451
|
Fernández-Mazuecos M, Vargas P. Congruence between distribution modelling and phylogeographical analyses reveals Quaternary survival of a toadflax species (Linaria elegans) in oceanic climate areas of a mountain ring range. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:1274-1289. [PMID: 23496320 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
· The role of Quaternary climatic shifts in shaping the distribution of Linaria elegans, an Iberian annual plant, was investigated using species distribution modelling and molecular phylogeographical analyses. Three hypotheses are proposed to explain the Quaternary history of its mountain ring range. · The distribution of L. elegans was modelled using the maximum entropy method and projected to the last interglacial and to the last glacial maximum (LGM) using two different paleoclimatic models: the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) and the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC). Two nuclear and three plastid DNA regions were sequenced for 24 populations (119 individuals sampled). Bayesian phylogenetic, phylogeographical, dating and coalescent-based population genetic analyses were conducted. · Molecular analyses indicated the existence of northern and southern glacial refugia and supported two routes of post-glacial recolonization. These results were consistent with the LGM distribution as inferred under the CCSM paleoclimatic model (but not under the MIROC model). Isolation between two major refugia was dated back to the Riss or Mindel glaciations, > 100 kyr before present (bp). · The Atlantic distribution of inferred refugia suggests that the oceanic (buffered)-continental (harsh) gradient may have played a key and previously unrecognized role in determining Quaternary distribution shifts of Mediterranean plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
452
|
Return flight to the Canary Islands – The key role of peripheral populations of Afrocanarian blue tits (Aves: Cyanistes teneriffae) in multi-gene reconstructions of colonization pathways. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 67:458-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
453
|
Vences M, Hauswaldt JS, Steinfartz S, Rupp O, Goesmann A, Künzel S, Orozco-terWengel P, Vieites DR, Nieto-Roman S, Haas S, Laugsch C, Gehara M, Bruchmann S, Pabijan M, Ludewig AK, Rudert D, Angelini C, Borkin LJ, Crochet PA, Crottini A, Dubois A, Ficetola GF, Galán P, Geniez P, Hachtel M, Jovanovic O, Litvinchuk SN, Lymberakis P, Ohler A, Smirnov NA. Radically different phylogeographies and patterns of genetic variation in two European brown frogs, genus Rana. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 68:657-70. [PMID: 23632031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We reconstruct range-wide phylogeographies of two widespread and largely co-occurring Western Palearctic frogs, Rana temporaria and R. dalmatina. Based on tissue or saliva samples of over 1000 individuals, we compare a variety of genetic marker systems, including mitochondrial DNA, single-copy protein-coding nuclear genes, microsatellite loci, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of transcriptomes of both species. The two focal species differ radically in their phylogeographic structure, with R. temporaria being strongly variable among and within populations, and R. dalmatina homogeneous across Europe with a single strongly differentiated population in southern Italy. These differences were observed across the various markers studied, including microsatellites and SNP density, but especially in protein-coding nuclear genes where R. dalmatina had extremely low heterozygosity values across its range, including potential refugial areas. On the contrary, R. temporaria had comparably high range-wide values, including many areas of probable postglacial colonization. A phylogeny of R. temporaria based on various concatenated mtDNA genes revealed that two haplotype clades endemic to Iberia form a paraphyletic group at the base of the cladogram, and all other haplotypes form a monophyletic group, in agreement with an Iberian origin of the species. Demographic analysis suggests that R. temporaria and R. dalmatina have genealogies of roughly the same time to coalescence (TMRCA ~3.5 mya for both species), but R. temporaria might have been characterized by larger ancestral and current effective population sizes than R. dalmatina. The high genetic variation in R. temporaria can therefore be explained by its early range expansion out of Iberia, with subsequent cycles of differentiation in cryptic glacial refugial areas followed by admixture, while the range expansion of R. dalmatina into central Europe is a probably more recent event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
454
|
Foote AD, Kaschner K, Schultze SE, Garilao C, Ho SY, Post K, Higham TF, Stokowska C, van der Es H, Embling CB, Gregersen K, Johansson F, Willerslev E, Gilbert MTP. Ancient DNA reveals that bowhead whale lineages survived Late Pleistocene climate change and habitat shifts. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1677. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
455
|
Homburg K, Drees C, Gossner MM, Rakosy L, Vrezec A, Assmann T. Multiple glacial refugia of the low-dispersal ground beetle Carabus irregularis: molecular data support predictions of species distribution models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61185. [PMID: 23593425 PMCID: PMC3617161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical glacial refugia such as the southern European peninsulas were important for species survival during glacial periods and acted as sources of post-glacial colonisation processes. Only recently, some studies have provided evidence for glacial refugia north of the southern European peninsulas. In the present study, we combined species distribution models (SDMs) with phylogeographic analyses (using mitochondrial DNA = mtDNA) to investigate if the cold-adapted, stenotopic and flightless ground beetle species, Carabus irregularis, survived the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in classical and/or other refugia. SDMs (for both a western European and for a Carpathian subgroup) were calculated with MAXENT on the basis of 645 species records to predict current and past distribution patterns. Two mtDNA loci (CO1 and ND5, concatenated sequence length: 1785 bp) were analyzed from 91 C. irregularis specimens to reconstruct the phylogeography of Central and eastern European populations and to estimate divergence times of the given lineages. Strong intra-specific genetic differentiation (inter-clade ΦST values ranged from 0.92 to 0.99) implied long-term isolation of major clades and subsclades. The high divergence between the nominate subspecies and the Carpathian subspecies C. i. montandoni points to two independent species rather than subspecies (K-2P distance 0.042 ± 0.004; supposed divergence of the maternal lineages dated back 1.6 to 2.5 million years BP) differing not only morphologically but also genetically and ecologically from each other. The SDMs also inferred classical as well as other refugia for C. irregularis, especially north of the Alps, in southeastern Europe and in the Carpathians. The coincidences between the results of both methods confirm the assumption of multiple glacial refugia for the studied species and the usefulness of combining methodological approaches for the understanding of the history of low-dispersal insect species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Homburg
- Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Ecology, Lüneburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
456
|
Chung MY, Chung JM, López-Pujol J, Park SJ, Chung MG. Genetic diversity in three species of Forsythia (Oleaceae) endemic to Korea: Implications for population history, taxonomy, and conservation. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
457
|
Černá K, Straka J, Munclinger P. Population structure of pioneer specialist solitary bee Andrena vaga (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) in central Europe: the effect of habitat fragmentation or evolutionary history? CONSERV GENET 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-013-0482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
458
|
Ruiz-González A, Madeira MJ, Randi E, Abramov AV, Davoli F, Gómez-Moliner BJ. Phylogeography of the forest-dwelling European pine marten (Martes martes): new insights into cryptic northern glacial refugia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexei V. Abramov
- Laboratory of Mammalogy; Zoological Institute; Russian Academy of Sciences; Universitetskaya nab. 1; Saint-Petersburg; 199034; Russia
| | - Francesca Davoli
- Laboratorio di genetica; Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA); Via Cà Fornacetta 9; 40064; Ozzano dell'Emilia; Bologna; Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
459
|
Wielstra B, Crnobrnja-Isailović J, Litvinchuk SN, Reijnen BT, Skidmore AK, Sotiropoulos K, Toxopeus AG, Tzankov N, Vukov T, Arntzen JW. Tracing glacial refugia of Triturus newts based on mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and species distribution modeling. Front Zool 2013; 10:13. [PMID: 23514662 PMCID: PMC3608019 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The major climatic oscillations during the Quaternary Ice Age heavily influenced the distribution of species and left their mark on intraspecific genetic diversity. Past range shifts can be reconstructed with the aid of species distribution modeling and phylogeographical analyses. We test the responses of the different members of the genus Triturus (i.e. the marbled and crested newts) as the climate shifted from the previous glacial period (the Last Glacial Maximum, ~21 Ka) to the current interglacial. RESULTS We present the results of a dense mitochondrial DNA phylogeography (visualizing genetic diversity within and divergence among populations) and species distribution modeling (using two different climate simulations) for the nine Triturus species on composite maps. CONCLUSIONS The combined use of species distribution modeling and mitochondrial phylogeography provides insight in the glacial contraction and postglacial expansion of Triturus. The combined use of the two independent techniques yields a more complete understanding of the historical biogeography of Triturus than both approaches would on their own. Triturus newts generally conform to the 'southern richness and northern purity' paradigm, but we also find more intricate patterns, such as the absence of genetic variation and suitable area at the Last Glacial Maximum (T. dobrogicus), an 'extra-Mediterranean' refugium in the Carpathian Basin (T. cristatus), and areas where species displaced one another postglacially (e.g. T. macedonicus and western T. karelinii). We provide a biogeographical scenario for Triturus, showing the positions of glacial refugia, the regions that were postglacially colonized and the areas where species displaced one another as they shifted their ranges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wielstra
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P, O, Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
460
|
Gür H. The effects of the Late Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles on Anatolian ground squirrels: range expansion during the glacial periods? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Gür
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Ahi Evran University; Bağbaşı Campus; 40100; Kırşehir; Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
461
|
Planas E, Fernández-Montraveta C, Ribera C. Molecular systematics of the wolf spider genus Lycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae) in the Western Mediterranean Basin. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 67:414-28. [PMID: 23416758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present the first molecular phylogeny of the wolf spider genus Lycosa Latreille, 1804 in the Western Mediterranean Basin. With a wide geographic sampling comprising 90 localities and including more than 180 individuals, we conducted species delimitation analyses with a Maximum Likelihood approach that uses a mixed Yule-coalescent model to detect species boundaries. We estimated molecular phylogenetic relationships employing Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods using mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. We conducted divergence time analyses using a relaxed clock model implemented in BEAST. Our results recovered 12 species that form four groups: Lycosa tarantula group comprising L. tarantula the type species of the genus, L. hispanica and L. bedeli; Lycosa oculata group composed of L.oculata, L. suboculata and three putative new species; Lycosa baulnyi group formed by the maghrebian L. baulnyi and L. vachoni and Lycosa fasciiventris group that includes two widespread species, L. fasciiventris and L. munieri. We found that each group of species shows a characteristic burrowing behavior and molecular and morphological diagnostic characters. Molecular clock analyses support the hypothesis of a relatively recent evolutionary origin of diversification of the group (4.96 Mya (3.53-6.45 Mya)). The establishment of the Mediterranean-like climate and the Pleistocenic glacial cycles seem to have been the main factors that promoted the diversification within the group. Finally, the results obtained in this study together with the revision of museum specimens, descriptions, redescriptions and illustrations, lead us to propose 18 nomenclatural changes (synonymies, generic transfers and nomina dubia) concerning the genera Lycosa, Allocosa and Hogna in the Western Mediterranean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enric Planas
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
462
|
Cornille A, Giraud T, Bellard C, Tellier A, Le Cam B, Smulders MJM, Kleinschmit J, Roldan-Ruiz I, Gladieux P. Postglacial recolonization history of the European crabapple (Malus sylvestrisMill.), a wild contributor to the domesticated apple. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:2249-63. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Cornille
- CNRS; Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution; UMR8079; Bâtiment 360 91405 Orsay France
- University of Paris Sud; 91405 Orsay France
- AgroParisTech; 91405 Orsay France
| | - T. Giraud
- CNRS; Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution; UMR8079; Bâtiment 360 91405 Orsay France
- University of Paris Sud; 91405 Orsay France
- AgroParisTech; 91405 Orsay France
| | - C. Bellard
- CNRS; Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution; UMR8079; Bâtiment 360 91405 Orsay France
- University of Paris Sud; 91405 Orsay France
- AgroParisTech; 91405 Orsay France
| | - A. Tellier
- Section of Population Genetics; Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan; Technische Universität München; 85354 Freising Deutschland
| | - B. Le Cam
- INRA; IRHS; PRES UNAM; SFR QUASAV; Rue G. Morel F-49071 Beaucouzé France
| | - M. J. M. Smulders
- Plant Research International; Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; PO Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - J. Kleinschmit
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources; Northwest German Forest Research Institute; Professor-Oelkers Str. 6, 34346 Hann. Münden Germany
| | - I. Roldan-Ruiz
- ILVO; Plant-Growth and Development; Caritasstraat 21 9090 Melle Belgium
| | - P. Gladieux
- CNRS; Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution; UMR8079; Bâtiment 360 91405 Orsay France
- University of Paris Sud; 91405 Orsay France
- AgroParisTech; 91405 Orsay France
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-3102 USA
| |
Collapse
|
463
|
Porretta D, Mastrantonio V, Mona S, Epis S, Montagna M, Sassera D, Bandi C, Urbanelli S. The integration of multiple independent data reveals an unusual response to Pleistocene climatic changes in the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1666-82. [PMID: 23398505 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, improved analytical tools and the integration of genetic data with multiple sources of information have shown that temperate species exhibited more complex responses to ice ages than previously thought. In this study, we investigated how Pleistocene climatic changes affected the current distribution and genetic diversity of European populations of the tick Ixodes ricinus, an ectoparasite with high ecological plasticity. We first used mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers to investigate the phylogeographic structure of the species and its Pleistocene history using coalescent-based methods; then we used species distribution modelling to infer the climatic niche of the species at last glacial maximum; finally, we reviewed the literature on the I. ricinus hosts to identify the locations of their glacial refugia. Our results support the scenario that during the last glacial phase, I. ricinus never experienced a prolonged allopatric divergence in separate glacial refugia, but persisted with interconnected populations across Southern and Central Europe. The generalist behaviour in host choice of I. ricinus would have played a major role in maintaining connections between its populations. Although most of the hosts persisted in separate refugia, from the point of view of I. ricinus, they represented a continuity of 'bridges' among populations. Our study highlights the importance of species-specific ecology in affecting responses to Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles. Together with other cases in Europe and elsewhere, it contributes to setting new hypotheses on how species with wide ecological plasticity coped with Pleistocene climatic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Porretta
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
464
|
Rajaei Sh H, Rödder D, Weigand AM, Dambach J, Raupach MJ, Wägele JW. Quaternary refugia in southwestern Iran: insights from two sympatric moth species (Insecta, Lepidoptera). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-013-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
465
|
Kinoshita G, Nunome M, Han SH, Hirakawa H, Suzuki H. Ancient colonization and within-island vicariance revealed by mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the mountain hare (Lepus timidus) in Hokkaido, Japan. Zoolog Sci 2013; 29:776-85. [PMID: 23106564 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.29.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the phylogenetic status and history of the mountain hare Lepus timidus in and around Hokkaido using mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences from 158 samples from Hokkaido and 14 from Sakhalin, as well as four samples from the Korean hare, L. coreanus. The phylogenetic analysis of the cyt b sequences generated in this study and obtained from DNA databases showed the clear genetic specificity of the Hokkaido lineage as a clade. The Hokkaido lineage was estimated to have diverged from the other conspecific and L. coreanus lineages 0.46 and 0.30 million years ago (Mya), respectively. These results suggest that the common ancestor of the mitochondrial lineage in Hokkaido and Korea inhabited Far East Asia before colonization by the present continental lineages of L. timidus, including the Sakhalin population. We estimated the time of the most recent common ancestor of the Hokkaido population to be 0.17 Mya, and found two distinct haplogroups within the island. One group had greater genetic diversity (mean number of pairwise differences: π = 0.0188 ± 0.0108) and appears to have expanded from the west to the entire island of Hokkaido. The other had lower genetic diversity (π = 0.0038 ± 0.0037) and its distribution was concentrated in the east. These contrasting west/east trends indicate that the Hokkaido population was fragmented in the past, and then subsequently expanded. Our study suggests that Hokkaido was an important refugium for boreal species in the far eastern region, and allowed the formation of various population genetic structures within the island.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gohta Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
466
|
Shi CM, Ji YJ, Liu L, Wang L, Zhang DX. Impact of climate changes from Middle Miocene onwards on evolutionary diversification in Eurasia: insights from the mesobuthid scorpions. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1700-16. [PMID: 23356513 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aridification from Middle Miocene onwards has transformed the Asian interior into an arid environment, and the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial oscillations exerted further ecological impact. Therefore, both aridification and glaciation would have considerably influenced the evolution of many mid-latitude species in temperate Asia. Here, we tested this perspective by a phylogeographic study of the mesobuthid scorpions across temperate Asia using one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes. Concordant mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees were obtained, which are consistent with species tree inferred using a Bayesian approach. The age of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all the studied scorpions was estimated to be 12.49 Ma (late Middle Miocene); Mesobuthus eupeus diverged from the clade composing Mesobuthus caucasicus and Mesobuthus martensii in early Late Miocene (10.21 Ma); M. martensii diverged from M. caucasicus at 5.53 Ma in Late Miocene. The estimated MRCA ages of M. martensii and the Chinese lineage of M. eupeus were 2.37 and 0.68 Ma, respectively. Central Asia was identified as the ancestral area for the lineage leading to M. martensii and M. caucasicus and the Chinese lineage of M. eupeus. The ancestral habitat of the genus Mesobuthus is likely to have been characterized by an arid environment; a shift towards more humid habitat occurred in the MRCA of M. martensii and a lineage of M. caucasicus, finally leading to the adaptation of M. martensii to humid environment. Our data strongly support the idea that the stepwise intensified aridifications from Mid-Miocene onwards drove the diversification of mesobuthid scorpions, and suggest that M. martensii and M. eupeus observed today in China originated from an ancestral lineage distributed in Central Asia. Both the colonization and the ensuing evolution of these species in East Asia appear to have been further moulded by Quaternary glaciations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
467
|
Ramírez-Barahona S, Eguiarte LE. The role of glacial cycles in promoting genetic diversity in the Neotropics: the case of cloud forests during the Last Glacial Maximum. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:725-38. [PMID: 23531632 PMCID: PMC3605859 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing aridity during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) has been proposed as a major factor affecting Neotropical species. The character and intensity of this change, however, remains the subject of ongoing debate. This review proposes an approach to test contrasting paleoecological hypotheses by way of their expected demographic and genetic effects on Neotropical cloud forest species. We reviewed 48 paleoecological records encompassing the LGM in the Neotropics. The records show contrasting evidence regarding the changes in precipitation during this period. Some regions remained fairly moist and others had a significantly reduced precipitation. Many paleoecological records within the same region show apparently conflicting evidence on precipitation and forest stability. From these data, we propose and outline two demographic/genetic scenarios for cloud forests species based on opposite precipitation regimes: the dry refugia and the moist forests hypotheses. We searched for studies dealing with the population genetic structure of cloud forest and other montane taxa and compared their results with the proposed models. To date, the few available molecular studies show insufficient genetic evidence on the predominance of glacial aridity in the Neotropics. In order to disentangle the climatic history of the Neotropics, the present study calls for a general multi-disciplinary approach to conduct future phylogeographic studies. Given the contradictory paleoecological information, population genetic data on Neotropical cloud forest species should be used to explicitly test the genetic consequences of competing paleoecological models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ramírez-Barahona
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
468
|
Collevatti RG, Lima-Ribeiro MS, Diniz-Filho JAF, Oliveira G, Dobrovolski R, Terribile LC. Stability of Brazilian Seasonally Dry Forests under Climate Change: Inferences for Long-Term Conservation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.44098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
469
|
Effects of species biology on the historical demography of sharks and their implications for likely consequences of contemporary climate change. CONSERV GENET 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-012-0437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
470
|
Klütsch CFC, Manseau M, Wilson PJ. Phylogeographical analysis of mtDNA data indicates postglacial expansion from multiple glacial refugia in woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). PLoS One 2012; 7:e52661. [PMID: 23285137 PMCID: PMC3528724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glacial refugia considerably shaped the phylogeographical structure of species and may influence intra-specific morphological, genetic, and adaptive differentiation. However, the impact of the Quaternary ice ages on the phylogeographical structure of North American temperate mammalian species is not well-studied. Here, we surveyed ~1600 individuals of the widely distributed woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) using mtDNA control region sequences to investigate if glacial refugia contributed to the phylogeographical structure in this subspecies. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction, a median-joining network, and mismatch distributions supported postglacial expansions of woodland caribou from three glacial refugia dating back to 13544-22005 years. These three lineages consisted almost exclusively of woodland caribou mtDNA haplotypes, indicating that phylogeographical structure was mainly shaped by postglacial expansions. The putative centres of these lineages are geographically separated; indicating disconnected glacial refugia in the Rocky Mountains, east of the Mississippi, and the Appalachian Mountains. This is in congruence with the fossil record that caribou were distributed in these areas during the Pleistocene. Our results suggest that the last glacial maximum substantially shaped the phylogeographical structure of this large mammalian North American species that will be affected by climatic change. Therefore, the presented results will be essential for future conservation planning in woodland caribou.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Micheline Manseau
- Northern and Western Service Centre, Parks Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Paul J. Wilson
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
471
|
Brace S, Palkopoulou E, Dalén L, Lister AM, Miller R, Otte M, Germonpré M, Blockley SPE, Stewart JR, Barnes I. Serial population extinctions in a small mammal indicate Late Pleistocene ecosystem instability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20532-6. [PMID: 23185018 PMCID: PMC3528586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213322109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Late Pleistocene global extinction of many terrestrial mammal species has been a subject of intensive scientific study for over a century, yet the relative contributions of environmental changes and the global expansion of humans remain unresolved. A defining component of these extinctions is a bias toward large species, with the majority of small-mammal taxa apparently surviving into the present. Here, we investigate the population-level history of a key tundra-specialist small mammal, the collared lemming (Dicrostonyx torquatus), to explore whether events during the Late Pleistocene had a discernible effect beyond the large mammal fauna. Using ancient DNA techniques to sample across three sites in North-West Europe, we observe a dramatic reduction in genetic diversity in this species over the last 50,000 y. We further identify a series of extinction-recolonization events, indicating a previously unrecognized instability in Late Pleistocene small-mammal populations, which we link with climatic fluctuations. Our results reveal climate-associated, repeated regional extinctions in a keystone prey species across the Late Pleistocene, a pattern likely to have had an impact on the wider steppe-tundra community, and one that is concordant with environmental change as a major force in structuring Late Pleistocene biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleftheria Palkopoulou
- Department of Molecular Systematics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Love Dalén
- Department of Molecular Systematics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adrian M. Lister
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Miller
- Service of Prehistory, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marcel Otte
- Service of Prehistory, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mietje Germonpré
- Department of Palaeontology, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Simon P. E. Blockley
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Stewart
- School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
472
|
Comparison of genetic diversity in the two arctic–alpine plants Diapensia lapponica var. obovata (Diapensiaceae) and Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum (Empetraceae) between Sakhalin in Russian Far East and Jeju Island in Korea, the southernmost edge of their distribution range. POPUL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-012-0348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
473
|
Chung MY, López-Pujol J, Chung JM, Moon MO, Chung MG. Genetic diversity in the Homosporous Fern Ophioglossum vulgatum (Ophioglossaceae) from South Korea: inference of mating system and population history. J Hered 2012; 104:263-72. [PMID: 23109721 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/ess087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that the members of Ophioglossaceae have subterranean, potentially bisexual gametophytes, which favor intragametophytic selfing. In Ophioglossaceae, previous allozyme studies revealed substantial inbreeding within Botrychium species and Mankyua chejuense. However, little is known about the mating system in species of the genus Ophioglossum. Molecular marker analyses can provide insights into the relative occurrence of selfing versus cross-fertilization in the species of Ophioglossum. We investigated allozyme variation in 8 Korean populations of the homosporous fern Ophioglossum vulgatum to infer its mating system and to get some insight into the population-establishment history in South Korea. We detected homozygous genotypes for alternative alleles at several loci, which suggest the occurrence of intragametophytic self-fertilization. Populations harbor low within-population variation (% P = 7.2, A = 1.08, and H (e) = 0.026) and a high among-population differentiation (F (ST) = 0.733). This, together with the finding that alternative alleles were fixed at several loci, suggests that the number and size of populations of O. vulgatum might have been severely reduced during the last glaciation (i.e., due to its in situ persistence in small, isolated refugia). The combined effects of severe random genetic drift and high rates of intragametophytic selfing are likely responsible for the genetic structure displayed by this homosporous fern. Its low levels of genetic diversity in South Korea justify the implementation of some conservation measures to ensure its long-term preservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yoon Chung
- Department of Biology and the Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
474
|
Present spatial diversity patterns of Theobroma cacao L. in the neotropics reflect genetic differentiation in pleistocene refugia followed by human-influenced dispersal. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47676. [PMID: 23112832 PMCID: PMC3480400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is indigenous to the Amazon basin, but is generally believed to have been domesticated in Mesoamerica for the production of chocolate beverage. However, cacao’s distribution of genetic diversity in South America is also likely to reflect pre-Columbian human influences that were superimposed on natural processes of genetic differentiation. Here we present the results of a spatial analysis of the intra-specific diversity of cacao in Latin America, drawing on a dataset of 939 cacao trees genotypically characterized by means of 96 SSR markers. To assess continental diversity patterns we performed grid-based calculations of allelic richness, Shannon diversity and Nei gene diversity, and distinguished different spatially coherent genetic groups by means of cluster analysis. The highest levels of genetic diversity were observed in the Upper Amazon areas from southern Peru to the Ecuadorian Amazon and the border areas between Colombia, Peru and Brazil. On the assumption that the last glaciation (22,000–13,000 BP) had the greatest pre-human impact on the current distribution and diversity of cacao, we modeled the species’ Pleistocene niche suitability and overlaid this with present-day diversity maps. The results suggest that cacao was already widely distributed in the Western Amazon before the onset of glaciation. During glaciations, cacao populations were likely to have been restricted to several refugia where they probably underwent genetic differentiation, resulting in a number of genetic clusters which are representative for, or closest related to, the original wild cacao populations. The analyses also suggested that genetic differentiation and geographical distribution of a number of other clusters seem to have been significantly affected by processes of human management and accompanying genetic bottlenecks. We discuss the implications of these results for future germplasm collection and in situ, on farm and ex situ conservation of cacao.
Collapse
|
475
|
Ronikier M, Schneeweiss GM, Schönswetter P. The extreme disjunction between Beringia and Europe in Ranunculus glacialis s. l. (Ranunculaceae) does not coincide with the deepest genetic split - a story of the importance of temperate mountain ranges in arctic-alpine phylogeography. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:5561-78. [PMID: 23057869 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The arctic-alpine Ranunculus glacialis s. l. is distributed in high-mountain ranges of temperate Europe and in the North, where it displays an extreme disjunction between the North Atlantic Arctic and Beringia. Based on comprehensive sampling and employing plastid and nuclear marker systems, we (i) test whether the European/Beringian disjunction correlates with the main evolutionary diversification, (ii) reconstruct the phylogeographic history in the Arctic and in temperate mountains and (iii) assess the susceptibility of arctic and mountain populations to climate change. Both data sets revealed several well-defined lineages, mostly with a coherent geographic distribution. The deepest evolutionary split did not coincide with the European/Beringian disjunction but occurred within the Alps. The Beringian lineage and North Atlantic Arctic populations, which reached their current distribution via rapid postglacial colonization, show connections to two divergent pools of Central European populations. Thus, immigration into the Arctic probably occurred at least twice. The presence of a rare cpDNA lineage related to Beringia in the Carpathians supports the role of these mountains as a stepping stone between temperate Europe and the non-European Arctic, and as an important area of high-mountain biodiversity. The temperate and arctic ranges presented contrasting phylogeographic histories: a largely static distribution in the former and rapid latitudinal spread in the latter. The persistence of ancient lineages with a strictly regional distribution suggests that the ability of R. glacialis to survive repeated climatic changes within southern mountain ranges is greater than what recently was predicted for alpine plants from climatic envelope modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ronikier
- Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
476
|
Furman A, Çoraman E, Nagy ZL, Postawa T, Bilgin R, Gajewska M, Bogdanowicz W. Phylogeography of the largeMyotisbats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Europe, Asia Minor, and Transcaucasia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Furman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Boğaziçi University; Istanbul; 34342; Turkey
| | - Emrah Çoraman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Boğaziçi University; Istanbul; 34342; Turkey
| | | | - Tomasz Postawa
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals; Polish Academy of Science; 31-016; Kraków; Poland
| | - Raşit Bilgin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Boğaziçi University; Istanbul; 34342; Turkey
| | - Marta Gajewska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology; Polish Academy of Science; 00-679; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Wieslaw Bogdanowicz
- Museum and Institute of Zoology; Polish Academy of Science; 00-679; Warsaw; Poland
| |
Collapse
|
477
|
References. Mol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470979365.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
478
|
Conord C, Gurevitch J, Fady B. Large-scale longitudinal gradients of genetic diversity: a meta-analysis across six phyla in the Mediterranean basin. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:2600-14. [PMID: 23145344 PMCID: PMC3492785 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is the diversity of life at all scales, from genes to ecosystems. Predicting its patterns of variation across the globe is a fundamental issue in ecology and evolution. Diversity within species, that is, genetic diversity, is of prime importance for understanding past and present evolutionary patterns, and highlighting areas where conservation might be a priority. Using published data on the genetic diversity of species whose populations occur in the Mediterranean basin, we calculated a coefficient of correlation between within-population genetic diversity indices and longitude. Using a meta-analysis framework, we estimated the role of biological, ecological, biogeographic, and marker type factors on the strength and magnitude of this correlation in six phylla. Overall, genetic diversity increases from west to east in the Mediterranean basin. This correlation is significant for both animals and plants, but is not uniformly expressed for all groups. It is stronger in the southern than in the northern Mediterranean, in true Mediterranean plants than in plants found at higher elevations, in trees than in other plants, and in bi-parentally and paternally than in maternally inherited DNA makers. Overall, this correlation between genetic diversity and longitude, and its patterns across biological and ecological traits, suggests the role of two non-mutually exclusive major processes that shaped the genetic diversity in the Mediterranean during and after the cold periods of the Pleistocene: east-west recolonization during the Holocene and population size contraction under local Last Glacial Maximum climate in resident western and low elevation Mediterranean populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Conord
- INRA, FR ECCOREV, UR629, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes 84914, Avignon, France ; Laboratoire BVpam, Université de Saint-Etienne, Jean Monnet EA2061, 23 rue du Dr Michelon, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
479
|
Schmitt T, Varga Z. Extra-Mediterranean refugia: The rule and not the exception? Front Zool 2012; 9:22. [PMID: 22953783 PMCID: PMC3462695 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some decades ago, biogeographers distinguished three major faunal types of high importance for Europe: (i) Mediterranean elements with exclusive glacial survival in the Mediterranean refugia, (ii) Siberian elements with glacial refugia in the eastern Palearctic and only postglacial expansion to Europe and (iii) arctic and/or alpine elements with large zonal distributions in the periglacial areas and postglacial retreat to the North and/or into the high mountain systems. Genetic analyses have unravelled numerous additional refugia both of continental and Mediterranean species, thus strongly modifying the biogeographical view of Europe. This modified notion is particularly true for the so-called Siberian species, which in many cases have not immigrated into Europe during the postglacial period, but most likely have survived the last, or even several glacial phases, in extra-Mediterranean refugia in some climatically favourable but geographically limited areas of southern Central and Eastern Europe. Recently, genetic analyses revealed that typical Mediterranean species have also survived the Last Glacial Maximum in cryptic northern refugia (e.g. in the Carpathians or even north of the Alps) in addition to their Mediterranean refuge areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Biogeography, Trier University, D - 54 286, Trier, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
480
|
Mackey B, Berry S, Hugh S, Ferrier S, Harwood TD, Williams KJ. Ecosystem greenspots: identifying potential drought, fire, and climate-change micro-refuges. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 22:1852-1864. [PMID: 23092021 DOI: 10.1890/11-1479.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In response to climate change and other threatening processes there is renewed interest in the role of refugia and refuges. In bioregions that experience drought and fire, micro-refuges can play a vital role in ensuring the persistence of species. We develop and apply an approach to identifying potential micro-refuges based on a time series of remotely sensed vegetation greenness (fraction of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the sunlit canopy; fPAR). The primary data for this analysis were NASA MODIS 16-day L3 Global 250 m (MOD13Q1) satellite imagery. This method draws upon relevant ecological theory (source sink habitats, habitat templet) to calculate a micro-refuge index, which is analyzed for each of the major vegetation ecosystems in the case-study region (the Great Eastern Ranges of New South Wales, Australia). Potential ecosystem greenspots were identified, at a range of thresholds, based on an index derived from: the mean and coefficient of variance (COV) of fPAR over the 10-year time series; the minimum mean annual fPAR; and the COV of the 12 values of mean monthly fPAR. These greenspots were mapped and compared with (1) an index of vascular plant species composition, (2) environmental variables, and (3) protected areas. Potential micro-refuges were found within all vegetation ecosystem types. The total area of ecosystem greenspots within the upper 25% threshold was 48 406 ha; around 0.2% of the total area of native vegetation (23.9 x 10(6) ha) in the study region. The total area affected by fire was 3.4 x 10(6) ha. The results of the environmental diagnostic analysis suggest deterministic controls on the geographical distribution of potential micro-refuges that may continue to function under climate change. The approach is relevant to other regions of the world where the role of micro-refuges in the persistence of species is recognized, including across the world's arid zones and, in particular, for the Australian, southern African, and South American continents. Micro-refuge networks may play an important role in maintaining beta-diversity at the bio-region scale and contribute to the stability, resilience, and adaptive capacity of ecosystems in the face of ever-growing pressures from human-forced climate change, land use, and other threatening processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Mackey
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
481
|
Leppänen J, Vepsäläinen K, Savolainen R. Phylogeography of the ant Myrmica rubra and its inquiline social parasite. Ecol Evol 2012; 1:46-62. [PMID: 22393482 PMCID: PMC3287377 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Widely distributed Palearctic insects are ideal to study phylogeographic patterns owing to their high potential to survive in many Pleistocene refugia and—after the glaciation—to recolonize vast, continuous areas. Nevertheless, such species have received little phylogeographic attention. Here, we investigated the Pleistocene refugia and subsequent postglacial colonization of the common, abundant, and widely distributed ant Myrmica rubra over most of its Palearctic area, using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The western and eastern populations of M. rubra belonged predominantly to separate haplogroups, which formed a broad secondary contact zone in Central Europe. The distribution of genetic diversity and haplogroups implied that M. rubra survived the last glaciation in multiple refugia located over an extensive area from Iberia in the west to Siberia in the east, and colonized its present areas of distribution along several routes. The matrilineal genetic structure of M. rubra was probably formed during the last glaciation and subsequent postglacial expansion. Additionally, because M. rubra has two queen morphs, the obligately socially parasitic microgyne and its macrogyne host, we tested the suggested speciation of the parasite. Locally, the parasite and host usually belonged to the same haplogroup but differed in haplotype frequencies. This indicates that genetic differentiation between the morphs is a universal pattern and thus incipient, sympatric speciation of the parasite from its host is possible. If speciation is taking place, however, it is not yet visible as lineage sorting of the mtDNA between the morphs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Leppänen
- Department of Biosciences P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
482
|
HAGGER VALERIE, FISHER DIANA, SCHMIDT SUSANNE, BLOMBERG SIMON. Assessing the vulnerability of an assemblage of subtropical rainforest vertebrate species to climate change in south-east Queensland. AUSTRAL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
483
|
Morelli TL, Smith AB, Kastely CR, Mastroserio I, Moritz C, Beissinger SR. Anthropogenic refugia ameliorate the severe climate-related decline of a montane mammal along its trailing edge. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4279-86. [PMID: 22896652 PMCID: PMC3441072 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted detailed resurveys of a montane mammal, Urocitellus beldingi, to examine the effects of climate change on persistence along the trailing edge of its range. Of 74 California sites where U. beldingi were historically recorded (1902–1966), 42 per cent were extirpated, with no evidence for colonization of previously unoccupied sites. Increases in both precipitation and temperature predicted site extirpations, potentially owing to snowcover loss. Surprisingly, human land-use change buffered climate change impacts, leading to increased persistence and abundance. Excluding human-modified sites, U. beldingi has shown an upslope range retraction of 255 m. Generalized additive models of past distribution were predictive of modern range contractions (AUC = 0.76) and projected extreme reductions (52% and 99%, respectively) of U. beldingi's southwestern range to 2080 climates (Hadley and CCCMA A2). Our study suggests the strong impacts of climate change on montane species at their trailing edge and how anthropogenic refugia may mitigate these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Lyn Morelli
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
484
|
Stefani F, Gentilli A, Sacchi R, Razzetti E, Pellitteri-Rosa D, Pupin F, Galli P. Refugia within refugia as a key to disentangle the genetic pattern of a highly variable species: the case of Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758 (Anura, Ranidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 65:718-26. [PMID: 22874474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct lineages of Rana temporaria are known in the Palaearctic region, but it is uncertain whether this species persisted in one or more Pleistocene refugia. We resolved the phylogeographic history and genetic variability of R. temporaria in the Italian peninsula, a 'traditional' Pleistocene refugium, and related our findings to patterns described for other European populations. We sequenced the mitochondrial markers Cox I and cytochrome b. Phylogenetic reconstruction only indicated the presence of haplotypes belonging to the Western lineage in the Italian peninsula. Overall, the genetic variability of Italian populations was higher than other European populations, which shared haplotypes with the Alpine populations. We demonstrated subdivision into five main Italian sublineages, which was associated with a geographical structure of populations in two divergent groups. In particular, one Apennine group might have resulted from bottlenecks during the last interglacials ages. In contrast, Alpine populations were recently diverged and showed incomplete lineage sorting. Our data indicate that the Italian peninsula served as refugium for the Western lineage of R. temporaria. Dispersion towards Central Europe probably started only from the western slope of the Alps via a rapid leading edge expansion. The identified structure is partially congruent with traditional peripheral refugia identified for plants. This evolutionary scenario does not support any taxonomic distinction at the subspecific level for R. temporaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Stefani
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, I-20861 Brugherio (MB), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
485
|
Fraser CI, Nikula R, Ruzzante DE, Waters JM. Poleward bound: biological impacts of Southern Hemisphere glaciation. Trends Ecol Evol 2012; 27:462-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
486
|
Canestrelli D, Salvi D, Maura M, Bologna MA, Nascetti G. One species, three Pleistocene evolutionary histories: phylogeography of the Italian crested newt, Triturus carnifex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41754. [PMID: 22848590 PMCID: PMC3406094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogeographic patterns of temperate species from the Mediterranean peninsulas have been investigated intensively. Nevertheless, as more phylogeographies become available, either unique patterns or new lines of concordance continue to emerge, providing new insights on the evolution of regional biotas. Here, we investigated the phylogeography and evolutionary history of the Italian crested newt, Triturus carnifex, through phylogenetic, molecular dating and population structure analyses of two mitochondrial gene fragments (ND2 and ND4; overall 1273 bp). We found three main mtDNA lineages having parapatric distribution and estimated divergence times between Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. One lineage (S) was widespread south of the northern Apennine chain and was further geographically structured into five sublineages, likely of Middle Pleistocene origin. The second lineage (C) was widespread throughout the Padano-Venetian plain and did not show a clear phylogeographic structure. The third lineage (N) was observed in only two populations located on western Croatia/Slovenia. Results of analysis of molecular variance suggested that partitioning populations according to the geographic distribution of these lineages and sublineages explains 76% of the observed genetic variation. The phylogeographic structure observed within T. carnifex and divergence time estimates among its lineages, suggest that responses to Pleistocene environmental changes in this single species have been as diverse as those found previously among several codistributed temperate species combined. Consistent with the landscape heterogeneity, physiographic features, and palaeogeographical evolution of its distribution range, these responses encompass multiple refugia along the Apennine chain, lowland refugia in large peri-coastal plains, and a 'cryptic' northern refugium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Canestrelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
487
|
Porto TJ, Carnaval AC, da Rocha PLB. Evaluating forest refugial models using species distribution models, model filling and inclusion: a case study with 14 Brazilian species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Jordão Porto
- Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal da Bahia; Rua Barão de Jeremoabo; 147; campus universitário de Ondina; 40170115; Salvador; Bahia; Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Carnaval
- City University of New York and the Graduate Center of CUNY; Marshak Science Building 814; 160 Covent Ave; 10031; New York; NY; USA
| | - Pedro Luís Bernardo da Rocha
- Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal da Bahia; Rua Barão de Jeremoabo; 147; campus universitário de Ondina; 40170115; Salvador; Bahia; Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
488
|
Genetic data suggest a natural prehuman origin of open habitats in northern Madagascar and question the deforestation narrative in this region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13028-33. [PMID: 22826244 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200153109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of climate change and anthropogenic deforestation on biodiversity is of growing concern worldwide. Disentangling how past anthropogenic and natural factors contributed to current biome distribution is thus a crucial issue to understand their complex interactions on wider time scales and to improve predictions and conservation strategies. This is particularly important in biodiversity hotspots, such as Madagascar, dominated by large open habitats whose origins are increasingly debated. Although a dominant narrative argues that Madagascar was originally entirely covered by woodlands, which were destroyed by humans, a number of recent studies have suggested that past climatic fluctuations played a major role in shaping current biome distributions well before humans arrived. Here, we address the question of the origin of open habitats in the Daraina region in northern Madagascar, using a multiproxy approach combining population genetics modeling and remote-sensing analyses. We show that (i) contrary to most regions of Madagascar, the forest cover in Daraina remained remarkably stable over the past 60 y, and (ii) the golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli), a forest-dwelling lemur, underwent a strong population contraction before the arrival of the first humans, hence excluding an anthropogenic cause. Prehuman Holocene droughts may have led to a significant increase of grasslands and a reduction in the species' habitat. This contradicts the prevailing narrative that land cover changes are necessarily anthropogenic in Madagascar but does not preclude the later role played by humans in other regions in which recent lemur bottlenecks have been observed.
Collapse
|
489
|
Pulgarín-R PC, Burg TM. Genetic signals of demographic expansion in Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens) after the last North American glacial maximum. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40412. [PMID: 22792306 PMCID: PMC3392226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The glacial cycles of the Pleistocene have been recognized as important, large-scale historical processes that strongly influenced the demographic patterns and genetic structure of many species. Here we present evidence of a postglacial expansion for the Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), a common member of the forest bird communities in North America with a continental distribution. DNA sequences from the mitochondrial tRNA-Lys, and ATPase 6 and 8 genes, and microsatellite data from seven variable loci were combined with a species distribution model (SDM) to infer possible historical scenarios for this species after the last glacial maximum. Analyses of Downy Woodpeckers from 23 geographic areas suggested little differentiation, shallow genealogical relationships, and limited population structure across the species’ range. Microsatellites, which have higher resolution and are able to detect recent differences, revealed two geographic groups where populations along the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains (Montana, Utah, Colorado, and southern Alberta) were genetically isolated from the rest of the sampled populations. Mitochondrial DNA, an important marker to detect historical patterns, recovered only one group. However, populations in Idaho and southeast BC contained high haplotype diversity and, in general were characterized by the absence of the most common mtDNA haplotype. The SDM suggested several areas in the southern US as containing suitable Downy Woodpecker habitat during the LGM. The lack of considerable geographic structure and the starburst haplotype network, combined with several population genetic tests, suggest a scenario of demographic expansion during the last part of Pleistocene and early Holocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C Pulgarín-R
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
490
|
Neto JM, Arroyo JL, Bargain B, Monrós JS, Mátrai N, Procházka P, Zehtindjiev P. Phylogeography of a habitat specialist with high dispersal capability: the Savi's Warbler Locustella luscinioides. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38497. [PMID: 22701653 PMCID: PMC3372518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to describe the influence of Pleistocene glaciations on the genetic structure and demography of a highly mobile, but specialized, passerine, the Savi’s Warbler (Locustella luscinioides), mitochondrial DNA sequences (ND2) and microsatellites were analysed in c.330 individuals of 17 breeding and two wintering populations. Phylogenetic, population genetics and coalescent methods were used to describe the genetic structure, determine the timing of the major splits and model the demography of populations. Savi’s Warblers split from its sister species c.8 million years ago and have two major haplotype groups that diverged in the early/middle Pleistocene. One of these clades originated in the Balkans and is currently widespread, showing strong evidence for population expansion; whereas the other is restricted to Iberia and remained stable. Microsatellites agreed with a genetic break around the Pyrenees, but showed considerable introgression and a weaker genetic structure. Both genetic markers showed an isolation-by-distance pattern associated with the population expansion of the eastern clade. Breeding populations seem to be segregated at the wintering sites, but results on migratory connectivity are preliminary. Savi’s Warbler is the only known migratory bird species in which Iberian birds did not expand beyond the Pyrenees after the last glaciation. Despite the long period of independent evolution of western and eastern populations, complete introgression occurred when these groups met in Iberia. Mitochondrial sequences indicated the existence of refugia-within-refugia in the Iberian Peninsula during the last glacial period, which is surprising given the high dispersal capacity of this species. Plumage differences of eastern subspecies seemed to have evolved recently through natural selection, in agreement with the glacial expansion hypothesis. This study supports the great importance of the Iberian Peninsula and its role for the conservation of genetic variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlio M Neto
- Department of Biology, University of Lund, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
491
|
Sakaguchi S, Qiu YX, Liu YH, Qi XS, Kim SH, Han J, Takeuchi Y, Worth JRP, Yamasaki M, Sakurai S, Isagi Y. Climate oscillation during the Quaternary associated with landscape heterogeneity promoted allopatric lineage divergence of a temperate tree Kalopanax septemlobus (Araliaceae) in East Asia. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:3823-38. [PMID: 22646502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the biogeographic history of Kalopanax septemlobus, one of the most widespread temperate tree species in East Asia, using a combined phylogeographic and palaeodistribution modelling approach. Range-wide genetic differentiation at nuclear microsatellites (G'(ST) = 0.709; 2205 samples genotyped at five loci) and chloroplast DNA (G(ST) = 0.697; 576 samples sequenced for 2055 bp at three fragments) was high. A major phylogeographic break in Central China corresponded with those of other temperate species and the spatial delineation of the two temperate forest subkingdoms of East Asia, consistent with the forests having been isolated within both East and West China for multiple glacial-interglacial cycles. Evidence for multiple glacial refugia was found in most of its current range in China, South Japan and the southernmost part of the Korean Peninsula. In contrast, lineage admixture and absence of private alleles and haplotypes in Hokkaido and the northern Korean Peninsula support a postglacial origin of northernmost populations. Although palaeodistribution modelling predicted suitable climate across a land-bridge extending from South Japan to East China during the Last Glacial Maximum, the genetic differentiation of regional populations indicated a limited role of the exposed sea floor as a dispersal corridor at that time. Overall, this study provides evidence that differential impacts of Quaternary climate oscillation associated with landscape heterogeneity have shaped the genetic structure of a wide-ranging temperate tree in East Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Sakaguchi
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
492
|
Weigand AM, Pfenninger M, Jochum A, Klussmann-Kolb A. Alpine crossroads or origin of genetic diversity? Comparative phylogeography of two sympatric microgastropod species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37089. [PMID: 22606334 PMCID: PMC3351404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alpine Region, constituting the Alps and the Dinaric Alps, has played a major role in the formation of current patterns of biodiversity either as a contact zone of postglacial expanding lineages or as the origin of genetic diversity. In our study, we tested these hypotheses for two widespread, sympatric microgastropod taxa – Carychium minimum O.F. Müller, 1774 and Carychium tridentatum (Risso, 1826) (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Carychiidae) – by using COI sequence data and species potential distribution models analyzed in a statistical phylogeographical framework. Additionally, we examined disjunct transatlantic populations of those taxa from the Azores and North America. In general, both Carychium taxa demonstrate a genetic structure composed of several differentiated haplotype lineages most likely resulting from allopatric diversification in isolated refugial areas during the Pleistocene glacial periods. However, the genetic structure of Carychium minimum is more pronounced, which can be attributed to ecological constraints relating to habitat proximity to permanent bodies of water. For most of the Carychium lineages, the broader Alpine Region was identified as the likely origin of genetic diversity. Several lineages are endemic to the broader Alpine Region whereas a single lineage per species underwent a postglacial expansion to (re)colonize previously unsuitable habitats, e.g. in Northern Europe. The source populations of those expanding lineages can be traced back to the Eastern and Western Alps. Consequently, we identify the Alpine Region as a significant ‘hot-spot’ for the formation of genetic diversity within European Carychium lineages. Passive dispersal via anthropogenic means best explains the presence of transatlantic European Carychium populations on the Azores and in North America. We conclude that passive (anthropogenic) transport could mislead the interpretation of observed phylogeographical patterns in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Weigand
- Department of Phylogeny and Systematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
493
|
Espíndola A, Pellissier L, Maiorano L, Hordijk W, Guisan A, Alvarez N. Predicting present and future intra-specific genetic structure through niche hindcasting across 24 millennia. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:649-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
494
|
Stewart JR, Stringer CB. Human Evolution Out of Africa: The Role of Refugia and Climate Change. Science 2012; 335:1317-21. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1215627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
495
|
Parducci L, Jorgensen T, Tollefsrud MM, Elverland E, Alm T, Fontana SL, Bennett KD, Haile J, Matetovici I, Suyama Y, Edwards ME, Andersen K, Rasmussen M, Boessenkool S, Coissac E, Brochmann C, Taberlet P, Houmark-Nielsen M, Larsen NK, Orlando L, Gilbert MTP, Kjaer KH, Alsos IG, Willerslev E. Glacial Survival of Boreal Trees in Northern Scandinavia. Science 2012; 335:1083-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1216043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
496
|
MCDEVITT ALLAND, ZUB KAROL, KAWAŁKO AGATA, OLIVER MATTHEWK, HERMAN JEREMYS, WÓJCIK JANM. Climate and refugial origin influence the mitochondrial lineage distribution of weasels (Mustela nivalis) in a phylogeographic suture zone. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
497
|
VALTUEÑA FRANCISCOJ, PRESTON CHRISD, KADEREIT JOACHIMW. Phylogeography of a Tertiary relict plant,Meconopsis cambrica(Papaveraceae), implies the existence of northern refugia for a temperate herb. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1423-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
498
|
Espíndola A, Buerki S, Alvarez N. Ecological and historical drivers of diversification in the fly genus Chiastocheta Pokorny. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 63:466-74. [PMID: 22342934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution is among the main forces shaping the biodiversity on Earth. In Eurasia, one of the best-known plant-insect interactions showing highly coevolved features involves the fly genus Chiastocheta and its host-plant Trollius. Although this system has been widely studied from an ecological point of view, the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history of the flies have remained little investigated. In this integrative study, we aim to test the monophyly of the five Chiastocheta eco-morphological groups, defined by Pellmyr in 1992, by inferring a mitochondrial phylogeny. We further apply a new approach to assess the effect of (i) different molecular substitution rates and (ii) phylogenetic uncertainty on the inference of the spatio-temporal evolution of the group. From a taxonomic point of view, we demonstrate that only two of Pellmyr's groups (rotundiventris and dentifera) are phylogenetically supported, the other species appearing para- or polyphyletic. We also identify the position of C. lophota, which was not included in previous surveys. From a spatio-temporal perspective, we show that the genus arose during the Pliocene in Europe. Our results also indicate that at least four large-scale dispersal events are required to explain the current distribution of Chiastocheta. Moreover, each dispersal to or from Asia is associated with a host-shift and seems to correspond to an increase in speciation rates. Finally, we highlight the correlation between diversification and climatic fluctuations, which indicate that the cycles of global cooling over the last million years had an influence on the radiation of the group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anahí Espíndola
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
499
|
Liu Q, Chen P, He K, Kilpatrick CW, Liu SY, Yu FH, Jiang XL. Phylogeographic study of Apodemus ilex (Rodentia: Muridae) in Southwest China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31453. [PMID: 22347481 PMCID: PMC3274519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mountains of southwest China have complex river systems and a profoundly complex topography and are among the most important biodiversity hotspots in the world. However, only a few studies have shed light on how the mountains and river valleys promote genetic diversity. Apodemus ilex is a fine model for investigating this subject. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To assess the genetic diversity and biogeographic patterns of Apodemus ilex, the complete cytochrome b gene sequences (1,140 bp) were determined from 203 samples of A. draco/ilex that were collected from southwest China. The results obtained suggested that A. ilex and A. draco are sistergroups and diverged from each other approximately 2.25 million years ago. A. ilex could be divided into Eastern and Western phylogroups, each containing two sub-groups and being widespread in different geographical regions of the southern Hengduan Mountains and the western Yunnan - Guizhou Plateau. The population expansions of A. ilex were roughly from 0.089 Mya to 0.023 Mya. CONCLUSIONS Our result suggested that A. ilex is a valid species rather than synonym of A. draco. As a middle-high elevation inhabitant, the phylogenetic pattern of A. ilex was strongly related to the complex geographical structures in southwest China, particularly the existence of deep river valley systems, such as the Mekong and Salween rivers. Also, it appears that the evolutionary history of A. ilex, such as lineage divergences and population expansions were strongly affected by climate fluctuation in the Late Pleistocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C. William Kilpatrick
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | | | - Fa-Hong Yu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xue-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
500
|
van Els P, Cicero C, Klicka J. High latitudes and high genetic diversity: phylogeography of a widespread boreal bird, the gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 63:456-65. [PMID: 22321688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe range-wide phylogeographic variation in gray jays (Perisoreus canadensis), a boreal Nearctic corvid that occurs today primarily in recently glaciated regions. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA (1041 base pairs ND2 gene; N=205, 50 localities) revealed four reciprocally monophyletic groups. One widespread clade occurs across the North American boreal zone, from Newfoundland to Alaska and southwest into Utah. Three other clades occur at lower latitudes in the montane West in Colorado, the northern Rocky Mountains, and the Pacific Northwest respectively. The geographic distribution of clades in gray jays corresponds with a general pattern that is emerging for boreal taxa, having one widespread northern clade and one or more geographically restricted southwestern clades. Population genetic analyses indicate that the larger boreal clade is genetically structured and harbors significantly more genetic diversity than those clades occurring at lower latitudes. Species distribution modeling (SDM) revealed multiple putative Pleistocene refugia including several occurring at higher latitudes. We suggest that multiple post-glacial colonization routes, some of which originate from these northern refugia, are responsible for the relatively high genetic diversity at high latitudes. Conversely, lower latitude clades show little variation, probably as a result of historical restriction to smaller geographical areas with smaller long-term population sizes. This 'upside-down' pattern of genetic diversity contrasts with the conventional view that populations of north-temperate species occupying previously glaciated habitats should possess lower levels of diversity than their southern counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul van Els
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Marjorie Barrick Museum of Natural History, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4012, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|