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Walters RG, Jacquemont S, Valsesia A, de Smith AJ, Martinet D, Andersson J, Falchi M, Chen F, Andrieux J, Lobbens S, Delobel B, Stutzmann F, Moustafa JSES, Chèvre JC, Lecoeur C, Vatin V, Bouquillon S, Buxton JL, Boute O, Holder-Espinasse M, Cuisset JM, Lemaitre MP, Ambresin AE, Brioshi A, Gaillard M, Giusti V, Fellmann F, Ferrarini A, Hadjikhani N, Campion D, Guilmatre A, Goldenberg A, Calmels N, Mandel JL, Le Caignec C, David A, Isidor B, Cordier MP, Dupuis-Girod S, Labalme A, Sanlaville D, Béri-Deixheimer M, Jonveaux P, Leheup B, Õunap K, Bochukova EG, Henning E, Keogh J, Ellis RJ, MacDermot KD, Vincent-Delorme C, Plessis G, Touraine R, Philippe A, Malan V, Mathieu-Dramard M, Chiesa J, Blaumeiser B, Kooy RF, Caiazzo R, Pigeyre M, Balkau B, Sladek R, Bergmann S, Mooser V, Waterworth D, Reymond A, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Kurg A, Palta P, Esko T, Metspalu A, Nelis M, Elliott P, Hartikainen AL, McCarthy MI, Peltonen L, Carlsson L, Jacobson P, Sjöström L, Huang N, Hurles ME, O’Rahilly S, Farooqi IS, Männik K, Jarvelin MR, Pattou F, Meyre D, Walley AJ, Coin LJM, Blakemore AIF, Froguel P, Beckmann JS. A new highly penetrant form of obesity due to deletions on chromosome 16p11.2. Nature 2010; 463:671-5. [PMID: 20130649 PMCID: PMC2880448 DOI: 10.1038/nature08727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major worldwide challenge to public health, owing to an interaction between the Western 'obesogenic' environment and a strong genetic contribution. Recent extensive genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with obesity, but these loci together account for only a small fraction of the known heritable component. Thus, the 'common disease, common variant' hypothesis is increasingly coming under challenge. Here we report a highly penetrant form of obesity, initially observed in 31 subjects who were heterozygous for deletions of at least 593 kilobases at 16p11.2 and whose ascertainment included cognitive deficits. Nineteen similar deletions were identified from GWAS data in 16,053 individuals from eight European cohorts. These deletions were absent from healthy non-obese controls and accounted for 0.7% of our morbid obesity cases (body mass index (BMI) >or= 40 kg m(-2) or BMI standard deviation score >or= 4; P = 6.4 x 10(-8), odds ratio 43.0), demonstrating the potential importance in common disease of rare variants with strong effects. This highlights a promising strategy for identifying missing heritability in obesity and other complex traits: cohorts with extreme phenotypes are likely to be enriched for rare variants, thereby improving power for their discovery. Subsequent analysis of the loci so identified may well reveal additional rare variants that further contribute to the missing heritability, as recently reported for SIM1 (ref. 3). The most productive approach may therefore be to combine the 'power of the extreme' in small, well-phenotyped cohorts, with targeted follow-up in case-control and population cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. G. Walters
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S. Jacquemont
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. Valsesia
- Departement de Génétique Médicale, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. J. de Smith
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D. Martinet
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J. Andersson
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M. Falchi
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - F. Chen
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J. Andrieux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - S. Lobbens
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - B. Delobel
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, GHICL, Lille, France
| | - F. Stutzmann
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | | | - J.-C. Chèvre
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - C. Lecoeur
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - V. Vatin
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - S. Bouquillon
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - J. L. Buxton
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - O. Boute
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - M. Holder-Espinasse
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - J.-M. Cuisset
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - M.-P. Lemaitre
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - A.-E. Ambresin
- Unité Multidisciplinaire de Santé des Adolescents, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. Brioshi
- Service de Neuropsychologie et de Neuroréhabilitation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. Gaillard
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V. Giusti
- Service d’Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Fellmann
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. Ferrarini
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N. Hadjikhani
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA, USA
| | - D. Campion
- INSERM, U614, Faculté de Médecine, Rouen, France
| | - A. Guilmatre
- INSERM, U614, Faculté de Médecine, Rouen, France
| | - A. Goldenberg
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - N. Calmels
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Nouvel hôpital civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - J.-L. Mandel
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Nouvel hôpital civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - C. Le Caignec
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
- INSERM, UMR915, L’Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - A. David
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - B. Isidor
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - M.-P. Cordier
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de l’Hotel Dieu, Lyon, France
| | - S. Dupuis-Girod
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de l’Hotel Dieu, Lyon, France
| | - A. Labalme
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de l’Hotel Dieu, Lyon, France
| | - D. Sanlaville
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de l’Hotel Dieu, Lyon, France
- EA 4171, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - M. Béri-Deixheimer
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nancy University, Nancy, France
| | - P. Jonveaux
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nancy University, Nancy, France
| | - B. Leheup
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nancy University, Nancy, France
- EA4368 Medical School Nancy, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy, France
| | - K. Õunap
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories,Tartu University Children’s Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E. G. Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - E. Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - J. Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - R. J. Ellis
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park & St Marks Hospital, Harrow, UK
| | - K. D. MacDermot
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park & St Marks Hospital, Harrow, UK
| | | | - G. Plessis
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Clemenceau, Caen, France
| | - R. Touraine
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire–Hôpital Nord, Service de Génétique, Saint Etienne, France
| | - A. Philippe
- Département de Génétique et INSERM U781, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - V. Malan
- Département de Génétique et INSERM U781, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - M. Mathieu-Dramard
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
| | - J. Chiesa
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caremeau, Nîmes, France
| | - B. Blaumeiser
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital & University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R. F. Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital & University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R. Caiazzo
- INSERM U859, Biotherapies for Diabetes, Lille, France
- University Lille Nord de France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, France
| | - M. Pigeyre
- University Lille Nord de France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, France
| | - B. Balkau
- INSERM U780-IFR69, Villejuif, France
| | - R. Sladek
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - S. Bergmann
- Departement de Génétique Médicale, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V. Mooser
- Division of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - D. Waterworth
- Division of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - A. Reymond
- The Center for Integrated Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P. Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G. Waeber
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. Kurg
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P. Palta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - T. Esko
- Estonian Genome Project, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A. Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Project, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M. Nelis
- Estonian Genome Project, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P. Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A.-L. Hartikainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M. I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L. Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Broad Institute, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - L. Carlsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - P. Jacobson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - L. Sjöström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - N. Huang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - M. E. Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - S. O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - I. S. Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - K. Männik
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M.-R. Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu Finland
| | - F. Pattou
- INSERM U859, Biotherapies for Diabetes, Lille, France
- University Lille Nord de France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, France
| | - D. Meyre
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - A. J. Walley
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L. J. M. Coin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - P. Froguel
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - J. S. Beckmann
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Departement de Génétique Médicale, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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