451
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Orgun NN, Mathis MA, Wilson CB, Way SS. Deviation from a strong Th1-dominated to a modest Th17-dominated CD4 T cell response in the absence of IL-12p40 and type I IFNs sustains protective CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4109-15. [PMID: 18322221 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into specific effector subsets is controlled in large part by the milieu of cytokines present during their initial encounter with Ag. Cytokines that drive differentiation of the newly described Th17 lineage have been characterized in vitro, but the cytokines that prime commitment to this lineage in response to infection in vivo are less clear. Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) induces a strong Th1 response in wild-type mice. By contrast, we demonstrate that in the absence of IL-12p40 (or IFN-gamma) and type I IFN receptor signaling, the Th1 Ag-specific CD4 T cell response is virtually abolished and replaced by a relatively low magnitude Th17-dominated response. This Th17 response was dependent on TGF-beta and IL-6. Despite this change in CD4 T cell response, neither the kinetics of the CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, the quality of the CD8 T cell response, nor the ability of CD8 T cells to mediate protection were affected. Thus, generation of protective CD8 T cell immunity was resilient to perturbations that replace a strong Th1-dominated to a reduced magnitude Th17-dominated Ag-specific CD4 T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nural N Orgun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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452
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Yuan Q, Li PD, Li BH, Yang XZ, Xu SB, Liu XH, Zhou FX, Zhang WJ. Differential IL-4/Stat6 activities correlate with differential expression of regulatory genes SOCS-1, SHP-1, and PP2A in colon cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:131-40. [PMID: 18536936 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate potential differences in the expression of Stat6 regulatory genes that may influence IL-4/Stat6 activities (phenotypes) in colon cancer cells. METHODS RT-PCR method was employed to examine the constitutive mRNA expression of Stat6 negative regulators SOCS-1 and SHP-1, and positive regulator PP2A in colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and Caco-2. Stat6 protein expression and nuclear phosphorylation were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS Caco-2 cells carrying inactive Stat6(null) phenotype showed normal constitutive expression of Stat6 but decreased phosphorylation of nuclear Stat6 compared with HT-29 cells carrying active Stat6(high) phenotype. Stat6(null) Caco-2 cells expressed increased levels of mRNA and protein of SOCS-1 and SHP-1, and decreased mRNA expression of PPP2CA and PPP2CB, encoding two critical subunits of PP2A. CONCLUSIONS Constitutively increased expression of Stat6 negative regulators SOCS-1 and SHP-1, together with decreased expression of positive regulator PP2A, may play a role in forming the inactive Stat6(null) phenotype in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yuan
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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453
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Kwon HK, So JS, Lee CG, Sahoo A, Yi HJ, Park JN, Lim SY, Hwang KC, Jun CD, Chun JS, Im SH. Foxp3 induces IL-4 gene silencing by affecting nuclear translocation of NFκB and chromatin structure. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3205-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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454
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de Lalla C, Festuccia N, Albrecht I, Chang HD, Andolfi G, Benninghoff U, Bombelli F, Borsellino G, Aiuti A, Radbruch A, Dellabona P, Casorati G. Innate-like effector differentiation of human invariant NKT cells driven by IL-7. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4415-24. [PMID: 18354162 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Conventional MHC-restricted T lymphocytes leave thymus with a naive phenotype and require Ag-dependent stimulation coupled to proliferation to acquire effector functions. Invariant (i)NKT cells are a subset of T lymphocytes considered innate because they display an effector memory phenotype independent of TCR stimulation by foreign Ags. We investigated the effector differentiation program followed by human iNKT cells by studying cells from a relevant set of fetal thymi and umbilical cord blood samples. We find that human fetal iNKT cells have already started a differentiation program that activates the epigenetic and transcriptional control of ifng and il4 genes, leading at birth to cells that express these cytokines upon TCR signaling but independently of proliferation in vitro. Both ex vivo and in vitro analysis of fetal and neonatal iNKT cells delineate an effector differentiation program linked to cell division in vivo, and they identify IL-7 as one of the crucial signals driving this program in the apparent absence of Ag stimulation. Consistent with these data, human fetal and neonatal iNKT cells are hyperresponsive in vitro to IL-7 in comparison to conventional T cells, owing to an increased expression and signaling function of the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain. The innate nature of human iNKT cells could thus derive from lineage-specific developmental cues that selectively make these cells efficient IL-7 responders following thymic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia de Lalla
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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455
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Watson CJ, Khaled WT. Mammary development in the embryo and adult: a journey of morphogenesis and commitment. Development 2008; 135:995-1003. [PMID: 18296651 DOI: 10.1242/dev.005439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammary gland development occurs through distinctive stages throughout embryonic and pubertal development and reproductive life. At each stage, different signals are required to induce changes in both the epithelium and the surrounding mesenchyme/stroma. Recent studies have provided new insights into the origin, specification and fate of mammary stem and progenitor cells and into how the differentiated lineages that comprise the functional mammary gland are determined. The development of new tools and culture techniques has also enabled the factors that influence branching morphogenesis in the embryonic and pubertal gland to be identified. A surprising recent discovery has been that mammary epithelial cells commit to differentiated lineages using the same signalling pathways that regulate lineage determination in T helper cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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456
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Nakayama T, Yamashita M. Initiation and maintenance of Th2 cell identity. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:265-71. [PMID: 18502111 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T helper type 2 (Th2) cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and play an important role in humoral immunity and allergic reactions. During Th2 cell differentiation, naïve CD4 T cells acquire 'Th2 cell identity', that is, the capability to produce selectively a large amount of Th2 cytokines. Th2 cell identity is maintained in memory Th2 cells. Significant advances in understanding of the molecular requirement for these processes have been made. The expression of GATA3, a master transcription factor for Th2 cell differentiation, is uniquely regulated by several distinct mechanisms. Molecular analyses of memory Th2 cells revealed that cell survival and the maintenance of Th2 cell function are epigenetically regulated by various nuclear factors, including Polycomb and Trithorax molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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457
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Polansky J, Kretschmer K, Freyer J, Floess S, Garbe A, Baron U, Olek S, Hamann A, von Boehmer H, Huehn J. DNA methylation controls Foxp3 gene expression. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1654-63. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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458
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Rowell E, Merkenschlager M, Wilson CB. Long-range regulation of cytokine gene expression. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:272-80. [PMID: 18485687 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In metazoans, transcription is regulated by promoters and additional elements, which may be located far from their target gene(s). Moreover, genes (including those encoding cytokines and cytokine receptors) are commonly clustered in the genome, providing the opportunity for the shared, competitive, or sequential use of regulatory elements. New techniques, discussed here, are generating an avalanche of high-resolution genome-wide data through which candidate regulatory elements have been identified in specific cell types (including T cells), their functions inferred, and their physical interactions in three-dimensional space demonstrated. As a result, a nearly comprehensive list of regulatory elements in the Th2 cytokine locus, a growing list of elements in the interferon-gamma gene locus, and maps of their three-dimensional interactions are now available, though much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms at play, the dynamics of these interactions, and their functional importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rowell
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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459
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Abstract
The mechanism of differentiation of naïve T cells to a variety of effector lineages, but particularly to T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, has been the subject of intense scrutiny over the past two decades. Studies have revealed that the expression of cytokines, receptors, signalling molecules, transcription factors, DNA methylating enzymes and histone-modifying enzymes is altered during the process and has been shown to play a co-ordinated role to facilitate expression of the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13 in Th2 cells, or interferon-gamma in Th1 cells. Regulation of IL-4 expression has been of particular interest for two main reasons: first because IL-4 acts as a growth factor for Th2 cells, and second because of its role in the induction of immunoglobulin class switching to immunoglobulin E, which plays a critical role in mediating allergic responses. Study of the pathways that promote this tissue-restricted expression of IL-4 may highlight potential areas for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Gilmour
- King's College London, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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460
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Smith AM, Bernstein DI, LeMasters GK, Huey NL, Ericksen M, Villareal M, Lockey J, Khurana Hershey GK. Environmental tobacco smoke and interleukin 4 polymorphism (C-589T) gene: environment interaction increases risk of wheezing in African-American infants. J Pediatr 2008; 152:709-15, 715.e1. [PMID: 18410779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether infants exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) having the interleukin 4 (IL-4) or interleukin 13 (IL-13) gene polymorphisms were at increased risk of wheezing. STUDY DESIGN A birth cohort of 758 infants was evaluated annually by a questionnaire, physical examination, and skin prick testing. DNA samples from 560 children were genotyped for IL-4 C-589T and IL-13 C-1112T. The relationship of ETS exposure and genotype with the outcome of wheezing was analyzed. RESULTS At the time of evaluation, mean age was 13.4 +/- 2.2 months. The prevalence of sensitization was 29%, and wheezing without a cold was 26.2%. The interaction of ETS exposure and the CT/TT genotypes for IL-4 C-589T showed a significant association with wheezing (odds ratio: 10.84; 95% confidence interval: 1.12-104.64, P = .04) in African-American infants. CONCLUSIONS In African-American infants with a family history of atopy, the interaction of ETS and IL-4 C-589T demonstrated a 10-fold risk associated with wheezing without a cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0563, USA.
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461
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Abstract
Septic shock is a complex and heterogeneous clinical syndrome, triggered by infection, and having significant morbidity and mortality in children. Emerging data indicate that the genetic make-up of the pediatric host may have a strong influence on the development and outcome of septic shock in children. Herein, we review this broad topic by focusing on pediatric-specific data (both recent and historical), as well as the broad topics of SNPs, genome-wide association studies and epigenetics. The historical and emerging data strongly suggest that a genetics-based perspective will need to be considered in future investigations and strategies aimed at improving the outcome of children with septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S Wheeler
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA.
| | - Hector R Wong
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA.
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462
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Abstract
New cell types and cytokines have emerged as key participants in the elaboration of and recovery from inflammation. A collection of reviews covers recent advances in our understanding of this crucial component of host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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463
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Hossain MB, Hosokawa H, Hasegawa A, Watarai H, Taniguchi M, Yamashita M, Nakayama T. Lymphoid enhancer factor interacts with GATA-3 and controls its function in T helper type 2 cells. Immunology 2008; 125:377-86. [PMID: 18445004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA-3 is the master transcription factor for T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation and is critical for the expression of Th2 cytokines. Little is known, however, about the nature of the functional molecular complexes of GATA-3. We identified a high-mobility group (HMG)-box type transcription factor, lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF-1), in the GATA-3 complex present in Th2 cells using a Flag-calmodulin-binding peptide (CBP)-tag based proteomics method. The interaction between GATA-3 and LEF-1 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation experiments using LEF-1-introduced T-cell lineage TG40 cells. The HMG-box domain of LEF-1 and two zinc finger domains of GATA-3 were found to be important for the physical association. The introduction of LEF-1 into developing Th2 cells resulted in the suppression of Th2 cytokine production. The suppression was significantly lower in the cells into which a HMG-box-deleted LEF-1 mutant was introduced. Moreover, LEF-1 inhibited the binding activity of GATA-3 to the interleukin (IL)-5 promoter. These results suggest that LEF-1 is involved in the GATA-3 complex, while also regulating the GATA-3 function, such as the induction of Th2 cytokine expression via the inhibition of the DNA-binding activity of GATA-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B Hossain
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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464
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Saenz L, Lozano JJ, Valdor R, Baroja-Mazo A, Ramirez P, Parrilla P, Aparicio P, Sumoy L, Yélamos J. Transcriptional regulation by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 during T cell activation. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:171. [PMID: 18412984 PMCID: PMC2375913 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) as an integral part of the gene expression regulatory machinery during development and in response to specific cellular signals. PARP-1 might modulate gene expression through its catalytic activity leading to poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins or by its physical association with relevant proteins. Recently, we have shown that PARP-1 is activated during T cell activation. However, the proposed role of PARP-1 in reprogramming T cell gene expression upon activation remains largely unexplored. Results In the present study we use oligonucleotide microarray analysis to gain more insight into the role played by PARP-1 during the gene expression reprogramming that takes place in T cells upon activation with anti-CD3 stimulation alone, or in combination with anti-CD28 co-stimulation. We have identified several groups of genes with expression modulated by PARP-1. The expression of 129 early-response genes to anti-CD3 seems to be regulated by PARP-1 either in a positive (45 genes) or in a negative manner (84 genes). Likewise, in the presence of co-stimulation (anti-CD3 + anti-CD28 stimulation), the expression of 203 genes is also regulated by PARP-1 either up (173 genes) or down (30 genes). Interestingly, PARP-1 deficiency significantly alters expression of genes associated with the immune response such as chemokines and genes involved in the Th1/Th2 balance. Conclusion This study provides new insights into changes in gene expression mediated by PARP-1 upon T cell activation. Pathway analysis of PARP-1 as a nuclear signalling molecule in T cells would be of relevance for the future development of new therapeutic approaches targeting PARP-1 in the acquired immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Saenz
- Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Ciberehd, Murcia, Spain.
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465
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T-cell effector pathways in allergic diseases: Transcriptional mechanisms and therapeutic targets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:812-23; quiz 824-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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466
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IL-4-induced Stat6 activities affect apoptosis and gene expression in breast cancer cells. Cytokine 2008; 42:39-47. [PMID: 18342537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-4-induced Stat6 signaling is active in a variety of cell types, including immune cells and cancer cells, and plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Using EMSA gel shift assay and an antibody to Stat6, we phenotyped two breast cancer cell lines, ZR-75-1 being active Stat6(high) phenotype and BT-20 being defective Stat6(null) phenotype, respectively. Breast cancer cells carrying Stat6(null) phenotype exhibited increased spontaneous apoptosis compared with those carrying Stat6(high) phenotype. Expression microarray analyses demonstrated that IL-4 upregulated CCL26, SOCS1, CISH, EGLN3, and SIDT1, and downregulated DUSP1, FOS, and FOSB, respectively, in these breast cancer cells. Among those genes, CCL26 and SOCS1 were known genes regulated by IL-4/Stat6 pathway, but CISH, EGLN3, SIDT1, DUSP1, FOS, and FOSB were novel genes demonstrated to be IL-4 responsive for the first time. IL-4 also upregulated 38 genes unique to Stat6(null) BT-20 cells and 23 genes unique to Stat6(high) ZR-75-1 cells, respectively. Furthermore, Stat6(high) and Stat6(null) cells showed very different profiles of constitutively expressed genes relevant to apoptosis and metastasis among others, which serve as a valuable expression database and warrant for detailed studies of IL-4/Stat6 pathway in breast cancer.
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467
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IL-4/Stat6 activities correlate with apoptosis and metastasis in colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:554-60. [PMID: 18294957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-4-induced Stat6 signaling is active in a variety of cell types and plays a role in cell proliferation/growth and resistance to apoptosis. Using EMSA, we identified differential IL-4/Stat6 activities in colorectal cancer cell lines, HT-29 being active Stat6(high) phenotype and Caco-2 being defective Stat6(null) phenotype, respectively. Active Stat6(high) HT-29 cells exhibited resistance to apoptosis by flowcytometry and aggressive metastasis by Transwell assay compared with defective Stat6(null) Caco-2 cells. Comparing one another using RT-PCR, Stat6(high) HT-29 cells expressed more mRNA of anti-apoptotic and pro-metastatic genes Survivin, MDM2, and TMPRSS4, while Stat6(null) Caco-2 cells expressed more mRNA of pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic genes BAX, CAV1, and P53, respectively. This is the first study describing correlations of IL-4/Stat6 activities with apoptosis and metastasis in colon cancer. These findings, together with the observation of constitutive Stat6 activation in many human malignancies, suggest that Stat6 activities could be a biomarker for cancer cell's invasive/metastatic capability.
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468
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Abstract
While the hereditary information encoded in the Watson-Crick base pairing of genomes is largely static within a given individual, access to this information is controlled by dynamic mechanisms. The human genome is pervasively transcribed, but the roles played by the majority of the non-protein-coding genome sequences are still largely unknown. In this review we focus on insights to gene transcriptional regulation by placing special emphasis on genome-wide approaches, and on how non-coding RNAs, which derive from global transcription of the genome, in turn control gene expression. We review recent progress in the field with highlights on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pipkin
- Immune Disease Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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469
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Jacob E, Hod-Dvorai R, Schif-Zuck S, Avni O. Unconventional association of the polycomb group proteins with cytokine genes in differentiated T helper cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13471-81. [PMID: 18285333 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709886200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine transcription profiles of developing T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells are imprinted and induced appropriately following stimulation of differentiated cells. Epigenetic regulation combines several mechanisms to ensure the inheritance of transcriptional programs. We found that the expression of the polycomb group proteins, whose role in maintaining gene silencing is well documented, was induced during development in both T helper lineages. Nevertheless, the polycomb proteins, YY1, Mel-18, Ring1A, Ezh2, and Eed, bound to the Il4 and Ifng loci in a differential pattern. In contrast to the prevailing dogma, the binding activity of the polycomb proteins in differentiated T helper cells was associated with cytokine transcription. The polycomb proteins bound to the cytokine genes under resting conditions, and their binding was induced dynamically following stimulation. The recruitment of the polycomb proteins Mel-18 and Ezh2 to the cytokine promoters was inhibited in the presence of cyclosporine A, suggesting the involvement of NFAT. Considering their binding pattern at the cytokine genes and their known function in higher order folding of regulatory elements, we propose a model whereby the polycomb proteins, in some contexts, positively regulate gene expression by mediating long-distance chromosomal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Jacob
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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470
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Liu XQ, Paterson AD, He N, St George-Hyslop P, Rauta V, Gronhagen-Riska C, Laakso M, Thibaudin L, Berthoux F, Cattran D, Pei Y. IL5RA and TNFRSF6B gene variants are associated with sporadic IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:1025-33. [PMID: 18256354 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007091013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial clustering and genome-wide linkage scans strongly support a genetic susceptibility to familial IgA nephropathy (IgAN), but genetic factors that predispose to sporadic IgAN are unknown. A high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association study was conducted using a customized Illumina BeadChip in 732 white patients with biopsy-proven IgAN and 503 control subjects from Canada, France, and Finland. Approximately 93% of 1536 SNPs on the array were tag SNPs from Phase I+II of the HapMap with a minor allele frequency > or =5%, designed to capture the common variants of genes within the critical interval of IGAN1 on chromosome 6q22 and 69 biologic candidate genes for IgAN. SNPs of suggestive or significant association were identified by using logistic regression to adjust for age, gender, study site, and population stratification. Despite using a dense marker set that covered an average interval of 6.5 kb between SNPs, there was no strong and consistent association signal within the IGAN1 critical interval. Among the biologic candidate genes examined, two significant association signals were found at IL5RA and TNFRSF6B, the latter being particularly interesting because this gene encodes a decoy receptor for a TNF family ligand that causes IgAN in mice when overexpressed. Pending replication, these data suggest that variants of IL5RA and TNFRSF6B may predispose to sporadic IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Liu
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University Health, Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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471
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Sun X, Somada S, Shibata K, Muta H, Yamada H, Yoshihara H, Honda K, Nakamura K, Takayanagi R, Tani K, Podack ER, Yoshikai Y. A critical role of CD30 ligand/CD30 in controlling inflammatory bowel diseases in mice. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:447-58. [PMID: 18242212 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A CD30-ligand (CD30L) is a 40-kilodalton, type II membrane-associated glycoprotein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family. Serum levels of soluble CD30 increased in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), suggesting that CD30L/CD30 signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. In this study, we investigated the role of CD30L in oxazolone (OXA)- and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in CD30L knockout (KO) mice. METHODS Colitis was induced by OXA or TNBS in CD30LKO mice with BALB/c or C57BL/6 background, respectively, and diverse clinical signs of the disease were evaluated. Cytokine production from lamina propria T cells of the colon was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anti-interleukin (IL)-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or agonistic anti-CD30 mAb was inoculated in mice with colitis induced by OXA or TNBS. RESULTS CD30LKO mice were susceptible to OXA-induced colitis but resistant to TNBS-induced acute colitis. The levels of T helper cell 2 type cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 in the LP T cells were significantly higher, but the levels of interferon gamma were lower in OXA- or TNBS-treated CD30LKO mice than in wild-type mice. In vivo administration of agonistic anti-CD30 mAb ameliorated OXA-induced colitis but aggravated TNBS-induced colitis in CD30LKO mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CD30L/CD30 signaling is involved in development of both OXA- and TNBS-induced colitis. Modulation of CD30L/CD30 signaling by mAb could be a novel biologic therapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Sun
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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472
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Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is crucial for immunity against intracellular pathogens and for tumor control. However, aberrant IFN-gamma expression has been associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This cytokine is produced predominantly by natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells as part of the innate immune response, and by Th1 CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops. Herein, we briefly review the functions of IFN-gamma, the cells that produce it, the cell extrinsic signals that induce its production and influence the differentiation of naïve T cells into IFN-gamma-producing effector T cells, and the signaling pathways and transcription factors that facilitate, induce, or repress production of this cytokine. We then review and discuss recent insights regarding the molecular regulation of IFN-gamma, focusing on work that has led to the identification and characterization of distal regulatory elements and epigenetic modifications with the IFN-gamma locus (Ifng) that govern its expression. The epigenetic modifications and three-dimensional structure of the Ifng locus in naive CD4 T cells, and the modifications they undergo as these cells differentiate into effector T cells, suggest a model whereby the chromatin architecture of Ifng is poised to facilitate either rapid opening or silencing during Th1 or Th2 differentiation, respectively.
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473
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Curtiss M, Colgan J. The role of the T-cell costimulatory molecule Tim-1 in the immune response. Immunol Res 2008; 39:52-61. [PMID: 17917055 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Upon encountering antigen, CD4+ T-cells become activated and can differentiate into subsets with distinct functional characteristics. One of these subsets is the Th2 cell, which generates large amounts of interleukin (IL)-4, -5, -10 and -13 in response to a subsequent encounter with antigen. In the context of a protective immune response, Th2 cells promote immune cell activation, antibody production, and inflammatory responses that help clear infections. However, aberrant responses by Th2 cells can lead to debilitating allergic diseases such as asthma. Thus, a reasonable approach toward gaining novel insights into immunity and allergic disease is to define the mechanisms that control Th2 cell differentiation and mature Th2 cell function. Recent work suggests that a protein called Tim-1 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein-1) is expressed on CD4+ T-cells and plays a central role in regulating Th2 responses. Genetic analysis has linked polymorphisms in the human TIM1 gene to susceptibility to allergic disease, while studies involving mice have shown that ligation of Tim-1 promotes CD4+ T-cell activation. The signal transduction pathways downstream of Tim-1 are a relatively unexplored area. Continued study will undoubtedly reveal novel insights regarding the relationships between Tim-1, Th2 responses, and allergic disease.
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474
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Epigenetic regulation of dendritic cell-derived interleukin-12 facilitates immunosuppression after a severe innate immune response. Blood 2007; 111:1797-804. [PMID: 18055863 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-106443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who survive sepsis have significant deficiencies in their immune responses caused by poorly understood mechanisms. We have explored this phenomenon by studying dendritic cells (DCs) recovered from animals surviving severe peritonitis-induced sepsis, using the well-established cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. Immediately after the initiation of sepsis there is a depletion in DCs from the lung and spleen, which is followed by repopulation of these cells back to the respective organs. DCs recovered from surviving animals exhibited a significant and chronic suppression of interleukin-12 (IL-12), a key host defense cytokine. The suppression of DC-derived IL-12 persisted for at least 6 weeks after CLP and was not due to immunoregulatory cytokines, such as IL-10. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) techniques, we have shown that the deficiency in DC-derived IL-12 was due to epigenetic alterations. Specifically, IL-12 expression was regulated by stable reciprocal changes in histone H3 lysine-4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and histone H3 lysine-27 dimethylation (H3K27me2), as well as changes in cognate histone methyltransferase (HMT) complexes on the Il12p35 and Il12p40 promoters. These data implicate histone modification enzymes in suppressing DC-derived IL-12, which may provide one of the mechanisms of long-term immunosuppression subsequent to the septic response.
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475
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Liu J, Ballaney M, Al-alem U, Quan C, Jin X, Perera F, Chen LC, Miller RL. Combined inhaled diesel exhaust particles and allergen exposure alter methylation of T helper genes and IgE production in vivo. Toxicol Sci 2007; 102:76-81. [PMID: 18042818 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in methylation of CpG sites at the interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-gamma promoters are associated with T helper (Th) 2 polarization in vitro. No previous studies have examined whether air pollution or allergen exposure alters methylation of these two genes in vivo. We hypothesized that diesel exhaust particles (DEP) would induce hypermethylation of the IFN-gamma promoter and hypomethylation of IL-4 in CD4+ T cells among mice sensitized to the fungus allergen Aspergillus fumigatus. We also hypothesized that DEP-induced methylation changes would affect immunoglobulin (Ig) E regulation. BALB/c mice were exposed to a 3-week course of inhaled DEP exposure while undergoing intranasal sensitization to A. fumigatus. Purified DNA from splenic CD4+ cells underwent bisulfite treatment, PCR amplification, and pyrosequencing. Sera IgE levels were compared with methylation levels at several CpG sites in the IL-4 and IFN-gamma promoter. Total IgE production was increased following intranasal sensitization A. fumigatus. IgE production was augmented further following combined exposure to A. fumigatus and DEP exposure. Inhaled DEP exposure and intranasal A. fumigatus induced hypermethylation at CpG(-45), CpG(-53), CpG(-205) sites of the IFN-gamma promoter and hypomethylation at CpG(-408) of the IL-4 promoter. Altered methylation of promoters of both genes was correlated significantly with changes in IgE levels. This study is the first to demonstrate that inhaled environmental exposures influence methylation of Th genes in vivo, supporting a new paradigm in asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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476
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Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition influenced granuloma formation with suppressed collagen expression in myositis caused by Toxocara canis in mice. Parasitol Res 2007; 102:577-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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477
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Wen H, Schaller MA, Dou Y, Hogaboam CM, Kunkel SL. Dendritic cells at the interface of innate and acquired immunity: the role for epigenetic changes. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 83:439-46. [PMID: 17991763 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0607357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are known to be essential immune cells in innate immunity and in the initiation of adaptive immunity. The shaping of adaptive immunity by innate immunity is dependent on DC unique cellular functions and DC-derived effector molecules such as cytokines and chemokines. Thus, it is not surprising that numerous studies have identified alterations in DC number, function, and subset ratios in various diseases, such as infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. Recent evidence has also identified that immunosuppression occurring after severe systemic inflammation, such as found in sepsis, is a result of depletion in DC numbers and a later dysfunction in DC activity. This correlation suggests that the sustained DC dysfunction initiated by life-threatening inflammation may contribute to the subsequent immunoparalysis, potentially as a result of the long-term maintenance of an abnormal gene expression pattern. In this review, we summarized the present information regarding altered DC function after a severe, acute inflammatory response and propose a mechanism, whereby epigenetic changes can influence long-term gene expression patterns by DC, thus supporting an immunosuppression phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wen
- University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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478
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Su RC, Becker AB, Kozyrskyj AL, Hayglass KT. Epigenetic regulation of established human type 1 versus type 2 cytokine responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 121:57-63.e3. [PMID: 17980413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple biologic factors influence maintenance of immunologic responsiveness. Here, we studied whether epigenetics has a regulatory function in maintaining pre-established T(H)1-like and T(H)2-like immunity in human beings. OBJECTIVE We focused on delineating the role of endogenous histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in regulating cytokine recall responses. METHODS Using RT-PCR and ELISA, the effect of increasing cellular acetylation on T(H)1/T(H)2 cytokine expression was systematically examined in 58 children by inhibiting HDAC activity with trichostatin A. RESULTS Phytohemagglutinin activation selectively stimulates antigen-experienced CD45RO+ T cells, eliciting recall cytokine responses. Trichostatin A reduced HDAC activity by approximately 1/3. The resulting cellular hyperacetylation led to increased T(H)2-associated (IL-13, 139%; IL-5, 168%; P < .0001) and reduced T(H)1-associated recall responses (IFN-gamma, 76%; CXCL10, 47%; P < .0001). IL-2 and IL-10 production were reduced 25% to 55% (P < .0001). These alterations in T(H)2-associated and T(H)1-associated recall responses were associated with increased expression of Gata-3 and sphingosine kinase 1, a T(H)1-negative regulator, independent of T-bet expression. Overall, inhibition of endogenous HDAC activity shifted T(H)1:T(H)2 ratios by 3-fold to 8-fold (P < or = .0001), skewing recall responses toward a more T(H)2-like phenotype, independent of the stimulus used. CONCLUSION Endogenous HDAC activity plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of pre-established T(H)1-like and T(H)2-like responses, inhibiting excessive T(H)2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Chyi Su
- Canadian Institute for Health Research, National Training Program in Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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479
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Gibson HM, Hedgcock CJ, Aufiero BM, Wilson AJ, Hafner MS, Tsokos GC, Wong HK. Induction of the CTLA-4 gene in human lymphocytes is dependent on NFAT binding the proximal promoter. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3831-40. [PMID: 17785820 PMCID: PMC4290020 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 is a member of the costimulatory family, has homology to CD28, and binds the B7 family of ligands. Unlike CD28, CTLA-4 ligation transmits a negative signal in T cells. CTLA-4 expression, while inducible in most T cells, is expressed constitutively on T cells with a regulatory phenotype. The mechanism controlling CTLA-4 expression in human T cells is poorly characterized, thus we sought to better understand the mechanism of activation of the CTLA-4 gene. By cloning the 5' upstream promoter and creating promoter-deletion reporter constructs, we show that the proximal promoter is critical for activating the CTLA-4 gene. Within this region, we identify a NFAT consensus sequence that binds NFAT with high affinity that differs from other NFAT sequences and does not recruit AP-1. Analysis of the chromatin proteins in the native CTLA-4 gene shows that this promoter region becomes associated with acetylated histones by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In addition, NFAT1 binds to the promoter of the CTLA-4 gene after stimulation by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The functional requirement of the NFAT site for CTLA-4 transcription was demonstrated by mutations in the NFAT site that abolished the activity of the promoter. Furthermore, inhibitors of NFAT suppressed CTLA-4 gene expression, indicating that NFAT plays a critical role in regulating the induction of the CTLA-4 gene in lymphocytes. The identification of NFAT as a critical regulator of the CTLA-4 gene suggests that targeting NFAT function may lead to novel approaches to modulate the CTLA-4 gene to control the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam J. Wilson
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Mikehl S. Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Henry K. Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Henry K. Wong, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place 4-D, Detroit, MI 48202.
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480
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Kim ST, Fields PE, Flavell RA. Demethylation of a specific hypersensitive site in the Th2 locus control region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:17052-7. [PMID: 17940027 PMCID: PMC2040439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708293104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature has examined and implicated DNA methylation as a critical epigenetic modification in T helper (Th) cell differentiation. The absence of DNA methyltransferases or methyl-binding proteins derepresses many cytokine loci, allowing their ectopic expression, while methylation of specific CpG residues is sufficient to prevent expression. Here, we characterize demethylation events of the Th2 cytokine locus control region (LCR). rad50 hypersensitive site 7 (RHS7), a hypersensitive site within this LCR, becomes demethylated in a STAT6-dependent manner and only in cells stimulated under type 2 conditions. Robust demethylation appears to require signaling contributions from both IL-4 receptor, via STAT6, and CD28, but it cannot be effected by GATA3. Finally, RHS7 is demethylated independently of cell division, consistent with an "active," rather than passive, mechanism. Taken together, these findings firmly connect RHS7 demethylation and Th2 LCR activation in the type 2 differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick E. Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- *Department of Immunobiology and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
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481
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T-bet's ability to regulate individual target genes requires the conserved T-box domain to recruit histone methyltransferase activity and a separate family member-specific transactivation domain. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:8510-21. [PMID: 17923685 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01615-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate cellular differentiation and specification rely upon the ability of key developmental transcription factors to precisely establish gene expression patterns. These transcription factors often regulate epigenetic events. However, it has been unclear whether this is the only role that they play in functionally regulating developmental gene expression pathways or whether they also participate in downstream transactivation events at the same promoter. The T-box transcription factor family is important in cellular specification events in many developmental systems, and determining the molecular mechanisms by which this family regulates gene expression networks warrants attention. Here, we examine the mechanism by which T-bet, a critical T-box protein in the immune system, influences transcription. T-bet is both necessary and sufficient to induce permissive histone H3-K4 dimethyl modifications at the CXCR3 and IFN-gamma promoters. A T-bet structure-function analysis revealed that the conserved T-box domain, with a small C-terminal portion, is required for recruiting histone methyltransferase activity to promoters. Interestingly, this function is conserved in the T-box family and is necessary, but not sufficient, to induce transcription, with an independent transactivation activity also required. The requirement for two separable functional activities may ultimately contribute to the stringent role for T-box proteins in establishing specific developmental gene expression pathways.
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482
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Dong J, Ivascu C, Chang HD, Wu P, Angeli R, Maggi L, Eckhardt F, Tykocinski L, Haefliger C, Möwes B, Sieper J, Radbruch A, Annunziato F, Thiel A. IL-10 is excluded from the functional cytokine memory of human CD4+ memory T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2389-96. [PMID: 17675500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, profoundly influence gene expression of CD4(+) Th-specific cells thereby shaping memory Th cell function. We demonstrate here a correlation between a lacking fixed potential of human memory Th cells to re-express the immunoregulatory cytokine gene IL10 and its DNA methylation status. Memory Th cells secreting IL-10 or IFN-gamma were directly isolated ex vivo from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers, and the DNA methylation status of IL10 and IFNG was assessed. Limited difference in methylation was found for the IL10 gene locus in IL-10-secreting Th cells, as compared with Th cells not secreting IL-10 isolated directly ex vivo or from in vitro-established human Th1 and Th2 clones. In contrast, in IFN-gamma(+) memory Th cells the promoter of the IFNG gene was hypomethylated, as compared with IFN-gamma-nonsecreting memory Th cells. In accordance with the lack of epigenetic memory, almost 90% of ex vivo-isolated IL-10-secreting Th cells lacked a functional memory for IL-10 re-expression after restimulation. Our data indicate that IL10 does not become epigenetically marked in human memory Th cells unlike effector cytokine genes such as IFNG. The exclusion of IL-10, but not effector cytokines, from the functional memory of human CD4(+) T lymphocytes ex vivo may reflect the need for appropriate regulation of IL-10 secretion, due to its potent immunoregulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dong
- Clinical Immunology Group, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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483
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Schenkein HA, Barbour SE, Tew JG. Cytokines and inflammatory factors regulating immunoglobulin production in aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2007; 45:113-27. [PMID: 17850452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harvey A Schenkein
- Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA
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484
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Johnson CM, Tapping RI. Microbial Products Stimulate Human Toll-like Receptor 2 Expression through Histone Modification Surrounding a Proximal NF-κB-binding Site. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31197-205. [PMID: 17728249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705151200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding the ability of microbial products to activate TLR2 gene expression in human monocytes. In this study, we found that TLR2 mRNA was rapidly up-regulated in human monocytes treated with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists, and this corresponded to an increase in cell surface receptor levels. This induction was abrogated by actinomycin D as well as a pharmacologic inhibitor of NF-kappaB, suggesting that the TLR2 gene is transcriptionally activated via NF-kappaB. Microbial agonists were found to shift the transcription initiation site of the TLR2 gene, and sequence examination revealed a near-consensus NF-kappaB-binding element immediately upstream of this site. Electromobility shift assays confirmed that NF-kappaB bound to this putative site in vitro. However, luciferase reporter plasmids driven by the TLR2 promoter were not responsive to TLR2 agonists. Overexpression of the NF-kappaB p65 subunit was sufficient to induce expression of the endogenous TLR2 mRNA, and co-transfection of the CREB-binding protein and p300 co-activators further increased TLR2 mRNA levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that p65, CREB-binding protein, and p300 are recruited to the TLR2 promoter upon stimulation of human monocytes followed by histone hyperacetylation. Taken together, these results define a mechanism whereby histone modification and increased promoter access induce expression of human TLR2 following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and the College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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485
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Schmidt-Weber CB, Akdis M, Akdis CA. TH17 cells in the big picture of immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:247-54. [PMID: 17666214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases is assumed to depend on activated T cells interacting with resident tissue cells or migratory inflammatory cells. The discovery of new T-cell subsets such as the IL-17-producing T(H)17 and T-regulatory cells innovated our understanding of T-cell biology. Studies on new subsets confirm the important role of T cells in the instruction of tissue cells and also demonstrate the important role of feedback regulation for the polarization toward distinct T-cell subsets. The understanding of IL-17 and T(H)17 differentiation pathways has also changed the perspective of immunologists regarding the basis of chronic tissue inflammation, particularly where T(H)1 cells were considered as driving force of the pathology. This review summarizes the recent developments on T(H) cell subsets and integrates these findings into existing concepts of immunopathologic mechanisms.
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486
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Wei L, Laurence A, Elias KM, O'Shea JJ. IL-21 is produced by Th17 cells and drives IL-17 production in a STAT3-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34605-10. [PMID: 17884812 PMCID: PMC2323680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) helper T cells can differentiate into several possible fates including: Th1, Th2, T regulatory, and Th17 cells. Although, cytokine production by non-T cells is an important factor in helper T cell differentiation, a characteristic feature of both Th1 and Th2 lineages is their ability to secrete cytokines that promote their respective differentiation. However, cytokines produced by T cells that help to sustain Th17 cells have not yet been identified. Here we show that IL-21 is a product of Th17 cells, which is induced in a Stat3-dependent manner. Additionally, Stat3 can directly bind the Il21 promoter. IL-21 also induces IL-17 production and expression of the transcription factor, RORgammat. Furthermore, generation of Th17 cells in the conventional manner is attenuated by blocking IL-21. IL-21 is known to activate Stat3 and its ability to induce Th17 differentiation is abrogated in the absence of Stat3. These data argue that IL-21 serves as an autocrine factor secreted by Th17 cells that promotes or sustains Th17 lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wei
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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487
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Akkad DA, Arning L, Ibrahim SM, Epplen JT. Sex specifically associated promoter polymorphism in multiple sclerosis affects interleukin 4 expression levels. Genes Immun 2007; 8:703-6. [PMID: 17855802 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin 4 promoter polymorphism -589 C/T (rs2243250) was genotyped in 869 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 595 healthy blood donors. Sex-specific MS association was evident whereas two flanking polymorphisms showed insignificant P values. In dual luciferase assays of cultured Jurkat cells the cloned promoter comprising the -589 T allele leads to higher expression as compared to the respective construct with the C allele. Together these findings may be discussed functionally as contributing to the genetic predisposition and to the pathogenesis in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Akkad
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
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488
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Adkins B. Heterogeneity in the CD4 T Cell Compartment and the Variability of Neonatal Immune Responsiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:151-159. [PMID: 19122799 DOI: 10.2174/157339507781483496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become clear that T cell immune responses in both murine and human neonates are very heterogeneous, running the gamut from poor or deviant responsiveness to mature, adult-like inflammatory function. How this variability arises is not well understood but there is now a great deal of information suggesting that differences in the T cell compartments in neonates vs adults play important roles. A number of cell types or processes are qualitatively or quantitatively different in the neonate. These include (a) alternate epigenetic programs at the Th2 cytokine locus, (b) enhanced homeostatic proliferation, (c) a relative abundance of fetal-origin cells, (d) a greater representation of recent thymic emigrants, (e) high proportions of potentially self-reactive cells, (f) a developmental delay in the production of regulatory T cells, and (g) cells bearing TCR with limited N region diversity. Different conditions of antigen exposure may lead to different environmental signals that promote the selective responsiveness of one or more of these populations. Therefore, the variability of neonatal responses may be a function of the heterogeneous nature of the responding T cell population. In this review, we will describe these various subpopulations in detail and speculate as to the manner in which they could contribute to the heterogeneity of neonatal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Adkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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489
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Amsen D, Antov A, Jankovic D, Sher A, Radtke F, Souabni A, Busslinger M, McCright B, Gridley T, Flavell RA. Direct regulation of Gata3 expression determines the T helper differentiation potential of Notch. Immunity 2007; 27:89-99. [PMID: 17658279 PMCID: PMC2062505 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper cells differentiate into T helper 1 (Th1) or Th2 effector lineages, which orchestrate immunity to different types of microbes. Both Th1 and Th2 differentiation can be induced by Notch, but what dictates which of these programs is activated in response to Notch is not known. By using T cell-specific gene ablation of the Notch effector RBP-J or the Notch1 and 2 receptors, we showed here that Notch was required on CD4(+) T cells for physiological Th2 responses to parasite antigens. GATA-3 was necessary for Notch-induced Th2 differentiation, and we identified an upstream Gata3 promoter as a direct target for Notch signaling. Moreover, absence of GATA-3 turned Notch from a Th2 inducer into a powerful inducer of Th1 differentiation. Therefore, Gata3 is a critical element determining inductive Th2 differentiation and limiting Th1 differentiation by Notch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derk Amsen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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490
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Fang TC, Yashiro-Ohtani Y, Del Bianco C, Knoblock DM, Blacklow SC, Pear WS. Notch directly regulates Gata3 expression during T helper 2 cell differentiation. Immunity 2007; 27:100-10. [PMID: 17658278 PMCID: PMC2801546 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays multiple roles to direct diverse decisions regarding cell fate during T cell development. During helper T (Th) cell differentiation, Notch is involved in generating optimal Th2 cell responses. Here, we present data investigating how Notch mediates Th2 cell differentiation. Notch showed a CD4(+) T cell intrinsic role in promoting IL-4 expression that required GATA-3. In the absence of Notch signals, Gata3 expression was markedly diminished. Introduction of an activated allele of Notch1 into CD4(+) T cells led to the specific and direct upregulation of a developmentally regulated Gata3 transcript that included the exon 1a sequences. Furthermore, Notch acted in parallel with GATA-3 to synergistically activate IL-4 expression. Together, these data implicate Gata3 as a direct transcriptional Notch target that acts in concert with Notch signaling to generate optimal Th2 cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C. Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yumi Yashiro-Ohtani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cristina Del Bianco
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dawson M. Knoblock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen C. Blacklow
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Warren S. Pear
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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491
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Khaled WT, Read EKC, Nicholson SE, Baxter FO, Brennan AJ, Came PJ, Sprigg N, McKenzie ANJ, Watson CJ. The IL-4/IL-13/Stat6 signalling pathway promotes luminal mammary epithelial cell development. Development 2007; 134:2739-50. [PMID: 17611223 DOI: 10.1242/dev.003194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Naïve T helper cells differentiate into Th1 and Th2 subsets, which have unique cytokine signatures, activators and transcriptional targets. The Th1/Th2 cytokine milieu is a key paradigm in lineage commitment, and IL-4 (Il4), IL-13 (Il13) and Stat6 are important mediators of Th2 development. We show here, for the first time, that this paradigm applies also to mammary epithelial cells, which undergo a switch from Th1 to Th2 cytokine production upon the induction of differentiation. Thus, the Th1 cytokines IL-12 (Il12), interferon gamma (INFgamma; also known as Ifng) and Tnfalpha are downregulated concomitantly with the upregulation of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-13 and IL-5 (Il5) as epithelial cells commit to the luminal lineage. Moreover, we show that Th2 cytokines play a crucial role in mammary gland development in vivo, because differentiation and alveolar morphogenesis are reduced in both Stat6 and IL-4/IL-13 doubly deficient mice during pregnancy. This unexpected discovery demonstrates a role for immune cell cytokines in epithelial cell fate and function, and adds an unexpected tier of complexity to the previously held paradigm that steroid and peptide hormones are the primary regulators of mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid T Khaled
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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492
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Schoenborn JR, Dorschner MO, Sekimata M, Santer DM, Shnyreva M, Fitzpatrick DR, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Stamatoyonnapoulos JA, Wilson CB. Comprehensive epigenetic profiling identifies multiple distal regulatory elements directing transcription of the gene encoding interferon-gamma. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:732-42. [PMID: 17546033 PMCID: PMC2144744 DOI: 10.1038/ni1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the well defined T helper type 2 cytokine locus, little is known about the regulatory elements that govern the expression of Ifng, which encodes the 'signature' T helper type 1 cytokine interferon-gamma. Here our evolutionary analysis showed that the mouse Ifng locus diverged from the ancestral locus as a result of structural rearrangements producing deletion of the neighboring gene encoding interleukin 26 and disrupting synteny 57 kilobases upstream of Ifng. Proximal to that disruption, we identified by high-resolution mapping many regions with CD4+ T cell subset-specific epigenetic modifications. A subset of those regions represented enhancers, whereas others blocked the activity of upstream enhancers or insulated Ifng from neighboring chromatin. Our findings suggest that proper expression of Ifng is maintained through the collective action of multiple distal regulatory elements present in a region of about 100 kilobases flanking Ifng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Schoenborn
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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493
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Ling KW, van Hamburg JP, de Bruijn MJW, Kurek D, Dingjan GM, Hendriks RW. GATA3 controls the expression of CD5 and the T cell receptor during CD4 T cell lineage development. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1043-52. [PMID: 17357106 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA3 is essential at multiple stages of T cell development, including the earliest double-negative stages, beta-selection and CD4 single-positive thymocytes. Here, we show that in CD2-GATA3 transgenic mice, with enforced GATA3 expression driven by the CD2 promoter, thymocytes have reduced levels of CD5, which is a negative regulator of TCR signaling participating in TCR repertoire fine-tuning. Reduction of CD5 expression was most prominent in CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) cells and was associated with increased levels of the transcription factor E2A. Conversely, GATA3-deficient DP thymocytes showed consistently higher CD5 levels and defective TCR up-regulation during their development towards the CD4(lo)CD8(lo) subpopulation. CD2-GATA3 transgenic mice carrying the MHC class II-restricted TCR DO11.10 also manifested decreased CD5 levels. As in these TCR-transgenic mice reduced CD5 expression cannot result from an effect of GATA3 on repertoire selection, we conclude that enforced GATA3 interferes with the developmentally regulated increase of CD5 levels. Enforced GATA3 expression in DO11.10 transgenic mice was also accompanied by enhanced TCR expression during CD4 positive selection. Because GATA3 is induced by TCR signaling in DP thymocytes, our findings indicate that GATA3 establishes a positive feedback loop that increases TCR surface expression in developing CD4 lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam-Wing Ling
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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494
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Thai TH, Calado DP, Casola S, Ansel KM, Xiao C, Xue Y, Murphy A, Frendewey D, Valenzuela D, Kutok JL, Schmidt-Supprian M, Rajewsky N, Yancopoulos G, Rao A, Rajewsky K. Regulation of the germinal center response by microRNA-155. Science 2007; 316:604-8. [PMID: 17463289 DOI: 10.1126/science.1141229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1166] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small RNA species involved in biological control at multiple levels. Using genetic deletion and transgenic approaches, we show that the evolutionarily conserved microRNA-155 (miR-155) has an important role in the mammalian immune system, specifically in regulating T helper cell differentiation and the germinal center reaction to produce an optimal T cell-dependent antibody response. miR-155 exerts this control, at least in part, by regulating cytokine production. These results also suggest that individual microRNAs can exert critical control over mammalian differentiation processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- To-Ha Thai
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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495
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Gold JR, Perkins GA, Erb HN, Ainsworth DM. Cytokine Profiles of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Isolated from Septic and Healthy Neonatal Foals. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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496
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Aspord C, Pedroza-Gonzalez A, Gallegos M, Tindle S, Burton EC, Su D, Marches F, Banchereau J, Palucka AK. Breast cancer instructs dendritic cells to prime interleukin 13-secreting CD4+ T cells that facilitate tumor development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1037-47. [PMID: 17438063 PMCID: PMC2118566 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported (Bell, D., P. Chomarat, D. Broyles, G. Netto, G.M. Harb, S. Lebecque, J. Valladeau, J. Davoust, K.A. Palucka, and J. Banchereau. 1999. J. Exp. Med. 190: 1417–1426) that breast cancer tumors are infiltrated with mature dendritic cells (DCs), which cluster with CD4+ T cells. We now show that CD4+ T cells infiltrating breast cancer tumors secrete type 1 (interferon γ) as well as high levels of type 2 (interleukin [IL] 4 and IL-13) cytokines. Immunofluorescence staining of tissue sections revealed intense IL-13 staining on breast cancer cells. The expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 in breast cancer cells suggests that IL-13 actually delivers signals to cancer cells. To determine the link between breast cancer, DCs, and CD4+ T cells, we implanted human breast cancer cell lines in nonobese diabetic/LtSz-scid/scid β2 microglobulin–deficient mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and autologous T cells. There, CD4+ T cells promote early tumor development. This is dependent on DCs and can be partially prevented by administration of IL-13 antagonists. Thus, breast cancer targets DCs to facilitate its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Aspord
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Cooperative Center for Translational Research on Human Immunology and Biodefense, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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497
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Chang HD, Helbig C, Tykocinski L, Kreher S, Koeck J, Niesner U, Radbruch A. Expression of IL-10 in Th memory lymphocytes is conditional on IL-12 or IL-4, unless the IL-10 gene is imprinted by GATA-3. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:807-17. [PMID: 17304625 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In Th1 and Th2 memory lymphocytes, the genes for the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) are imprinted for expression upon restimulation. This cytokine memory is based on expression of the transcription factors T-bet for IFN-gamma, and GATA-3 for IL-4, and epigenetic modification of the cytokine genes. In Th2 cells, expression of the cytokine IL-10 is also induced by GATA-3. Here, we show that this induction is initially not accompanied by epigenetic modification of the IL-10 gene. Only after repeated restimulation of a memory Th2 cell in the presence of IL-4, extensive histone acetylation of the IL-10 gene is detectable. This epigenetic imprinting correlates with the development of a memory for IL-10 in repeatedly restimulated Th2 cells. In Th1 cells, IL-10 expression is induced by IL-12, but the IL-10 gene lacks detectable histone acetylation. Accordingly, IL-10 expression in restimulated memory Th1 cells remains conditional on the presence of IL-12. This finding defines a potential anti-inflammatory role for IL-12 in Th1 recall responses. While in primary Th1 responses IL-12 is required to induce expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma, in secondary Th1 responses IFN-gamma re-expression is independent of IL-12, which still is able to induce expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
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498
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Verdeil G, Chaix J, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Auphan-Anezin N. Temporal cross-talk between TCR and STAT signals for CD8 T cell effector differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2007; 36:3090-100. [PMID: 17111352 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The strength and duration of signaling through surface receptors is a primary means of controlling cell fate decisions. In adaptive immunity, Ag-initiated T cell stimulation is secondarily regulated by cytokines. We here summarize evidence for temporal control of a gene expression program in naive CD8 T cells. It is initiated in response to TCR engagement but relies on secondary signaling from cytokine receptors to be sustained and to allow development of full effector capacity. This mechanism permits cytokine receptor signaling to rescue abortive TCR signaling, such as that induced in response to weak or partial TCR agonists. Indeed, limiting TCR-initiated signaling on the Ras/ERK pathway may be complemented by STAT activation. Thus, TCR- and cytokine-driven activation of transcription factors and epigenetic modifications may act in concert in a temporally staggered process to establish the functional program of effector CD8 T cells. Based on gene expression profiling, molecular targets whose activation or inactivation may boost or dampen CD8 T cell effectors are also identified. Manipulation of these targets may, respectively, increase anti-tumor responses or prevent graft-versus-host reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Verdeil
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM U631, CNRS UMR 6102, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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499
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Pan CY, Chao TT, Chen JC, Chen JY, Liu WC, Lin CH, Kuo CM. Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) anti-lipopolysaccharide factor reduces the lethality of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:687-700. [PMID: 17386416 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of amino acids 55-76 of the synthetic shrimp anti-lipopolysaccharide factor peptide (SALF(55-76) cyclic peptide), the C-terminal part of the shrimp anti-lipopolysaccharide factor. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of the antiseptic action of this peptide. The SALF(55-76) cyclic peptide was tested against bacterial clinical isolates and showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination of SALF(55-76) cyclic peptide-treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that severe swelling preceded cell death and breakage of the outer membrane; the intracellular inclusion was found to have effluxed extracellularly. When mice were treated with the SALF(55-76) cyclic peptide before bacterial challenge with P. aeruginosa, the peptide highly protected mice against death by sepsis. The P. aeruginosa recovered from SALF(55-76) cyclic peptide-treated mice after 4 h exhibited reduced bacterial growth similar to that recovered from vancomycin-treated mice. In addition, the syntheses of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, were significantly upregulated 4 h after SALF(55-76) cyclic peptide treatment except for IL-4 in the liver. The expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4), Irf3, myd88, and Tram, were considerably elevated, but only Tlr4 existed in the spleen 4 h after SALF(55-76) cyclic peptide treatment. The prophylactic administration of SALF(55-76) cyclic peptide was begun the TNF-alpha response in comparison to untreated mice by an ELISA analysis. Due to its multifunctional properties, the SALF(55-76) cyclic peptide may become an important prophylaxis against and therapy for bacterial infectious diseases, as well as for septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Pan
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan
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500
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Strempel JM, Vercelli D. Functional Dissection Identifies a Conserved Noncoding Sequence-1 Core That Mediates IL13 and IL4 Transcriptional Enhancement. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:3738-46. [PMID: 17166845 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606615200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Conserved noncoding sequence (CNS)-1 has been shown to coordinately regulate the expression of the Th2 cytokine genes IL4, IL13, and IL5. We have used the interaction between CNS-1 and the human IL13 and IL4 promoters as a model to pursue the molecular mechanisms underlying CNS-1-dependent regulation of Th2 cytokine gene transcription. CNS-1 potently enhanced the activity of IL13 and IL4 promoter reporter vectors upon full T cell activation. Analysis of CNS-1 deletion mutants mapped enhancer activity to a short core (CNS-1-(270-337)) that contains three closely spaced cyclic AMP-responsive elements (CRE). CRE site 2 bound CRE-binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor (ATF)-2 in vitro and was essential for CNS-1-dependent up-regulation of IL13 transcription. Cotransfection of an IL13 reporter construct with expression vectors for wild type or mutant CREB and ATF-2 showed that CREB, but not ATF-2, regulates CNS-1 enhancer activity. Notably, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed T cell activation recruits CREB and the coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 to the endogenous CNS-1. Moreover, CBP/p300 activity was essential for CNS-1-mediated enhancement of IL13 transcription. Collectively, these data define the region within CNS-1 responsible for enhancement of IL13 and IL4 transcription and suggest CREB/CBP-dependent mechanisms play an important role in facilitating Th2 cytokine gene expression in response to T cell receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannine M Strempel
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Arizona Respiratory Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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