501
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Caspase-cleaved arrestin-2 and BID cooperatively facilitate cytochrome C release and cell death. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:172-84. [PMID: 24141717 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is programmed cell death triggered by activation of death receptors or cellular stress. Activation of caspases is the hallmark of apoptosis. Arrestins are best known for their role in homologous desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Arrestins quench G protein activation by binding to activated phosphorylated GPCRs. Recently, arrestins have been shown to regulate multiple signalling pathways in G protein-independent manner via scaffolding signalling proteins. Here we demonstrate that arrestin-2 isoform is cleaved by caspases during apoptosis induced via death receptor activation or by DNA damage at evolutionarily conserved sites in the C-terminus. Caspase-generated arrestin-2-(1-380) fragment translocates to mitochondria increasing cytochrome C release, which is the key checkpoint in cell death. Cells lacking arrestin-2 are significantly more resistant to apoptosis. The expression of wild-type arrestin-2 or its cleavage product arrestin-2-(1-380), but not of its caspase-resistant mutant, restores cell sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. Arrestin-2-(1-380) action depends on tBID: at physiological concentrations, arrestin-2-(1-380) directly binds tBID and doubles tBID-induced cytochrome C release from isolated mitochondria. Arrestin-2-(1-380) does not facilitate apoptosis in BID knockout cells, whereas its ability to increase caspase-3 activity and facilitate cytochrome C release is rescued when BID expression is restored. Thus, arrestin-2-(1-380) cooperates with another product of caspase activity, tBID, and their concerted action significantly contributes to cell death.
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502
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Abstract
Malignant cells exhibit metabolic changes, when compared to their normal counterparts, owing to both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Although such a metabolic rewiring has recently been indicated as yet another general hallmark of cancer, accumulating evidence suggests that the metabolic alterations of each neoplasm represent a molecular signature that intimately accompanies and allows for different facets of malignant transformation. During the past decade, targeting cancer metabolism has emerged as a promising strategy for the development of selective antineoplastic agents. Here, we discuss the intimate relationship between metabolism and malignancy, focusing on strategies through which this central aspect of tumour biology might be turned into cancer's Achilles heel.
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503
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Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Immunogenic cell death in radiation therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26536. [PMID: 24404424 PMCID: PMC3881599 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France
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504
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Jacobs JL, Coyne CB. Mechanisms of MAVS regulation at the mitochondrial membrane. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:5009-19. [PMID: 24120683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have emerged as critical platforms for antiviral innate immune signaling. This is due in large part to the mitochondrial localization of the innate immune signaling adaptor MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein), which coordinates signals received from two independent cytosolic pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) to induce antiviral genes. The existence of a shared adaptor for two central PRRs presents an ideal target by which the host cell can prevent cellular damage induced by uncontrolled inflammation through alteration of MAVS expression and/or signaling. In this review, we focus on the MAVS regulome and review the cellular factors that regulate MAVS by (1) protein-protein interactions, (2) alterations in mitochondrial dynamics, and/or (3) post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Jacobs
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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505
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Vacchelli E, Vitale I, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Fučíková J, Cremer I, Galon J, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Dendritic cell-based interventions for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25771. [PMID: 24286020 PMCID: PMC3841205 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) occupy a privileged position at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, orchestrating a large panel of responses to both physiological and pathological cues. In particular, whereas the presentation of antigens by immature DCs generally results in the development of immunological tolerance, mature DCs are capable of priming robust, and hence therapeutically relevant, adaptive immune responses. In line with this notion, functional defects in the DC compartment have been shown to etiologically contribute to pathological conditions including (but perhaps not limited to) infectious diseases, allergic and autoimmune disorders, graft rejection and cancer. Thus, the possibility of harnessing the elevated immunological potential of DCs for anticancer therapy has attracted considerable interest from both researchers and clinicians over the last decade. Alongside, several methods have been developed not only to isolate DCs from cancer patients, expand them, load them with tumor-associated antigens and hence generate highly immunogenic clinical grade infusion products, but also to directly target DCs in vivo. This intense experimental effort has culminated in 2010 with the approval by the US FDA of a DC-based preparation (sipuleucel-T, Provenge®) for the treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer. As an update to the latest Trial Watch dealing with this exciting field of research (October 2012), here we summarize recent advances in DC-based anticancer regimens, covering both high-impact studies that have been published during the last 13 mo and clinical trials that have been launched in the same period to assess the antineoplastic potential of this variant of cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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506
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Vacchelli E, Vitale I, Tartour E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Anticancer radioimmunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25595. [PMID: 24319634 PMCID: PMC3850274 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has extensively been employed as a curative or palliative intervention against cancer throughout the last century, with a varying degree of success. For a long time, the antineoplastic activity of X- and γ-rays was entirely ascribed to their capacity of damaging macromolecules, in particular DNA, and hence triggering the (apoptotic) demise of malignant cells. However, accumulating evidence indicates that (at least part of) the clinical potential of radiotherapy stems from cancer cell-extrinsic mechanisms, including the normalization of tumor vasculature as well as short- and long-range bystander effects. Local bystander effects involve either the direct transmission of lethal signals between cells connected by gap junctions or the production of diffusible cytotoxic mediators, including reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and cytokines. Conversely, long-range bystander effects, also known as out-of-field or abscopal effects, presumably reflect the elicitation of tumor-specific adaptive immune responses. Ionizing rays have indeed been shown to promote the immunogenic demise of malignant cells, a process that relies on the spatiotemporally defined emanation of specific damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Thus, irradiation reportedly improves the clinical efficacy of other treatment modalities such as surgery (both in neo-adjuvant and adjuvant settings) or chemotherapy. Moreover, at least under some circumstances, radiotherapy may potentiate anticancer immune responses as elicited by various immunotherapeutic agents, including (but presumably not limited to) immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies, cancer-specific vaccines, dendritic cell-based interventions and Toll-like receptor agonists. Here, we review the rationale of using radiotherapy, alone or combined with immunomodulatory agents, as a means to elicit or boost anticancer immune responses, and present recent clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of this approach in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Health; Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM, U970; Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Galon
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Equipe 15, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM, U872; Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, U1015; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
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507
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Brenner C, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Decoding cell death signals in liver inflammation. J Hepatol 2013; 59:583-94. [PMID: 23567086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation can be either beneficial or detrimental to the liver, depending on multiple factors. Mild (i.e., limited in intensity and destined to resolve) inflammatory responses have indeed been shown to exert consistent hepatoprotective effects, contributing to tissue repair and promoting the re-establishment of homeostasis. Conversely, excessive (i.e., disproportionate in intensity and permanent) inflammation may induce a massive loss of hepatocytes and hence exacerbate the severity of various hepatic conditions, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, systemic metabolic alterations (e.g., obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disorders), alcoholic hepatitis, intoxication by xenobiotics and infection, de facto being associated with irreversible liver damage, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Both liver-resident cells (e.g., Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells) and cells that are recruited in response to injury (e.g., monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells) emit pro-inflammatory signals including - but not limited to - cytokines, chemokines, lipid messengers, and reactive oxygen species that contribute to the apoptotic or necrotic demise of hepatocytes. In turn, dying hepatocytes release damage-associated molecular patterns that-upon binding to evolutionary conserved pattern recognition receptors-activate cells of the innate immune system to further stimulate inflammatory responses, hence establishing a highly hepatotoxic feedforward cycle of inflammation and cell death. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms that account for the most deleterious effect of hepatic inflammation at the cellular level, that is, the initiation of a massive cell death response among hepatocytes.
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508
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Julian MW, Shao G, VanGundy ZC, Papenfuss TL, Crouser ED. Mitochondrial transcription factor A, an endogenous danger signal, promotes TNFα release via RAGE- and TLR9-responsive plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72354. [PMID: 23951313 PMCID: PMC3741150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is normally bound to and remains associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) when released from damaged cells. We hypothesized that TFAM, bound to mtDNA (or equivalent CpG-enriched DNA), amplifies TNFα release from TLR9-expressing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) by engaging RAGE. Materials and Methods Murine Flt3 ligand-expanded splenocytes obtained from C57BL/6 mice were treated with recombinant human TFAM, alone or in combination with CpG-enriched DNA with subsequent TNFα release measured by ELISA. The role of RAGE was determined by pre-treatment with soluble RAGE or heparin or by employing matching RAGE (-/-) splenocytes. TLR9 signaling was evaluated using a specific TLR9-blocking oligonucleotide and by inhibiting endosomal processing, PI3K and NF-κB. Additional studies examined whether heparin sulfate moieties or endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1)-dependent recycling of endosomal receptors were required for TFAM and CpG DNA recognition. Main Results TFAM augmented splenocyte TNFα release in response to CpGA DNA, which was strongly dependent upon pDCs and regulated by RAGE and TLR9 receptors. Putative TLR9 signaling pathways, including endosomal acidification and signaling through PI3K and NF-κB, were essential for splenocyte TNFα release in response to TFAM+CpGA DNA. Interestingly, TNFα release depended upon endothelin converting enzyme (ECE)-1, which cleaves and presumably activates TLR9 within endosomes. Recognition of the TFAM-CpGA DNA complex was dependent upon heparin sulfate moieties, and recombinant TFAM Box 1 and Box 2 proteins were equivalent in terms of augmenting TNFα release. Conclusions TFAM promoted TNFα release in a splenocyte culture model representing complex cell-cell interactions in vivo with pDCs playing a critical role. To our knowledge, this study is the first to incriminate ECE-1-dependent endosomal cleavage of TLR9 as a critical step in the signaling pathway leading to TNFα release. These findings, and others reported herein, significantly advance our understanding of sterile immune responses triggered by mitochondrial danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Julian
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Guohong Shao
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zachary C. VanGundy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tracey L. Papenfuss
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Elliott D. Crouser
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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509
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Avti PK, Maysinger D, Kakkar A. Alkyne-azide "click" chemistry in designing nanocarriers for applications in biology. Molecules 2013; 18:9531-49. [PMID: 23966076 PMCID: PMC6270461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkyne-azide cycloaddition, popularly known as the "click" reaction, has been extensively exploited in molecule/macromolecule build-up, and has offered tremendous potential in the design of nanomaterials for applications in a diverse range of disciplines, including biology. Some advantageous characteristics of this coupling include high efficiency, and adaptability to the environment in which the desired covalent linking of the alkyne and azide terminated moieties needs to be carried out. The efficient delivery of active pharmaceutical agents to specific organelles, employing nanocarriers developed through the use of "click" chemistry, constitutes a continuing topical area of research. In this review, we highlight important contributions click chemistry has made in the design of macromolecule-based nanomaterials for therapeutic intervention in mitochondria and lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K. Avti
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, 5000 Bélanger Est, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montréal, QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montréal, QC H3A 0B8 Canada
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510
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Optical microwell array for large scale studies of single mitochondria metabolic responses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:931-41. [PMID: 23892878 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microsystems based on microwell arrays have been widely used for studies on single living cells. In this work, we focused on the subcellular level in order to monitor biological responses directly on individual organelles. Consequently, we developed microwell arrays for the entrapment and fluorescence microscopy of single isolated organelles, mitochondria herein. Highly dense arrays of 3-μm mean diameter wells were obtained by wet chemical etching of optical fiber bundles. Favorable conditions for the stable entrapment of individual mitochondria within a majority of microwells were found. Owing to NADH auto-fluorescence, the metabolic status of each mitochondrion was analyzed at resting state (Stage 1), then following the addition of a respiratory substrate (Stage 2), ethanol herein, and of a respiratory inhibitor (Stage 3), antimycin A. Mean levels of mitochondrial NADH were increased by 29% and 35% under Stages 2 and 3, respectively. We showed that mitochondrial ability to generate higher levels of NADH (i.e., its metabolic performance) is not correlated either to the initial energetic state or to the respective size of each mitochondrion. This study demonstrates that microwell arrays allow metabolic studies on populations of isolated mitochondria with a single organelle resolution.
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511
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Senovilla L, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Immunosurveillance as a regulator of tissue homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:471-81. [PMID: 23891238 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is intimately involved in the pathophysiology of several human disorders. Thus, excessive or chronic inflammation initiated by numerous insults exacerbates tissue damage and - at least in some settings - promotes oncogenesis. Nevertheless, immunosurveillance, the process whereby the immune system eliminates damaged, senescent and (pre-)malignant cells, appears to exert major homeostatic functions. Accumulating evidence indicates that defects in the molecular and cellular circuitries that underpin immune responses accelerate the course of chronic diseases, including hepatic cirrhosis and cancer. Along similar lines, the re-establishment of tissue homeostasis upon acute pathological insults such as ischemia appears to be delayed when normal immunological functions are naturally or experimentally compromised. Here, we propose that immunosurveillance is a key regulator of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Senovilla
- INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, F-94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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512
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Molecular mechanisms of ATP secretion during immunogenic cell death. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:79-91. [PMID: 23852373 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenic demise of cancer cells can be induced by various chemotherapeutics, such as anthracyclines and oxaliplatin, and provokes an immune response against tumor-associated antigens. Thus, immunogenic cell death (ICD)-inducing antineoplastic agents stimulate a tumor-specific immune response that determines the long-term success of therapy. The release of ATP from dying cells constitutes one of the three major hallmarks of ICD and occurs independently of the two others, namely, the pre-apoptotic exposure of calreticulin on the cell surface and the postmortem release of high-mobility group box 1 (HMBG1) into the extracellular space. Pre-mortem autophagy is known to be required for the ICD-associated secretion of ATP, implying that autophagy-deficient cancer cells fail to elicit therapy-relevant immune responses in vivo. However, the precise molecular mechanisms whereby ATP is actively secreted in the course of ICD remain elusive. Using a combination of pharmacological screens, silencing experiments and techniques to monitor the subcellular localization of ATP, we show here that, in response to ICD inducers, ATP redistributes from lysosomes to autolysosomes and is secreted by a mechanism that requires the lysosomal protein LAMP1, which translocates to the plasma membrane in a strictly caspase-dependent manner. The secretion of ATP additionally involves the caspase-dependent activation of Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1)-mediated, myosin II-dependent cellular blebbing, as well as the opening of pannexin 1 (PANX1) channels, which is also triggered by caspases. Of note, although autophagy and LAMP1 fail to influence PANX1 channel opening, PANX1 is required for the ICD-associated translocation of LAMP1 to the plasma membrane. Altogether, these findings suggest that caspase- and PANX1-dependent lysosomal exocytosis has an essential role in ATP release as triggered by immunogenic chemotherapy.
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513
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Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Metabolic pathways in immune cell activation and quiescence. Immunity 2013; 38:633-43. [PMID: 23601682 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1122] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies of immune system metabolism ("immunometabolism") segregate along two paths. The first investigates the effects of immune cells on organs that regulate whole-body metabolism, such as adipose tissue and liver. The second explores the role of metabolic pathways within immune cells and how this regulates immune response outcome. Distinct metabolic pathways diverge and converge at many levels, and, therefore, cells face choices as to how to achieve their metabolic goals. There is interest in fully understanding how and why immune cells commit to particular metabolic fates and in elucidating the immunologic consequences of reaching a metabolic endpoint by one pathway versus another. This is particularly intriguing, given that metabolic commitment is influenced not only by substrate availability but also by signaling pathways elicited by metabolites. Thus, metabolic choices in cells enforce fate and function, and this area will be the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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514
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Abstract
HER2 is a trans-membrane receptor tyrosine kinase that activates multiple growth-promoting signaling pathways including PI3K-AKT and Ras-MAPK. Dysregulation of HER2 is a frequent occurrence in breast cancer that is associated with poor patient outcomes. A primary function of HER2 is suppressing apoptosis to enhance cell survival giving rise to uncontrolled proliferation and tumor growth. There has been much investigation into the mechanisms by which apoptosis is suppressed by HER2 in hopes of finding clinical targets for HER2-positive breast cancers as these cancers often become resistant to therapies that directly target HER2. Several apoptotic mechanisms have been shown to be deregulated in HER2-overexpressing cells with examples in both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. HER2-mediated activation of PI3K-AKT signaling is required for many of the mechanisms HER2 uses to suppress apoptosis. HER2 overexpression is correlated with increases in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1. HER2 also suppresses p53-mediated apoptosis by upregulation of MDM2 by activation of AKT. In addition, survivin expression is often increased with HER2 overexpression leading to inhibition of caspase activation. There is also recent evidence to suggest HER2 can directly influence apoptosis by translocation to the mitochondria to inhibit cytochrome c release. HER2 can also suppress cellular reaction to death ligands, especially TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Elucidation of the mechanisms of apoptotic suppression by HER2 suggest that clinical treatment will likely need to target multiple components of these pathways as there is redundancy in HER2-mediated cell survival. Several therapies have attempted to target Bcl-2 proteins that have promising pre-clinical results. Next-generation HER2 targeting therapies include irreversible pan-ERBB inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates, such as T-DM1 that has very promising clinical results thus far. Further investigation should include elucidating mechanisms of resistance to HER2-targeted therapies and targeting of multiple components of HER2-mediated cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Carpenter
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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515
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Vacchelli E, Prada N, Kepp O, Galluzzi L. Current trends of anticancer immunochemotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25396. [PMID: 23894726 PMCID: PMC3716761 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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516
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Gallo PM, Gallucci S. The dendritic cell response to classic, emerging, and homeostatic danger signals. Implications for autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:138. [PMID: 23772226 PMCID: PMC3677085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and control immune responses, participate in the maintenance of immunological tolerance and are pivotal players in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. In patients with autoimmune disease and in experimental animal models of autoimmunity, DCs show abnormalities in both numbers and activation state, expressing immunogenic levels of costimulatory molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Exogenous and endogenous danger signals activate DCs to stimulate the immune response. Classic endogenous danger signals are released, activated, or secreted by host cells and tissues experiencing stress, damage, and non-physiologic cell death; and are therefore referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Some DAMPs are released from cells, where they are normally sequestered, during necrosis (e.g., heat shock proteins, uric acid, ATP, HMGB1, mitochondria-derived molecules). Others are actively secreted, like Type I Interferons. Here we discuss important DAMPs in the context of autoimmunity. For some, there is a clear pathogenic link (e.g., nucleic acids and lupus). For others, there is less evidence. Additionally, we explore emerging danger signals. These include inorganic materials and man-made technologies (e.g., nanomaterials) developed as novel therapeutic approaches. Some nanomaterials can activate DCs and may trigger unintended inflammatory responses. Finally, we will review “homeostatic danger signals,” danger signals that do not derive directly from pathogens or dying cells but are associated with perturbations of tissue/cell homeostasis and may signal pathological stress. These signals, like acidosis, hypoxia, and changes in osmolarity, also play a role in inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Gallo
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple Autoimmunity Center, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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517
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Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25238. [PMID: 24083080 PMCID: PMC3782517 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have long been known for their ability to initiate innate immune responses upon exposure to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA. More recently, this family of pattern recognition receptors has been attributed a critical role in the elicitation of anticancer immune responses, raising interest in the development of immunochemotherapeutic regimens based on natural or synthetic TLR agonists. In spite of such an intense wave of preclinical and clinical investigation, only three TLR agonists are currently licensed by FDA for use in cancer patients: bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that operates as a mixed TLR2/TLR4 agonist; monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a derivative of Salmonella minnesota that functions as a potent agonist of TLR4; and imiquimod, a synthetic imidazoquinoline that activates TLR7. One year ago, in the August and September issues of OncoImmunology, we described the main biological features of TLRs and discussed the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and therapeutic potential of TLR agonists in cancer patients. Here, we summarize the latest developments in this exciting area of research, focusing on preclinical studies that have been published during the last 13 mo and clinical trials launched in the same period to investigate the antineoplastic activity of TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Paris, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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518
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Suraniti E, Vajrala VS, Goudeau B, Bottari SP, Rigoulet M, Devin A, Sojic N, Arbault S. Monitoring metabolic responses of single mitochondria within poly(dimethylsiloxane) wells: study of their endogenous reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide evolution. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5146-52. [PMID: 23600852 DOI: 10.1021/ac400494e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is now demonstrated that mitochondria individually function differently because of specific energetic needs in cell compartments but also because of the genetic heterogeneity within the mitochondrial pool-network of a cell. Consequently, understanding mitochondrial functioning at the single organelle level is of high interest for biomedical research, therefore being a target for analyticians. In this context, we developed easy-to-build platforms of milli- to microwells for fluorescence microscopy of single isolated mitochondria. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was determined to be an excellent material for mitochondrial deposition and observation of their NADH content. Because of NADH autofluorescence, the metabolic status of each mitochondrion was analyzed following addition of a respiratory substrate (stage 2), ethanol herein, and a respiratory inhibitor (stage 3), Antimycin A. Mean levels of mitochondrial NADH were increased by 32% and 62% under stages 2 and 3, respectively. Statistical studies of NADH value distributions evidenced different types of responses, at least three, to ethanol and Antimycin A within the mitochondrial population. In addition, we showed that mitochondrial ability to generate high levels of NADH, that is its metabolic performance, is not correlated either to the initial energetic state or to the respective size of each mitochondrion.
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519
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Abstract
Phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins has emerged as a major regulatory mechanism for metabolic adaptation. cAMP signaling and PKA phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins have just started to be investigated, and the presence of cAMP-generating enzymes and PKA inside mitochondria is still controversial. Here, we discuss the role of cAMP in regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics through protein phosphorylation and the evidence for soluble adenylyl cyclase as the source of cAMP inside mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Valsecchi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
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520
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Bhasin MK, Dusek JA, Chang BH, Joseph MG, Denninger JW, Fricchione GL, Benson H, Libermann TA. Relaxation response induces temporal transcriptome changes in energy metabolism, insulin secretion and inflammatory pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62817. [PMID: 23650531 PMCID: PMC3641112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The relaxation response (RR) is the counterpart of the stress response. Millennia-old practices evoking the RR include meditation, yoga and repetitive prayer. Although RR elicitation is an effective therapeutic intervention that counteracts the adverse clinical effects of stress in disorders including hypertension, anxiety, insomnia and aging, the underlying molecular mechanisms that explain these clinical benefits remain undetermined. To assess rapid time-dependent (temporal) genomic changes during one session of RR practice among healthy practitioners with years of RR practice and also in novices before and after 8 weeks of RR training, we measured the transcriptome in peripheral blood prior to, immediately after, and 15 minutes after listening to an RR-eliciting or a health education CD. Both short-term and long-term practitioners evoked significant temporal gene expression changes with greater significance in the latter as compared to novices. RR practice enhanced expression of genes associated with energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, insulin secretion and telomere maintenance, and reduced expression of genes linked to inflammatory response and stress-related pathways. Interactive network analyses of RR-affected pathways identified mitochondrial ATP synthase and insulin (INS) as top upregulated critical molecules (focus hubs) and NF-κB pathway genes as top downregulated focus hubs. Our results for the first time indicate that RR elicitation, particularly after long-term practice, may evoke its downstream health benefits by improving mitochondrial energy production and utilization and thus promoting mitochondrial resiliency through upregulation of ATPase and insulin function. Mitochondrial resiliency might also be promoted by RR-induced downregulation of NF-κB-associated upstream and downstream targets that mitigates stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K. Bhasin
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- BIDMC Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffery A. Dusek
- Institute for Health and Healing, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bei-Hung Chang
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marie G. Joseph
- BIDMC Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John W. Denninger
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory L. Fricchione
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Herbert Benson
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Towia A. Libermann
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- BIDMC Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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521
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Ma Y, Yamazaki T, Yang H, Kepp O, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G. Tumor necrosis factor is dispensable for the success of immunogenic anticancer chemotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e24786. [PMID: 23894723 PMCID: PMC3716758 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The antineoplastic effects of anthracyclines have been shown to rely, at least in part, on a local immune response that involves dendritic cells (DCs) and several distinct subsets of T lymphocytes. Here, we show that the administration of anthracyclines to mice bearing established neoplasms stimulates the intratumoral secretion of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). However, blocking the TNFα/TNF receptor (TNFR) system by three different strategies—namely, (1) neutralizing antibodies, (2) etanercept, a recombinant protein in which TNFR is fused to the constant domain of an IgG1 molecule, and (3) gene knockout—failed to negatively affect the therapeutic efficacy of anthracyclines in three distinct tumor models. In particular, TNFα-blocking strategies did not influence the antineoplastic effects of doxorubicin (a prototypic anthracycline) against MCA205 fibrosarcomas growing in C57BL/6 mice, F244 sarcomas developing in 129/Sv hosts and H2N100 mammary carcinomas arising in BALB/c mice. These findings imply that, in contrast to other cytokines (such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-17 and interferon γ), TNFα is not required for anthracyclines to elicit therapeutic anticancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France ; Université Paris Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin Bicêtre; Paris, France
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522
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Haynes CM, Fiorese CJ, Lin YF. Evaluating and responding to mitochondrial dysfunction: the mitochondrial unfolded-protein response and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:311-8. [PMID: 23489877 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During development and cellular differentiation, tissue- and cell-specific programs mediate mitochondrial biogenesis to meet physiological needs. However, environmental and disease-associated factors can perturb mitochondrial activities, requiring cells to adapt to protect mitochondria and maintain cellular homeostasis. Several mitochondrion-to-nucleus signaling pathways, or retrograde responses, have been described, but the mechanisms by which mitochondrial stress or dysfunction is sensed to coordinate precisely the appropriate response has only recently begun to be understood. Recent studies of the mitochondrial unfolded-protein response (UPRmt) indicate that the cell monitors mitochondrial protein import efficiency as an indicator of mitochondrial function. Here, we review how the cell evaluates mitochondrial function and regulates transcriptional induction of the UPRmt, adapts protein-synthesis rates and activates mitochondrial autophagy to promote mitochondrial function and cell survival during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole M Haynes
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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523
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Functions of BCL-X L at the Interface between Cell Death and Metabolism. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:705294. [PMID: 23533418 PMCID: PMC3603586 DOI: 10.1155/2013/705294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCL-2 homolog BCL-XL, one of the two protein products of BCL2L1, has originally been characterized for its prominent prosurvival functions. Similar to BCL-2, BCL-XL binds to its multidomain proapoptotic counterparts BAX and BAK, hence preventing the formation of lethal pores in the mitochondrial outer membrane, as well as to multiple BH3-only proteins, thus interrupting apical proapoptotic signals. In addition, BCL-XL has been suggested to exert cytoprotective functions by sequestering a cytosolic pool of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor p53 and by binding to the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), thereby inhibiting the so-called mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Thus, BCL-XL appears to play a prominent role in the regulation of multiple distinct types of cell death, including apoptosis and regulated necrosis. More recently, great attention has been given to the cell death-unrelated functions of BCL-2-like proteins. In particular, BCL-XL has been shown to modulate a number of pathophysiological processes, including-but not limited to-mitochondrial ATP synthesis, protein acetylation, autophagy and mitosis. In this short review article, we will discuss the functions of BCL-XL at the interface between cell death and metabolism.
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524
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Bonora M, Bononi A, De Marchi E, Giorgi C, Lebiedzinska M, Marchi S, Patergnani S, Rimessi A, Suski JM, Wojtala A, Wieckowski MR, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Pinton P. Role of the c subunit of the FO ATP synthase in mitochondrial permeability transition. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:674-83. [PMID: 23343770 PMCID: PMC3594268 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "mitochondrial permeability transition" (MPT) refers to an abrupt increase in the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to low molecular weight solutes. Due to osmotic forces, MPT is paralleled by a massive influx of water into the mitochondrial matrix, eventually leading to the structural collapse of the organelle. Thus, MPT can initiate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), promoting the activation of the apoptotic caspase cascade as well as of caspase-independent cell death mechanisms. MPT appears to be mediated by the opening of the so-called "permeability transition pore complex" (PTPC), a poorly characterized and versatile supramolecular entity assembled at the junctions between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. In spite of considerable experimental efforts, the precise molecular composition of the PTPC remains obscure and only one of its constituents, cyclophilin D (CYPD), has been ascribed with a crucial role in the regulation of cell death. Conversely, the results of genetic experiments indicate that other major components of the PTPC, such as voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), are dispensable for MPT-driven MOMP. Here, we demonstrate that the c subunit of the FO ATP synthase is required for MPT, mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death as induced by cytosolic calcium overload and oxidative stress in both glycolytic and respiratory cell models. Our results strongly suggest that, similar to CYPD, the c subunit of the FO ATP synthase constitutes a critical component of the PTPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bonora
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of General Pathology; Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI); Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angela Bononi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of General Pathology; Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI); Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of General Pathology; Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI); Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of General Pathology; Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI); Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
| | - Magdalena Lebiedzinska
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of General Pathology; Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI); Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw, Poland
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of General Pathology; Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI); Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of General Pathology; Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI); Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of General Pathology; Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI); Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jan M. Suski
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of General Pathology; Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI); Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wojtala
- Department of Biochemistry; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw, Poland
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- U848; INSERM; Villejuif, France
- Metabolomics Platform; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 Labelisée par la Ligue Contre le cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of General Pathology; Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI); Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
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525
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Uchiumi F, Fujikawa M, Miyazaki S, Tanuma SI. Implication of bidirectional promoters containing duplicated GGAA motifs of mitochondrial function-associated genes. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2013.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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526
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