451
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Opazo MC, Ortega-Rocha EM, Coronado-Arrázola I, Bonifaz LC, Boudin H, Neunlist M, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Intestinal Microbiota Influences Non-intestinal Related Autoimmune Diseases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:432. [PMID: 29593681 PMCID: PMC5857604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is colonized by millions of microorganisms named microbiota that interact with our tissues in a cooperative and non-pathogenic manner. These microorganisms are present in the skin, gut, nasal, oral cavities, and genital tract. In fact, it has been described that the microbiota contributes to balancing the immune system to maintain host homeostasis. The gut is a vital organ where microbiota can influence and determine the function of cells of the immune system and contributes to preserve the wellbeing of the individual. Several articles have emphasized the connection between intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Crohn's disease with dysbiosis or an imbalance in the microbiota composition in the gut. However, little is known about the role of the microbiota in autoimmune pathologies affecting other tissues than the intestine. This article focuses on what is known about the role that gut microbiota can play in the pathogenesis of non-intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Grave's diseases, multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we discuss as to how metabolites derived from bacteria could be used as potential therapies for non-intestinal autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Opazo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth M Ortega-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irenice Coronado-Arrázola
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helene Boudin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad, Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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452
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Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (ME/CFS) is a disabling and debilitating disease of unknown aetiology. It is a heterogeneous disease characterized by various inflammatory, immune, viral, neurological and endocrine symptoms. Several microbiome studies have described alterations in the bacterial component of the microbiome (dysbiosis) consistent with a possible role in disease development. However, in focusing on the bacterial components of the microbiome, these studies have neglected the viral constituent known as the virome. Viruses, particularly those infecting bacteria (bacteriophages), have the potential to alter the function and structure of the microbiome via gene transfer and host lysis. Viral-induced microbiome changes can directly and indirectly influence host health and disease. The contribution of viruses towards disease pathogenesis is therefore an important area for research in ME/CFS. Recent advancements in sequencing technology and bioinformatics now allow more comprehensive and inclusive investigations of human microbiomes. However, as the number of microbiome studies increases, the need for greater consistency in study design and analysis also increases. Comparisons between different ME/CFS microbiome studies are difficult because of differences in patient selection and diagnosis criteria, sample processing, genome sequencing and downstream bioinformatics analysis. It is therefore important that microbiome studies adopt robust, reproducible and consistent study design to enable more reliable and valid comparisons and conclusions to be made between studies. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence supporting microbiome alterations in ME/CFS patients. Additionally, the pitfalls and challenges associated with microbiome studies are discussed.
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453
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Almosnino G, Zeitler DM, Schwartz SR. Postoperative Antibiotics Following Cochlear Implantation: Are They Necessary? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018; 127:266-269. [DOI: 10.1177/0003489418758101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galit Almosnino
- Depatment of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Otology/Neurotology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel M. Zeitler
- Depatment of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Otology/Neurotology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Seth R. Schwartz
- Depatment of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Otology/Neurotology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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454
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Antibiotic treatment and stewardship in the era of microbiota-oriented diagnostics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:795-798. [PMID: 29411188 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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455
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Le Bastard Q, Al-Ghalith GA, Grégoire M, Chapelet G, Javaudin F, Dailly E, Batard E, Knights D, Montassier E. Systematic review: human gut dysbiosis induced by non-antibiotic prescription medications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:332-345. [PMID: 29205415 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global prescription drug use has been increasing continuously for decades. The gut microbiome, a key contributor to health status, can be altered by prescription drug use, as antibiotics have been repeatedly described to have both short-term and long-standing effects on the intestinal microbiome. AIM To summarise current findings on non-antibiotic prescription-induced gut microbiome changes, focusing on the most frequently prescribed therapeutic drug categories. METHODS We conducted a systematic review by first searching in online databases for indexed articles and abstracts in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies assessing the intestinal microbiome alterations associated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), metformin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, statins and antipsychotics were included. We only included studies using culture-independent molecular techniques. RESULTS Proton pump inhibitors and antipsychotic medications are associated with a decrease in α diversity in the gut microbiome, whereas opioids were associated with an increase in α diversity. Metformin and NSAIDs were not associated with significant changes in α diversity. β diversity was found to be significantly altered with all drugs, except for NSAIDs. PPI use was linked to a decrease in Clotridiales and increase in Actinomycetales, Micrococcaceae and Streptococcaceae, which are changes previously implicated in dysbiosis and increased susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection. Consistent results showed that PPIs, metformin, NSAIDs, opioids and antipsychotics were either associated with increases in members of class Gammaproteobacteria (including Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella and Citrobacter), or members of family Enterococcaceae, which are often pathogens isolated from bloodstream infections in critically ill patients. We also found that antipsychotic treatment, usually associated with an increase in body mass index, was marked by a decreased ratio of Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes in the gut microbiome, resembling trends seen in obese patients. CONCLUSIONS Non-antibiotic prescription drugs have a notable impact on the overall architecture of the intestinal microbiome. Further explorations should seek to define biomarkers of dysbiosis induced by specific drugs, and potentially tailor live biotherapeutics to counter this drug-induced dysbiosis. Many other frequently prescribed drugs should also be investigated to better understand the link between these drugs, the microbiome and health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Le Bastard
- MiHAR Lab, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - G A Al-Ghalith
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M Grégoire
- MiHAR Lab, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - G Chapelet
- MiHAR Lab, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - F Javaudin
- MiHAR Lab, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - E Dailly
- MiHAR Lab, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - E Batard
- MiHAR Lab, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Knights
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - E Montassier
- MiHAR Lab, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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456
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Choi J, Hur TY, Hong Y. Influence of Altered Gut Microbiota Composition on Aging and Aging-Related Diseases. J Lifestyle Med 2018; 8:1-7. [PMID: 29581954 PMCID: PMC5846638 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2018.8.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota forms a large community that coexists with all species, including humans and rodents. Genome projects have been conducted by many researchers in nearly every country to better understand and treat diseases that lead to death in humans. However, the gut microbiota is known as a "second genome" because it includes microbes, genomic DNA, proteins, and metabolites. A large number of studies have revealed the importance of the gut microbiota. In elderly people, the diversity of the gut microbiota is reduced and there is an increased incidence of degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and decreased cognitive and memory functions. However, the administration of pre/probiotics can help to improve the symptoms of these diseases. Therefore, we believe that the gut microbiota is important for maintaining homeostasis and diversity, as well as for avoiding gastrointestinal tract-derived diseases and improving health in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, Korea
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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457
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Mullineaux-Sanders C, Suez J, Elinav E, Frankel G. Sieving through gut models of colonization resistance. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:132-140. [PMID: 29358683 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of innovative high-throughput genomics and metabolomics technologies has considerably expanded our understanding of the commensal microorganisms residing within the human body, collectively termed the microbiota. In recent years, the microbiota has been reported to have important roles in multiple aspects of human health, pathology and host-pathogen interactions. One function of commensals that has attracted particular interest is their role in protection against pathogens and pathobionts, a concept known as colonization resistance. However, pathogens are also able to sense and exploit the microbiota during infection. Therefore, obtaining a holistic understanding of colonization resistance mechanisms is essential for the development of microbiome-based and microbiome-targeting therapies for humans and animals. Achieving this is dependent on utilizing physiologically relevant animal models. In this Perspective, we discuss the colonization resistance functions of the gut microbiota and sieve through the advantages and limitations of murine models commonly used to study such mechanisms within the context of enteric bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mullineaux-Sanders
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jotham Suez
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.
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458
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Machine Learning Leveraging Genomes from Metagenomes Identifies Influential Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Infant Gut Microbiome. mSystems 2018; 3:mSystems00123-17. [PMID: 29359195 PMCID: PMC5758725 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00123-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of reconstructing genomes from environmental sequence data (genome-resolved metagenomics) allows unique insight into microbial systems. We apply this technique to investigate how the antibiotic resistance genes of bacteria affect their ability to flourish in the gut under various conditions. Our analysis reveals that strain-level selection in formula-fed infants drives enrichment of beta-lactamase genes in the gut resistome. Using genomes from metagenomes, we built a machine learning model to predict how organisms in the gut microbial community respond to perturbation by antibiotics. This may eventually have clinical applications. Antibiotic resistance in pathogens is extensively studied, and yet little is known about how antibiotic resistance genes of typical gut bacteria influence microbiome dynamics. Here, we leveraged genomes from metagenomes to investigate how genes of the premature infant gut resistome correspond to the ability of bacteria to survive under certain environmental and clinical conditions. We found that formula feeding impacts the resistome. Random forest models corroborated by statistical tests revealed that the gut resistome of formula-fed infants is enriched in class D beta-lactamase genes. Interestingly, Clostridium difficile strains harboring this gene are at higher abundance in formula-fed infants than C. difficile strains lacking this gene. Organisms with genes for major facilitator superfamily drug efflux pumps have higher replication rates under all conditions, even in the absence of antibiotic therapy. Using a machine learning approach, we identified genes that are predictive of an organism’s direction of change in relative abundance after administration of vancomycin and cephalosporin antibiotics. The most accurate results were obtained by reducing annotated genomic data to five principal components classified by boosted decision trees. Among the genes involved in predicting whether an organism increased in relative abundance after treatment are those that encode subclass B2 beta-lactamases and transcriptional regulators of vancomycin resistance. This demonstrates that machine learning applied to genome-resolved metagenomics data can identify key genes for survival after antibiotics treatment and predict how organisms in the gut microbiome will respond to antibiotic administration. IMPORTANCE The process of reconstructing genomes from environmental sequence data (genome-resolved metagenomics) allows unique insight into microbial systems. We apply this technique to investigate how the antibiotic resistance genes of bacteria affect their ability to flourish in the gut under various conditions. Our analysis reveals that strain-level selection in formula-fed infants drives enrichment of beta-lactamase genes in the gut resistome. Using genomes from metagenomes, we built a machine learning model to predict how organisms in the gut microbial community respond to perturbation by antibiotics. This may eventually have clinical applications.
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459
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Haataja S, Verma P, Fu O, Papageorgiou AC, Pöysti S, Pieters RJ, Nilsson UJ, Finne J. Rationally Designed Chemically Modified Glycodendrimer InhibitsStreptococcus suisAdhesin SadP at Picomolar Concentrations. Chemistry 2018; 24:1905-1912. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sauli Haataja
- Institute of Biomedicine; University of Turku; Kiinamyllynkatu 10 20520 Turku Finland
| | - Priya Verma
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Lund University; POB 124 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Ou Fu
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; P.O. Box 80082 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Anastassios C. Papageorgiou
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University; Tykistökatu 6 20520 Turku Finland
| | - Sakari Pöysti
- Institute of Biomedicine; University of Turku; Kiinamyllynkatu 10 20520 Turku Finland
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; P.O. Box 80082 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ulf J. Nilsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Lund University; POB 124 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Jukka Finne
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of Helsinki; P.O.B. 56 00014 Helsinki Finland
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460
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Doan T, Arzika AM, Ray KJ, Cotter SY, Kim J, Maliki R, Zhong L, Zhou Z, Porco TC, Vanderschelden B, Keenan JD, Lietman TM. Gut Microbial Diversity in Antibiotic-Naive Children After Systemic Antibiotic Exposure: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 64:1147-1153. [PMID: 28402408 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic exposure can alter the gut microbiome. We evaluate the effects of azithromycin on the gut microbiome diversity of children from an antibiotic-naive community in Niger. Methods A population-based sample of 80 children aged 1-60 months in the Dosso region of Niger was randomized to receive a single dose of either oral azithromycin or placebo. Fecal samples were collected immediately before treatment and 5 days after treatment for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The prespecified outcome was α-diversity (inverse Simpson's α-diversity index), with secondary outcomes of β and γ Simpson's and Shannon's diversities. Results At 5 days after treatment, 40 children aged 1-60 months were analyzed in the azithromycin-treated group and 40 children in the placebo-treated group. Diversity of the gut microbiome was significantly lower in the treated group (inverse Simpson's α-diversity, 5.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.08-6.14) than in the placebo group (6.91; 95% CI, 5.82-8.21; P = .03). Similarly, the Shannon's α-diversity was lower in the treated group (10.60; 95% CI, 8.82-12.36) than the placebo group (15.42; 95% CI, 13.24-17.80; P = .004). Simpson's community-level (γ) diversity decreased with azithromycin exposure from 17.72 (95% CI, 13.80-20.21) to 10.10 (95% CI, 7.80-11.40; P = .00008), although β-diversity was not significantly reduced (2.56, 95% CI, 1.88-3.12; to 2.01, 95% CI, 1.46-2.51; P = .26). Conclusions Oral administration of azithromycin definitively decreases the diversity of the gut microbiome of children in an antibiotic-naive community. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02048007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Doan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Kathryn J Ray
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sun Y Cotter
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Kim
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Lina Zhong
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhaoxia Zhou
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Travis C Porco
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Vanderschelden
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremy D Keenan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Medical Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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461
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Siegel JD, Guzman-Cottrill JA. Pediatric Healthcare Epidemiology. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7152479 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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462
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Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem consisting of various microorganisms that expands human genetic repertoire and therefore affects human health and disease. The metabolic processes and signal transduction pathways of the host and intestinal microorganisms are intimately linked, and abnormal progression of each process leads to changes in the intestinal environment. Alterations in microbial communities lead to changes in functional structures based on the metabolites produced in the gut, and these environmental changes result in various bacterial infections and chronic enteric inflammatory diseases. Here, we illustrate how antibiotics are associated with an increased risk of antibiotic-associated diseases by driving intestinal environment changes that favor the proliferation and virulence of pathogens. Understanding the pathogenesis caused by antibiotics would be a crucial key to the treatment of antibiotic-associated diseases by mitigating changes in the intestinal environment and restoring it to its original state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Sun Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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463
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus L34 Attenuates Gut Translocation-Induced Bacterial Sepsis in Murine Models of Leaky Gut. Infect Immun 2017; 86:IAI.00700-17. [PMID: 29038123 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00700-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) bacterial translocation in sepsis is well known, but the role of Lactobacillus species probiotics is still controversial. We evaluated the therapeutic effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus L34 in a new sepsis model of oral administration of pathogenic bacteria with GI leakage induced by either an antibiotic cocktail (ATB) and/or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). GI leakage with ATB, DSS, and DSS plus ATB (DSS+ATB) was demonstrated by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran translocation to the circulation. The administration of pathogenic bacteria, either Klebsiella pneumoniae or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, enhanced translocation. Bacteremia was demonstrated within 24 h in 50 to 88% of mice with GI leakage plus the administration of pathogenic bacteria but not with GI leakage induction alone or bacterial gavage alone. Salmonella bacteremia was found in only 16 to 29% and 0% of mice with Salmonella and Klebsiella administrations, respectively. Klebsiella bacteremia was demonstrated in 25 to 33% and 10 to 16% of mice with Klebsiella and Salmonella administrations, respectively. Lactobacillus rhamnosus L34 attenuated GI leakage in these models, as shown by the reductions of FITC-dextran gut translocation, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, bacteremia, and sepsis mortality. The reduction in the amount of fecal Salmonella bacteria with Lactobacillus treatment was demonstrated. In addition, an anti-inflammatory effect of the conditioned medium from Lactobacillus rhamnosus L34 was also demonstrated by the attenuation of cytokine production in colonic epithelial cells in vitro In conclusion, Lactobacillus rhamnosus L34 attenuated the severity of symptoms in a murine sepsis model induced by GI leakage and the administration of pathogenic bacteria.
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464
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Tkachenko N, Chagarovskyi O, Dets N, Sevastyanova E, Lanzhenko L. “Lving” and “probiotic” cosmetics: modern view and defenitions. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.15673/fst.v11i4.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the presented article, based on the detailed analysis of scientific sources and many years of own experience in production of the probiotic foods, the definition of “probiotics” in cosmetics, as well as the definition of “living” and “probiotic” cosmetics is proposed.The skin is a complex barrier organ that has a symbiotic relationship between microbial communities and host tissue via complex signals provided by the innate and the adaptive immune systems. It is constantly exposed to various endogenous and exogenous factors – physical, chemical, bacterial and fungal, as well as the effects of the hormonal disorders, which affect this balanced system potentially leading to inflammatory skin conditions comprising infections, allergies or autoimmune diseases. In opposition to the gut and stool microbiome, which has been studied and described for many years, investigations on the skin or scalp microbiome lasts only for last 10 years. Therefore, the screening of effective means of correcting and/or maintaining the human normoflora for the preservation of healthy skin microbiome today is an urgent task.It is well known that probiotics and prebiotics are helpful for specific disorders in the human body. Skeptics wonder: can the probiotics and prebiotics be scientifically applied in cosmetics? Different clinical studies indicated that they have special effects in cutaneous apparatus directly or indirectly, which can be considered from different aspects. Probiotic bacteriotherapy can have great potential in accelerating wound healing, in preventing and treating the skin diseases including eczema, atopic dermatitis, acne, allergic inflammation or skin hypersensitivity, UV-induced skin damage and cosmetics products. Therefore, some firms are already incorporating bacteria and/or their lysates into skin creams with the promise of «rebalancing» the community of bacteria that live in the human body and delivering healthier, more radiant-looking skin. However, such parameters as the type of probiotic, the form in which it is added to the formulation (living bacteria, lysates, etc.) and the recommended concentrations of these ingredients in cosmetic products that are safe and effective are still not defined. Due to currently widespread use of probiotic cosmetic products in the world beauty industry, the concept of "probiotic" in the cosmetic industry requires a clear definition.
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465
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Paharik AE, Schreiber HL, Spaulding CN, Dodson KW, Hultgren SJ. Narrowing the spectrum: the new frontier of precision antimicrobials. Genome Med 2017; 9:110. [PMID: 29241446 PMCID: PMC5729598 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have become the standard of care for bacterial infections. However, rising rates of antibiotic-resistant infections are outpacing the development of new antimicrobials. Broad-spectrum antibiotics also harm beneficial microbial communities inhabiting humans. To combat antibiotic resistance and protect these communities, new precision antimicrobials must be engineered to target specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Paharik
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Henry L Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Caitlin N Spaulding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Karen W Dodson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Scott J Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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466
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Socias SB, González-Lizárraga F, Avila CL, Vera C, Acuña L, Sepulveda-Diaz JE, Del-Bel E, Raisman-Vozari R, Chehin RN. Exploiting the therapeutic potential of ready-to-use drugs: Repurposing antibiotics against amyloid aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 162:17-36. [PMID: 29241812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are chronic and progressive disorders that affect specific regions of the brain, causing gradual disability and suffering that results in a complete inability of patients to perform daily functions. Amyloid aggregation of specific proteins is the most common biological event that is responsible for neuronal death and neurodegeneration in various neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic agents capable of interfering with the abnormal aggregation are required, but traditional drug discovery has fallen short. The exploration of new uses for approved drugs provides a useful alternative to fill the gap between the increasing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases and the long-term assessment of classical drug discovery technologies. Drug re-profiling is currently the quickest possible transition from bench to bedside. In this way, experimental evidence shows that some antibiotic compounds exert neuroprotective action through anti-aggregating activity on disease-associated proteins. The finding that many antibiotics can cross the blood-brain barrier and have been used for several decades without serious toxic effects makes them excellent candidates for therapeutic switching towards neurological disorders. The present review is, to our knowledge, the first extensive evaluation and analysis of the anti-amyloidogenic effect of different antibiotics on well-known disease-associated proteins. In addition, we propose a common structural signature derived from the antiaggregant antibiotic molecules that could be relevant to rational drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio B Socias
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina
| | - Florencia González-Lizárraga
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina
| | - Cesar L Avila
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Vera
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Acuña
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina; Sorbonne Universite, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Julia E Sepulveda-Diaz
- Sorbonne Universite, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Del-Bel
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Stomatology, Faculty of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Sorbonne Universite, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France.
| | - Rosana N Chehin
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Argentina.
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467
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Kalenyak K, Isaiah A, Heilmann RM, Suchodolski JS, Burgener IA. Comparison of the intestinal mucosal microbiota in dogs diagnosed with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and dogs with food-responsive diarrhea before and after treatment. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 94:4705888. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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468
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Jazayeri O, Daghighi SM, Rezaee F. Lifestyle alters GUT-bacteria function: Linking immune response and host. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:625-635. [PMID: 29566905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota in human is a "mixture society" of different species (i.e. bacteria, viruses, funguses) populations with a different way of relationship classification to Human. Human GUT serves as the host of the majority of different bacterial populations (GUT flora, more than 500 species), which are with us ("from the beginning") in an innate manner known as the commensal (no harm to each other) and symbiotic (mutual benefit) relationship. A homeostatic balance of host-bacteria relationship is very important and vital for a normal health process. However, this beneficial relationship and delicate homeostatic state can be disrupted by the imbalance of microbiome-composition of gut microbiota, expressing a pathogenic state. A strict homeostatic balance of microbiome-composition strongly depends on several factors; 1- lifestyle, 2- geography, 3- ethnicities, 4- "mom" as prime of the type of bacterial colonization in infant and 5- the disease. With such diversity in individuals combined with huge number of different bacterial species and their interactions, it is wise to perform an in-depth systems biology (e.g. genomics, proteomics, glycomics, and etcetera) analysis of personalized microbiome. Only in this way, we are able to generate a map of complete GUT microbiota and, in turn, to determine its interaction with host and intra-interaction with pathogenic bacteria. A specific microbiome analysis provides us the knowledge to decipher the nature of interactions between the GUT microbiota and the host and its response to the invading bacteria in a pathogenic state. The GUT-bacteria composition is independent of geography and ethnicity but lifestyle well affects GUT-bacteria composition and function. Microbiome knowledge obtained by systems biology also helps us to change the behavior of GUT microbiota in response to the pathogenic microbes as protection. Functional microbiome changes in response to environmental factors will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Jazayeri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - S Mojtaba Daghighi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaee
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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469
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Dunn AB, Jordan S, Baker BJ, Carlson NS. The Maternal Infant Microbiome: Considerations for Labor and Birth. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2017; 42:318-325. [PMID: 28825919 PMCID: PMC5648605 DOI: 10.1097/nmc.0000000000000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiome plays a role in maintaining health, but is also thought to attenuate and exacerbate risk factors for adverse maternal-child health outcomes. The development of the microbiome begins in utero; however, factors related to the labor and birth environment have been shown to influence the initial colonization process of the newborn microbiome. This "seeding" or transfer of microbes from the mother to newborn may serve as an early inoculation process with implications for the long-term health outcomes of newborns. Studies have shown that there are distinct differences in the microbiome profiles of newborns born vaginally compared with those born by cesarean. Antibiotic exposure has been shown to alter the microbial profiles of women and may influence the gut microbial profiles of their newborns. Considering that the first major microbial colonization occurs at birth, it is essential that labor and birth nurses be aware of factors that may alter the composition of the microbiome during the labor and birth process. The implications of various activities and factors unique to the labor and birth environment that may influence the microbiome of women and newborns during the labor and birth process (e.g., route of birth, antibiotic use, nursing procedures) are presented with a focus on the role of labor nurses and the potential influence of nursing activities on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis B Dunn
- Alexis B. Dunn is a Research Assistant Professor at the Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. She can be reached via e-mail at Sheila Jordan is a Pre-Doctoral Fellow, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Brenda J. Baker is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Nursing, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Nicole S. Carlson is a Research Assistant Professor, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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470
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Melander RJ, Zurawski DV, Melander C. Narrow-Spectrum Antibacterial Agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 9:12-21. [PMID: 29527285 PMCID: PMC5839511 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00528h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While broad spectrum antibiotics play an invaluable role in the treatment of bacterial infections, there are some drawbacks to their use, namely selection for and spread of resistance across multiple bacterial species, and the detrimental effect they can have upon the host microbiome. If the causitive agent of the infection is known, the use of narrow-spectrum antibacterial agents has the potential to mitigate some of these issues. This review outlines the advantages and challenges of narrow-spectrum antibacterial agents, discusses the progress that has been made toward developing diagnostics to enable their use, and describes some of the narrow-spectrum antibacterial agents currently being investigated against some of the most clinically important bacteria including Clostridium difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and several ESKAPE pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J. Melander
- Department of Chemistry
, North Carolina State University
,
Raleigh
, NC
, USA
.
| | - Daniel V. Zurawski
- Wound Infections Department
, Bacterial Diseases Branch
, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
,
Silver Spring
, MD
, USA
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry
, North Carolina State University
,
Raleigh
, NC
, USA
.
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471
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Early-Life Gut Dysbiosis: A Driver of Later-Life Fibrosis? J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2253-2255. [PMID: 29055411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using a novel mouse model of scleroderma induced by immunization with topoisomerase-I peptide-loaded dendritic cells, Mehta et al. found that early-life antibiotic exposure resulted in increased later-life fibrosis in the skin and lungs. These observations advance the novel concept that gut microbiome alterations caused by early-life exposures may contribute to scleroderma pathogenesis, and warrant in-depth characterization and validation in complementary disease models.
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472
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Mukherjee S, Ramesh A. Dual-label flow cytometry-based host cell adhesion assay to ascertain the prospect of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum in niche-specific antibacterial therapy. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1822-1834. [PMID: 29091578 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Host cell adhesion assays that provide quantitative insight on the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to inhibit adhesion of intestinal pathogens can be leveraged for the development of niche-specific anti-adhesion therapy. Herein, we report a dual-colour flow cytometry (FCM) analysis to assess the ability of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strains to impede adhesion of Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus onto HT-29 cells. FCM in conjunction with a hierarchical cluster analysis could discern the anti-adhesion potential of L. plantarum strains, wherein the efficacy of L. plantarum DF9 was on a par with the probiotic L. rhamnosus GG. Combination of FCM with principal component analysis illustrated the relative influence of LAB strains on adhesion parameters kd and em of the pathogen and identified probiotic LAB suitable for anti-adhesion intervention. The analytical merit of the FCM analysis was captured in host cell adhesion assays that measured relative elimination of adhered LAB vis-à-vis pathogens, on exposure to either LAB bacteriocins or therapeutic antibiotics. It is envisaged that the dual-colour FCM-based adhesion assay described herein would enable a fundamental understanding of the host cell adhesion process and stimulate interest in probiotic LAB as safe anti-adhesion therapeutic agents against gastrointestinal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aiyagari Ramesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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473
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Turna J, Patterson B, Van Ameringen M. An Update on the Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Psychiatr Ann 2017. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20171013-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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474
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Irwin SV, Fisher P, Graham E, Malek A, Robidoux A. Sulfites inhibit the growth of four species of beneficial gut bacteria at concentrations regarded as safe for food. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186629. [PMID: 29045472 PMCID: PMC5646858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfites and other preservatives are considered food additives to limit bacterial contamination, and are generally regarded as safe for consumption by governmental regulatory agencies at concentrations up to 5000 parts per million (ppm). Consumption of bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs have been shown to damage beneficial bacteria in the human gut and this damage has been associated with several diseases. In the present study, bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of two common food preservatives, sodium bisulfite and sodium sulfite, were tested on four known beneficial bacterial species common as probiotics and members of the human gut microbiota. Lactobacillus species casei, plantarum and rhamnosus, and Streptococcus thermophilus were grown under optimal environmental conditions to achieve early log phase at start of experiments. Bacterial cultures were challenged with sulfite concentrations ranging between 10 and 3780 ppm for six hours. To establish a control, a culture of each species was inoculated into media containing no sulfite preservative. By two hours of exposure, a substantial decrease (or no increase) of cell numbers (based on OD600 readings) were observed for all bacteria types, in concentrations of sulfites between 250–500 ppm, compared to cells in sulfite free media. Further testing using serial dilution and drop plates identified bactericidal effects in concentrations ranging between 1000–3780 ppm on all the Lactobacillus species by 4 hours of exposure and bactericidal effects on S. thermophilus in 2000ppm NaHSO3 after 6 hours of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally V. Irwin
- University of Hawaii Maui College, Kahului, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Fisher
- University of Hawaii Maui College, Kahului, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Emily Graham
- University of Hawaii Maui College, Kahului, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Ashley Malek
- University of Hawaii Maui College, Kahului, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Adriel Robidoux
- University of Hawaii Maui College, Kahului, Hawaii, United States of America
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475
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Felix KM, Tahsin S, Wu HJJ. Host-microbiota interplay in mediating immune disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1417:57-70. [PMID: 28984367 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To maintain health, the immune system must maintain a delicate balance between eliminating invading pathogens and avoiding immune disorders such as autoimmunity and allergies. The gut microbiota provide essential health benefits to the host, particularly by regulating immune homeostasis. Dysbiosis, an alteration and imbalance of the gut microbiota, is associated with the development of several autoimmune diseases in both mice and humans. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding how certain factors, such as age and gender, affect the gut microbiota, which in turn can influence the development of autoimmune diseases. The age factor in microbiota-dependent immune disorders indicates a window of opportunity for future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We also discuss unique commensal bacteria with strong immunomodulatory activity. Finally, we provide an overview of the potential molecular mechanisms whereby gut microbiota induce autoimmunity, as well as the evidence that gut microbiota trigger extraintestinal diseases by inducing the migration of gut-derived immune cells. Elucidating the interaction of gut microbiota and the host immune system will help us understand the pathogenesis of immune disorders, and provide us with new foundations to develop novel immuno- or microbe-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysta M Felix
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Shekha Tahsin
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Hsin-Jung Joyce Wu
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Arizona Arthritis Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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476
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Salter SJ, Turner C, Watthanaworawit W, de Goffau MC, Wagner J, Parkhill J, Bentley SD, Goldblatt D, Nosten F, Turner P. A longitudinal study of the infant nasopharyngeal microbiota: The effects of age, illness and antibiotic use in a cohort of South East Asian children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005975. [PMID: 28968382 PMCID: PMC5638608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal study was undertaken in infants living in the Maela refugee camp on the Thailand-Myanmar border between 2007 and 2010. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected monthly, from birth to 24 months of age, with additional swabs taken if the infant was diagnosed with pneumonia according to WHO clinical criteria. At the time of collection, swabs were cultured for Streptococcus pneumoniae and multiple serotype carriage was assessed. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene profiles of 544 swabs from 21 infants were analysed to see how the microbiota changes with age, respiratory infection, antibiotic consumption and pneumococcal acquisition. The nasopharyngeal microbiota is a somewhat homogenous community compared to that of other body sites. In this cohort it is dominated by five taxa: Moraxella, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Corynebacterium and an uncharacterized Flavobacteriaceae taxon of 93% nucleotide similarity to Ornithobacterium. Infant age correlates with certain changes in the microbiota across the cohort: Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium are associated with the first few months of life while Moraxella and the uncharacterised Flavobacteriaceae increase in proportional abundance with age. Respiratory illness and antibiotic use often coincide with an unpredictable perturbation of the microbiota that differs from infant to infant and in different illness episodes. The previously described interaction between Dolosigranulum and Streptococcus was observed in these data. Monthly sampling demonstrates that the nasopharyngeal microbiota is in flux throughout the first two years of life, and that in this refugee camp population the pool of potential bacterial colonisers may be limited. The nasopharynx hosts a community of microbes that first colonise us during infancy and that changes as we grow. Colonisation with certain species is a risk factor for developing respiratory infections such as pneumonia, while other species can have a protective influence. In this study we use molecular methods to identify the bacteria present in nasopharyngeal swabs taken regularly from children in a refugee camp in Thailand. The microbiota develops with age, with early colonisers such as Corynebacterium or Staphylococcus being eventually outgrown by Moraxella and an uncultured taxon described here as unclassified Flavobacteriaceae I. There is evidence in the cohort of Streptococcus pneumoniae being frequently carried and transmitted throughout the first two years of life. We found that the microbiota profiles were not unique or distinguishable between individuals in this study, which is unlike studies in high income, low density populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah J. Salter
- Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Turner
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wanitda Watthanaworawit
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | | | - Josef Wagner
- Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Bentley
- Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Turner
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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477
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Tanaka M, Nakayama J. Development of the gut microbiota in infancy and its impact on health in later life. Allergol Int 2017; 66:515-522. [PMID: 28826938 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial ecology and function are dynamic in infancy, but are stabilized in childhood. The 'new friends' have a great impact on the development of the digestive tract and host immune system. In the first year of life, especially, the gut microbiota dramatically changes through interactions with the developing immune system in the gut. The process of establishing the gut microbiota is affected by various environmental factors, with the potential to be a main determinant of life-long health. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding gut microbiota establishment, including the importance of various factors related to the development of the immune system and allergic diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakayama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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478
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El Hage R, Hernandez-Sanabria E, Van de Wiele T. Emerging Trends in "Smart Probiotics": Functional Consideration for the Development of Novel Health and Industrial Applications. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1889. [PMID: 29033923 PMCID: PMC5626839 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between gut microbiota and human health is well-recognized and described. This ultimate impact on the host has contributed to explain the mutual dependence between humans and their gut bacteria. Gut microbiota can be manipulated through passive or active strategies. The former includes diet, lifestyle, and environment, while the latter comprise antibiotics, pre- and probiotics. Historically, conventional probiotic strategies included a phylogenetically limited diversity of bacteria and some yeast strains. However, biotherapeutic strategies evolved in the last years with the advent of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), successfully applied for treating CDI, IBD, and other diseases. Despite the positive outcomes, long-term effects resulting from the uncharacterized nature of FMT are not sufficiently studied. Thus, developing strategies to simulate the FMT, using characterized gut colonizers with identified phylogenetic diversity, may be a promising alternative. As the definition of probiotics states that the microorganism should have beneficial effects on the host, several bacterial species with proven efficacy have been considered next generation probiotics. Non-conventional candidate strains include Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides fragilis, and members of the Clostridia clusters IV, XIVa, and XVIII. However, viable intestinal delivery is one of the current challenges, due to their stringent survival conditions. In this review, we will cover current perspectives on the development and assessment of next generation probiotics and the approaches that industry and stakeholders must consider for a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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479
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Scriba TJ, Carpenter C, Pro SC, Sidney J, Musvosvi M, Rozot V, Seumois G, Rosales SL, Vijayanand P, Goletti D, Makgotlho E, Hanekom W, Hatherill M, Peters B, Sette A, Arlehamn CSL. Differential Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Epitopes as a Function of Tuberculosis Disease History. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:772-781. [PMID: 28759253 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201706-1208oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Individuals with a history of tuberculosis (TB) disease are at elevated risk of disease recurrence. The underlying cause is not known, but one explanation is that previous disease results in less-effective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that the repertoire of Mtb-derived epitopes recognized by T cells from individuals with latent Mtb infection differs as a function of previous diagnosis of active TB disease. METHODS T-cell responses to peptide pools in samples collected from an adult screening and an adolescent validation cohort were measured by IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay or intracellular cytokine staining. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified a set of "type 2" T-cell epitopes that were recognized at 10-fold-lower levels in Mtb-infected individuals with a history of TB disease less than 6 years ago than in those without previous TB. By contrast, "type 1" epitopes were recognized equally well in individuals with or without previous TB. The differential epitope recognition was not due to differences in HLA class II binding, memory phenotypes, or gene expression in the responding T cells. Instead, "TB disease history-sensitive" type 2 epitopes were significantly (P < 0.0001) more homologous to sequences from bacteria found in the human microbiome than type 1 epitopes. CONCLUSIONS Preferential loss of T-cell reactivity to Mtb epitopes that are homologous to bacteria in the microbiome in persons with previous TB disease may reflect long-term effects of antibiotic TB treatment on the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Scriba
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chelsea Carpenter
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Sebastian Carrasco Pro
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - John Sidney
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Munyaradzi Musvosvi
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Virginie Rozot
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Grégory Seumois
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Sandy L Rosales
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Delia Goletti
- 3 Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Edward Makgotlho
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willem Hanekom
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bjoern Peters
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Alessandro Sette
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
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480
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Prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection and colonization in a tertiary hospital and elderly community of North-Eastern Peninsular Malaysia. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3012-3019. [PMID: 28891459 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in Asia. The aims of our study were to explore (i) the prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology of CDI and colonization in a tertiary academic hospital in North-Eastern Peninsular Malaysia; (ii) the rate of carriage of C. difficile among the elderly in the region; (iii) the awareness level of this infection among the hospital staffs and students. For stool samples collected from hospital inpatients with diarrhea (n = 76) and healthy community members (n = 138), C. difficile antigen and toxins were tested by enzyme immunoassay. Stool samples were subsequently analyzed by culture and molecular detection of toxin genes, and PCR ribotyping of isolates. To examine awareness among hospital staff and students, participants were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. For the hospital and community studies, the prevalence of non-toxigenic C. difficile colonization was 16% and 2%, respectively. The prevalence of CDI among hospital inpatients with diarrhea was 13%. Out of 22 C. difficile strains from hospital inpatients, the toxigenic ribotypes 043 and 017 were most common (both 14%). In univariate analysis, C. difficile colonization in hospital inpatients was significantly associated with greater duration of hospitalization and use of penicillin (both P < 0·05). Absence of these factors was a possible reason for low colonization in the community. Only 3% of 154 respondents answered all questions correctly in the awareness survey. C. difficile colonization is prevalent in a Malaysian hospital setting but not in the elderly community with little or no contact with hospitals. Awareness of CDI is alarmingly poor.
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481
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Guidry CA, Sawyer RG. Prevalence of Recent Antimicrobial Exposure among Elective Surgical Patients. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2017; 18:799-802. [PMID: 28880724 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The annual prevalence of antimicrobial exposure is high in the outpatient setting and should be a common exposure for surgical patients. Antimicrobials have negative side effects and may be associated with poor outcomes. Logically, one would expect surgical patients to be particularly susceptible to any negative effects of recent antimicrobial exposure. Despite these observations, however, the prevalence of recent antimicrobial exposure among surgical patients remains undefined. The purpose of this study is to define the prevalence of antimicrobial exposure in patients undergoing elective surgical procedures. METHODS Patients presenting for elective operations between August 4, 2015 and August 3, 2016 at our institution were asked prospectively about any antimicrobial exposure in the previous three months. Answers were recorded as either Yes, No, or Unsure. Patients were grouped according to age, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, primary operative service, and post-operative destination. Descriptive statistics were employed using simple percentages and chi-square analysis when appropriate. Cochrane-Armitage test was used to evaluate temporal trends. RESULTS There were 21,473 elective surgical procedures performed during the study period across 13 operative services. Answers were recorded for 91.2% cases. The overall prevalence of exposure during this period was 28.6%. Exposure varied with age, ASA score, and surgical specialty. Vascular and transplant operations had the highest prevalence of exposure while ophthalmology and pediatric orthopedic procedures had the lowest. Patients with recent antimicrobial exposure were less likely to be discharged home on the same day and more likely to be admitted to an intensive care or intermediate care unit than those who denied recent exposure. CONCLUSION In this descriptive analysis, the prevalence of recent antimicrobial exposure is overall approximately 28.6% and is higher than anticipated. Further work is needed to determine to what extent, if any, recent antimicrobial exposure impacts post-operative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Guidry
- 1 Department of Surgery, The University of Virginia Health System , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Robert G Sawyer
- 1 Department of Surgery, The University of Virginia Health System , Charlottesville, Virginia.,2 Division of Acute Care and Trauma Surgery, The University of Virginia Health System , Charlottesville, Virginia
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482
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Minter MR, Hinterleitner R, Meisel M, Zhang C, Leone V, Zhang X, Oyler-Castrillo P, Zhang X, Musch MW, Shen X, Jabri B, Chang EB, Tanzi RE, Sisodia SS. Antibiotic-induced perturbations in microbial diversity during post-natal development alters amyloid pathology in an aged APP SWE/PS1 ΔE9 murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10411. [PMID: 28874832 PMCID: PMC5585265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests the commensal microbiome regulates host immunity and influences brain function; findings that have ramifications for neurodegenerative diseases. In the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we previously reported that perturbations in microbial diversity induced by life-long combinatorial antibiotic (ABX) selection pressure in the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of amyloidosis is commensurate with reductions in amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque pathology and plaque-localised gliosis. Considering microbiota-host interactions, specifically during early post-natal development, are critical for immune- and neuro-development we now examine the impact of microbial community perturbations induced by acute ABX exposure exclusively during this period in APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. We show that early post-natal (P) ABX treatment (P14-P21) results in long-term alterations of gut microbial genera (predominantly Lachnospiraceae and S24-7) and reduction in brain Aβ deposition in aged APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. These mice exhibit elevated levels of blood- and brain-resident Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells and display an alteration in the inflammatory milieu of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we confirm that plaque-localised microglia and astrocytes are reduced in ABX-exposed mice. These findings suggest that ABX-induced microbial diversity perturbations during post-natal stages of development coincide with altered host immunity mechanisms and amyloidosis in a murine model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Xulun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mark W Musch
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xunuo Shen
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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483
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Topical Antimicrobial Treatments Can Elicit Shifts to Resident Skin Bacterial Communities and Reduce Colonization by Staphylococcus aureus Competitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017. [PMID: 28630195 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00774-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin microbiome is a complex ecosystem with important implications for cutaneous health and disease. Topical antibiotics and antiseptics are often employed to preserve the balance of this population and inhibit colonization by more pathogenic bacteria. However, despite their widespread use, the impact of these interventions on broader microbial communities remains poorly understood. Here, we report the longitudinal effects of topical antibiotics and antiseptics on skin bacterial communities and their role in Staphylococcus aureus colonization resistance. In response to antibiotics, cutaneous populations exhibited an immediate shift in bacterial residents, an effect that persisted for multiple days posttreatment. By contrast, antiseptics elicited only minor changes to skin bacterial populations, with few changes to the underlying microbiota. While variable in scope, both antibiotics and antiseptics were found to decrease colonization by commensal Staphylococcus spp. by sequencing- and culture-based methods, an effect which was highly dependent on baseline levels of Staphylococcus Because Staphylococcus residents have been shown to compete with the skin pathogen S. aureus, we also tested whether treatment could influence S. aureus levels at the skin surface. We found that treated mice were more susceptible to exogenous association with S. aureus and that precolonization with the same Staphylococcus residents that were previously disrupted by treatment reduced S. aureus levels by over 100-fold. In all, the results of this study indicate that antimicrobial drugs can alter skin bacterial residents and that these alterations can have critical implications for cutaneous host defense.
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484
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Initial Gut Microbial Composition as a Key Factor Driving Host Response to Antibiotic Treatment, as Exemplified by the Presence or Absence of Commensal Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01107-17. [PMID: 28667114 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01107-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are important for treating bacterial infection; however, efficacies and side effects of antibiotics vary in medicine and experimental models. A few studies have correlated microbiota composition variations with health outcomes in response to antibiotics; however, no study has demonstrated causality. We had noted variation in colonic expression of C-type lectins, regenerating islet-derived protein 3β (Reg3β) and Reg3γ, after metronidazole treatment in a mouse model. To investigate the effects of specific variations in the preexisting microbiome on host response to antibiotics, mice harboring a normal microbiota were allocated to 4 treatments in a 2-by-2 factorial arrangement with or without commensal Escherichia coli and with or without metronidazole in drinking water. E. coli colonized readily without causing a notable shift in the microbiota or host response. Metronidazole administration reduced microbiota biodiversity, indicated by decreased Chao1 and Shannon index values, and altered microbiota composition. However, the presence of E. coli strongly affected metronidazole-induced microbiota shifts. Remarkably, this single commensal bacterium in the context of a complex population led to variations in host responses to metronidazole treatment, including increased expression of antimicrobial peptides Reg3β and Reg3γ and intestinal inflammation indicated by tumor necrosis factor alpha levels. Similar results were obtained from 2-week antibiotic exposure and with additional E. coli isolates. The results of this proof-of-concept study indicate that even minor variations in initial commensal microbiota can drive shifts in microbial composition and host response after antibiotic administration. As well as providing an explanation for variability in animal models using antibiotics, the findings encourage the development of personalized medication in antibiotic therapies.IMPORTANCE This work provides an understanding of variability in studies where antibiotics are used to alter the gut microbiota to generate a host response. Furthermore, although providing evidence only for the one antibiotic, the study demonstrated that initial gut microbial composition is a key factor driving host response to antibiotic administration, creating a compelling argument for considering personalized medication based on individual variations in gut microbiota.
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485
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Schaenzer AJ, Wlodarchak N, Drewry DH, Zuercher WJ, Rose WE, Striker R, Sauer JD. A screen for kinase inhibitors identifies antimicrobial imidazopyridine aminofurazans as specific inhibitors of the Listeria monocytogenes PASTA kinase PrkA. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17037-17045. [PMID: 28821610 PMCID: PMC5641865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial signaling systems such as protein kinases and quorum sensing have become increasingly attractive targets for the development of novel antimicrobial agents in a time of rising antibiotic resistance. The family of bacterial Penicillin-binding-protein And Serine/Threonine kinase-Associated (PASTA) kinases is of particular interest due to the role of these kinases in regulating resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. As such, small-molecule kinase inhibitors that target PASTA kinases may prove beneficial as treatments adjunctive to β-lactam therapy. Despite this interest, only limited progress has been made in identifying functional inhibitors of the PASTA kinases that have both activity against the intact microbe and high kinase specificity. Here, we report the results of a small-molecule screen that identified GSK690693, an imidazopyridine aminofurazan-type kinase inhibitor that increases the sensitivity of the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to various β-lactams by inhibiting the PASTA kinase PrkA. GSK690693 potently inhibited PrkA kinase activity biochemically and exhibited significant selectivity for PrkA relative to the Staphylococcus aureus PASTA kinase Stk1. Furthermore, other imidazopyridine aminofurazans could effectively inhibit PrkA and potentiate β-lactam antibiotic activity to varying degrees. The presence of the 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (alkynol) moiety was important for both biochemical and antimicrobial activity. Finally, mutagenesis studies demonstrated residues in the back pocket of the active site are important for GSK690693 selectivity. These data suggest that targeted screens can successfully identify PASTA kinase inhibitors with both biochemical and antimicrobial specificity. Moreover, the imidazopyridine aminofurazans represent a family of PASTA kinase inhibitors that have the potential to be optimized for selective PASTA kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Schaenzer
- From the Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and.,Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Nathan Wlodarchak
- From the Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and.,Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - David H Drewry
- the Structural Genomics Consortium-University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (SGC-UNC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - William J Zuercher
- the Structural Genomics Consortium-University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (SGC-UNC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Warren E Rose
- Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.,the School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and
| | - Rob Striker
- From the Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and.,Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.,the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, W. S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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486
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Tamburini S, Shen N, Wu HC, Clemente JC. The microbiome in early life: implications for health outcomes. Nat Med 2017; 22:713-22. [PMID: 27387886 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have characterized how host genetics, prenatal environment and delivery mode can shape the newborn microbiome at birth. Following this, postnatal factors, such as antibiotic treatment, diet or environmental exposure, further modulate the development of the infant's microbiome and immune system, and exposure to a variety of microbial organisms during early life has long been hypothesized to exert a protective effect in the newborn. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have shown that factors that alter bacterial communities in infants during childhood increase the risk for several diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding early-life microbiome composition. In this review, we describe how prenatal and postnatal factors shape the development of both the microbiome and the immune system. We also discuss the prospects of microbiome-mediated therapeutics and the need for more effective approaches that can reconfigure bacterial communities from pathogenic to homeostatic configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tamburini
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nan Shen
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Han Chih Wu
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jose C Clemente
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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487
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Cekici H, Sanlier N. Current nutritional approaches in managing autism spectrum disorder: A review. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:145-155. [PMID: 28762296 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1358481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The link between nutrition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is a complex developmental disorder manifesting itself in significant delays or deviation in interaction and communication, has provided a fresh point of view and signals that nutrition may have a role in the aetiology of ASD, as well as play an active role in treatment by alleviating symptoms. OBJECTIVE In this review study aimed at evaluating, with scientific and concrete proof, the current medical nutrition implementations on ASD, existing medical nutrition therapies have been addressed and their effects on ASD symptoms have been discussed in light of current research. METHODS We reviewed articles regarding the medical nutritional therapy of autism on current nutritional approaches selected from PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCO, and databases about autism and nutrition. RESULTS The research put forward that in individuals with ASD, while gluten-free/casein-free and ketogenic diets, camel milk, curcumin, probiotics, and fermentable foods can play a role in alleviating ASD symptoms, consumption of sugar, additives, pesticides, genetically modified organisms, inorganic processed foods, and hard-to-digest starches may aggravate symptoms. DISCUSSION Further prospective controlled trials with large sample sizes are needed before recommendations can be made regarding the ideal ASD diet. This review emphasizes the value of identifying current nutritional approaches specific to individuals with ASD and integrating their effects on symptoms to the conversation and presents suggestions for future research designed to identify medical nutrition therapies targeting this population to better understand the link between ASD and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Cekici
- a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , College of Health, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University , Merkez , Rize , Turkey
| | - Nevin Sanlier
- b Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Biruni University , Zeytinburnu , İstanbul , Turkey
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488
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Signal Biosynthesis Inhibition with Ambuic Acid as a Strategy To Target Antibiotic-Resistant Infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00263-17. [PMID: 28607020 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00263-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been major interest by the scientific community in antivirulence approaches against bacterial infections. However, partly due to a lack of viable lead compounds, antivirulence therapeutics have yet to reach the clinic. Here we investigate the development of an antivirulence lead targeting quorum sensing signal biosynthesis, a process that is conserved in Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Some preliminary studies suggest that the small molecule ambuic acid is a signal biosynthesis inhibitor. To confirm this, we constructed a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain that decouples autoinducing peptide (AIP) production from regulation and demonstrate that AIP production is inhibited in this mutant. Quantitative mass spectrometric measurements show that ambuic acid inhibits signal biosynthesis (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] of 2.5 ± 0.1 μM) against a clinically relevant USA300 MRSA strain. Quantitative real-time PCR confirms that this compound selectively targets the quorum sensing regulon. We show that a 5-μg dose of ambuic acid reduces MRSA-induced abscess formation in a mouse model and verify its quorum sensing inhibitory activity in vivo Finally, we employed mass spectrometry to identify or confirm the structure of quorum sensing signaling peptides in three strains each of S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and single strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Staphylococcus lugdunensis By measuring AIP production by these strains, we show that ambuic acid possesses broad-spectrum efficacy against multiple Gram-positive bacterial pathogens but does not inhibit quorum sensing in some commensal bacteria. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the promise of ambuic acid as a lead for the development of antivirulence therapeutics.
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489
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Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of the human body are typically colonized by polymicrobial communities seeded in infancy and are continuously shaped by environmental exposures. These communities interact with the mucosal immune system to maintain homeostasis in health, but perturbations in their composition and function are associated with lower airway diseases, including asthma, a developmental and heterogeneous chronic disease with various degrees and types of airway inflammation. This review will summarize recent studies examining airway microbiota dysbioses associated with asthma and their relationship with the pathophysiology of this disease.
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490
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Namasivayam S, Maiga M, Yuan W, Thovarai V, Costa DL, Mittereder LR, Wipperman MF, Glickman MS, Dzutsev A, Trinchieri G, Sher A. Longitudinal profiling reveals a persistent intestinal dysbiosis triggered by conventional anti-tuberculosis therapy. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:71. [PMID: 28683818 PMCID: PMC5501520 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires at least 6 months of daily therapy with multiple orally administered antibiotics. Although this drug regimen is administered annually to millions worldwide, the impact of such intensive antimicrobial treatment on the host microbiome has never been formally investigated. Here, we characterized the longitudinal outcome of conventional isoniazid-rifampin-pyrazinamide (HRZ) TB drug administration on the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota in Mtb-infected mice by means of 16S rRNA sequencing. We also investigated the effects of each of the individual antibiotics alone and in different combinations. RESULTS While inducing only a transient decrease in microbial diversity, HRZ treatment triggered a marked, immediate and reproducible alteration in community structure that persisted for the entire course of therapy and for at least 3 months following its cessation. Members of order Clostridiales were among the taxa that decreased in relative frequencies during treatment and family Porphyromonadaceae significantly increased post treatment. Experiments comparing monotherapy and different combination therapies identified rifampin as the major driver of the observed alterations induced by the HRZ cocktail but also revealed unexpected effects of isoniazid and pyrazinamide in certain drug pairings. CONCLUSIONS This report provides the first detailed analysis of the longitudinal changes in the intestinal microbiota due to anti-tuberculosis therapy. Importantly, many of the affected taxa have been previously shown in other systems to be associated with modifications in immunologic function. Together, our findings reveal that the antibiotics used in conventional TB treatment induce a distinct and long lasting dysbiosis. In addition, they establish a murine model for studying the potential impact of this dysbiosis on host resistance and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaranjani Namasivayam
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 33, Room 1W10A, 33 North Drive, MSC 3202, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3202, USA
| | - Mamoudou Maiga
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 33, Room 1W10A, 33 North Drive, MSC 3202, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3202, USA
- Present Address: Center for Innovation in Global Health Technologies, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Wuxing Yuan
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vishal Thovarai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Diego L Costa
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 33, Room 1W10A, 33 North Drive, MSC 3202, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3202, USA
| | - Lara R Mittereder
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 33, Room 1W10A, 33 North Drive, MSC 3202, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3202, USA
| | - Matthew F Wipperman
- Immunology Program, New York, NY, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael S Glickman
- Immunology Program, New York, NY, USA
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 33, Room 1W10A, 33 North Drive, MSC 3202, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3202, USA.
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491
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Shankar J. Insights into study design and statistical analyses in translational microbiome studies. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:249. [PMID: 28706917 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.01.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research questions in translational microbiome studies are substantially more complex than their counterparts in basic science. Robust study designs with appropriate statistical analysis frameworks are pivotal to the success of these translational studies. This review considers how study designs can account for heterogeneous phenotypes by adopting representative sampling schemes for recruiting the study population and making careful choices about the control population. Advantages and limitations of 16S profiling and whole-genome sequencing, the two primary techniques for measuring the microbiome, are discussed followed by an overview of bioinformatic processing of high-throughput sequencing data from these measurements. Practical insights into the downstream statistical analyses including data processing and integration, variable transformations, and data exploration are provided. The merits of regularization and ensemble modeling for analyzing microbiome data are discussed along with a recommendation for selecting modeling approaches based on data-driven simulations and objective evaluation. The review builds on several recent discussions of study design issues in microbiome research but with a stronger emphasis on the downstream and often-ignored aspects of statistical analyses that are crucial for bridging the gap between basic science and translation.
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492
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Raymond SL, Rincon JC, Wynn JL, Moldawer LL, Larson SD. Impact of Early-Life Exposures to Infections, Antibiotics, and Vaccines on Perinatal and Long-term Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:729. [PMID: 28690615 PMCID: PMC5481313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Essentially, all neonates are exposed to infections, antibiotics, or vaccines early in their lives. This is especially true for those neonates born underweight or premature. In contrast to septic adults and children who are at an increased risk for subsequent infections, exposure to infection during the neonatal period is not associated with an increased risk of subsequent infection and may be paradoxically associated with reductions in late-onset sepsis (LOS) in the most premature infants. Perinatal inflammation is also associated with a decreased incidence of asthma and atopy later in life. Conversely, septic neonates are at increased risk of impaired long-term neurodevelopment. While the positive effects of antibiotics in the setting of infection are irrefutable, prolonged administration of broad-spectrum, empiric antibiotics in neonates without documented infection is associated with increased risk of LOS, necrotizing enterocolitis, or death. Vaccines provide a unique opportunity to prevent infection-associated disease; unfortunately, vaccinations have been largely unsuccessful when administered in the first month of life with the exception of vaccines against hepatitis B and tuberculosis. Future vaccines will require the use of novel adjuvants to overcome this challenge. This review describes the influence of infections, antibiotics, and vaccines during the first days of life, as well as the influence on future health and disease. We will also discuss potential immunomodulating therapies, which may serve to train the preterm immune system and reduce subsequent infectious burden without subjecting neonates to the risks accompanied by virulent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Raymond
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jaimar C Rincon
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - James L Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shawn D Larson
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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493
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Vornhagen J, Adams Waldorf KM, Rajagopal L. Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Infections: Virulence Factors, Immunity, and Prevention Strategies. Trends Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28633864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae is a β-hemolytic, Gram-positive bacterium that is a leading cause of neonatal infections. GBS commonly colonizes the lower gastrointestinal and genital tracts and, during pregnancy, neonates are at risk of infection. Although intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis during labor and delivery has decreased the incidence of early-onset neonatal infection, these measures do not prevent ascending infection that can occur earlier in pregnancy leading to preterm births, stillbirths, or late-onset neonatal infections. Prevention of GBS infection in pregnancy is complex and is likely influenced by multiple factors, including pathogenicity, host factors, vaginal microbiome, false-negative screening, and/or changes in antibiotic resistance. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of GBS infections during pregnancy will facilitate the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. Here, we summarize and discuss important advancements in our understanding of GBS vaginal colonization, ascending infection, and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Vornhagen
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristina M Adams Waldorf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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494
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Ferrer M, Méndez-García C, Rojo D, Barbas C, Moya A. Antibiotic use and microbiome function. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 134:114-126. [PMID: 27641814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our microbiome should be understood as one of the most complex components of the human body. The use of β-lactam antibiotics is one of the microbiome covariates that influence its composition. The extent to which our microbiota changes after an antibiotic intervention depends not only on the chemical nature of the antibiotic or cocktail of antibiotics used to treat specific infections, but also on the type of administration, duration and dose, as well as the level of resistance that each microbiota develops. We have begun to appreciate that not all bacteria within our microbiota are vulnerable or reactive to different antibiotic interventions, and that their influence on both microbial composition and metabolism may differ. Antibiotics are being used worldwide on a huge scale and the prescription of antibiotics is continuing to rise; however, their effects on our microbiota have been reported for only a limited number of them. This article presents a critical review of the antibiotics or antibiotic cocktails whose use in humans has been linked to changes in the composition of our microbial communities, with a particular focus on the gut, oral, respiratory, skin and vaginal microbiota, and on their molecular agents (genes, proteins and metabolites). We review the state of the art as of June 2016, and cover a total of circa 68 different antibiotics. The data herein are the first to compile information about the bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses most influenced by the main antibiotic treatments prescribed nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ferrer
- Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - David Rojo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community Public Health (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; Network Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universidad de Valencia), Valencia, Spain.
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495
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Yang SC, Lin CH, Aljuffali IA, Fang JY. Current pathogenic Escherichia coli foodborne outbreak cases and therapy development. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:811-825. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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496
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Pelzer E, Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, Nitert MD. Review: Maternal health and the placental microbiome. Placenta 2017; 54:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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497
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Autophagy Genes of Host Responds to Disruption of Gut Microbial Community by Antibiotics. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1486-1497. [PMID: 28466260 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defective autophagic machinery, such as that in Crohn's disease patients homozygous for ATG16L1 risk allele, is associated with alteration of resident gut bacterial communities. However, whether or not host autophagy responds to changes in the resident gut microbial community is not known. Here, we investigated the effect of antibiotic-induced disruption of the gut microbiome (dysbiosis) on autophagy gene expression and the expression of antimicrobial peptides/protein (AMP) over time. AIM To test the hypothesis that antibiotic treatment may cause time-dependent changes in gut bacterial density, autophagy genes, and antimicrobial protein/peptide gene expression. METHODS Mice (n = 8 per group) were treated with antibiotic cocktail and sacrificed at different intervals of recovery (days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42) post-antibiotics. DNA and RNA were extracted from small intestinal tissues. Bacterial density, expression of host autophagy genes, and AMP genes were analyzed by relative quantitative PCR. Fold change difference in comparison with untreated control group was calculated using 2-ΔΔCt method. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS Gut bacterial density changed in a time-dependent fashion in response to antibiotic treatment. These changes were concurrent with upregulation of autophagy genes and antimicrobial peptide/protein gene expression. We further showed that an oral gavage of a resident microbe Desulfovibrio, which bloomed in antibiotic-treated animals, induced Atg5 and lysozyme (Lyz) gene expression. CONCLUSION Autophagy genes respond to dysbiosis induced by antibiotics. This response may be a host mechanism to detect and possibly correct dysbiosis by activating antimicrobial peptides/proteins that control the microbial load in the gut.
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498
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A call to action for outpatient antibiotic stewardship. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2017; 57:457-463. [PMID: 28499717 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To address the public health threat of antibiotic resistance, there has been an enhanced call for antibiotic stewardship programs throughout the health care continuum. SUMMARY While antibiotic stewardship programs have been well described in the inpatient setting, data on effectiveness and guidance on implementing outpatient programs is scarce. Establishing stewardship practices in the outpatient setting is necessary because more than 60% of human antibiotic use occurs in this setting. CONCLUSION In this article, we highlight the importance and need for stewardship in the outpatient setting, discuss strategies for the development of stewardship teams, and discuss potential metrics that can be used to assess effectiveness of antibiotic stewardship interventions.
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499
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Haque SZ, Haque M. The ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic gastrointestinal microorganisms - an appraisal. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2017; 10:91-103. [PMID: 28503071 PMCID: PMC5426469 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s126243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by a vast population of bacteria, numbering ~100 trillion. These microorganisms have been shown to play a significant role in digestion, metabolism, and the immune system. The aim of this study was to review and discuss how the human body interacts with its gut microbiome and in turn the effects that the microorganisms have on its host, overall resulting in a true mutualistic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraj Zohurul Haque
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defense Health, National Defense University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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500
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Burgner DP, Doherty D, Humphreys J, Currie A, Simmer K, Charles A, Strunk T. Maternal Chorioamnionitis and Postneonatal Respiratory Tract Infection in Ex-Preterm Infants. J Pediatr 2017; 184:62-67.e2. [PMID: 28233549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether exposure to histologically confirmed chorioamnionitis (ie, histologic chorioamnionitis [HCA]) is associated with altered risk of infection-related hospitalization (IRH) during the first 24 months of life in very preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN This single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed data on 1218 infants born at <30 weeks gestational age (GA). Semiquantitative placental histology, obstetric, and neonatal data were extracted from hospital databases and linked with discharge diagnoses on rehospitalization until age 24 months from statewide statutory data. The associations between HCA and overall and clinical categories of IRH were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression with left-truncated failure times. RESULTS Mean GA was 27 weeks, and HCA was present in 577 placentas (47.4%). Among the 1088 infants surviving until the birth-related discharge, 684 (62.9%) of had at least 1 IRH by age 24 months, of whom 287 included a diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI). Following adjustment for sex, birth weight z-score, GA, early-onset sepsis, late-onset sepsis, previous antibiotic use, age at birth-related discharge, and chronic lung disease, HCA was associated with a 32% increased risk of hospitalization with ALRTI (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.02-1.70; P = .033). There was no association with infection overall or with other infection categories. CONCLUSIONS HCA is associated with a significantly increased risk of hospitalization with ALRTI that is independent of known risk factors, including chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Burgner
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Australia; Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Dorota Doherty
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Australia; Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Currie
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Australia; Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - Karen Simmer
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Australia; Neonatal Clinical Care Unit, King Edward Memorial and Princess Margaret Hospitals, Subiaco, WA
| | - Adrian Charles
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tobias Strunk
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Australia; Neonatal Clinical Care Unit, King Edward Memorial and Princess Margaret Hospitals, Subiaco, WA
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