551
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Wynants E, Crauwels S, Verreth C, Gianotten N, Lievens B, Claes J, Van Campenhout L. Microbial dynamics during production of lesser mealworms (Alphitobius diaperinus) for human consumption at industrial scale. Food Microbiol 2017; 70:181-191. [PMID: 29173626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the microbial dynamics during an industrial production cyle of lesser mealworms (Alphitobius diaperinus), sold for human consumption, were characterised. The microbial numbers as well as the microbial diversity were generally higher for the substrate, existing of remaining feed, faeces and exuviae, than for the larvae. Most of the species-level operational taxonomic units, identified using Illumina MiSeq sequencing, that were present in the feed were also detected in the larvae and vice versa. However, bacterial diversity decreased in the larvae during rearing. These results suggested that the feed is an important determinant of the insect bacterial community, but that some bacterial species show a competitive advantage inside the insect gut and become dominant. A blanching treatment of the larvae after harvest reduced most microbial counts, but the number of aerobic endospores remained at 4.0 log cfu/g. Whereas food pathogens Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus or coagulase-positive staphylococci were not detected in our study, fungal isolates corresponding to the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium were recovered. Therefore, it cannot be excluded that mycotoxins were present. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the microbial dynamics and food safety aspects during the production of edible insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wynants
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Lab4Food, Campus Geel, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Crauwels
- KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Campus De Nayer, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - C Verreth
- KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Campus De Nayer, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - N Gianotten
- Proti-Farm R&D B.V., NL-3852 AB Ermelo, The Netherlands
| | - B Lievens
- KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Campus De Nayer, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - J Claes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Lab4Food, Campus Geel, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Van Campenhout
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Lab4Food, Campus Geel, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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552
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Fombong FT, Van Der Borght M, Vanden Broeck J. Influence of Freeze-Drying and Oven-Drying Post Blanching on the Nutrient Composition of the Edible Insect Ruspolia differens. INSECTS 2017; 8:E102. [PMID: 28926949 PMCID: PMC5620722 DOI: 10.3390/insects8030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The longhorn grasshopper, Ruspolia differens (Serville), plays an important role as a food source across Sub-Saharan Africa, where it is consumed as a delicacy in both rural and urban areas. The effect of two drying methods (freeze-drying and oven-drying), employed after blanching, on the proximate, fatty acid and mineral composition of the two most common morphs was determined. Ruspolia differens grasshoppers were harvested in Uganda and Kenya from wild swarms during the rainy periods of November-December 2016. Based on cuticular coloration, we identified three morphs, green, brown and purple, which occurred at a ratio of 65:33:2, respectively. Results indicated that these insects have a high lipid content of 36%, as well as significant protein levels ranging between 33% and 46% dry matter. Oleic acid (44%) and palmitic acid (28%) were the two most abundant fatty acids; while the presence of arachidonic acid (0.6%) and docosahexaenoic acid (0.21%) suggests that Ruspolia differens is also a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The observed amino acid profile showed similar trends in all morphs, and all essential amino acids were present. Calcium (896-1035 mg/100 g), potassium (779-816 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (652-685 mg/100 g) were quite high among the minerals. The presence of the trace elements iron (217-220 mg/100 g), zinc (14.2-14.6 mg/100 g), manganese (7.4-8.3 mg/100 g) and copper (1.66 mg/100 g) suggests that inclusion of these grasshoppers in human diets may aid in combatting micronutrient deficiencies. Oven-drying Ruspolia differens delivered the same nutritional quality as freeze-drying. Hence, both drying approaches can be adequately used to formulate insect-based food products without noticeable nutritional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forkwa Tengweh Fombong
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction lab, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Lab4Food, Technology Cluster Bioengineering Technology, Department of Microbial & Molecular Systems, University of Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Mik Van Der Borght
- Lab4Food, Technology Cluster Bioengineering Technology, Department of Microbial & Molecular Systems, University of Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction lab, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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553
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Zielińska E, Baraniak B, Karaś M. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Hydrolysates and Peptide Fractions Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Selected Heat-Treated Edible Insects. Nutrients 2017; 9:E970. [PMID: 28869499 PMCID: PMC5622730 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of heat treatment of edible insects on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of peptides obtained by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and absorption process thereof. The antioxidant potential of edible insect hydrolysates was determined as free radical-scavenging activity, ion chelating activity, and reducing power, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was expressed as lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activity. The highest antiradical activity against DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) was noted for a peptide fraction from baked cricket Gryllodes sigillatus hydrolysate (IC50 value 10.9 µg/mL) and that against ABTS•+ (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical) was the highest for raw mealworm Tenebrio molitor hydrolysate (inhibitory concentration (IC50 value) 5.3 µg/mL). The peptides obtained from boiled locust Schistocerca gregaria hydrolysate showed the highest Fe2+ chelation ability (IC50 value 2.57 µg/mL); furthermore, the highest reducing power was observed for raw G. sigillatus hydrolysate (0.771). The peptide fraction from a protein preparation from the locust S. gregaria exhibited the most significant lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activity (IC50 value 3.13 µg/mL and 5.05 µg/mL, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Zielińska
- Departament of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna Str. 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Baraniak
- Departament of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna Str. 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Karaś
- Departament of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna Str. 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
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554
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Giannetto A, Oliva S, Mazza L, Mondello G, Savastano D, Mauceri A, Fasulo S. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of heat shock protein 70 and 90 from Hermetia illucens reared in a food waste bioconversion pilot plant. Gene 2017; 627:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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555
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Purschke B, Scheibelberger R, Axmann S, Adler A, Jäger H. Impact of substrate contamination with mycotoxins, heavy metals and pesticides on the growth performance and composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) for use in the feed and food value chain. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1410-1420. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1299946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Purschke
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Rafaela Scheibelberger
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Axmann
- AGES GmbH, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Adler
- AGES GmbH, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Linz, Austria
| | - Henry Jäger
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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556
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Filipiak M, Kuszewska K, Asselman M, Denisow B, Stawiarz E, Woyciechowski M, Weiner J. Ecological stoichiometry of the honeybee: Pollen diversity and adequate species composition are needed to mitigate limitations imposed on the growth and development of bees by pollen quality. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183236. [PMID: 28829793 PMCID: PMC5568746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The least understood aspects of the nutritional needs of bees are the elemental composition of pollen and the bees' need for a stoichiometrically balanced diet containing the required proportions of nutrients. Reduced plant diversity has been proposed as an indirect factor responsible for the pollinator crisis. We suggest stoichiometric mismatch resulting from a nutritionally unbalanced diet as a potential direct factor. The concentrations and stoichiometric ratios of C, N, S, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu were studied in the bodies of honeybees of various castes and sexes and in the nectar and pollen of various plant species. A literature review of the elemental composition of pollen was performed. We identified possible co-limitations of bee growth and development resulting mainly from the scarcity of Na, S, Cu, P and K, and possibly Zn and N, in pollen. Particular castes and sexes face specific limitations. Concentrations of potentially limiting elements in pollen revealed high taxonomic diversity. High floral diversity may be necessary to maintain populations of pollen eaters. Single-species crop plantations, even if these species are rich in nectar and pollen, might limit bee growth and development, not allowing for gathering nutrients in adequate proportions. However, particular plant species may play greater roles than others in balancing honeybee diets. Therefore, we suggest specific plant species that may (1) ensure optimal growth and production of individuals by producing pollen that is exceptionally well balanced stoichiometrically (e.g., clover) or (2) prevent growth and development of honeybees by producing pollen that is extremely unbalanced for bees (e.g., sunflower). Since pollen is generally poor in Na, this element must be supplemented using "dirty water". Nectar cannot supplement the diet with limiting elements. Stoichiometric mismatch should be considered in intervention strategies aimed at improving the nutritional base for bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Filipiak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Kuszewska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michel Asselman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bożena Denisow
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ernest Stawiarz
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - January Weiner
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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557
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Lee W, Lee H, Kim MA, Choi J, Kim KM, Hwang JS, Na M, Bae JS. Evaluation of novel factor Xa inhibitors from Oxya chinensis sinuosa with anti-platelet aggregation activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7934. [PMID: 28801633 PMCID: PMC5554137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The edible grasshopper Oxya chinensis sinuosa is consumed worldwide for its various medicinal effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential bioactive antithrombotic and antiplatelet compounds from O. chinensis sinuosa. Five N-acetyldopamine dimers (1–5) were isolated from O. chinensis sinuosa and compounds 1 and 2 were identified as new chemicals with chiral centers at H-2 and H-3 of the benzo-1,4-dioxane structure. Compounds 1–4 were found to have both FXa and platelet aggregation inhibitory activities. These compounds inhibited the catalytic activity of FXa toward its synthetic substrate, S-2222, by noncompetitive inhibition, and inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and U46619. Furthermore, compounds 1–4 showed enhanced antithrombotic effects, which were assessed using in vivo models of pulmonary embolism and arterial thrombosis. The isolated compounds also showed anticoagulant effects in mice. However, compounds 1–4 did not prolong bleeding time in mice, as shown by tail clipping. N-Acetyldopamine dimers, including two new stereoisomers 1 and 2, are novel antithrombotic compounds showing both FXa inhibition and antiplatelet aggregation activity with a low bleeding risk. Collectively, these results suggest that compounds 1–4 could serve as candidates and provide scaffolds for development of new antithrombotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - HeeSeung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, The National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhyeok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied BioSciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sam Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, The National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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558
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A survey of the mycobiota associated with larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) reared for feed production. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182533. [PMID: 28771577 PMCID: PMC5542616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed security, feed quality and issues surrounding the safety of raw materials are always of interest to all livestock farmers, feed manufacturers and competent authorities. These concerns are even more important when alternative feed ingredients, new product developments and innovative feeding trends, like insect-meals, are considered. The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is considered a good candidate to be used as feed ingredient for aquaculture and other farm animals, mainly as an alternative protein source. Data on transfer of contaminants from different substrates to the insects, as well as the possible occurrence of toxin-producing fungi in the gut of non-processed insects are very limited. Accordingly, we investigated the impact of the substrate/diet on the intestinal mycobiota of H. illucens larvae using culture-dependent approaches (microbiological analyses, molecular identification through the typing of isolates and the sequencing of the 26S rRNA D1/D2 domain) and amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (454 pyrosequencing). We fed five groups of H. illucens larvae at the third growing stage on two substrates: chicken feed and/or vegetable waste, provided at different timings. The obtained results indicated that Pichia was the most abundant genus associated with the larvae fed on vegetable waste, whereas Trichosporon, Rhodotorula and Geotrichum were the most abundant genera in the larvae fed on chicken feed only. Differences in the fungal communities were highlighted, suggesting that the type of substrate selects diverse yeast and mold genera, in particular vegetable waste is associated with a greater diversity of fungal species compared to chicken feed only. A further confirmation of the significant influence of diet on the mycobiota is the fact that no operational taxonomic unit common to all groups of larvae was detected. Finally, the killer phenotype of isolated yeasts was tested, showing the inhibitory activity of just one species against sensitive strains, out of the 11 tested species.
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559
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Mattison CP, Khurana T, Tarver MR, Florane CB, Grimm CC, Pakala SB, Cottone CB, Riegel C, Bren-Mattison Y, Slater JE. Cross-reaction between Formosan termite (Coptotermes formosanus) proteins and cockroach allergens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182260. [PMID: 28767688 PMCID: PMC5540505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockroach allergens can lead to serious allergy and asthma symptoms. Termites are evolutionarily related to cockroaches, cohabitate in human dwellings, and represent an increasing pest problem in the United States. The Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus) is one of the most common species in the southern United States. Several assays were used to determine if C. formosanus termite proteins cross-react with cockroach allergens. Expressed sequence tag and genomic sequencing results were searched for homology to cockroach allergens using BLAST 2.2.21 software. Whole termite extracts were analyzed by mass-spectrometry, immunoassay with IgG and scFv antibodies to cockroach allergens, and human IgE from serum samples of cockroach allergic patients. Expressed sequence tag and genomic sequencing results indicate greater than 60% similarity between predicted termite proteins and German and American cockroach allergens, including Bla g 2/Per a 2, Bla g 3/Per a 3, Bla g 5, Bla g 6/Per a 6, Bla g 7/Per a 7, Bla g 8, Per a 9, and Per a 10. Peptides from whole termite extract were matched to those of the tropomyosin (Bla g 7), arginine kinase (Per a 9), and myosin (Bla g 8) cockroach allergens by mass-spectrometry. Immunoblot and ELISA testing revealed cross-reaction between several proteins with IgG and IgE antibodies to cockroach allergens. Several termite proteins, including the hemocyanin and tropomyosin orthologs of Blag 3 and Bla g 7, were shown to crossreact with cockroach allergens. This work presents support for the hypothesis that termite proteins may act as allergens and the findings could be applied to future allergen characterization, epitope analysis, and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Mattison
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Taruna Khurana
- Division of Vaccines and Related Products Applications, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Tarver
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Florane
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Casey C. Grimm
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Suman B. Pakala
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carrie B. Cottone
- New Orleans Mosquito, Termite and Rodent Control Board, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Claudia Riegel
- New Orleans Mosquito, Termite and Rodent Control Board, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Jay E. Slater
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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560
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Effect of post-harvest starvation and rinsing on the microbial numbers and the bacterial community composition of mealworm larvae ( Tenebrio molitor ). INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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561
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Ribeiro JC, Cunha LM, Sousa-Pinto B, Fonseca J. Allergic risks of consuming edible insects: A systematic review. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28654197 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The expected future demand for food and animal-derived protein will require environment-friendly novel food sources with high nutritional value. Insects may be one of such novel food sources. However, there needs to be an assessment of the risks associated with their consumption, including allergic risks. Therefore, we performed a systematic review aiming to analyse current data available regarding the allergic risks of consuming insects. We reviewed all reported cases of food allergy to insects, and studied the possibility of cross-reactivity and co-sensitisation between edible insects, crustaceans and house dust mites. We analysed a total of 25 articles - eight assessing the cross-reactivity/co-sensitisation between edible insects, crustaceans and house dust mites; three characterizing allergens in edible insects and 14 case reports, describing case series or prevalence studies of food allergy caused by insects. Cross-reactivity/co-sensitisation between edible insects and crustaceans seems to be clinically relevant, while it is still unknown if co-sensitisation between house dust mites and edible insects can lead to a food allergy. Additionally, more information is also needed about the molecular mechanisms underlying food allergy to insects, although current data suggest that an important role is played by arthropod pan-allergens such as tropomyosin or arginine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Ribeiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, DGAOT, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Luís Miguel Cunha
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, DGAOT, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal.,GreenUP/CITAB-UP, DGAOT, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Sousa-Pinto
- MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Immunology, Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Fonseca
- MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal.,Allergy Unit, CUF Porto Institute & Hospital, Porto, Portugal
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562
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Chomchai S, Chomchai C. Histamine poisoning from insect consumption: an outbreak investigation from Thailand. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 56:126-131. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1349320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Summon Chomchai
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Poison Control Center, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chulathida Chomchai
- Siriraj Poison Control Center, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol University International College, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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563
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Purschke B, Brüggen H, Scheibelberger R, Jäger H. Effect of pre-treatment and drying method on physico-chemical properties and dry fractionation behaviour of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.). Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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564
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Williams DD, Williams SS. Aquatic Insects and their Potential to Contribute to the Diet of the Globally Expanding Human Population. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8030072. [PMID: 28754025 PMCID: PMC5620692 DOI: 10.3390/insects8030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Of the 30 extant orders of true insect, 12 are considered to be aquatic, or semiaquatic, in either some or all of their life stages. Out of these, six orders contain species engaged in entomophagy, but very few are being harvested effectively, leading to over-exploitation and local extinction. Examples of existing practices are given, ranging from the extremes of including insects (e.g., dipterans) in the dietary cores of many indigenous peoples to consumption of selected insects, by a wealthy few, as novelty food (e.g., caddisflies). The comparative nutritional worth of aquatic insects to the human diet and to domestic animal feed is examined. Questions are raised as to whether natural populations of aquatic insects can yield sufficient biomass to be of practicable and sustained use, whether some species can be brought into high-yield cultivation, and what are the requirements and limitations involved in achieving this?
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dudley Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada.
| | - Siân S Williams
- The Wildlife Trust, The Manor House, Broad Street, Great Cambourne, Cambridge CB23 6DH, UK.
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565
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Debode F, Marien A, Gérard A, Francis F, Fumière O, Berben G. Development of real-time PCR tests for the detection of Tenebrio molitor in food and feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1421-1426. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1320811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Debode
- Unit Traceability and Authentication, Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Aline Marien
- Unit Traceability and Authentication, Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Animal Proteins in feedingstuffs (EURL-AP), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Amaury Gérard
- Unit Traceability and Authentication, Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech – University of Liège (ULg), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech – University of Liège (ULg), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Olivier Fumière
- Unit Traceability and Authentication, Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Animal Proteins in feedingstuffs (EURL-AP), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Berben
- Unit Traceability and Authentication, Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Animal Proteins in feedingstuffs (EURL-AP), Gembloux, Belgium
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566
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Belluco S, Halloran A, Ricci A. New protein sources and food legislation: the case of edible insects and EU law. Food Secur 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-017-0704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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567
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Ndiritu AK, Kinyuru JN, Kenji GM, Gichuhi PN. Extraction technique influences the physico-chemical characteristics and functional properties of edible crickets (Acheta domesticus) protein concentrate. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-017-9584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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568
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569
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Lipid and amino acid profiles support the potential of Rhynchophorus phoenicis larvae for human nutrition. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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570
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Farina MF. How method of killing crickets impact the sensory qualities and physiochemical properties when prepared in a broth. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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571
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Varelas V, Langton M. Forest biomass waste as a potential innovative source for rearing edible insects for food and feed – A review. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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572
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Van Broekhoven S, Gutierrez JM, De Rijk T, De Nijs W, Van Loon J. Degradation and excretion of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol by an edible insect, the Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.). WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Insects could provide an alternative and more sustainable source of animal protein compared to conventional livestock. Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) can be grown on diets composed of organic by-products. However, these diets could be contaminated with mycotoxins. Thus far, little is known about possible retention, sequestration, excretion or detoxification of mycotoxins by edible insects. T. molitor larvae were grown on wheat flour naturally contaminated with mycotoxins among which deoxynivalenol (DON) was predominant (4.9 mg/kg), wheat flour spiked with 8 mg/kg pure DON, and uncontaminated wheat flour. Larval survival and weight gain on the three diets were compared. Survival was high for larvae on all dietary treatments (>98%) and no difference in weight gain was observed when comparing larvae grown on uncontaminated control diet with larvae grown on contaminated diets (P=0.091). Presence of mycotoxins in larvae and larval faeces was analysed using LC-MS/MS. No DON or DON-derivatives were detected in T. molitor after harvest of the larvae, pointing to degradation by the larvae. Excretion of DON in larval faeces was ca. 14% of the amount of DON ingested for larvae grown on naturally contaminated diet and ca. 41% for larvae grown on DON-spiked diet. These are promising results with respect to food safety of mealworms or derived products grown on mycotoxin-contaminated feed. However, enzymatic degradation of DON in T. molitor, as well as possible toxicity of the resulting metabolites, remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Van Broekhoven
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J. Mota Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T.C. De Rijk
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W.C.M. De Nijs
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J.J.A. Van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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573
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Fiebelkorn
- Universität Osnabrück; Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie; Abteilung Biologiedidaktik; Barbarastrasse 11/Geb. 35 49076 Osnabrück
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574
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The microbiota of marketed processed edible insects as revealed by high-throughput sequencing. Food Microbiol 2017; 62:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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575
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Osimani A, Garofalo C, Aquilanti L, Milanović V, Cardinali F, Taccari M, Pasquini M, Tavoletti S, Clementi F. Transferable Antibiotic Resistances in Marketed Edible Grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides). J Food Sci 2017; 82:1184-1192. [PMID: 28339104 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Grasshoppers are the most commonly eaten insects by humans worldwide, as they are rich in proteins and micronutrients. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of transferable antibiotic resistance genes in commercialized edible grasshoppers. To this end, the prevalence of 12 selected genes [aac(6')-Ie aph(2″)-Ia, blaZ, erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), mecA, tet(M), tet(O), tet(S), tet(K), vanA, vanB] coding for resistance to antibiotics conventionally used in clinical practice was determined. The majority of samples were positive for tet(M) (70.0%), tet(K) (83.3%) and blaZ (83.3%). A low percentage of samples were positive for erm(B) (16.7%), erm(C) (26.7%), and aac(6')-Ie aph(2″)-Ia (13.3%), whereas no samples were positive for erm(A), vanA, vanB, tet(O), and mecA. Cluster analysis identified 4 main clusters, allowing a separation of samples on the basis of their country of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Manuela Taccari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tavoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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576
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Janssen R, Vincken JP, van den Broek LAM, Fogliano V, Lakemond CMM. Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factors for Three Edible Insects: Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Hermetia illucens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2275-2278. [PMID: 28252948 PMCID: PMC5364430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Insects are considered a nutritionally valuable source of alternative proteins, and their efficient protein extraction is a prerequisite for large-scale use. The protein content is usually calculated from total nitrogen using the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor (Kp) of 6.25. This factor overestimates the protein content, due to the presence of nonprotein nitrogen in insects. In this paper, a specific Kp of 4.76 ± 0.09 was calculated for larvae from Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Hermetia illucens, using amino acid analysis. After protein extraction and purification, a Kp factor of 5.60 ± 0.39 was found for the larvae of three insect species studied. We propose to adopt these Kp values for determining protein content of insects to avoid overestimation of the protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske
H. Janssen
- Food
Quality and Design, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A. M. van den Broek
- Wageningen
Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food
Quality and Design, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Catriona M. M. Lakemond
- Food
Quality and Design, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands
- (C.M.M.L.) Phone: +31 317
480 288. E-mail:
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577
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Popova ON, Haritonov AY, Sushchik NN, Makhutova ON, Kalachova GS, Kolmakova AA, Gladyshev MI. Export of aquatic productivity, including highly unsaturated fatty acids, to terrestrial ecosystems via Odonata. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:40-48. [PMID: 28086131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on 31-year field study of the abundance and biomass of 18 species of odonates in the Barabinsk Forest-Steppe (Western Siberia, Russia), we quantified the contribution of odonates to the export of aquatic productivity to surrounding terrestrial landscape. Emergence varied from 0.8 to 4.9g of wet biomass per m2 of land area per year. Average export of organic carbon was estimated to be 0.30g·m-2·year-1, which is comparable with the average production of herbivorous terrestrial insects in temperate grasslands. Moreover, in contrast to terrestrial insects, emerging odonates contained high quantities of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), which are known to be essential for many terrestrial animals, especially for birds. The export of EPA+DHA by odonates was found to be 1.92-11.76mg·m-2·year-1, which is equal to an average general estimation of the export of HUFA by emerging aquatic insects. Therefore, odonates appeared to be a quantitatively and qualitatively important conduit of aquatic productivity to forest-steppe ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Popova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Anatoly Y Haritonov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N Sushchik
- Institute of Biophysics of Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny av. 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Olesia N Makhutova
- Institute of Biophysics of Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny av. 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Galina S Kalachova
- Institute of Biophysics of Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Anzhelika A Kolmakova
- Institute of Biophysics of Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Michail I Gladyshev
- Institute of Biophysics of Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny av. 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
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578
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Maciel-Vergara G, Ros VID. Viruses of insects reared for food and feed. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:60-75. [PMID: 28189501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of insects as food for humans or as feed for animals is an alternative for the increasing high demand for meat and has various environmental and social advantages over the traditional intensive production of livestock. Mass rearing of insects, under insect farming conditions or even in industrial settings, can be the key for a change in the way natural resources are utilized in order to produce meat, animal protein and a list of other valuable animal products. However, because insect mass rearing technology is relatively new, little is known about the different factors that determine the quality and yield of the production process. Obtaining such knowledge is crucial for the success of insect-based product development. One of the issues that is likely to compromise the success of insect rearing is the outbreak of insect diseases. In particular, viral diseases can be devastating for the productivity and the quality of mass rearing systems. Prevention and management of viral diseases imply the understanding of the different factors that interact in insect mass rearing. This publication provides an overview of the known viruses in insects most commonly reared for food and feed. Nowadays with large-scale sequencing techniques, new viruses are rapidly being discovered. We discuss factors affecting the emergence of viruses in mass rearing systems, along with virus transmission routes. Finally we provide an overview of the wide range of measures available to prevent and manage virus outbreaks in mass rearing systems, ranging from simple sanitation methods to highly sophisticated methods including RNAi and transgenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maciel-Vergara
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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579
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Microbial counts of mealworm larvae ( Tenebrio molitor ) and crickets ( Acheta domesticus and Gryllodes sigillatus ) from different rearing companies and different production batches. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 242:13-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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580
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Dreassi E, Cito A, Zanfini A, Materozzi L, Botta M, Francardi V. Dietary fatty acids influence the growth and fatty acid composition of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Lipids 2017; 52:285-294. [PMID: 28083781 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fat is the second most abundant component of the nutrient composition of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) that represents also an interesting source of PUFA, especially n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, involved in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the possibility of modifying the fat content and the FA composition of yellow mealworms through feeding and how this would be influenced by developmental stages, pupal sex, and generation with the future aim of applying this coleopteran as a diet supplement for human health. Growth rate and cumulative mortality percentage on the different feeding substrates were also evaluated to select the optimal conditions for a mass-raising of this insect species. Despite the different fat content in the six different breeding substrates used, T. molitor larvae and pupae contained a constant fat percentage (>34% in larvae and >30% in pupae). A similar total fat content was found comparing larvae and male and female pupae of the second generation to those of the first generation. On the contrary, FA composition differed both in larvae and pupae reared on the different feeding substrates. However, the exemplars reared on the diets based on 100% bread and 100% oat flour showed SFA, PUFA percentages, and an n-6/n-3 ratio more suitable for human consumption; the diet based on beer yeast, wheat flour, and oat flour resulted in a contemporary diet that most satisfied the balance between a fat composition of high quality and favorable growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Annarita Cito
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura, Research Centre for Agrobiology and Pedology, Cascine del Riccio, Via di Lanciola 12/a, 50125, Florence, Italy
| | - Assunta Zanfini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lara Materozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena Srl, via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Francardi
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura, Research Centre for Agrobiology and Pedology, Cascine del Riccio, Via di Lanciola 12/a, 50125, Florence, Italy
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581
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Insight into the proximate composition and microbial diversity of edible insects marketed in the European Union. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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582
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Adámková A, Kouřimská L, Borkovcová M, Kulma M, Mlček J. Nutritional valuse of edible coleoptera (Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio and Alphitobius diaperinus) reared reared in the Czech Republic. POTRAVINARSTVO 2016. [DOI: 10.5219/609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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583
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Kim HW, Setyabrata D, Lee YJ, Jones OG, Kim YHB. Pre-treated mealworm larvae and silkworm pupae as a novel protein ingredient in emulsion sausages. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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584
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Kim SK, Weaver CM, Choi MK. Proximate composition and mineral content of five edible insects consumed in Korea. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2016.1223172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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585
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van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Camenzuli L, van der Lee MK, Oonincx DGAB. Uptake of Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic by Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens from Contaminated Substrates. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166186. [PMID: 27846238 PMCID: PMC5112862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects have potential as a novel source of protein in feed and food production in Europe, provided they can be used safely. To date, limited information is available on the safety of insects, and toxic elements are one of the potential hazards of concern. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential accumulation of cadmium, lead and arsenic in larvae of two insect species, Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm) and Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly), which seem to hold potential as a source of food or feed. An experiment was designed with 14 treatments, each in triplicate, per insect species. Twelve treatments used feed that was spiked with cadmium, lead or arsenic at 0.5, 1 and 2 times the respective maximum allowable levels (ML) in complete feed, as established by the European Commission (EC). Two of the 14 treatments consisted of controls, using non-spiked feed. All insects per container (replicate) were harvested when the first larva in that container had completed its larval stage. Development time, survival rates and fresh weights were similar over all treatments, except for development time and total live weight of the half of the maximum limit treatment for cadmium of the black soldier fly. Bioaccumulation (bioaccumulation factor > 1) was seen in all treatments (including two controls) for lead and cadmium in black soldier fly larvae, and for the three arsenic treatments in the yellow mealworm larvae. In the three cadmium treatments, concentrations of cadmium in black soldier fly larvae are higher than the current EC maximum limit for feed materials. The same was seen for the 1.0 and 2.0 ML treatments of arsenic in the yellow mealworm larvae. From this study, it can be concluded that if insects are used as feed materials, the maximum limits of these elements in complete feed should be revised per insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. J. van der Fels-Klerx
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, NL-6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L. Camenzuli
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, NL-6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M. K. van der Lee
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, NL-6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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586
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Schlüter O, Rumpold B, Holzhauser T, Roth A, Vogel RF, Quasigroch W, Vogel S, Heinz V, Jäger H, Bandick N, Kulling S, Knorr D, Steinberg P, Engel KH. Safety aspects of the production of foods and food ingredients from insects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27623740 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
At present, insects are rarely used by the European food industry, but they are a subject of growing interest as an alternative source of raw materials. The risks associated with the use of insects in the production of foods and food ingredients have not been sufficiently investigated. There is a lack of scientifically based knowledge of insect processing to ensure food safety, especially when these processes are carried out on an industrial scale. This review focuses on the safety aspects that need to be considered regarding the fractionation of insects for the production of foods and food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schlüter
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Birgit Rumpold
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Angelika Roth
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rudi F Vogel
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Vogel
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Heinz
- German Institute of Food Technologies, Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nils Bandick
- Unit Food Technologies, Supply Chains and Food Defense Department Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dietrich Knorr
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Food Process Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Chair of General Food Technology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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587
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Latunde-Dada GO, Yang W, Vera Aviles M. In Vitro Iron Availability from Insects and Sirloin Beef. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8420-8424. [PMID: 27731991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the consumption of insects (entomophagy) as an alternative environmentally sustainable source of protein in the diet of humans has recently witnessed a surge. Knowledge of the nutrient composition and, in particular, the bioavailability of minerals from insects is currently sparse. This study evaluated the availability of Fe, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn from four commonly eaten insects and compared these to sirloin beef. Soluble iron from the samples was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Iron bioavailability was determined using an in vitro simulated peptic-pancreatic digestion, followed by measurement of ferritin (a surrogate marker for iron absorption) in Caco-2 cells. Cricket and sirloin beef had comparably higher levels of Fe, Ca, and Mn than grasshopper, meal, and buffalo worms. However, iron solubility was significantly higher from the insect samples than from beef. The complementation of whole-wheat flour with insect or beef protein resulted in overall decreases in mineral content and iron solubility in the composite mixtures. Collectively, the data show that grasshopper, cricket, and mealworms contain significantly higher chemically available Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn than sirloin. However, buffalo worms and sirloin exhibited higher iron bioavailability comparable to that of FeSO4. Commonly consumed insect species could be excellent sources of bioavailable iron and could provide the platform for an alternative strategy for increased mineral intake in the diets of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys O Latunde-Dada
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Wenge Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Mayra Vera Aviles
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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588
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Zielińska E, Karaś M, Jakubczyk A. Antioxidant activity of predigested protein obtained from a range of farmed edible insects. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Zielińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Skromna Str. 8 20-704 Lublin Poland
| | - Monika Karaś
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Skromna Str. 8 20-704 Lublin Poland
| | - Anna Jakubczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Skromna Str. 8 20-704 Lublin Poland
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589
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Azagoh C, Ducept F, Garcia R, Rakotozafy L, Cuvelier ME, Keller S, Lewandowski R, Mezdour S. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of Tenebrio molitor proteins. Food Res Int 2016; 88:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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590
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591
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Flury P, Aellen N, Ruffner B, Péchy-Tarr M, Fataar S, Metla Z, Dominguez-Ferreras A, Bloemberg G, Frey J, Goesmann A, Raaijmakers JM, Duffy B, Höfte M, Blom J, Smits THM, Keel C, Maurhofer M. Insect pathogenicity in plant-beneficial pseudomonads: phylogenetic distribution and comparative genomics. THE ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2527-42. [PMID: 26894448 PMCID: PMC5030700 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas occupy diverse environments. The Pseudomonas fluorescens group is particularly well-known for its plant-beneficial properties including pathogen suppression. Recent observations that some strains of this group also cause lethal infections in insect larvae, however, point to a more versatile ecology of these bacteria. We show that 26 P. fluorescens group strains, isolated from three continents and covering three phylogenetically distinct sub-clades, exhibited different activities toward lepidopteran larvae, ranging from lethal to avirulent. All strains of sub-clade 1, which includes Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Pseudomonas protegens, were highly insecticidal regardless of their origin (animals, plants). Comparative genomics revealed that strains in this sub-clade possess specific traits allowing a switch between plant- and insect-associated lifestyles. We identified 90 genes unique to all highly insecticidal strains (sub-clade 1) and 117 genes common to all strains of sub-clade 1 and present in some moderately insecticidal strains of sub-clade 3. Mutational analysis of selected genes revealed the importance of chitinase C and phospholipase C in insect pathogenicity. The study provides insight into the genetic basis and phylogenetic distribution of traits defining insecticidal activity in plant-beneficial pseudomonads. Strains with potent dual activity against plant pathogens and herbivorous insects have great potential for use in integrated pest management for crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Flury
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nora Aellen
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ruffner
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Péchy-Tarr
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shakira Fataar
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zane Metla
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Experimental Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Guido Bloemberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jos M Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brion Duffy
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute for Natural Resource Sciences, Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Theo H M Smits
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute for Natural Resource Sciences, Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Monika Maurhofer
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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592
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593
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Borisova EV, Makhutova ON, Gladyshev MI, Sushchik NN. Fluxes of biomass and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids from water to land via chironomid emergence from a mountain lake. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s199542551604003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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594
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Calatayud-Vernich P, Calatayud F, Simó E, Picó Y. Efficiency of QuEChERS approach for determining 52 pesticide residues in honey and honey bees. MethodsX 2016; 3:452-8. [PMID: 27331025 PMCID: PMC4909158 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison between QuEChERS and other pesticide extraction procedures for honey and honey bee matrices is discussed. Honey bee matrix was extracted by solvent based procedure whereas solid phase extraction was the protocol for the honey matrix. The citrate buffered QuEChERS method was used for both matrices. The methods were evaluated regarding cost (equipment and reagents), time, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and versatility. The results proved that the QuEChERS protocol was the most efficient method for the extraction of the selected pesticides in both matrices. •QuEChERS is the most economical and less time-consuming procedure.•SPE and solvent-based extraction procedures show equivalent recoveries to QuEChERS.•QuEChERS can be used to extract pesticide residues from both matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Calatayud-Vernich
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Research Center on Desertification (CIDE, UV-CSIC-GV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Calatayud
- Agrupación de Defensa Sanitaria Apícola apiADS, Ctra. Montroi-Turís, 46193 Montroi, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Simó
- Agrupación de Defensa Sanitaria Apícola apiADS, Ctra. Montroi-Turís, 46193 Montroi, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Research Center on Desertification (CIDE, UV-CSIC-GV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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595
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Purschke B, Stegmann T, Schreiner M, Jäger H. Pilot-scale supercritical CO2extraction of edible insect oil fromTenebrio molitorL. larvae - Influence of extraction conditions on kinetics, defatting performance and compositional properties. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Purschke
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU); Vienna Austria
| | - Tobias Stegmann
- Chair of Food Process Engineering and Dairy Technology; Technische Universität München; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Matthias Schreiner
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU); Vienna Austria
| | - Henry Jäger
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU); Vienna Austria
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596
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Ssepuuya G, Mukisa IM, Nakimbugwe D. Nutritional composition, quality, and shelf stability of processed Ruspolia nitidula (edible grasshoppers). Food Sci Nutr 2016; 5:103-112. [PMID: 28070321 PMCID: PMC5217929 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional and commercial potential of the edible grasshopper (Ruspolia nitidula, nsenene in Luganda), a delicacy in Uganda and many East African tribes, is limited by a short shelf life and unverified nutritional value. This research established that R. nitidula is nutritious with 36–40% protein, 41–43% fat, 2.5–3.2% carbohydrate, 2.6–3.9% ash, 11.0–14.5% dietary fiber, and 900–2300 μg/100 g total carotenoids on a dry matter basis. Sautéing was the most preferred processing method resulting in grasshoppers with a notably better aroma and flavor. After 12 weeks of storage at room temperature, processed and vacuum packed, ready‐to‐eat grasshoppers maintained their edible quality with an acid value of 3.2 mg KOH/g, a total plate count of log 1.8 cfu/g, and an overall acceptability of 6.7–7.2 on a 9‐point hedonic scale. Further research is required for extending the shelf stability beyond 12 weeks and characterizing the profile of major nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Ssepuuya
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition School of Food Technology Nutrition and Bio-Engineering College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Makerere University P.O. Box, 7062 Kampala Uganda
| | - Ivan Muzira Mukisa
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition School of Food Technology Nutrition and Bio-Engineering College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Makerere University P.O. Box, 7062 Kampala Uganda
| | - Dorothy Nakimbugwe
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition School of Food Technology Nutrition and Bio-Engineering College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Makerere University P.O. Box, 7062 Kampala Uganda
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597
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Filipiak M, Sobczyk Ł, Weiner J. Fungal Transformation of Tree Stumps into a Suitable Resource for Xylophagous Beetles via Changes in Elemental Ratios. INSECTS 2016. [PMCID: PMC4931425 DOI: 10.3390/insects7020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The elements present in dead pine stumps inhabited by larvae of wood-boring beetles (Stictoleptura rubra, Arhopalus rusticus and Chalcophora mariana) were analyzed over the initial (first 5 years; a chronosequence) stages of wood decay. The quantities of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Na (but not S) increased with increases in the content of ergosterol (used as a proxy for the amount of fungal tissue). In fact, the amounts of P, N, K, Fe and Cu presented marked increases. These findings show that fungi stoichiometrically rearrange dead wood by importing externally occurring nutrients to decaying stumps. During the first years of wood decay, the ratios of C to other elements decrease substantially, but differently, for various elements, whereas the N:Fe, N:Cu, N:P and N:K ratios remain relatively stable. Therefore, the stoichiometric mismatch between xylophages and their food is greatly reduced. By changing the nutritional stoichiometry of dead wood, fungi create a nutritional niche for wood-eaters, and these changes enable the development of xylophages.
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598
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Ryu HY, Lee S, Ahn KS, Kim HJ, Lee SS, Ko HJ, Lee JK, Cho MH, Ahn MY, Kim EM, Lim JH, Song KS. Oral Toxicity Study and Skin Sensitization Test of a Cricket. Toxicol Res 2016; 32:159-73. [PMID: 27123167 PMCID: PMC4843977 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Crickets have been attracting considerable interest in the field of nutrition and toxicology due to the global exhaustion of food resulting from a growing population. The cricket is normally eaten in several countries after roasting, similar to the grasshopper; however, safety evaluation data on cricket powder is limited. Here, we performed general toxicity studies of cricket powder including a single, 2-week repeated dose range evaluation test, a 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity test in Sprague-Dawley rats, a single oral dose toxicity test in Beagle dogs, and a skin sensitization test in guinea pigs following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development test guidelines 406 and 408 in addition to Good Laboratory Practice. To investigate the NOAEL and target organs of cricket powder, Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to 4 groups: vehicle control, 1,250 mg/kg, 2,500 mg/kg, 5,000 mg/kg dose test groups and cricket powder was administered over 13 weeks after single dose and dose range finding studies in rats based on the results of the single oral administration toxicity study in rats and Beagle dogs. The results of the study showed that the NOAEL of cricket powder was over 5,000 mg/kg for both sexes of rats without adverse effects in a 13-week repeated oral toxicity study and there was no skin hypersensitivity reaction. Therefore, our results reveal that crickets can be widely used as a new substitute food or nutrient resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Yeol Ryu
- Toxicity Evaluation Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), Incheon,
Korea
| | - Somin Lee
- Toxicity Evaluation Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), Incheon,
Korea
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Kyu Sup Ahn
- Toxicity Evaluation Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), Incheon,
Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Toxicity Evaluation Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), Incheon,
Korea
| | - Sang Sik Lee
- Toxicity Evaluation Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), Incheon,
Korea
| | - Hyuk Ju Ko
- Toxicity Evaluation Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), Incheon,
Korea
| | - Jin Kyu Lee
- Toxicity Evaluation Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), Incheon,
Korea
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Mi Young Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science (RDA), Wanju,
Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam,
Korea
| | | | - Kyung Seuk Song
- Toxicity Evaluation Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), Incheon,
Korea
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599
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Jeon YH, Son YJ, Kim SH, Yun EY, Kang HJ, Hwang IK. Physicochemical properties and oxidative stabilities of mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) oils under different roasting conditions. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:105-110. [PMID: 30263243 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical properties and oxidative stabilities of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) oils under different roasting conditions were investigated. Oils were extracted using n-hexane from mealworms roasted at 200°C for 0, 5, 10, and 15 min and physicochemical properties and oxidative stabilities of oils were analyzed. Roasting increased the color intensity and the oleic acid and δ-tocopherol contents, but decreased linoleic acid, and α- and γ-tocopherol contents. An improvement in oxidative stability was observed in roasted mealworm oils, demonstrated by induction time and peroxide values. Mealworm oil contained abundant essential fatty acids and exhibited a superior oxidative stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ho Jeon
- 1Department of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Yang-Ju Son
- 1Department of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Kim
- Department of Culinary Arts, Kyungmin University, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi, 11618 Korea
| | - Eun-Young Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54875 Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kang
- 4Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17058 Korea
| | - In-Kyeong Hwang
- 1Department of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
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600
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Abstract
The global increase in demand for meat and the limited land area available prompt the search for alternative protein sources. Also the sustainability of meat production has been questioned. Edible insects as an alternative protein source for human food and animal feed are interesting in terms of low greenhouse gas emissions, high feed conversion efficiency, low land use, and their ability to transform low value organic side streams into high value protein products. More than 2000 insect species are eaten mainly in tropical regions. The role of edible insects in the livelihoods and nutrition of people in tropical countries is discussed, but this food source is threatened. In the Western world, there is an increasing interest in edible insects, and examples are given. Insects as feed, in particular as aquafeed, have a large potential. Edible insects have about the same protein content as conventional meat and more PUFA. They may also have some beneficial health effects. Edible insects need to be processed and turned into palatable dishes. Food safety may be affected by toxicity of insects, contamination with pathogens, spoilage during conservation and allergies. Consumer attitude is a major issue in the Western world and a number of strategies are proposed to encourage insect consumption. We discuss research pathways to make insects a viable sector in food and agriculture: an appropriate disciplinary focus, quantifying its importance, comparing its nutritional value to conventional protein sources, environmental benefits, safeguarding food safety, optimising farming, consumer acceptance and gastronomy.
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