451
|
de Taeye SW, Moore JP, Sanders RW. HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Design and Immunization Strategies To Induce Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:221-232. [PMID: 26869204 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification of multiple broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer has facilitated its structural characterization and guided Env immunogen design. Several recent studies constitute progress in utilizing this knowledge for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine that induces bNAbs. Native-like Env trimers can induce autologous NAb responses against resistant (Tier-2) viruses in several animal models. Here we review recent studies aimed at addressing the challenge of driving the strong but narrowly focused NAb responses to Env trimers towards ones with much greater breadth. Among strategies that merit pursuing are using multiple trimers as sequential or simultaneous immunogens, targeting the germline precursors of bNAbs, delivering sequential lineages of trimers derived from infected individuals who developed bNAbs, and presenting trimers as particulate antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
452
|
Wilson CB, Karp CL. Can immunological principles and cross-disciplinary science illuminate the path to vaccines for HIV and other global health challenges? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0152. [PMID: 25964461 PMCID: PMC4527394 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most impactful and cost-effective public health measures of the twentieth century. However, there remain great unmet needs to develop vaccines for globally burdensome infectious diseases and to allow more timely responses to emerging infectious disease threats. Recent advances in the understanding of immunological principles operative not just in model systems but in humans in concert with the development and application of powerful new tools for profiling human immune responses, in our understanding of pathogen variation and evolution, and in the elucidation of the structural aspects of antibody–pathogen interactions, have illuminated pathways by which these unmet needs might be addressed. Using these advances as foundation, we herein present a conceptual framework by which the discovery, development and iterative improvement of effective vaccines for HIV, malaria and other globally important infectious diseases might be accelerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Wilson
- Global Health Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 Fifth Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christopher L Karp
- Global Health Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 Fifth Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
453
|
Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses in a Large Longitudinal Sub-Saharan HIV Primary Infection Cohort. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005369. [PMID: 26766578 PMCID: PMC4713061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are thought to be a critical component of a protective HIV vaccine. However, designing vaccines immunogens able to elicit bnAbs has proven unsuccessful to date. Understanding the correlates and immunological mechanisms leading to the development of bnAb responses during natural HIV infection is thus critical to the design of a protective vaccine. The IAVI Protocol C program investigates a large longitudinal cohort of primary HIV-1 infection in Eastern and South Africa. Development of neutralization was evaluated in 439 donors using a 6 cross-clade pseudo-virus panel predictive of neutralization breadth on larger panels. About 15% of individuals developed bnAb responses, essentially between year 2 and year 4 of infection. Statistical analyses revealed no influence of gender, age or geographical origin on the development of neutralization breadth. However, cross-clade neutralization strongly correlated with high viral load as well as with low CD4 T cell counts, subtype-C infection and HLA-A*03(-) genotype. A correlation with high overall plasma IgG levels and anti-Env IgG binding titers was also found. The latter appeared not associated with higher affinity, suggesting a greater diversity of the anti-Env responses in broad neutralizers. Broadly neutralizing activity targeting glycan-dependent epitopes, largely the N332-glycan epitope region, was detected in nearly half of the broad neutralizers while CD4bs and gp41-MPER bnAb responses were only detected in very few individuals. Together the findings suggest that both viral and host factors are critical for the development of bnAbs and that the HIV Env N332-glycan supersite may be a favorable target for vaccine design.
Collapse
|
454
|
Liu CC, Zheng XJ, Ye XS. Broadly Neutralizing Antibody-Guided Carbohydrate-Based HIV Vaccine Design: Challenges and Opportunities. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:357-62. [PMID: 26762799 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The HIV envelope (Env) is heavily glycosylated, facilitating the spread and survival of HIV in many ways. Some potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) such as 2G12, PG9, PG16, and PGTs can recognize the conserved glycan residues on Env. The bnAbs, which often emerge after many years of chronic infection, provide insight into the vulnerability of HIV and can therefore guide the design of vaccines. Many carbohydrate-conjugated vaccines have been designed to induce bnAb-like antibodies, but none have yet been successful. The low antigenicity of these vaccines is one possible explanation. New strategies have been applied to obtain high-affinity antigens of glycan-dependent and other bnAbs. However, when used as immunogens in vivo, high-affinity antigens are still insufficient in eliciting bnAb-like antibodies. bnAbs generally possess some unusual features and may therefore be suppressed by the host immune system. In view of this situation, some immunization regimens based on the affinity maturation of antibodies have been tested. Herein we summarize recent studies into the design of carbohydrate-based HIV vaccines and some valuable experiences gained in work with other bnAb-based HIV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiu-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
455
|
Sliepen K, Sanders RW. HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein immunogens to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:349-65. [PMID: 26654478 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1129905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The long pursuit for a vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) has recently been boosted by a number of exciting developments. An HIV-1 subunit vaccine ideally should elicit potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), but raising bNAbs by vaccination has proved extremely difficult because of the characteristics of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein complex (Env). However, the isolation of bNAbs from HIV-1-infected patients demonstrates that the human humoral immune system is capable of making such antibodies. Therefore, a focus of HIV-1 vaccinology is the elicitation of bNAbs by engineered immunogens and by using vaccination strategies aimed at mimicking the bNAb maturation pathways in HIV-infected patients. Important clues can also be taken from the successful subunit vaccines against hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus. Here, we review the different types of HIV-1 immunogens and vaccination strategies that are being explored in the search for an HIV-1 vaccine that induces bNAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwinten Sliepen
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
456
|
In vitro reconstitution of B cell receptor-antigen interactions to evaluate potential vaccine candidates. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:193-213. [PMID: 26741406 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Predicting immune responses before vaccination is challenging because of the complexity of the governing parameters. Nevertheless, recent work has shown that B cell receptor (BCR)-antigen engagement in vitro can prove a powerful means of informing the design of antibody-based vaccines. We have developed this principle into a two-phased immunogen evaluation pipeline to rank-order vaccine candidates. In phase 1, recombinant antigens are screened for reactivity to the germline precursors that produce the antibody responses of interest. To both mimic the architecture of initial antigen engagement and facilitate rapid immunogen screening, these antibodies are expressed as membrane-anchored IgM (mIgM) in 293F indicator cells. In phase 2, the binding hits are multimerized by nanoparticle or proteoliposome display, and they are evaluated for BCR triggering in an engineered B cell line displaying the IgM sequences of interest. Key developments that complement existing methodology in this area include the following: (i) introduction of a high-throughput screening step before evaluation of more time-intensive BCR-triggering analyses; (ii) generalizable multivalent antigen-display platforms needed for BCR activation; and (iii) engineered use of a human B cell line that does not display endogenous antibody, but only ectopically expressed BCR sequences of interest. Through this pipeline, the capacity to initiate favorable antibody responses is evaluated. The entire protocol can be completed within 2.5 months.
Collapse
|
457
|
Zholobak NM, Mironenko AP, Shcherbakov AB, Shydlovska OA, Spivak MY, Radchenko LV, Marinin AI, Ivanova OS, Baranchikov AE, Ivanov VK. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles increase immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine. Antiviral Res 2016; 127:1-9. [PMID: 26769398 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated the influence of cerium dioxide nanoparticles on the immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine on an example of liquid split inactivated Vaxigrip vaccine. Antibody titers were analyzed using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Seroprotection, seroconversion, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) and the factor increase (FI) in the GMTs were calculated. The effect of nano-ceria surface stabilizer on the enhancement of immunogenicity was shown. The vaccine modified by citrate-stabilized nano-ceria, in contrast to a non-modified Vaxigrip vaccine, did not provide an adequate level of seroprotection, and seroconversion after vaccination was 66.7% on days 49-63 for virus strain А(H1N1) and 100% on day 49 for virus strain B/Yamagata. For the low immunogenic influenza B virus, the rise in antibody titers (GMT/IF) was 24.38/3.28 after the first injection and 50.40/6.79 on day 49. For the vaccine modified by non-stabilized nano-ceria, for all virus strains under study, on day 63, upon immunization notable levels of seroprotection, seroconversion and GMT/IF were registered (higher than for the non-modified Vaxigrip vaccine). The successful attempt to modify the influenza vaccine demonstrates the possible ways of increasing the specific activity of vaccines using nano-ceria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda M Zholobak
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv D0368, Ukraine
| | - Alla P Mironenko
- Gromashevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases of Medical Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03038, Ukraine
| | - Alexander B Shcherbakov
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv D0368, Ukraine
| | - Olga A Shydlovska
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv D0368, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Ya Spivak
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv D0368, Ukraine
| | - Larysa V Radchenko
- Gromashevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases of Medical Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03038, Ukraine
| | | | - Olga S Ivanova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander E Baranchikov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir K Ivanov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
458
|
Abstract
Recent biological, structural, and technical advances are converging within the HIV-1 vaccine field to harness the power of antibodies for prevention and therapy. Numerous monoclonal antibodies with broad neutralizing activity against diverse HIV-1 isolates have now been identified, revealing at least five sites of vulnerability on the envelope (Env) glycoproteins. While there are practical and technological barriers blocking a clear path from broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) to a protective vaccine, this is not a dead end. Scientists are revisiting old approaches with new technology, cutting new trails through unexplored territory, and paving new roads in the hopes of preventing HIV-1 infection. Other promising avenues to capitalize on the power of bNAbs are also being pursued, such as passive antibody immunotherapy and gene therapy approaches. Moreover, non-neutralizing antibodies have inhibitory activities that could have protective potential, alone or in combination with bNAbs. With a new generation of bNAbs, and a clinical trial that associated antibodies with reduced acquisition, the field is closer than ever to developing strategies to use antibodies against HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Abigail Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
459
|
Lelièvre JD, Lévy Y. HIV-1 prophylactic vaccines: state of the art. J Virus Erad 2016; 2:5-11. [PMID: 27482428 PMCID: PMC4946697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for an effective HIV-1 vaccine began early in the course of the HIV pandemic. Over time, the paradigm has evolved from B cell- towards T cell-based vaccines. Results from initial Phase II/III trials have been disappointing; however, while modest, the unexpected results of the Phase II/III RV144 trial in Thailand have re-energised the field. Indeed a clear correlation was demonstrated in this trial between protection and immunological biomarkers, namely non-neutralising antibodies against the V1V2 region. Recent data obtained from cohorts of recently HIV-1-infected individuals have enabled exploration of the role of neutralising antibodies and their potential use in HIV-1 prevention. Results from non-human primate models using a cytomegalovirus vector have also shown the potential for a prophylactic HIV vaccine to induce effective T cell responses. Finally, the development of new vaccine vectors and trial strategies has also allowed progress in the field. Therefore, HIV-1 vaccine research remains a dynamic field that has also been stimulated by the recent positive results of pre-exposure prophylaxis strategies with antiretrovirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor – Albert Chenevier, Service d’Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, Créteil, 94000, France,Corresponding author: Jean-Daniel Lelièvre, Service d’Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Henri Mondor, 51 avenue Mal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor – Albert Chenevier, Service d’Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, Créteil, 94000, France
| |
Collapse
|
460
|
Bakail M, Ochsenbein F. Targeting protein–protein interactions, a wide open field for drug design. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
461
|
|
462
|
Wahome N, Cooper A, Thapa P, Choudhari S, Gao FP, Volkin DB, Middaugh CR. Production of Well-Characterized Virus-like Particles in an Escherichia coli-Based Expression Platform for Preclinical Vaccine Assessments. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1404:437-457. [PMID: 27076315 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3389-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter we demonstrate a method to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) from Escherichia coli. Standard bacterial protocols are used for the cloning, transformation, and expression of the protein subunits. A two-step protein purification method is highlighted: one step based on separating soluble proteins with ion-exchange affinity chromatography and a second polishing step using size-exclusion columns to isolate VLP species. The ensuing VLPs can be characterized with a variety of biophysical techniques including ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy for protein quantification, dynamic light scattering for size distribution determination, and transmission electron microscopy to ascertain size and morphology.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Dynamic Light Scattering
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Genetic Engineering/methods
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Transformation, Genetic
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/chemistry
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/isolation & purification
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Newton Wahome
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA.
| | - Anne Cooper
- Protein Production Group, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Prem Thapa
- Microscopy and Analytical Imaging Lab, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Shyamal Choudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Fei P Gao
- Protein Production Group, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| |
Collapse
|
463
|
Gorman J, Soto C, Yang MM, Davenport TM, Guttman M, Bailer RT, Chambers M, Chuang GY, DeKosky BJ, Doria-Rose NA, Druz A, Ernandes MJ, Georgiev IS, Jarosinski MC, Joyce MG, Lemmin TM, Leung S, Louder MK, McDaniel JR, Narpala S, Pancera M, Stuckey J, Wu X, Yang Y, Zhang B, Zhou T, Mullikin JC, Baxa U, Georgiou G, McDermott AB, Bonsignori M, Haynes BF, Moore PL, Morris L, Lee KK, Shapiro L, Mascola JR, Kwong PD. Structures of HIV-1 Env V1V2 with broadly neutralizing antibodies reveal commonalities that enable vaccine design. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:81-90. [PMID: 26689967 PMCID: PMC4833398 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 Env V1V2 arise in multiple donors. However, atomic-level interactions had previously been determined only with antibodies from a single donor, thus making commonalities in recognition uncertain. Here we report the cocrystal structure of V1V2 with antibody CH03 from a second donor and model Env interactions of antibody CAP256-VRC26 from a third donor. These V1V2-directed bNAbs used strand-strand interactions between a protruding antibody loop and a V1V2 strand but differed in their N-glycan recognition. Ontogeny analysis indicated that protruding loops develop early, and glycan interactions mature over time. Altogether, the multidonor information suggested that V1V2-directed bNAbs form an 'extended class', for which we engineered ontogeny-specific antigens: Env trimers with chimeric V1V2s that interacted with inferred ancestor and intermediate antibodies. The ontogeny-based design of vaccine antigens described here may provide a general means for eliciting antibodies of a desired class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Max M. Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert T. Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Chambers
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brandon J. DeKosky
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Nicole A. Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael J. Ernandes
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marissa C. Jarosinski
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas M. Lemmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sherman Leung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark K. Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan R. McDaniel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Stuckey
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xueling Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - James C. Mullikin
- NIH Intramural Sequenicng Center (NISC), National Human Geonome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, South Africa
| | - Kelly K. Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics and Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
464
|
Immunogenicity of a Prefusion HIV-1 Envelope Trimer in Complex with a Quaternary-Structure-Specific Antibody. J Virol 2015; 90:2740-55. [PMID: 26719262 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02380-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The HIV-1 envelope trimer (Env) is the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies and is being explored as a vaccine candidate to elicit protective antibodies. One of the most promising antigenic and structural mimics of HIV-1 Env is the SOSIP.664-stabilized soluble trimer from the clade A strain BG505, which is preferentially recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Trimer immunization elicits high-titer neutralization of the autologous tier 2 BG505 strain; however, breadth is limited, and substantial interest has focused on understanding and improving trimer immunogenicity. We sought to improve the antigenic specificity of BG505 SOSIP.664 by reducing recognition of the variable loop 3 (V3) region, which elicits only weakly neutralizing antibodies. To stabilize the trimer in its prefusion closed conformation, we complexed trimeric BG505 SOSIP.664 with the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of PGT145, a broadly neutralizing quaternary-structure-specific antibody. Compared to the ligand-free trimer, the PGT145 Fab-BG505 SOSIP.664 complex displayed increased melting temperature stability and reduced V3 recognition. In guinea pigs, immunization with the PGT145 Fab-BG505 SOSIP.664 complex elicited ∼100-fold lower V3-directed binding and neutralization titers than those obtained with ligand-free BG505 SOSIP.664. Both complexed and ligand-free BG505 SOSIP.664 elicited comparable neutralization of the autologous BG505 virus, and in both cases, BG505 neutralization mapped to the outer domain of gp120 for some guinea pigs. Our results indicate that it is possible to reduce immune recognition of the V3 region of the trimer while maintaining the antigenic profile needed to induce autologous neutralizing antibodies. These data suggest that appropriate modifications of trimer immunogens could further focus the immune response on key neutralization epitopes. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 Env trimers have been proposed as preferred HIV-1 vaccine immunogens. One version, BG505 SOSIP.664, a soluble stabilized trimer, was recently shown to elicit high-titer autologous neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in rabbits. Here we compared two immunogens: the ligand-free BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer and the same trimer bound to the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of the PGT145 antibody, a broadly neutralizing antibody which recognizes the trimer at its membrane-distal apex. We hypothesized that the Fab-bound complex would stabilize BG505 SOSIP.664 in its prefusion closed conformation and limit reactivity to weakly neutralizing antibodies targeting the variable loop 3 (V3) region. In guinea pigs, the Fab-complexed trimer induced 100-fold lower responses to the V3 region, while both ligand-free and Fab-complexed trimers elicited similar levels of autologous NAbs. Our findings demonstrate the potential to reduce "off-target" immunogenicity while maintaining the capacity to generate autologous NAbs.
Collapse
|
465
|
Nelson AG, Zhang X, Ganapathi U, Szekely Z, Flexner CW, Owen A, Sinko PJ. Drug delivery strategies and systems for HIV/AIDS pre-exposure prophylaxis and treatment. J Control Release 2015; 219:669-680. [PMID: 26315816 PMCID: PMC4879940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The year 2016 will mark an important milestone - the 35th anniversary of the first reported cases of HIV/AIDS. Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) including Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) drug regimens is widely considered to be one of the greatest achievements in therapeutic drug research having transformed HIV infection into a chronically managed disease. Unfortunately, the lack of widespread preventive measures and the inability to eradicate HIV from infected cells highlight the significant challenges remaining today. Moving forward there are at least three high priority goals for anti-HIV drug delivery (DD) research: (1) to prevent new HIV infections from occurring, (2) to facilitate a functional cure, i.e., when HIV is present but the body controls it without drugs and (3) to eradicate established infection. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) represents a significant step forward in preventing the establishment of chronic HIV infection. However, the ultimate success of PrEP will depend on achieving sustained antiretroviral (ARV) tissue concentrations and will require strict patient adherence to the regimen. While first generation long acting/extended release (LA/ER) DD Systems (DDS) currently in development show considerable promise, significant DD treatment and prevention challenges persist. First, there is a critical need to improve cell specificity through targeting in order to selectively achieve efficacious drug concentrations in HIV reservoir sites to control/eradicate HIV as well as mitigate systemic side effects. In addition, approaches for reducing cellular efflux and metabolism of ARV drugs to prolong effective concentrations in target cells need to be developed. Finally, given the current understanding of HIV pathogenesis, next generation anti-HIV DDS need to address selective DD to the gut mucosa and lymph nodes. The current review focuses on the DDS technologies, critical challenges, opportunities, strategies, and approaches by which novel delivery systems will help iterate towards prevention, functional cure and eventually the eradication of HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette G Nelson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Usha Ganapathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Zoltan Szekely
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Charles W Flexner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Patrick J Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
466
|
Contrasting Adult and Infant Immune Responses to HIV Infection and Vaccination. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 23:84-94. [PMID: 26656117 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00565-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies have demonstrated that infant immune responses are distinct from those of adults. Despite these differences, infant immunization can elicit protective immune responses at levels comparable to or, in some cases, higher than adult immune responses to many vaccines. To date, only a few HIV vaccine candidates have been tested in infant populations, and none of them evaluated vaccine efficacy. Recent exciting studies showing that HIV-infected infants can develop broad neutralizing antibody responses and that some HIV vaccine regimens can elicit high levels of potentially protective antibodies in infants provide support for the development and testing of HIV vaccines in pediatric populations. In this review, we discuss the differences in adult and infant immune responses in the setting of HIV infection and vaccination.
Collapse
|
467
|
Gearhart PJ, Castiblanco DP, Russell Knode LM. Exceptional Antibodies Produced by Successive Immunizations. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002321. [PMID: 26641938 PMCID: PMC4671562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies stand between us and pathogens. Viruses mutate quickly to avoid detection, and antibodies mutate at similar rates to hunt them down. This death spiral is fueled by specialized proteins and error-prone polymerases that change DNA sequences. Here, we explore how B lymphocytes stay in the race by expressing activation-induced deaminase, which unleashes a tsunami of mutations in the immunoglobulin loci. This produces random DNA substitutions, followed by selection for the highest affinity antibodies. We may be able to manipulate the process to produce better antibodies by expanding the repertoire of specific B cells through successive vaccinations. This Essay explores the possibility of manipulating somatic hypermutation in B lymphocytes by administering serial vaccinations with engineered antigens, with the aim of generating potent antibodies to destroy pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J. Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana P. Castiblanco
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Russell Knode
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
468
|
Routy JP, Mehraj V, Cao W. HIV immunotherapy comes of age: implications for prevention, treatment and cure. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 12:91-4. [PMID: 26629806 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reshaped the lives of millions of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Patients initiating ART early in the course of infection benefit from a considerable reduction in the risks of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HIV-related inflammatory events. However, the absence of cure and lifelong requirements of treatment highlight the need of a vaccine and an immunotherapeutic strategy. Like for cancer, a paradigm shift has occurred with the contribution of immune activation and microbial translocation priming aberrant systemic immunity in restricting the ability of the host to mount an effective immune response. The approaches of implementing an effective vaccine to prevent infection and inhibition of immune activation with breakage of viral latency followed by vaccination should lead to an HIV-free generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Routy
- a Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service , McGill University Health Centre , Montréal , QC , Canada.,b Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre: Glen site , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Vikram Mehraj
- b Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre: Glen site , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Wei Cao
- b Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre: Glen site , Montréal , QC , Canada.,c Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical , College Hospital , Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
469
|
Abstract
A globally effective vaccine strategy must cope with the broad genetic diversity of HIV and contend with multiple transmission modalities. Understanding correlates of protection and the role of diversity in limiting protective vaccines with those correlates is key. RV144 was the first HIV-1 vaccine trial to demonstrate efficacy against HIV-1 infection. A correlates analysis comparing vaccine-induced immune responses in vaccinated-infected and vaccinated-uninfected volunteers suggested that IgG specific for the V1V2 region of gp120 was associated with reduced risk of HIV-1 infection and that plasma Env IgA was directly correlated with infection risk. RV144 and recent non-human primate (NHP) challenge studies suggest that Env is essential and perhaps sufficient to induce protective antibody responses against mucosally acquired HIV-1. Whether RV144 immune correlates can apply to different HIV vaccines, to populations with different modes and intensity of transmission, or to divergent HIV-1 subtypes remains unknown. Newer prime-boost mosaic and conserved sequence immunization strategies aiming at inducing immune responses of greater breadth and depth as well as the development of immunogens inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies should be actively pursued. Efficacy trials are now planned in heterosexual populations in southern Africa and men who have sex with men in Thailand. Although NHP challenge studies may guide vaccine development, human efficacy trials remain key to answer the critical questions leading to the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine for licensure.
Collapse
|
470
|
López-Sagaseta J, Malito E, Rappuoli R, Bottomley MJ. Self-assembling protein nanoparticles in the design of vaccines. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 14:58-68. [PMID: 26862374 PMCID: PMC4706605 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For over 100 years, vaccines have been one of the most effective medical interventions for reducing infectious disease, and are estimated to save millions of lives globally each year. Nevertheless, many diseases are not yet preventable by vaccination. This large unmet medical need demands further research and the development of novel vaccines with high efficacy and safety. Compared to the 19th and early 20th century vaccines that were made of killed, inactivated, or live-attenuated pathogens, modern vaccines containing isolated, highly purified antigenic protein subunits are safer but tend to induce lower levels of protective immunity. One strategy to overcome the latter is to design antigen nanoparticles: assemblies of polypeptides that present multiple copies of subunit antigens in well-ordered arrays with defined orientations that can potentially mimic the repetitiveness, geometry, size, and shape of the natural host-pathogen surface interactions. Such nanoparticles offer a collective strength of multiple binding sites (avidity) and can provide improved antigen stability and immunogenicity. Several exciting advances have emerged lately, including preclinical evidence that this strategy may be applicable for the development of innovative new vaccines, for example, protecting against influenza, human immunodeficiency virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Here, we provide a concise review of a critical selection of data that demonstrate the potential of this field. In addition, we highlight how the use of self-assembling protein nanoparticles can be effectively combined with the emerging discipline of structural vaccinology for maximum impact in the rational design of vaccine antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Malito
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
471
|
McComb RC, Martchenko M. Neutralizing antibody and functional mapping of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen-The first step toward a rationally designed anthrax vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 34:13-9. [PMID: 26611201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a Category A pathogen for its potential use as a bioweapon. Current prevention treatments include Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA). AVA is an undefined formulation of Bacillus anthracis culture supernatant adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. It has an onerous vaccination schedule, is slow and cumbersome to produce and is slightly reactogenic. Next-generation vaccines are focused on producing recombinant forms of anthrax toxin in a well-defined formulation but these vaccines have been shown to lose potency as they are stored. In addition, studies have shown that a proportion of the antibody response against these vaccines is focused on non-functional, non-neutralizing regions of the anthrax toxin while some essential functional regions are shielded from eliciting an antibody response. Rational vaccinology is a developing field that focuses on designing vaccine antigens based on structural information provided by neutralizing antibody epitope mapping, crystal structure analysis, and functional mapping through amino acid mutations. This information provides an opportunity to design antigens that target only functionally important and conserved regions of a pathogen in order to make a more optimal vaccine product. This review provides an overview of the literature related to functional and neutralizing antibody epitope mapping of the Protective Antigen (PA) component of anthrax toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C McComb
- Keck Graduate Institute, School of Applied Life Science, 535 Watson Dr., Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Mikhail Martchenko
- Keck Graduate Institute, School of Applied Life Science, 535 Watson Dr., Claremont, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
472
|
Coevolution Analysis of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143245. [PMID: 26579711 PMCID: PMC4651434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Env spike is the main protein complex that facilitates HIV-1 entry into CD4+ host cells. HIV-1 entry is a multistep process that is not yet completely understood. This process involves several protein-protein interactions between HIV-1 Env and a variety of host cell receptors along with many conformational changes within the spike. HIV-1 Env developed due to high mutation rates and plasticity escape strategies from immense immune pressure and entry inhibitors. We applied a coevolution and residue-residue contact detecting method to identify coevolution patterns within HIV-1 Env protein sequences representing all group M subtypes. We identified 424 coevolving residue pairs within HIV-1 Env. The majority of predicted pairs are residue-residue contacts and are proximal in 3D structure. Furthermore, many of the detected pairs have functional implications due to contributions in either CD4 or coreceptor binding, or variable loop, gp120-gp41, and interdomain interactions. This study provides a new dimension of information in HIV research. The identified residue couplings may not only be important in assisting gp120 and gp41 coordinate structure prediction, but also in designing new and effective entry inhibitors that incorporate mutation patterns of HIV-1 Env.
Collapse
|
473
|
Sadanand S, Suscovich TJ, Alter G. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV: New Insights to Inform Vaccine Design. Annu Rev Med 2015; 67:185-200. [PMID: 26565674 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-091014-090749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 poses immense immunological challenges to the humoral immune response because of its ability to shield itself and replicate and evolve rapidly. Although most currently licensed vaccines provide protection via the induction of antibodies (Abs) that can directly block infection ( 1 ), 30 years of HIV-1 vaccine research has failed to successfully elicit such Abs against globally relevant HIV strains. However, mounting evidence suggests that these broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) do emerge naturally in a significant fraction of infected subjects, albeit after years of infection, indicating that these responses can be selected naturally by the immune response but take long periods of time to evolve. We review the basic structural characteristics of broadly neutralizing antibodies and how they recognize the virus, and we discuss new vaccination strategies that aim to mimic natural evolution to guide B cells to produce protective Abs against HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Sadanand
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-3583; , ,
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-3583; , ,
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-3583; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
474
|
Hope TJ, Marrazzo JM. A Shot in the Arm for HIV Prevention? Recent Successes and Critical Thresholds. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1055-9. [PMID: 26486613 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to decrease the spread of HIV worldwide continue at a rapid pace. With the development of new biomedical interventions and findings from pivotal clinical trials, a new framework for short-term and long-term prevention strategies is emerging. It is clear that biomedical-based approaches targeted at the highest risk populations have the greatest potential to have a short-term impact. Unfortunately, challenges with adherence in healthy populations at risk are now well-recognized, and competing health care priorities in the context of fragile delivery infrastructures pose formidable obstacles to implementation. We need better ways to identify high-risk populations, sophisticated understanding of the behavioral parameters that can ensure adherence, and the development of better strategies to provide sustained delivery of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In the long term, we need an effective vaccine--a path that has proven to be rocky. Research facilitating an increased understanding of immune responses and what represents effective responses to prevent HIV acquisition should facilitate progress. While we wait for that time, PrEP offers the best strategy for short-term impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hope
- 1 Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and Obstetrics and Gynecology in the Feinberg School of Medicine and the Department of Biomedical Engineering in the McCormick School of Engineering at Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeanne M Marrazzo
- 2 Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
475
|
Freund NT, Horwitz JA, Nogueira L, Sievers SA, Scharf L, Scheid JF, Gazumyan A, Liu C, Velinzon K, Goldenthal A, Sanders RW, Moore JP, Bjorkman PJ, Seaman MS, Walker BD, Klein F, Nussenzweig MC. A New Glycan-Dependent CD4-Binding Site Neutralizing Antibody Exerts Pressure on HIV-1 In Vivo. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005238. [PMID: 26516768 PMCID: PMC4627763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4 binding site (CD4bs) on the envelope glycoprotein is a major site of vulnerability that is conserved among different HIV-1 isolates. Many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to the CD4bs belong to the VRC01 class, sharing highly restricted origins, recognition mechanisms and viral escape pathways. We sought to isolate new anti-CD4bs bNAbs with different origins and mechanisms of action. Using a gp120 2CC core as bait, we isolated antibodies encoded by IGVH3-21 and IGVL3-1 genes with long CDRH3s that depend on the presence of the N-linked glycan at position-276 for activity. This binding mode is similar to the previously identified antibody HJ16, however the new antibodies identified herein are more potent and broad. The most potent variant, 179NC75, had a geometric mean IC80 value of 0.42 μg/ml against 120 Tier-2 HIV-1 pseudoviruses in the TZM.bl assay. Although this group of CD4bs glycan-dependent antibodies can be broadly and potently neutralizing in vitro, their in vivo activity has not been tested to date. Here, we report that 179NC75 is highly active when administered to HIV-1-infected humanized mice, where it selects for escape variants that lack a glycan site at position-276. The same glycan was absent from the virus isolated from the 179NC75 donor, implying that the antibody also exerts selection pressure in humans. CD4bs is a central viral vulnerability site and isolation of new anti-HIV-1 CD4bs broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) provides information about viral escape mechanisms. Here we describe a new anti-HIV-1 bNAb that was isolated from an HIV-1 infected donor. The antibody, 179NC75, targets the CD4 binding site in a glycan-dependent manner. Although many CD4bs antibodies have been already described, a glycan-dependent mode of recognition is unusual for anti-HIV-1 CD4bs bNAbs. The glycan-dependent CD4bs antibodies have never been tested for their ability to neutralize HIV-1 in vivo. We infected humanized mice with HIV-1YU2 and treated them with 179NC75 three weeks after infection. We observed a drop in viral load immediately after treatment followed by a viral rebound. The viral rebound was associated with specific escape mutations in the plasma virus envelope, resulting in a deletion of N276 glycan, and in some cases a glycan shift from position 276 to position 460. Similar signature mutations were found in the envelope of the autologous virus cloned from patient’s plasma. This defines the escape pathways from 179NC75, and shows that they are the same in humans and in HIV-1YU2 infected humanized mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia T. Freund
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joshua A. Horwitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lilian Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stuart A. Sievers
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Louise Scharf
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Johannes F. Scheid
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cassie Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Klara Velinzon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ariel Goldenthal
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Florian Klein
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
476
|
Viral variants that initiate and drive maturation of V1V2-directed HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Nat Med 2015; 21:1332-6. [PMID: 26457756 PMCID: PMC4637988 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is likely to be essential for a preventative HIV-1 vaccine, but this has not yet been achieved by immunization. In contrast some HIV-1-infected individuals naturally mount bNAb responses during chronic infection, suggesting that years of maturation are required for breadth1-6. Recent studies have shown that viral diversification precedes the emergence of bNAbs but the significance of this observation is unknown7,8. Here, we delineate the key viral events that drove neutralization breadth within the CAP256-VRC26 family of 33 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from a superinfected individual. First, we identified minority viral variants that were distinct from both transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses and efficiently engaged the bNAb precursor, termed bNAb-initiating envelopes. Second, deep sequencing revealed a pool of diverse epitope variants (immunotypes) that were preferentially neutralized by broader members of the antibody lineage. In contrast, a “dead-end” antibody sublineage unable to neutralize these immunotypes showed limited evolution and failed to develop breadth. Thus, early viral escape at key antibody-virus contact sites selects for sublineages that can tolerate these changes, providing a new mechanism for the generation of neutralization breadth within a developing antibody lineage.
Collapse
|
477
|
Habte HH, Banerjee S, Shi H, Qin Y, Cho MW. Immunogenic properties of a trimeric gp41-based immunogen containing an exposed membrane-proximal external region. Virology 2015; 486:187-97. [PMID: 26454663 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41 is an attractive target for vaccine development. Thus, better understanding of its immunogenic properties in various structural contexts is important. We previously described the crystal structure of a trimeric protein complex named gp41-HR1-54Q, which consists of the heptad repeat regions 1 and 2 and the MPER. The protein was efficiently recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe its immunogenic properties in rabbits. The protein was highly immunogenic, especially the C-terminal end of the MPER containing 4E10 and 10E8 epitopes ((671)NWFDITNWLWYIK(683)). Although antibodies exhibited strong competition activity against 4E10 and 10E8, neutralizing activity was not detected. Detailed mapping analyses indicated that amino acid residues critical for recognition resided on faces of the alpha helix that are either opposite of or perpendicular to the epitopes recognized by 4E10 and 10E8. These results provide critical information for designing the next generation of MPER-based immunogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habtom H Habte
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Saikat Banerjee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Heliang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Yali Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Michael W Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
478
|
Structural and Computational Biology in the Design of Immunogenic Vaccine Antigens. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:156241. [PMID: 26526043 PMCID: PMC4615220 DOI: 10.1155/2015/156241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is historically one of the most important medical interventions for the prevention of infectious disease. Previously, vaccines were typically made of rather crude mixtures of inactivated or attenuated causative agents. However, over the last 10–20 years, several important technological and computational advances have enabled major progress in the discovery and design of potently immunogenic recombinant protein vaccine antigens. Here we discuss three key breakthrough approaches that have potentiated structural and computational vaccine design. Firstly, genomic sciences gave birth to the field of reverse vaccinology, which has enabled the rapid computational identification of potential vaccine antigens. Secondly, major advances in structural biology, experimental epitope mapping, and computational epitope prediction have yielded molecular insights into the immunogenic determinants defining protective antigens, enabling their rational optimization. Thirdly, and most recently, computational approaches have been used to convert this wealth of structural and immunological information into the design of improved vaccine antigens. This review aims to illustrate the growing power of combining sequencing, structural and computational approaches, and we discuss how this may drive the design of novel immunogens suitable for future vaccines urgently needed to increase the global prevention of infectious disease.
Collapse
|
479
|
Sliepen K, Medina-Ramírez M, Yasmeen A, Moore JP, Klasse PJ, Sanders RW. Binding of inferred germline precursors of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies to native-like envelope trimers. Virology 2015; 486:116-20. [PMID: 26433050 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) and Env-based immunogens usually do not interact efficiently with the inferred germline precursors of known broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). This deficiency may be one reason why Env and Env-based immunogens are not efficient at inducing bNAbs. We evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline precursors of bNAbs directed to different epitope clusters to three soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers. We found that native-like SOSIP.664 trimers bind to some inferred germline precursors of bNAbs, particularly ones involving the V1/V2 loops at the apex of the trimer. The data imply that native-like SOSIP.664 trimers will be an appropriate platform for structure-guided design improvements intended to create immunogens able to target the germline precursors of bNAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Max Medina-Ramírez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anila Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
480
|
Killick MA, Grant ML, Cerutti NM, Capovilla A, Papathanasopoulos MA. Env-2dCD4 S60C complexes act as super immunogens and elicit potent, broadly neutralizing antibodies against clinically relevant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Vaccine 2015; 33:6298-306. [PMID: 26432912 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to induce a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) response following vaccination is regarded as a crucial aspect in developing an effective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The bNAbs target the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) which is exposed on the virus surface, thereby preventing cell entry. To date, conventional vaccine approaches such as the use of Env-based immunogens have been unsuccessful. We expressed, purified, characterized and evaluated the immunogenicity of several unique HIV-1 subtype C Env immunogens in small animals. Here we report that vaccine immunogens based on Env liganded to a two domain CD4 variant, 2dCD4(S60C) are capable of consistently eliciting potent, broadly neutralizing antibody responses in New Zealand white rabbits against a panel of clinically relevant HIV-1 pseudoviruses. This was irrespective of the Env protein subtype and context. Importantly, depletion of the anti-CD4 antibodies appeared to abrogate the neutralization activity in the rabbit sera. Taken together, this data suggests that the Env-2dCD4(S60C) complexes described here are "super" immunogens, and potentially immunofocus antibody responses to a unique epitope spanning the 2dCD4(60C). Recent data from the two available anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, Ibalizumab and CD4-Ig (and bispecific variants thereof) have highlighted that the use of these broad and potent entry inhibitors could circumvent the need for a conventional vaccine targeting HIV-1. Overall, the ability of the unique Env-2dCD4(S60C) complexes to elicit potent bNAb responses has not been described previously, reinforcing that further investigation for their utility in preventing and controlling HIV-1/SIV infection is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Killick
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Michelle L Grant
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Nichole M Cerutti
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Alexio Capovilla
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Maria A Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
481
|
Kong L, Torrents de la Peña A, Deller MC, Garces F, Sliepen K, Hua Y, Stanfield RL, Sanders RW, Wilson IA. Complete epitopes for vaccine design derived from a crystal structure of the broadly neutralizing antibodies PGT128 and 8ANC195 in complex with an HIV-1 Env trimer. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:2099-108. [PMID: 26457433 PMCID: PMC4601371 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715013917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope gp160 glycoprotein (Env) is a trimer of gp120 and gp41 heterodimers that mediates cell entry and is the primary target of the humoral immune response. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to HIV-1 have revealed multiple epitopes or sites of vulnerability, but mapping of most of these sites is incomplete owing to a paucity of structural information on the full epitope in the context of the Env trimer. Here, a crystal structure of the soluble BG505 SOSIP gp140 trimer at 4.6 Å resolution with the bNAbs 8ANC195 and PGT128 reveals additional interactions in comparison to previous antibody-gp120 structures. For 8ANC195, in addition to previously documented interactions with gp120, a substantial interface with gp41 is now elucidated that includes extensive interactions with the N637 glycan. Surprisingly, removal of the N637 glycan did not impact 8ANC195 affinity, suggesting that the antibody has evolved to accommodate this glycan without loss of binding energy. PGT128 indirectly affects the N262 glycan by a domino effect, in which PGT128 binds to the N301 glycan, which in turn interacts with and repositions the N262 glycan, thereby illustrating the important role of neighboring glycans on epitope conformation and stability. Comparisons with other Env trimer and gp120 structures support an induced conformation for glycan N262, suggesting that the glycan shield is allosterically modified upon PGT128 binding. These complete epitopes of two broadly neutralizing antibodies on the Env trimer can now be exploited for HIV-1 vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Kong
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C. Deller
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org
| | - Fernando Garces
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuanzi Hua
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robyn L. Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
482
|
Lee JH, Leaman DP, Kim AS, Torrents de la Peña A, Sliepen K, Yasmeen A, Derking R, Ramos A, de Taeye SW, Ozorowski G, Klein F, Burton DR, Nussenzweig MC, Poignard P, Moore JP, Klasse PJ, Sanders RW, Zwick MB, Wilson IA, Ward AB. Antibodies to a conformational epitope on gp41 neutralize HIV-1 by destabilizing the Env spike. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8167. [PMID: 26404402 PMCID: PMC4586043 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of three broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against gp120–gp41 interface epitopes has expanded the targetable surface on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer. By using biochemical, biophysical and computational methods, we map the previously unknown trimer epitopes of two related antibodies, 3BC315 and 3BC176. A cryo-EM reconstruction of a soluble Env trimer bound to 3BC315 Fab at 9.3 Å resolution reveals that the antibody binds between two gp41 protomers, and neutralizes the virus by accelerating trimer decay. In contrast, bnAb 35O22 binding to a partially overlapping quaternary epitope at the gp120–gp41 interface does not induce decay. A conserved gp41-proximal glycan at N88 was also shown to play a role in the binding kinetics of 3BC176 and 3BC315. Finally, our data suggest that the dynamic structure of the Env trimer influences exposure of bnAb epitopes. The envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer is the only antigenic target for broadly neutralizing antibodies on the surface of the HIV-1 virus. Here the authors show that two related monoclonal antibodies bind between gp41 protomers and neutralize HIV-1 by accelerating Env trimer decay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037, USA.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Daniel P Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- Department of Medicinal Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medicinal Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anila Yasmeen
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ronald Derking
- Department of Medicinal Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Ramos
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Medicinal Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037, USA.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Pascal Poignard
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Per Johan Klasse
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medicinal Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Michael B Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037, USA.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037, USA.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
483
|
Lee JH, de Val N, Lyumkis D, Ward AB. Model Building and Refinement of a Natively Glycosylated HIV-1 Env Protein by High-Resolution Cryoelectron Microscopy. Structure 2015; 23:1943-1951. [PMID: 26388028 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Secretory and membrane proteins from mammalian cells undergo post-translational modifications, including N-linked glycosylation, which can result in a large number of possible glycoforms. This sample heterogeneity can be problematic for structural studies, particularly X-ray crystallography. Thus, crystal structures of heavily glycosylated proteins such as the HIV-1 Env viral spike protein have been determined by removing the majority of glycans. This step is most frequently carried out using Endoglycosidase H (EndoH) and requires that all expressed glycans be in the high-mannose form, which is often not the native glycoform. With significantly improved technologies in single-particle cryoelectron microscopy, we demonstrate that it is now possible to refine and build natively glycosylated HIV-1 Env structures in solution to 4.36 Å resolution. At this resolution we can now analyze the complete epitope of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb), PGT128, in the context of the trimer expressed with native glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- Laboratory of Genetics and Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
484
|
Junctional and allele-specific residues are critical for MERS-CoV neutralization by an exceptionally potent germline-like antibody. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8223. [PMID: 26370782 PMCID: PMC4571279 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The MERS-CoV is an emerging virus, which already infected more than 1,300 humans with high (∼36%) mortality. Here, we show that m336, an exceptionally potent human anti-MERS-CoV antibody, is almost germline with only one somatic mutation in the heavy chain. The structure of Fab m336 in complex with the MERS-CoV receptor-binding domain reveals that its IGHV1-69-derived heavy chain provides more than 85% binding surface and that its epitope almost completely overlaps with the receptor-binding site. Analysis of antibodies from 69 healthy humans suggests an important role of the V(D)J recombination-generated junctional and allele-specific residues for achieving high affinity of binding at such low levels of somatic hypermutation. Our results also have important implications for development of vaccine immunogens based on the newly identified m336 epitope as well as for elucidation of mechanisms of neutralization by m336-like antibodies and their elicitation in vivo. m336 is an exceptionally potent germline-like antibody against the emerging MERS-CoV virus. Here, the authors solve the structure of m336 in complex with MERS-CoV receptor-binding domain and use it to reveal a role of junctional and allele-specific residues in the interaction and suggest implications for vaccine development.![]()
Collapse
|
485
|
Abstract
In this brief review, we discuss immune tolerance as a factor that determines the magnitude and quality of serum antibody responses to HIV-1 infection and vaccination in the context of recent work. We propose that many conserved, neutralizing epitopes of HIV-1 are weakly immunogenic because they mimic host antigens. In consequence, B cells that strongly bind these determinants are removed by the physiological process of immune tolerance. This structural mimicry may represent a significant impediment to designing protective HIV-1 vaccines, but we note that several vaccine strategies may be able to mitigate this evolutionary adaptation of HIV and other microbial pathogens.
Collapse
|
486
|
Dosenovic P, von Boehmer L, Escolano A, Jardine J, Freund NT, Gitlin AD, McGuire AT, Kulp DW, Oliveira T, Scharf L, Pietzsch J, Gray MD, Cupo A, van Gils MJ, Yao KH, Liu C, Gazumyan A, Seaman MS, Björkman PJ, Sanders RW, Moore JP, Stamatatos L, Schief WR, Nussenzweig MC. Immunization for HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Ig Knockin Mice. Cell 2015; 161:1505-15. [PMID: 26091035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A subset of individuals infected with HIV-1 develops broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that can prevent infection, but it has not yet been possible to elicit these antibodies by immunization. To systematically explore how immunization might be tailored to produce them, we generated mice expressing the predicted germline or mature heavy chains of a potent bNAb to the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). Immunogens specifically designed to activate B cells bearing germline antibodies are required to initiate immune responses, but they do not elicit bNAbs. In contrast, native-like Env trimers fail to activate B cells expressing germline antibodies but elicit bNAbs by selecting for a restricted group of light chains bearing specific somatic mutations that enhance neutralizing activity. The data suggest that vaccination to elicit anti-HIV-1 antibodies will require immunization with a succession of related immunogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Dosenovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lotta von Boehmer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amelia Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph Jardine
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia T Freund
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander D Gitlin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thiago Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Louise Scharf
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - John Pietzsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matthew D Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Albert Cupo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kai-Hui Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cassie Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pamela J Björkman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
| |
Collapse
|
487
|
Kanekiyo M, Bu W, Joyce MG, Meng G, Whittle JRR, Baxa U, Yamamoto T, Narpala S, Todd JP, Rao SS, McDermott AB, Koup RA, Rossmann MG, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Cohen JI, Nabel GJ. Rational Design of an Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccine Targeting the Receptor-Binding Site. Cell 2015; 162:1090-100. [PMID: 26279189 PMCID: PMC4757492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) represents a major global health problem. Though it is associated with infectious mononucleosis and ∼200,000 cancers annually worldwide, a vaccine is not available. The major target of immunity is EBV glycoprotein 350/220 (gp350) that mediates attachment to B cells through complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21). Here, we created self-assembling nanoparticles that displayed different domains of gp350 in a symmetric array. By focusing presentation of the CR2-binding domain on nanoparticles, potent neutralizing antibodies were elicited in mice and non-human primates. The structurally designed nanoparticle vaccine increased neutralization 10- to 100-fold compared to soluble gp350 by targeting a functionally conserved site of vulnerability, improving vaccine-induced protection in a mouse model. This rational approach to EBV vaccine design elicited potent neutralizing antibody responses by arrayed presentation of a conserved viral entry domain, a strategy that can be applied to other viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Bu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Geng Meng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - James R R Whittle
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael G Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
488
|
Bennett NR, Zwick DB, Courtney AH, Kiessling LL. Multivalent Antigens for Promoting B and T Cell Activation. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1817-24. [PMID: 25970017 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efficacious vaccines require antigens that elicit productive immune system activation. Antigens that afford robust antibody production activate both B and T cells. Elucidating the antigen properties that enhance B-T cell communication is difficult with traditional antigens. We therefore used ring-opening metathesis polymerization to access chemically defined, multivalent antigens containing both B and T cell epitopes to explore how antigen structure impacts B cell and T cell activation and communication. The bifunctional antigens were designed so that the backbone substitution level of each antigenic epitope could be quantified using (19)F NMR. The T cell peptide epitope was appended so that it could be liberated in B cells via the action of the endosomal protease cathepsin D, and this design feature was critical for T cell activation. Antigens with high BCR epitope valency induce greater BCR-mediated internalization and T cell activation than did low valency antigens, and these high-valency polymeric antigens were superior to protein antigens. We anticipate that these findings can guide the design of more effective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitasha R. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel B. Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Adam H. Courtney
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
489
|
Approaching rational epitope vaccine design for hepatitis C virus with meta-server and multivalent scaffolding. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12501. [PMID: 26238798 PMCID: PMC4533164 DOI: 10.1038/srep12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of a prophylactic vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been hampered by the extraordinary viral diversity and the poor host immune response. Scaffolding, by grafting an epitope onto a heterologous protein scaffold, offers a possible solution to epitope vaccine design. In this study, we designed and characterized epitope vaccine antigens for the antigenic sites of HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 (residues 314–324) and E2 (residues 412–423), for which neutralizing antibody-bound structures are available. We first combined six structural alignment algorithms in a “scaffolding meta-server” to search for diverse scaffolds that can structurally accommodate the HCV epitopes. For each antigenic site, ten scaffolds were selected for computational design, and the resulting epitope scaffolds were analyzed using structure-scoring functions and molecular dynamics simulation. We experimentally confirmed that three E1 and five E2 epitope scaffolds bound to their respective neutralizing antibodies, but with different kinetics. We then investigated a “multivalent scaffolding” approach by displaying 24 copies of an epitope scaffold on a self-assembling nanoparticle, which markedly increased the avidity of antibody binding. Our study thus demonstrates the utility of a multi-scale scaffolding strategy in epitope vaccine design and provides promising HCV immunogens for further assessment in vivo.
Collapse
|
490
|
Tailored immunogens for rationally designed antibody-based HIV-1 vaccines. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:437-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
491
|
Sanders RW, van Gils MJ, Derking R, Sok D, Ketas TJ, Burger JA, Ozorowski G, Cupo A, Simonich C, Goo L, Arendt H, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Pugach P, Williams M, Debnath G, Moldt B, van Breemen MJ, Isik G, Medina-Ramírez M, Back JW, Koff WC, Julien JP, Rakasz EG, Seaman MS, Guttman M, Lee KK, Klasse PJ, LaBranche C, Schief WR, Wilson IA, Overbaugh J, Burton DR, Ward AB, Montefiori DC, Dean H, Moore JP. HIV-1 VACCINES. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies induced by native-like envelope trimers. Science 2015; 349:aac4223. [PMID: 26089353 PMCID: PMC4498988 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A challenge for HIV-1 immunogen design is the difficulty of inducing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against neutralization-resistant (tier 2) viruses that dominate human transmissions. We show that a soluble recombinant HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer that adopts a native conformation, BG505 SOSIP.664, induced NAbs potently against the sequence-matched tier 2 virus in rabbits and similar but weaker responses in macaques. The trimer also consistently induced cross-reactive NAbs against more sensitive (tier 1) viruses. Tier 2 NAbs recognized conformational epitopes that differed between animals and in some cases overlapped with those recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), whereas tier 1 responses targeted linear V3 epitopes. A second trimer, B41 SOSIP.664, also induced a strong autologous tier 2 NAb response in rabbits. Thus, native-like trimers represent a promising starting point for the development of HIV-1 vaccines aimed at inducing bNAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Derking
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas J Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Albert Cupo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cassandra Simonich
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Leslie Goo
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heather Arendt
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Helen J Kim
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pavel Pugach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gargi Debnath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian Moldt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mariëlle J van Breemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gözde Isik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Max Medina-Ramírez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Wayne C Koff
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eva G Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA. Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hansi Dean
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
492
|
Excler JL, Robb ML, Kim JH. Prospects for a globally effective HIV-1 vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33 Suppl 4:D4-12. [PMID: 26100921 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A globally effective vaccine strategy must cope with the broad genetic diversity of HIV and contend with multiple transmission modalities. Understanding correlates of protection and the role of diversity in limiting protective vaccines with those correlates is key. RV144 was the first HIV-1 vaccine trial to demonstrate efficacy against HIV-1 infection. A correlates analysis compared vaccine-induced immune responses in vaccinated-infected and vaccinated-uninfected volunteers suggested that IgG specific for the V1V2 region of gp120 was associated with reduced risk of HIV-1 infection and that plasma Env IgA was directly correlated with infection risk. RV144 and recent NHP challenge studies suggest that Env is essential and perhaps sufficient to induce protective antibody responses against mucosally acquired HIV-1. Whether RV144 immune correlates can apply to different HIV vaccines, to populations with different modes and intensity of transmission, or to divergent HIV-1 subtypes remains unknown. Newer prime-boost mosaic and conserved sequence immunization strategies aiming at inducing immune responses of greater breadth and depth as well as the development of immunogens inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies should be actively pursued. Efficacy trials are now planned in heterosexual populations in southern Africa and MSM in Thailand. Although NHP challenge studies may guide vaccine development, human efficacy trials remain key to answer the critical questions leading to the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine for licensure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Excler
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
493
|
Jardine JG, Ota T, Sok D, Pauthner M, Kulp DW, Kalyuzhniy O, Skog PD, Thinnes TC, Bhullar D, Briney B, Menis S, Jones M, Kubitz M, Spencer S, Adachi Y, Burton DR, Schief WR, Nemazee D. HIV-1 VACCINES. Priming a broadly neutralizing antibody response to HIV-1 using a germline-targeting immunogen. Science 2015; 349:156-61. [PMID: 26089355 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac5894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of HIV-1 vaccine research is the design of immunogens capable of inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that bind to the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env). Poor binding of Env to unmutated precursors of bnAbs, including those of the VRC01 class, appears to be a major problem for bnAb induction. We engineered an immunogen that binds to VRC01-class bnAb precursors and immunized knock-in mice expressing germline-reverted VRC01 heavy chains. Induced antibodies showed characteristics of VRC01-class bnAbs, including a short CDRL3 (light-chain complementarity-determining region 3) and mutations that favored binding to near-native HIV-1 gp120 constructs. In contrast, native-like immunogens failed to activate VRC01-class precursors. The results suggest that rational epitope design can prime rare B cell precursors for affinity maturation to desired targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Jardine
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Takayuki Ota
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Patrick D Skog
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Theresa C Thinnes
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Deepika Bhullar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meaghan Jones
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mike Kubitz
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Skye Spencer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yumiko Adachi
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA.
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA.
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
494
|
Malito E, Carfi A, Bottomley MJ. Protein Crystallography in Vaccine Research and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13106-40. [PMID: 26068237 PMCID: PMC4490488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of protein X-ray crystallography for structure-based design of small-molecule drugs is well-documented and includes several notable success stories. However, it is less well-known that structural biology has emerged as a major tool for the design of novel vaccine antigens. Here, we review the important contributions that protein crystallography has made so far to vaccine research and development. We discuss several examples of the crystallographic characterization of vaccine antigen structures, alone or in complexes with ligands or receptors. We cover the critical role of high-resolution epitope mapping by reviewing structures of complexes between antigens and their cognate neutralizing, or protective, antibody fragments. Most importantly, we provide recent examples where structural insights obtained via protein crystallography have been used to design novel optimized vaccine antigens. This review aims to illustrate the value of protein crystallography in the emerging discipline of structural vaccinology and its impact on the rational design of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Malito
- Protein Biochemistry Department, Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics s.r.l. (a GSK Company), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Carfi
- Protein Biochemistry Department, GSK Vaccines, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Matthew J Bottomley
- Protein Biochemistry Department, Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics s.r.l. (a GSK Company), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
495
|
Haynes BF. New approaches to HIV vaccine development. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:39-47. [PMID: 26056742 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of a safe and effective vaccine for HIV is a major global priority. However, to date, efforts to design an HIV vaccine with methods used for development of other successful viral vaccines have not succeeded due to HIV diversity, HIV integration into the host genome, and ability of HIV to consistently evade anti-viral immune responses. Recent success in isolation of potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), in discovery of mechanisms of bnAb induction, and in discovery of atypical mechanisms of CD8T cell killing of HIV-infected cells, have opened new avenues for strategies for HIV vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
496
|
Qin Y, Banerjee S, Agrawal A, Shi H, Banasik M, Lin F, Rohl K, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Cho MW. Characterization of a Large Panel of Rabbit Monoclonal Antibodies against HIV-1 gp120 and Isolation of Novel Neutralizing Antibodies against the V3 Loop. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128823. [PMID: 26039641 PMCID: PMC4454676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the induction of potent, cross-clade neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) in rabbits using gp120 based on an M-group consensus sequence. To better characterize these antibodies, 93 hybridomas were generated, which represent the largest panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ever generated from a vaccinated rabbit. The single most frequently recognized epitope of the isolated mAbs was at the very C-terminal end of the protein (APTKAKRRVVEREKR), followed by the V3 loop. A total of seven anti-V3 loop mAbs were isolated, two of which (10A3 and 10A37) exhibited neutralizing activity. In contrast to 10A3 and most other anti-V3 loop nAbs, 10A37 was atypical with its epitope positioned more towards the C-terminal half of the loop. To our knowledge, 10A37 is the most potent and broadly neutralizing anti-V3 loop mAb induced by vaccination. Interestingly, all seven anti-V3 loop mAbs competed with PGT121, suggesting a possibility that early induction of potent anti-V3 loop antibodies could prevent induction of more broadly neutralizing PGT121-like antibodies that target the conserved base of the V3 loop stem.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Conserved Sequence
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Antibodies/chemistry
- HIV Antibodies/isolation & purification
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/administration & dosage
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV-1/chemistry
- HIV-1/immunology
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rabbits
- Vaccination
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Saikat Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Aditi Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Heliang Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Marisa Banasik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Kari Rohl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
497
|
Characterization and Implementation of a Diverse Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsm Envelope Panel in the Assessment of Neutralizing Antibody Breadth Elicited in Rhesus Macaques by Multimodal Vaccines Expressing the SIVmac239 Envelope. J Virol 2015; 89:8130-51. [PMID: 26018167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01221-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antibodies that can neutralize diverse viral strains are likely to be an important component of a protective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine. To this end, preclinical simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-based nonhuman primate immunization regimens have been designed to evaluate and enhance antibody-mediated protection. However, these trials often rely on a limited selection of SIV strains with extreme neutralization phenotypes to assess vaccine-elicited antibody activity. To mirror the viral panels used to assess HIV-1 antibody breadth, we created and characterized a novel panel of 14 genetically and phenotypically diverse SIVsm envelope (Env) glycoproteins. To assess the utility of this panel, we characterized the neutralizing activity elicited by four SIVmac239 envelope-expressing DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector- and protein-based vaccination regimens that included the immunomodulatory adjuvants granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, and CD40 ligand. The SIVsm Env panel exhibited a spectrum of neutralization sensitivity to SIV-infected plasma pools and monoclonal antibodies, allowing categorization into three tiers. Pooled sera from 91 rhesus macaques immunized in the four trials consistently neutralized only the highly sensitive tier 1a SIVsm Envs, regardless of the immunization regimen. The inability of vaccine-mediated antibodies to neutralize the moderately resistant tier 1b and tier 2 SIVsm Envs defined here suggests that those antibodies were directed toward epitopes that are not accessible on most SIVsm Envs. To achieve a broader and more effective neutralization profile in preclinical vaccine studies that is relevant to known features of HIV-1 neutralization, more emphasis should be placed on optimizing the Env immunogen, as the neutralization profile achieved by the addition of adjuvants does not appear to supersede the neutralizing antibody profile determined by the immunogen. IMPORTANCE Many in the HIV/AIDS vaccine field believe that the ability to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies capable of blocking genetically diverse HIV-1 variants is a critical component of a protective vaccine. Various SIV-based nonhuman primate vaccine studies have investigated ways to improve antibody-mediated protection against a heterologous SIV challenge, including administering adjuvants that might stimulate a greater neutralization breadth. Using a novel SIV neutralization panel and samples from four rhesus macaque vaccine trials designed for cross comparison, we show that different regimens expressing the same SIV envelope immunogen consistently elicit antibodies that neutralize only the very sensitive tier 1a SIV variants. The results argue that the neutralizing antibody profile elicited by a vaccine is primarily determined by the envelope immunogen and is not substantially broadened by including adjuvants, resulting in the conclusion that the envelope immunogen itself should be the primary consideration in efforts to elicit antibodies with greater neutralization breadth.
Collapse
|
498
|
Yang Z, Li J, Liu Q, Yuan T, Zhang Y, Chen LQ, Lou Q, Sun Z, Ying H, Xu J, Dimitrov DS, Zhang MY. Identification of Non-HIV Immunogens That Bind to Germline b12 Predecessors and Prime for Elicitation of Cross-clade Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126428. [PMID: 26010511 PMCID: PMC4444298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge for developing an effective and safe HIV-1 vaccine is to identify vaccine immunogens that can initiate and maintain immune responses leading to elicitation of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bnAbs) through complex maturation pathways. We have previously found that HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) lack measurable binding to putative germline predecessors of known bnAbs and proposed to search for non-HIV immunogens that could initiate their somatic maturation. Using bnAb b12 as a model bnAb and yeast display technology, we isolated five (poly)peptides from plant leaves, insects, E. coli strains, and sea water microbes that bind to b12 putative germline and intermediate antibodies. Rabbit immunization with the (poly)peptides alone induced high titers of cross-reactive antibodies that neutralized HIV-1 isolates SF162 and JRFL. Priming rabbits with the (poly)peptides followed by boosts with trimeric gp140SF162 and then resurfaced Env (RSC3) induced antibodies that competed with mature b12 and neutralized tier 1 and 2 viruses from clade B, C and E, while control rabbits without (poly)peptide priming induced antibodies that did not compete with mature b12 and neutralized fewer isolates. The degree of competition with mature b12 for binding to gp140SF162 correlated with the neutralizing activity of the rabbit IgG. Reversing the order of the two boosting immunogens significantly affected the binding profile and neutralization potency of the rabbit IgG. Our study is the first to provide evidence that appears to support the concept that non-HIV immunogens may initiate immune responses leading to elicitation of cross-clade neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingsheng Liu
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Center of Laboratory Animals, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Lou
- Center of Laboratory Animals, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zehua Sun
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huazhong Ying
- Center of Laboratory Animals, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions group, Laboratory of Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mei-Yun Zhang
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
- Liver Disease Institute, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| |
Collapse
|
499
|
Structural Repertoire of HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the CD4 Supersite in 14 Donors. Cell 2015; 161:1280-92. [PMID: 26004070 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The site on the HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein that binds the CD4 receptor is recognized by broadly reactive antibodies, several of which neutralize over 90% of HIV-1 strains. To understand how antibodies achieve such neutralization, we isolated CD4-binding-site (CD4bs) antibodies and analyzed 16 co-crystal structures -8 determined here- of CD4bs antibodies from 14 donors. The 16 antibodies segregated by recognition mode and developmental ontogeny into two types: CDR H3-dominated and VH-gene-restricted. Both could achieve greater than 80% neutralization breadth, and both could develop in the same donor. Although paratope chemistries differed, all 16 gp120-CD4bs antibody complexes showed geometric similarity, with antibody-neutralization breadth correlating with antibody-angle of approach relative to the most effective antibody of each type. The repertoire for effective recognition of the CD4 supersite thus comprises antibodies with distinct paratopes arrayed about two optimal geometric orientations, one achieved by CDR H3 ontogenies and the other achieved by VH-gene-restricted ontogenies.
Collapse
|
500
|
Sokolova V, Westendorf AM, Buer J, Überla K, Epple M. The potential of nanoparticles for the immunization against viral infections. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:4767-4779. [PMID: 32262665 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00618j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination has a great impact on the prevention and control of infectious diseases. However, there are still many infectious diseases for which an effective vaccine is missing. Thirty years after the discovery of the AIDS-pathogen (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV) and intensive research, there is still no protective immunity against the HIV infection. Over the past decade, nanoparticulate systems such as virus-like particles, liposomes, polymers and inorganic nanoparticles have received attention as potential delivery vehicles which can be loaded or functionalized with active biomolecules (antigens and adjuvants). Here we compare the properties of different nanoparticulate systems and assess their potential for the development of new vaccines against a range of viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Sokolova
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|