cell carcinomas, that do not respond to current targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Cagle
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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454
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The association of elevated 2',5'-oligoadenylate-dependent RNase L with lung cancer correlated with deficient enzymatic activity and decreased capacity of RNase L dimerization. Lung Cancer 2012; 78:30-8. [PMID: 22925698 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RNase L mediates critical cellular functions including antiviral, proapoptotic, antiproliferative and tumor suppressive activities. In this study, the expression and function of RNase L in lung cancer cells were examined. Interestingly we have found that the expression of RNase L in lung cancer cells was 3- and 9-fold higher in its mRNA and protein levels, but a significant decrease of its enzymatic activity when compared to that in corresponding normal lung cells. Further investigation revealed that 2-5A-induced dimerization of the RNase L protein, a necessary prerequisite for activation of RNase L, was inhibited, as a result of that RLI, a specific inhibitor of RNase L, was remarkably up-regulated in the cancer cells. Our findings provide new insight into how cancer cells escape normal growth-regulating mechanisms to form a tumor and the information may be useful for the design of novel strategies for treating lung cancer through regulating RNase L activity.
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455
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Giovino GA, Mirza SA, Samet JM, Gupta PC, Jarvis MJ, Bhala N, Peto R, Zatonski W, Hsia J, Morton J, Palipudi KM, Asma S. Tobacco use in 3 billion individuals from 16 countries: an analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional household surveys. Lancet 2012; 380:668-79. [PMID: 22901888 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high global burden of diseases caused by tobacco, valid and comparable prevalence data for patterns of adult tobacco use and factors influencing use are absent for many low-income and middle-income countries. We assess these patterns through analysis of data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). METHODS Between Oct 1, 2008, and March 15, 2010, GATS used nationally representative household surveys with comparable methods to obtain relevant information from individuals aged 15 years or older in 14 low-income and middle-income countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, and Vietnam). We compared weighted point estimates and 95% CIs of tobacco use between these 14 countries and with data from the 2008 UK General Lifestyle Survey and the 2006-07 US Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. All these surveys had cross-sectional study designs. FINDINGS In countries participating in GATS, 48·6% (95% CI 47·6-49·6) of men and 11·3% (10·7-12·0) of women were tobacco users. 40·7% of men (ranging from 21·6% in Brazil to 60·2% in Russia) and 5·0% of women (0·5% in Egypt to 24·4% in Poland) in GATS countries smoked a tobacco product. Manufactured cigarettes were favoured by most smokers (82%) overall, but smokeless tobacco and bidis were commonly used in India and Bangladesh. For individuals who had ever smoked daily, women aged 55-64 years at the time of the survey began smoking at an older age than did equivalently aged men in most GATS countries. However, those individuals who had ever smoked daily and were aged 25-34-years when surveyed started to do so at much the same age in both sexes. Quit ratios were very low (<20% overall) in China, India, Russia, Egypt, and Bangladesh. INTERPRETATION The first wave of GATS showed high rates of smoking in men, early initiation of smoking in women, and low quit ratios, reinforcing the view that efforts to prevent initiation and promote cessation of tobacco use are needed to reduce associated morbidity and mortality. FUNDING Bloomberg Philanthropies' Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Brazilian and Indian Governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Giovino
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-8028, USA. ggiovino@buff alo.edu
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456
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Soo RA, Kawaguchi T, Loh M, Ou SHI, Shieh MP, Cho BC, Mok TS, Soong R. Differences in outcome and toxicity between Asian and caucasian patients with lung cancer treated with systemic therapy. Future Oncol 2012; 8:451-62. [PMID: 22515448 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that differences in overall survival and toxicity exist between Asian and caucasian patients with small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancer, with a longer survival, higher response rates and greater toxicity to chemotherapy and targeted therapy reported in Asian patients. Two global studies are used to illustrate how the proportions of Asian patients can influence survival outcome. Ethnicity is an important and complex characteristic that should considered in the design and conduct of a global clinical study, as the safety, tolerability and response may vary between Asian and caucasian patients. Whether ethnic differences in lung cancer survival are attributed to genetic differences among races or are simply a surrogate marker of differences in access to healthcare because of socioeconomic differences is unclear. Carefully designed prospective studies investigating ethnic-specific determinants of sensitivity and toxicity to systemic therapy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Soo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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457
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Thompson CA, Waldhör T, Schernhammer ES, Hackl M, Vutuc C, Haidinger G. Smoking and lung cancer: current trends in Austria. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2012; 124:493-9. [PMID: 22815002 PMCID: PMC3782091 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-012-0207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a recent decline in smoking behavior in many European countries, lung cancer rates remain high, especially in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper aims to describe trends in smoking behavior and lung cancer incidence and mortality, including histopathological classification of lung cancer, in a Central European country: Austria. METHODS Using data from the Austrian Central Cancer Registry, we calculated age-standardized incidence, histopathology-specific incidence, and age-standardized and birth cohort-specific mortality rates for all lung cancer cases in Austria. Using national survey data, we estimated prevalence of smoking in the Austrian population. Our analysis covers the time period from 1970 to 2009. RESULTS In 2009, lung cancer incidence rates were 41.3/100,000 and 18.5/100,000 and mortality rates were 36.3/100,000 and 14.5/100,000, for males and females, respectively. Male lung cancer rates declined but increased steadily in females over the past three decades. In 2009, the most common histological type is adenocarcinoma, which reflects a shift from predominantly squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma in the mid 1980s. In 2009, 27 % of men and 19 % of women were smokers, which represent a rise of smoking rates in women, especially in younger women, and a decline in the men. CONCLUSIONS While in Austrian men the lung cancer rates, in accordance with their decreasing prevalence of smoking, declined over the past 30 years, the increasing smoking prevalence and lung cancer rates in women remain a public health concern. Antismoking laws and public health initiatives to curtail smoking habits are needed in Austria, especially targeting younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Thompson
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, 90095, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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458
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Narayan C, Kumar A. Constitutive over expression of IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, and Stat3 is a potential cause of lung tumorgenesis in urethane (ethyl carbamate) induced Balb/c mice. J Carcinog 2012; 11:9. [PMID: 22919282 PMCID: PMC3424667 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.98965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death. There has been found a substantial gap in the understanding of lung cancer genesis at the molecular level. We developed urethane (ethyl carbamate) induced lung tumor mice model to understand the mechanism and molecules involved in the cancer genesis. There might be many molecules involved, but we subsequently emphasized here the study of alternation in the expression of NF-κB, Stat3, and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 to hypothesize that the microenvironment created by these molecules is promoting tumor formation. Materials and Methods: 7–8 week old Balb/c mice of either sex were given intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of urethane (1g/kgbw) for eight consecutive weeks. Histopathological analysis was done to detect abnormality or invasions occurred in the lung tissues. Automated cell counter was used to count the number of inflammatory cells. The expression of NF-κB, Stat3, and IL-1β was observed at translational level by western blot, while the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 was observed at transcriptional level by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 in the blood was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method at different time intervals. Results: Histopathological analysis showed various lung cancer stages hyperplasia, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and adenocarcinoma. Increased population of inflammatory cells, persistant expression of NF-κB, Stat3, pStat3, and IL-1β at translational level, while at transcriptional level constitutive enhanced expression of IL-1β and IL-6 followed by increased secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 in the blood were observed in urethane-injected mice in comparison to phosphate buffer saline (PBS) injected mice at 12, 24, and 36 weeks Conclusions: Overexpression of key molecules such as NF-κB, Stat3, pStat3, IL-1β, and IL-6 might have caused chronic inflammation, leading to the progression of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandradeo Narayan
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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459
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Masjedi MR, Naghan PA, Taslimi S, Yousefifard M, Ebrahimi SM, Khosravi A, Karimi S, Hosseini M, Mortaz E. Opium could be considered an independent risk factor for lung cancer: a case-control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 85:112-8. [PMID: 22759984 DOI: 10.1159/000338559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and half of all incident lung cancers are believed to occur in the developing countries, including Iran. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of opium with the risk of lung cancer in a case-control study. METHODS We enrolled 242 cases and 484 matched controls in this study. A questionnaire was developed, containing questions on basic demographic characteristics, as well as lifelong history of smoking cigarettes, exposure to passive smoking, opium use and alcohol consumption. For smoking cigarettes and opium and also oral opium intake frequency, duration and cumulative use were categorized into three groups: no use, low use and high use. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Multivariate analysis in men showed that after adjusting for the effect of ethnicity, education and pack years of smoking cigarettes, smoking opium remained as a significant independent risk factor with an OR of 3.1 (95% CI 1.2-8.1). In addition, concomitant heavy smoking of cigarettes and opium dramatically increased the risk of lung cancer to an OR of 35.0 (95% CI 11.4-107.9). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that smoking opium is associated with a high risk of lung cancer as an independent risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Clinical Tuberculosis Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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460
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Li R, Sun L, Wang J, Qian J, Wang Z, Jiao X. Pemetrexed versus docetaxel in second line non-small-cell lung cancer: results and subsets analyses of a multi-center, randomized, exploratory trial in Chinese patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 25:364-70. [PMID: 22766314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemetrexed and docetaxel are established therapies in second line non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Comparative data, concerning the two agents in the designated settings, however, are lacking in Chinese patients who account for the largest lung cancer population in the world. METHODS AND PATIENTS We designed and performed a multi-center, randomized, exploratory clinical trial of pemetrexed compared with docetaxel in second line chemotherapy in Chinese NSCLC patients. Eligible patients with histological or cytological diagnosis of stage IIIB or IV NSCLC, who were not suitable for curative therapy and had failed from prior first line chemotherapy regimen for at least 4 weeks, were randomized to receive either pemetrexed 500 mg/m(2) intravenously day 1 with vitamin B12, folic acid, and dexamethasone, or docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) intravenously day 1 with dexamethasone. Both regimens were implemented once every 21 days for 2 cycles. This study was designed to be a non-inferiority trial that compared tumor response for overall response rate (ORR) between the two drugs as primary endpoint. The secondary endpoints included disease control rate (DCR), Karnofsky performance status (KPS) scores and toxicities. RESULTS 260 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive chemotherapy of either pemetrexed (132 patients) or docetaxel (128 patients). 106 patients in pemetrexed arm and 102 patients in docetaxel arm were evaluable for efficacy. The efficacy of pemetrexed was equivalent to that of docetaxel in the second-line treatment for Chinese NSCLC (ORR: pemetrexed vs. docetaxel = 9.4% vs. 4.9, p = 0.285, DCR: pemetrexed vs. docetaxel = 67.2% vs. 69.6%, p = 0.685). And pemetrexed seemed to slightly promote patients' average KPS score when comparing with docetaxel, although the difference was without statistical significance (changes of average KPS scores: pemetrexed vs. docetaxel = 0.28 ± 5.93 vs. -1.67 ± 8.57, p = 0.149). Patients receiving pemetrexed experienced significantly lower incidences of grade 3/4 neutropenia (7.0% vs. 27.6%, p < 0.001) and leucocytopenia (4.7% vs. 22.8%, p < 0.001) than those who received docetaxel. Also, there were lower incidences of alopecia, stomatitis, and neural abnormality for patients receiving pemetrexed than those receiving docetaxel. Incidence of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase elevation, however, was higher in pemetrexed arm than in docetaxel arm (32.3% vs. 14.9%, p = 0.013). In addition, age ≥ 60 patients benefit from pemetrexed with equivalent efficacies yet much lower toxicities compared to docetaxel (DCR: pemetrexed vs. docetaxel = 66.67% vs. 81.58%, p = 0.146; grade 3/4 hematologic toxicities: pemetrexed vs. docetaxel = 17.25% vs. 39.6%, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION Treatment with pemetrexed resulted in equivalent efficacy outcomes and better safety profiles compared with docetaxel in second-line therapy for advanced NSCLC in Chinese lung cancer population. And age ≥ 60 patients may benefit from second-line single pemetrexed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200070, China.
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461
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Singh N, Kulkarni P, Aggarwal AN, Mittal BR, Gupta N, Behera D, Gupta A. Choroidal metastasis as a presenting manifestation of lung cancer: a report of 3 cases and systematic review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2012; 91:179-194. [PMID: 22732948 DOI: 10.1097/md.0b013e3182574a0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic choroidal metastasis is a rare presenting manifestation of lung cancer. We describe here 3 patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer who presented with choroidal metastasis and who were diagnosed and treated by the authors. We performed a systematic literature review of the previously reported patients with choroidal metastasis from lung cancer in the English-language literature. We excluded case series lacking individual patient data and identified 75 patients. In 23 of these patients, choroidal metastasis was not the presenting manifestation of lung cancer. Therefore, we included 55 patients (3 index and 52 previously reported) in the analysis. We present the demographic profile, histology, disease stage, ocular and lung lesions, diagnostic and treatment (systemic and ocular) modalities, and treatment outcomes. The majority of patients were male (67.3%) and were current or ex-smokers (78.3%); the mean age was 55.1 (standard deviation 11.2) years. Adenocarcinoma (n = 23) was the most common histologic type followed by squamous (n = 11) and small cell (n = 8). Left eye (n = 32) involvement was more common than right eye (n = 19) or bilateral (n = 4). Among patients for whom the location of primary lesion was specified, the left upper lobe (n = 13) was the most common site. The most common diagnostic modalities were bronchoscopic lung biopsy (n = 15) and enucleation (n = 13), while the liver (30.9%) was the most common extraocular metastatic site identified. Systemic chemotherapy was given in 56.4% of cases, and disease progression was the most common outcome among evaluable patients. Ocular treatment modalities included radiation (n = 23), enucleation (n = 14), and systemic steroids (n = 8). Regression of choroidal metastases with treatment was observed in 66.7% of patients who did not undergo enucleation as the primary treatment modality. Of the 3 index patients, 2 each received pemetrexed-cisplatin (as first-line therapy), gefitinib or erlotinib (as second- or third-line therapy), and intravitreal bevacizumab; and 1 patient received systemic bevacizumab. Two patients had partial response radiologically with systemic treatment, and all 3 patients had regression of choroidal metastases with ocular treatment. Recommendations regarding systemic and local (ocular) management of patients with choroidal metastasis as the presenting manifestation of lung cancer are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Singh
- From Departments of Pulmonary Medicine (NS, ANA, DB), Ophthalmology (PK, AG), Nuclear Medicine (BRM), and Cytology and Gynecological Pathology (NG), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh, India
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462
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Zurawska JH, Jen R, Lam S, Coxson HO, Leipsic J, Sin DD. What to do when a smoker's CT scan is "normal"?: Implications for lung cancer screening. Chest 2012; 141:1147-1152. [PMID: 22553261 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States and around the world. There are > 90 million current and ex-smokers in the United States who are at increased risk of lung cancer. The published data from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) suggest that yearly screening with low-dose thoracic CT scan in heavy smokers can reduce lung cancer mortality by 20% and all-cause mortality by 7%. However, to implement this program nationwide using the NLST inclusion and exclusion criteria would be extremely expensive, with CT scan costs alone > $2 billion per annum. In this article, we offer a possible low-cost strategy to risk-stratify smokers on the basis of spirometry measurements and emphysema scoring by radiologists on CT scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna H Zurawska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Rachel Jen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Lam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harvey O Coxson
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; UBC James Hogg Research Center, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; Institute of Heart and Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathon Leipsic
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; UBC James Hogg Research Center, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; Institute of Heart and Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada.
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463
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Expression patterns of USP22 and potential targets BMI-1, PTEN, p-AKT in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2012; 77:593-9. [PMID: 22717106 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent researches document that an oncogenic role of USP22 activation may contribute to progression and predict the prognosis. We have reported that USP22 mediates cell survival and proliferation by promoting the expression of BMI-1 and upregulation of activated AKT pathway in colon cancer cells. However, little is known about its mechanisms in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here the authors investigated the significance of activation of USP22 and potential targets BMI-1, PTEN and phospho-AKT (p-AKT) in NSCLC. METHODS Expression levels of USP22, BMI-1, PTEN and p-AKT in samples from 114 patients with NSCLC were evaluated immunohistochemically using the tissue microarray method. Clinical significance was analyzed by multivariate Cox regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test. RESULTS Immunohistochemically, USP22, BMI-1, p-AKT and PTEN were positive in 66.66%, 78.07%, 71.92% and 43.85% of NSCLC samples, respectively. Statistical correlation analysis showed USP22 to be significantly correlated with BMI-1 (r=0.315, P=0.001), p-AKT (r=0.271, P=0.003), and PTEN (r=-0.384, P<0.0001). NSCLCs with positive expression of USP22, BMI-1, p-AKT, and negative expression of PTEN were significantly correlated to tumor size (P=0.0240), differentiation (P=0.0457), pT classification (P=0.0077), pN classification (P=0.0064), and AJCC stage (P=0.0363) and poor overall survival (P<0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that the combined 4 markers was the independent prognostic indicator of overall survival (P<0.001; HR, 5.974; 95% CI, 3.307-10.791). CONCLUSIONS The simultaneous targeting of USP22, and its downstream signal transduction molecules seem highly informative in stratification of the cancer into subgroups with distinct likelihood of therapy failure, which contribute to make decision process regarding the individualized therapy selection and optimization.
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464
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Billè A, Okiror L, Skanjeti A, Errico L, Arena V, Penna D, Ardissone F, Pelosi E. The prognostic significance of maximum standardized uptake value of primary tumor in surgically treated non-small-cell lung cancer patients: analysis of 413 cases. Clin Lung Cancer 2012; 14:149-56. [PMID: 22682667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrated PET/CT is widely used in the preoperative staging and prognostic assessment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prognostic significance of SUVmax of primary tumor in patients undergoing surgical treatment and, in order to minimize technical interferences, to verify whether SUVmax standardized by SUVmax liver or SUVmax blood pool provided additional prognostic information. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective study of 413 consecutive NSCLC patients undergoing potentially curative surgical resection after PET/CT obtained in the same PET center over a 6-year period. The SUVmax was calculated drawing region of interest around the primitive tumor, the liver, and the aortic arch in PET images. The same procedure was performed for 2 adjacent planes and the average of these measures was considered. RESULTS Nine patients were considered 30-day postoperative deaths and were excluded from the analysis. At the end of the study, 312 (77.2%) of the 404 patients were alive (median follow-up, 26 months) and 92 had died (median survival, 17 months). At multivariate analysis tumor-node-metastasis stage, primary tumor grading and primary tumor SUVmax (T-SUVmax) were found to be independent prognostic factors, while T-SUVmax/SUVmax blood pool ratio, and T-SUVmax/SUVmax liver ratio were not. CONCLUSIONS T-SUVmax is an independent predictor for survival in NSCLC patients undergoing surgery and might be helpful in guiding adjuvant treatment strategies. SUVmax of primary tumor normalized by SUV blood pool or SUV liver does not provide additional prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Billè
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK.
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465
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Gao L, Hammoudi AA, Li F, Thrall MJ, Cagle PT, Chen Y, Yang J, Xia X, Fan Y, Massoud Y, Wang Z, Wong STC. Differential diagnosis of lung carcinoma with three-dimensional quantitative molecular vibrational imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:066017. [PMID: 22734773 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.6.066017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of molecularly targeted therapies requires effective identification of the various cell types of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). Currently, cell type diagnosis is performed using small biopsies or cytology specimens that are often insufficient for molecular testing after morphologic analysis. Thus, the ability to rapidly recognize different cancer cell types, with minimal tissue consumption, would accelerate diagnosis and preserve tissue samples for subsequent molecular testing in targeted therapy. We report a label-free molecular vibrational imaging framework enabling three-dimensional (3-D) image acquisition and quantitative analysis of cellular structures for identification of NSCLC cell types. This diagnostic imaging system employs superpixel-based 3-D nuclear segmentation for extracting such disease-related features as nuclear shape, volume, and cell-cell distance. These features are used to characterize cancer cell types using machine learning. Using fresh unstained tissue samples derived from cell lines grown in a mouse model, the platform showed greater than 97% accuracy for diagnosis of NSCLC cell types within a few minutes. As an adjunct to subsequent histology tests, our novel system would allow fast delineation of cancer cell types with minimum tissue consumption, potentially facilitating on-the-spot diagnosis, while preserving specimens for additional tests. Furthermore, 3-D measurements of cellular structure permit evaluation closer to the native state of cells, creating an alternative to traditional 2-D histology specimen evaluation, potentially increasing accuracy in diagnosing cell type of lung carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- Cornell University, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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466
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Abstract
This article aims to provide a brief review of the literature with regard to the impact of lung cancer on patients and their informal carers. Compared to other types of cancer, the distress associated with lung cancer has been found to be the most intense. Rather than focusing on symptoms in isolation recent emphasis regarding the symptom experience has been on symptoms clusters, as understanding these clusters may improve the management of ongoing and unrelieved symptoms. However, the disparities in methodology are significant barriers to producing comparable results, although recent efforts have been made to address these. Whilst research into symptoms has enormous potential for the management of symptom clusters, it needs to move away from the essentially reductionist stance which currently dominates and broaden its scope to one that acknowledges the complexity of the experience of symptom clusters from the perspective of the patient and their informal carer. Poor management of symptoms complicates patient care and potentially contributes to the heavy burden which often falls on family caregivers, especially as the disease progresses. The majority of studies focus on the experiences of primary care providers, most often the partner/spouse. Such studies have shown that spouses of patients with lung cancer exhibit significant distress and lower levels of quality of life than the general population. Research also indicates that significant others go through a transition process due to changes brought about by the diagnosis of lung cancer and struggle to endure and overcome difficulties and distress. Significant others were seen to suffer during this process of transition and experienced altered relationships. Clinicians working with patients suffering from lung cancer and their carers should intervene to enhance their quality of life from diagnosis, during the disease trajectory and during bereavement. Interventions need to be developed to support both patients and carers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Ellis
- Department of Health Service Research, Academic, Palliative and Supportive Care Studies Group (APSCSG), Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, Liverpool, UK.
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467
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Chambers SK, Dunn J, Occhipinti S, Hughes S, Baade P, Sinclair S, Aitken J, Youl P, O'Connell DL. A systematic review of the impact of stigma and nihilism on lung cancer outcomes. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:184. [PMID: 22607085 PMCID: PMC3517321 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study systematically reviewed the evidence on the influence of stigma and nihilism on lung cancer patterns of care; patients’ psychosocial and quality of life (QOL) outcomes; and how this may link to public health programs. Methods Medline, EMBASE, ProQuest, CINAHL, PsycINFO databases were searched. Inclusion criteria were: included lung cancer patients and/or partners or caregivers and/or health professionals (either at least 80% of participants had lung cancer or were partners or caregivers of lung cancer patients, or there was a lung cancer specific sub-group focus or analysis), assessed stigma or nihilism with respect to lung cancer and published in English between 1st January 1999 and 31st January 2011. Trial quality and levels of evidence were assessed. Results Eighteen articles describing 15 studies met inclusion criteria. The seven qualitative studies were high quality with regard to data collection, analysis and reporting; however most lacked a clear theoretical framework; did not address interviewer bias; or provide a rationale for sample size. The eight quantitative studies were generally of low quality with highly selected samples, non-comparable groups and low participation rates and employed divergent theoretical and measurement approaches. Stigma about lung cancer was reported by patients and health professionals and was related to poorer QOL and higher psychological distress in patients. Clear empirical explorations of nihilism were not evident. There is qualitative evidence that from the patients’ perspectives public health programs contribute to stigma about lung cancer and this was supported by published commentary. Conclusions Health-related stigma presents as a part of the lung cancer experience however there are clear limitations in the research to date. Future longitudinal and multi-level research is needed and this should be more clearly linked to relevant theory.
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468
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Hu Q, Li B, Garfield D, Ren S, Li A, Chen X, Zhou C. Prognostic factors for survival in a Chinese population presenting with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with an emphasis on smoking status: A regional, single-institution, retrospective analysis of 4552 patients. Thorac Cancer 2012; 3:162-168. [PMID: 28920299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-7714.2011.00099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer ranks as the top of cancer-related mortality in the world. Approximately 85-90% of all lung cancer cases are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For advanced NSCLC patients, the five-year survival rate is less than 5%. Previous studies have attempted to determine prognostic factors, such as smoking status, gender, ethnicity, age, and histological type. However, the results are controversial and conflict. In this study, we investigated prognostic factors in a Chinese population presenting with advanced NSCLC. METHODS Medical records of patients with advanced NSCLC (AJCC Stage IIIB/IV) who received treatment at our institution were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox Proportional Hazards model were performed in both univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 4552 patients were entered. Among them, 1320 (29.0%) were female, 2408 non-smokers (52.9%), and all had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status (PS) = 0/1. Univariate analysis suggested that female gender (P < 0.001), adenocarcinoma histology (P < 0.001), age <70 (P < 0.001), and non-smoker status (P < 0.001) were associated with better survival. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that age (hazard ratio [HR]= 1.173, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.085-1.268, P < 0.001), smoking status (vs. non-smokers, HR = 1.212, 95% CI: 1.123-1.308, P < 0.001), and histological type (non-adenocarcinoma vs. adenocarcinoma, HR = 1.104, 95% CI: 1.031-1.181, P = 0.004), but not gender, were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS Smoking status, age, and histological type are independent prognostic factors in Chinese NSCLC patients presenting with advanced disease. Non-smoking status is associated with better overall survival in Chinese NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China ProMed Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China ProMed Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - David Garfield
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China ProMed Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxiang Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China ProMed Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiwu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China ProMed Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China ProMed Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - CaiCun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China ProMed Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
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469
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Abstract
MicroRNAs, potent negative modulators of gene expression, are involved in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes, including cell differentiation, metabolic regulation, signal transduction, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Aberrant levels of miRNAs have been documented in all major human cancers, leading to the suggestion that deregulation of miRNA expression might be significant in tumorigenesis. This review presents the current evidence that demonstrates the involvement of miRNA deregulation in the early stages of lung, liver and breast carcinogenesis induced by chemical carcinogens, suggesting their major role as contributors to the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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470
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Luo YQ, Ming Z, Zhao L, Yao LJ, Dong H, Du JP, Wu SZ, Hu W. Decreased tumstatin-mRNA is associated with poor outcome in patients with NSCLC. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:423-31. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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471
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Kimman M, Norman R, Jan S, Kingston D, Woodward M. The Burden of Cancer in Member Countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:411-20. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.2.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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472
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Wei DC, Yeh YC, Hung JJ, Chou TY, Wu YC, Lu PJ, Cheng HC, Hsu YL, Kuo YL, Chen KY, Lai JM. Overexpression of T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase predicts poor prognosis in patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:731-8. [PMID: 22192142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence is the most common cause of disease failure after surgical resection in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. Identification of clinically relevant prognostic markers could help to predict patients with high risk of disease recurrence. A meta-analysis of available lung adenocarcinoma microarray datasets revealed that T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is overexpressed in lung cancer. Using stable cell lines with overexpression or knockdown of TOPK, we have shown that TOPK can promote cell migration, invasion, and clonogenic activity in lung cancer cells, suggesting its crucial role in lung tumorigenesis. To evaluate the prognostic value of TOPK expression in resected stage I lung adenocarcinoma, a retrospective analysis of 203 patients diagnosed with pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma was carried out to examine the expression of TOPK by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The prognostic significance of TOPK overexpression was examined. Overexpression of TOPK (IHC score >3) was detected in 67.0% of patients, and these patients were more frequently characterized with disease recurrence and angiolymphatic invasion. Using multivariate analysis, patient age (>65 years old; P = 0.002) and TOPK overexpression (IHC score >3; P < 0.001) significantly predicted a shortened overall survival. Moreover, TOPK overexpression (IHC score >3; P = 0.005) also significantly predicted a reduced time to recurrence in the patients. Our results indicate that overexpression of TOPK could predetermine the metastatic capability of tumors and could serve as a significant prognostic predictor of shortened overall survival and time to recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Cing Wei
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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473
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Time Trends of Overall Survival and Survival after Recurrence in Completely Resected Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7:397-405. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31823b564a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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474
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Park Y, Kim Y, Lee JH, Lee EY, Kim HS. Usefulness of serum anti-p53 antibody assay for lung cancer diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012; 135:1570-5. [PMID: 22129186 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2010-0717-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Some tumor markers, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), are used for the detection of lung cancer; however, their use is limited because of low sensitivities and high false-positive rates. OBJECTIVES To investigate the usefulness of an anti-p53 assay in detecting lung cancer and to compare the anti-p53 to CEA and CYFRA 21-1 tumor markers. DESIGN Serum samples were collected from 82 patients with lung cancer. Sera were also collected from 79 patients with or without benign pulmonary disease for the control group. All 161 specimens were assayed for CEA, CYFRA 21-1, and anti-p53. The diagnostic performances of these markers were compared using receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS The receiver operating characteristic area under the curve values of CYFRA 21-1, CEA, and anti-p53 for discriminating lung cancers from benign or healthy conditions were 0.79, 0.81, and 0.79, respectively. Area under the curve for the 3 markers in combination was 0.90. The sensitivities of those markers for lung cancer detection were respectively 39.0%, 53.7%, and 34.1% at 94.9% specificity, and the cutoff levels at those sensitivities and specificities were 4.5 ng/mL for CYFRA 21-1, 5.4 ng/mL for CEA, and 2.7 U/mL for anti-p53. We found 79.3% positive results for patients with lung cancer by any of the 3 markers, and 12.2% were positive only for anti-p53. All patients without cancer had negative results for 2 or all 3 markers. CONCLUSIONS Anti-p53 combined with other conventional markers is helpful in increasing the sensitivity and specificity for detecting lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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475
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Li F, Bai H, Li X, Wu M, Yu R, Shi A, Yin L, Wang J, Zhu G. [Role of EGFR mutation status in patients with stage III non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2012; 14:715-8. [PMID: 21924037 PMCID: PMC5999609 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2011.09.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
背景与目的 表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)突变状态与Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌放化疗近期疗效和生存的关系是目前临床研究热点。本研究旨在探讨EGFR突变状态与Ⅲ期非鳞非小细胞肺癌放化疗疗效的关系。 方法 本研究共计入组187例Ⅲ期非鳞非小细胞肺癌患者,其中87例能够评估放化疗近期疗效和2年生存率,128例患者适合评估一线化疗疗效。采用变性高效液相色谱法检测EGFR基因突变状态。 结果 EGFR突变阳性患者对联合放化疗的客观缓解率为84.6%(33/39),明显高于EGFR突变阴性患者56.3%(27/48)(P=0.004)。2年生存率EGFR突变阳性患者为53.8%(21/39),EGFR突变阴性患者为50%(24/48),两组在长期生存方面无统计学差异(P=0.871)。 结论 在Ⅲ期非鳞非小细胞肺癌中,EGFR突变预示更高的放化疗近期疗效,与生存期无关。
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhai Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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476
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Xu L, Liao Y, Tang H, Zhang C, Liu Z. [Advances of targeted therapy based on estrogen receptor signaling pathway in lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2012; 14:727-32. [PMID: 21924040 PMCID: PMC5999620 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2011.09.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that estrogen promotes tumor growth in both estrogen target organs and non-target organs. Estrogen regulates cell proliferation and differentiation via two different receptors, estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ). In recent decades, with the clarification of the ERα-mediated signaling pathways in breast cancer, targeted therapy through these pathways have successfully been used in clinical application. Tamoxifen, the classic representative, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Along with the elucidation of the role of estrogen in the pathophysiology of lung cancer, targeted lung cancer treatment based on the ER signaling pathways is also gradually being applied and it could become an important part of the comprehensive treatment for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Xu
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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477
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Smac: Its role in apoptosis induction and use in lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Lett 2012; 318:9-13. [PMID: 22227574 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a conserved and regulated cell suicide process, the malfunction of which is closely linked with carcinogenesis. Caspases control the induction of apoptosis through an enzymatic cascade that can be activated by both the mitochondrial and death receptor pathways. Smac is a mitochondrial protein that interacts with Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) and, upon apoptotic stimuli, is released into the cytoplasm to inhibit the capase-binding activity of IAPs. Smac plays key roles in both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, especially lung cancer. Our review will focus on the roles of Smac in lung carcinogenesis and cancer progression and its relevance in lung cancer treatment.
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478
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Sterlacci W, Fiegl M, Tzankov A. Prognostic and Predictive Value of Cell Cycle Deregulation in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Pathobiology 2012; 79:175-94. [DOI: 10.1159/000336462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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479
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Larzabal L, Nguewa PA, Pio R, Blanco D, Sanchez B, Rodríguez MJ, Pajares MJ, Catena R, Montuenga LM, Calvo A. Overexpression of TMPRSS4 in non-small cell lung cancer is associated with poor prognosis in patients with squamous histology. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:1608-14. [PMID: 22067904 PMCID: PMC3242532 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mortality rates in lung cancer patients have not decreased significantly in recent years, even with the implementation of new therapeutic regimens. One of the main problems is that a large proportion of patients present local or distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. The need for identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for a more effective management of lung cancer led us to investigate TMPRSS4, a protease reported to promote tumour growth and metastasis. Material and methods: In all, 34 lung cancer cell lines were used to evaluate the TMPRSS4 expression. Cell migration and clonogenic assays, and an in-vivo lung metastasis model were used for functional analysis of the TMPRSS4 downregulation in H358, H441 and H2170 cell lines. The TMPRSS4 expression analysis in normal and malignant lung tissue samples was performed by qPCR. Five different microarray-based publicly available expression databases were used to validate our results and to study prognosis. Results: The TMPRSS4 knock down in H358, H441 and H2170 cells resulted in a significant reduction in proliferation, clonogenic capacity and invasion. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in the lung colonisation and growth was found when mice were injected with TMPRSS4-depleated H358-derived clones, as compared with controls. Expression of TMPRSS4 showed a >30-fold increase (P<0.001) in tumours in comparison with non-malignant samples. Levels in tumours with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) histology were found to be significantly higher (P<0.001) than those with adenocarcinoma (AC) histology, which was confirmed in data retrieved from the microarrays. Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrated that high levels of TMPRSS4 were significantly associated (P=0.017) with reduced overall survival in the patients with SCC histology, whereas no correlation was found for the AC histology. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that TMPRSS4 has a role in the lung cancer development. The potential use of TMPRSS4 as a biomarker for lung cancer detection or as a predictor of patient's outcome warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Larzabal
- Laboratory of Novel Therapeutic Targets, Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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480
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León-Atance P, Moreno-Mata N, González-Aragoneses F, Cañizares-Carretero MÁ, Poblet-Martínez E, Genovés-Crespo M, García-Jiménez MD, Honguero-Martínez AF, Rombolá CA, Simón-Adiego CM, Peñalver-Pacual R, Alvarez-Fernández E. Prognostic influence of loss of blood group A antigen expression in pathologic stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Arch Bronconeumol 2011; 48:49-54. [PMID: 22153581 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the scientific literature, contradictory results has been published on the prognostic value of the loss of expression of blood group antigen A (BAA) in lung cancer. The objective of our study was to analyze this fact in our surgical series. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a multicenter study, 402 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were included. All were classified as stage-I according to the last 2009-TNM classification. We analyzed the prognostic influence of the loss of expression of BAA in the 209 patients expressing blood group A or AB. RESULTS The 5-year cumulative survival was 73% for patients expressing BAA vs 53% for patients with loss of expression (P=.03). When patients were grouped into stages IA and IB, statistical significance was only observed in stage I-A (P=.038). When we analyzed the survival according to histologic type, those patients with adenocarcinoma and loss of expression of BAA had a lower survival rate that was statistically very significant (P=.003). The multivariate analysis showed that age, gender and expression of BAA were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS The loss of expression of blood group antigen A has a negative prognostic impact in stage I NSCLC, especially in patients with adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo León-Atance
- Sección de Cirugía Torácica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España.
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481
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Okiror L, Patel N, Kho P, Ladas G, Dusmet M, Jordan S, Cordingley J, Lim E. Predicting risk of intensive care unit admission after resection for non-small cell lung cancer: a validation study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2011; 14:31-3. [PMID: 22108949 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivr060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A model for predicting the risk of emergency, unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission after lung resection for lung cancer has been reported. However, it has not been validated outside of the derivation cohort, and the aim of our study was to undertake external validation at our institution. We reviewed a series of consecutive patients who underwent major lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer over a 6-year period. Test performance was evaluated by area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Between 2003 and 2008, 425 patients underwent major lung resections for lung cancer. The mean age (SD) was 65 (10) years and 241 (57%) were men. A total of 77 (18%) patients were admitted to ICU, 47 for elective admission and 30 (7%) for treatment of post-procedure complications. Of the 30 patients admitted for complications, the median length of ICU (interquartile range) stay was 3 days (1-15 days). The mortality rate among these patients was 17%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.66 (95% CI 0.53-0.79). The Brunelli scoring system had moderate discriminating ability to predict the risk of ICU admission after lung resection in our institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Okiror
- Academic Division of Thoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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482
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Verma MK, Miki Y, Sasano H. Sex steroid receptors in human lung diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:216-22. [PMID: 21856418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have reported that gender differences exist in clinical and biological manifestations of human lung diseases. In particular, women are far more likely to develop both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lung diseases than men. This gender difference above suggests that sex steroid may be involved in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases. These sex steroids mediate their effects through sex steroid receptors including estrogen receptors (ER) i.e. ERα and ERβ progesterone receptors (PR) i.e. PR-A and PR-B and androgen receptors (ARs), all of which have been reported to be expressed in lung tissue. Therefore it becomes important to clarify the potential roles of sex steroid receptor in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lung diseases toward improved treatment options for the patients. In this review, we summarized a number of studies in humans and experimental animals that have identified possible roles of sex steroids in respiratory physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Verma
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi-ken, Japan
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483
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The novel protein suppressed in lung cancer down-regulated in lung cancer tissues retards cell proliferation and inhibits the oncokinase Aurora-A. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:988-97. [PMID: 21566536 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e318212692e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In an attempt to search for genes with abnormal expression in cancers, Suppressed in Lung Cancer (SLAN, also known as KIAA0256) is found underexpressed in human lung cancer tissues by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR). The study set out to characterize SLAN protein and explore its cellular functions. METHODS SLAN or its specific short hairpin RNA, full length or various deletion mutants were overexpressed in 293T or lung cancer cell lines, and cell proliferation, cell cycle, mitosis progression, and spindle configuration were surveyed. RESULTS SLAN and its deletion mutants are localized to many subcellular locations such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nucleus, nucleolus, spindle pole and midbody, suggesting SLAN may function as a multifunctional protein. Overexpression of SLAN per se or its short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) inhibits or accelerates cell proliferation through prolonging or shortening mitosis. Time-lapse microscopic recording reveals that cells overexpressing exogenous SLAN are arrested in mitosis or cannot undergo cytokinesis. SLAN 2-551 mutants drastically arrest cells in mitosis, where α- and γ-tubulin are disorganized. SLAN employs C-terminal to interact with Aurora-A, a key mitosis regulator and an oncogenic kinase associated with a wide range of human cancers. SLAN negatively regulates the activity of Aurora-A by directly inhibiting kinase activity in vitro or reducing the level of active Aurora-A in cells. SLAN is frequently reduced in lung cancer tissues overexpressing Aurora-A, arguing for the necessity to suppress SLAN during the Aurora-A-associated cancer formation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we have identified a novel protein SLAN downregulated in lung caner, having multiple subcellular localization including spindle matrix and midbody, inhibiting cell proliferation and Aurora-A.
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484
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Taratula O, Garbuzenko OB, Chen AM, Minko T. Innovative strategy for treatment of lung cancer: targeted nanotechnology-based inhalation co-delivery of anticancer drugs and siRNA. J Drug Target 2011; 19:900-14. [PMID: 21981718 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.622404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A tumor targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN)-based drug delivery system (DDS) was developed for inhalation treatment of lung cancer. The system was capable of effectively delivering inside cancer cells anticancer drugs (doxorubicin and cisplatin) combined with two types of siRNA targeted to MRP1 and BCL2 mRNA for suppression of pump and nonpump cellular resistance in non-small cell lung carcinoma, respectively. Targeting of MSN to cancer cells was achieved by the conjugation of LHRH peptide on the surface of MSN via poly(ethylene glycol) spacer. The delivered anticancer drugs and siRNA preserved their specific activity leading to the cell death induction and inhibition of targeted mRNA. Suppression of cellular resistance by siRNA effectively delivered inside cancer cells and substantially enhanced the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs. Local delivery of MSN by inhalation led to the preferential accumulation of nanoparticles in the mouse lungs, prevented the escape of MSN into the systemic circulation, and limited their accumulation in other organs. The experimental data confirm that the developed DDS satisfies the major prerequisites for effective treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Therefore, the proposed cancer-targeted MSN-based system for complex delivery of drugs and siRNA has high potential in the effective treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Taratula
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8020, USA.
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485
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Benzo[a]pyrene and tumor necrosis factor-α coordinately increase genotoxic damage and the production of proinflammatory mediators in alveolar epithelial type II cells. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:121-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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486
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Rotunno M, Hu N, Su H, Wang C, Goldstein AM, Bergen AW, Consonni D, Pesatori AC, Bertazzi PA, Wacholder S, Shih J, Caporaso NE, Taylor PR, Landi MT. A gene expression signature from peripheral whole blood for stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1599-608. [PMID: 21742797 PMCID: PMC3188352 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Affordable early screening in subjects with high risk of lung cancer has great potential to improve survival from this deadly disease. We measured gene expression from lung tissue and peripheral whole blood (PWB) from adenocarcinoma cases and controls to identify dysregulated lung cancer genes that could be tested in blood to improve identification of at-risk patients in the future. Genome-wide mRNA expression analysis was conducted in 153 subjects (73 adenocarcinoma cases, 80 controls) from the Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology study using PWB and paired snap-frozen tumor and noninvolved lung tissue samples. Analyses were conducted using unpaired t tests, linear mixed effects, and ANOVA models. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was computed to assess the predictive accuracy of the identified biomarkers. We identified 50 dysregulated genes in stage I adenocarcinoma versus control PWB samples (false discovery rate ≤0.1, fold change ≥1.5 or ≤0.66). Among them, eight (TGFBR3, RUNX3, TRGC2, TRGV9, TARP, ACP1, VCAN, and TSTA3) differentiated paired tumor versus noninvolved lung tissue samples in stage I cases, suggesting a similar pattern of lung cancer-related changes in PWB and lung tissue. These results were confirmed in two independent gene expression analyses in a blood-based case-control study (n = 212) and a tumor-nontumor paired tissue study (n = 54). The eight genes discriminated patients with lung cancer from healthy controls with high accuracy (AUC = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.74-0.87). Our finding suggests the use of gene expression from PWB for the identification of early detection markers of lung cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rotunno
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nan Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hua Su
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chaoyu Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alisa M. Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew W. Bergen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
| | - Dario Consonni
- Unit of Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela C Pesatori
- Unit of Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- Unit of Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sholom Wacholder
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joanna Shih
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neil E. Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Phil R. Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
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487
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Node-Negative Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Pathological Staging and Survival in 1765 Consecutive Cases. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:1691-6. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31822647fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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488
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Murray LA. Commonalities between the pro-fibrotic mechanisms in COPD and IPF. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 25:276-80. [PMID: 21983244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
COPD and IPF are two chronic lung diseases which are characterized by a decline in lung function, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Both of these diseases are more commonly associated with an aging population and the duration for which the disease has been underlying is often unknown. Significant matrix deposition occurs, resulting in either non-reversible airways obstruction in the case of COPD and impaired gas exchange and parenchymal consolidation in IPF. There are no approved therapies that have been demonstrated to target these underlying fibrotic changes in the lung. This may in part be due to the challenges of quantitating lung fibrosis in a temporal manner in specific regions of the lung. However, this may also be due to our understanding of aberrant and pathogenic collagen deposition being somewhat limited. The core processes associated with lung fibrosis are often observed in normal wound healing. Moreover, in the extreme fibrotic setting of IPF, the remodelling is sometimes associated with uncontrolled wound healing responses. As wound healing is a critical aspect to maintaining tissue function and homeostasis, targeting this process directly may result in safety concerns. This review therefore describes some of the recent advances in ascertaining pathways promoting lung fibrosis that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention in both COPD and IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne A Murray
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK.
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489
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Gao L, Li F, Thrall MJ, Yang Y, Xing J, Hammoudi AA, Zhao H, Massoud Y, Cagle PT, Fan Y, Wong KK, Wang Z, Wong STC. On-the-spot lung cancer differential diagnosis by label-free, molecular vibrational imaging and knowledge-based classification. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:096004. [PMID: 21950918 DOI: 10.1117/1.3619294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the development and application of a knowledge-based coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy system for label-free imaging, pattern recognition, and classification of cells and tissue structures for differentiating lung cancer from non-neoplastic lung tissues and identifying lung cancer subtypes. A total of 1014 CARS images were acquired from 92 fresh frozen lung tissue samples. The established pathological workup and diagnostic cellular were used as prior knowledge for establishment of a knowledge-based CARS system using a machine learning approach. This system functions to separate normal, non-neoplastic, and subtypes of lung cancer tissues based on extracted quantitative features describing fibrils and cell morphology. The knowledge-based CARS system showed the ability to distinguish lung cancer from normal and non-neoplastic lung tissue with 91% sensitivity and 92% specificity. Small cell carcinomas were distinguished from nonsmall cell carcinomas with 100% sensitivity and specificity. As an adjunct to submitting tissue samples to routine pathology, our novel system recognizes the patterns of fibril and cell morphology, enabling medical practitioners to perform differential diagnosis of lung lesions in mere minutes. The demonstration of the strategy is also a necessary step toward in vivo point-of-care diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous lung lesions with a fiber-based CARS microendoscope.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/classification
- Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/classification
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/classification
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Databases, Factual
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Histocytochemistry
- Humans
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Least-Squares Analysis
- Lung Neoplasms/chemistry
- Lung Neoplasms/classification
- Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Pneumonia
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/chemistry
- Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/classification
- Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/diagnosis
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods
- Support Vector Machine
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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490
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Multicenter Analysis of Survival and Prognostic Factors in Pathologic Stage I Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer According to the New 2009 TNM Classification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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491
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Cramb SM, Mengersen KL, Baade PD. Identification of area-level influences on regions of high cancer incidence in Queensland, Australia: a classification tree approach. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:311. [PMID: 21781342 PMCID: PMC3155913 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strategies for cancer reduction and management are targeted at both individual and area levels. Area-level strategies require careful understanding of geographic differences in cancer incidence, in particular the association with factors such as socioeconomic status, ethnicity and accessibility. This study aimed to identify the complex interplay of area-level factors associated with high area-specific incidence of Australian priority cancers using a classification and regression tree (CART) approach. Methods Area-specific smoothed standardised incidence ratios were estimated for priority-area cancers across 478 statistical local areas in Queensland, Australia (1998-2007, n = 186,075). For those cancers with significant spatial variation, CART models were used to identify whether area-level accessibility, socioeconomic status and ethnicity were associated with high area-specific incidence. Results The accessibility of a person's residence had the most consistent association with the risk of cancer diagnosis across the specific cancers. Many cancers were likely to have high incidence in more urban areas, although male lung cancer and cervical cancer tended to have high incidence in more remote areas. The impact of socioeconomic status and ethnicity on these associations differed by type of cancer. Conclusions These results highlight the complex interactions between accessibility, socioeconomic status and ethnicity in determining cancer incidence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna M Cramb
- Viertel Centre for Research in Cancer Control, Cancer Council Queensland, Gregory Tce, Fortitude Valley, Australia.
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492
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Sun HB, Zheng Y, Ou W, Fang Q, Li P, Ye X, Zhang BB, Yang H, Wang SY. Association between hormone receptor expression and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in patients operated on for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91:1562-7. [PMID: 21524465 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) play important roles in breast cancer. Similarly, there have been several reports of ER and PR expression in lung cancers, but the results have not been consistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between hormone receptor expression and clinicopathologic factors and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS We evaluated 316 resected NSCLC specimens for ER-α, PR, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and aromatase (n=272) expression using immunohistochemical methods. EGFR mutations were evaluated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS ER-α and PR were detected in 36.1% and 44.9% of all patients, respectively. The expression of ER-α was observed mostly in cytoplasm (94.7%) and the expression of PR was observed mostly in nucleus (95.8%). Aromatase was detected in the cytoplasm of 64.0% of patients. ER-α expression was significantly associated with female gender (p=0.004). The expression of PR was significantly associated with better clinicopathologic features. ER-α expression showed a positive correlation with PR (r=0.275; p<0.001) and aromatase (r=0.244; p<0.001) expression levels. EGFR mutation was independently associated with the female gender (p=0.001), negative expression of PR (p<0.001), and negative expression of aromatase (p=0.027). CONCLUSIONS The expression of ER-α and PR distinguish a subset of NSCLC that has defined clinicopathologic features. Negative expression of PR and aromatase correlate with EGFR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-bo Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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493
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Kodama H, Yamakado K, Takaki H, Kashima M, Uraki J, Nakatsuka A, Takao M, Taguchi O, Yamada T, Takeda K. Lung Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Unresectable Recurrent Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer After Surgical Intervention. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2011; 35:563-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-011-0220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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494
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in both women and men worldwide but gender differences exist in their clinical and biological manifestations. In particular, among life time non-smoker, female are far more likely to develop lung carcinoma than male. Recent studies demonstrated that estrogens are synthesized in situ in both male and female lung cancers through aromatase, suggesting that sex steroid may contribute to the pathogenesis and development of lung carcinoma. In addition, human lung carcinomas have been recently demonstrated to be frequently associated with expression of estrogen receptors in both male and female patients and a lower expression of aromatase was reported to be associated with better prognosis. Preclinical studies further demonstrated that aromatase inhibitor (AI) suppressed the lung tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. These findings all suggest a potential role of intratumoral aromatase in biological behavior of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common form of human lung malignancy. Therefore, AIs may become viable therapeutic options for disease management in NSCLC patients but further studies are definitely required to obtain a better understanding of the potential roles of intratumoral aromatase expression as a predictive biomarker for clinical outcome in these NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Verma
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seriyo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi-ken, Japan
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495
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Caramori G, Casolari P, Cavallesco GN, Giuffrè S, Adcock I, Papi A. Mechanisms involved in lung cancer development in COPD. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1030-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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496
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León-Atance P, Moreno-Mata N, González-Aragoneses F, Cañizares-Carretero MÁ, García-Jiménez MD, Genovés-Crespo M, Honguero-Martínez AF, Rombolá CA, Simón-Adiego CM, Peñalver-Pascual R. Multicenter analysis of survival and prognostic factors in pathologic stage I non-small-cell lung cancer according to the new 2009 TNM classification. Arch Bronconeumol 2011; 47:441-6. [PMID: 21676516 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The new 2009 TNM classification introduced important modifications in lung cancer staging. The aim of this study is to validate our series of patients with pathologic stage I non-small-cell lung cancer according to the 7th edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors and to the factors related with prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A multicenter retrospective study was performed. Survival rates were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and for multivariate analyses, Cox proportional hazards regression model was used. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, pathologic stage, T category, histology, type of resection and tumor size. RESULTS A total of 402 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 70.18 months. Overall 5-year survival was 68%. Males and patients over 70 had lower survival. Prognosis worsened with increasing pathologic stage, T category and tumor size. We found no statistically significant differences in prognosis for histology or type of resection. Multivariate analysis showed age, sex and pathologic stage to be independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS Survival results and the analysis of prognostic factors in our series are similar to those published in the new 2009 TNM classification. The most important prognostic factor is pathologic stage. Other adverse prognostic factors include male sex and age over 70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo León-Atance
- Sección de Cirugía Torácica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, España.
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497
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Tissue sampling in lung cancer: a review in light of the MERIT experience. Lung Cancer 2011; 74:1-6. [PMID: 21658788 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer continues to present an enormous global burden of morbidity and mortality, despite an increasing therapeutic armamentarium of chemotherapy and targeted agents. Recent research efforts have been directed towards identifying predictors of response to treatment, in order to facilitate the selection of patients likely to obtain the greatest benefit from specific therapeutic interventions, with the ultimate goal of providing customized therapy. A strong scientific basis exists for the use of markers to identify patients who are most likely to respond to biological and targeted therapies, based on characteristics such as tumour genotype and histology. Biomarkers have the potential to aid in patient stratification (risk assessment), treatment-response identification (surrogate markers), or differential diagnosis (identifying individuals who are likely to respond well to specific therapies). Numerous trials have demonstrated correlations between molecular biomarkers and the outcome of treatment with targeted therapies such as epidermal growth factor inhibitor tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The recently completed MarkER Identification Trial (MERIT) found some evidence of a link between the molecular profile of a tumour and the clinical response to erlotinib in patients with relapsed NSCLC. However, MERIT also highlighted the difficulties in obtaining adequate samples for the various procedures involved in genetic analyses in clinical trials. Routine clinical practice brings its own challenges relating to biopsy techniques and tissue availability and this has implications for the application of molecular analyses in treatment decision-making. Applying the lessons learned from tissue sampling and molecular testing in MERIT and other major NSCLC trials will be essential in paving the way for the routine use of biomarker analyses in clinical practice.
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498
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Trédaniel J, Durand C, Teixeira L, Staudacher L, Beuzelin C, Jagot JL, Stucker I, Robert J, Salmeron S. La pollution atmosphérique, cause de cancer bronchique ? ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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499
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Adair T, Hoy D, Dettrick Z, Lopez AD. Reconstruction of long-term tobacco consumption trends in Australia and their relationship to lung cancer mortality. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:1047-53. [PMID: 21617924 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Analysis of long-term trends in smoking and causes of death in Australia are prevented by a lack of detailed tobacco consumption data prior to World War II. The objective of this study was to reconstruct data on tobacco consumption in Australia back to 1887 and examine its relationship with population-level lung cancer mortality, corrected for biases and miscoding. METHODS Back-extrapolation techniques and existing tobacco sales data were combined to estimate tobacco consumption prior to the 1940s. The relationship of tobacco and lung cancer mortality was examined with descriptive period and cohort analyses and log-linear Poisson regression models of cumulative cohort consumption. RESULTS The results show that tobacco consumption rose steadily in Australia for the majority of years from 1887 to World War II, before increasing drastically in the following years and then falling sharply to the present day. Lung cancer mortality was strongly influenced by tobacco consumption, peaking 20-25 years after the peak in tobacco consumption for men and 25-30 years for women. Regression models found cumulative consumption a very strong predictor of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Period and cohort trends in smoking and lung cancer were similar to many other Western countries. The effectiveness of smoking reduction campaigns in Australia clearly reduced male lung cancer mortality and provides guidance for other countries, such as China, where smoking prevalence remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Adair
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Level 2, Public Health Building, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
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Increased lung cancer risk among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a population cohort study. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:32-7. [PMID: 21150470 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181fb4fcc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given one third of the human population have been infected with tuberculosis, it is important to delineate the relationship between tuberculosis and lung cancer. This study explored whether contracting pulmonary tuberculosis is associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancers. METHODS In a cohort of 716,872 insured subjects, free from cancers, aged 20 years and older, 4480 patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis were identified from the universal insurance claims in 1998-2000 and tracked until 2007 with the remaining insured without tuberculosis. We compared the incidence of lung cancers between the two cohorts and measured the associated hazard of developing lung cancer. RESULTS The incidence of lung cancers was approximately 11-fold higher in the cohort of patients with tuberculosis than nontuberculosis subjects (26.3 versus 2.41 per 10,000 person-years). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed a hazard ratio of 4.37 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.56-5.36) for the tuberculosis cohort after adjustment for the sociodemographic variables or 3.32 (95% CI: 2.70-4.09) after further adjustment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), smoking-related cancers (other than lung cancer), etc. The hazard ratio increased to 6.22 (95% CI: 4.87-7.94) with the combined effect with COPD or to 15.5 (95% CI: 2.17-110) with the combined effect with other smoking-related cancers. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a compelling evidence of increased lung cancer risk among individuals with tuberculosis. The risk may increase further with coexisting COPD or other smoking-related cancers.
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