551
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Analytical approaches to the OH radical induced degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics in dilute aqueous solutions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 106:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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552
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Shabnam R, Ahmad H. Hydrophobic poly(lauryl methacrylate)-coated magnetic nano-composite particles for removal of organic pollutants. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Shabnam
- Department of Chemistry; Rajshahi University; Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry; Rajshahi University; Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
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553
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Wang L, Yuan Q, Liang G, Shi L, Zhan Q. Magnetic mixed hemimicelles solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the extraction and rapid determination of six fluoroquinolones in environmental water samples. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:996-1001. [PMID: 25581496 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a mixed hemimicelle solid-phase extraction method based on Fe3 O4 nanoparticles coated with sodium dodecyl sulfate was applied for the preconcentration and fast isolation of six fluoroquinolones in environmental water samples before high-performance liquid chromatography determination. The main factors affecting the extraction efficiency of the analytes, such as amount of surfactant, amount of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles, extraction time, sample volume, sample pH, ionic strength, and desorption conditions, were investigated and optimized. The method has detection limits from 0.05 to 0.1 ng/mL and good linearity (r ≥ 09948) in the range 0.1-200 ng/mL depending on the fluoroquinolone. The enrichment factor is ∼200. The recoveries (at spiked levels of 1, 5, and 50 ng/mL) are in the range of 79-120%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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554
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Fathinia M, Khataee A, Naseri A, Aber S. Monitoring simultaneous photocatalytic-ozonation of mixture of pharmaceuticals in the presence of immobilized TiO2 nanoparticles using MCR-ALS: Identification of intermediates and multi-response optimization approach. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 136 Pt C:1275-1290. [PMID: 25456670 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study has focused on the degradation of a mixture of three pharmaceuticals, i.e. methyldopa (MDP), nalidixic acid (NAD) and famotidine (FAM) which were quantified simultaneously during photocatalytic-ozonation process. The experiments were conducted in a semi-batch reactor where TiO2 nanoparticles (crystallites mean size 8nm) were immobilized on ceramic plates irradiated by UV-A light in the proximity of oxygen and/or ozone. The surface morphology and roughness of the bare and TiO2-coated ceramic plates were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). An analytical methodology was successfully developed based on both recording ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra during the degradation process and a data analysis using multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). This methodology enabled the researchers to obtain the concentration and spectral profiles of the chemical compounds which were involved in the process. A central composite design was used to study the effect of several factors on multiple responses namely MDP removal (Y1), NAD removal (Y2) and FAM removal (Y3) in the simultaneous photocatalytic-ozonation of these pharmaceuticals. A multi-response optimization procedure based on global desirability of the factors was used to simultaneously maximize Y1, Y2 and Y3. The results of the global desirability revealed that 8mg/L MAD, 8mg/L NAD, 8mg/L FAM, 6L/h ozone flow rate and a 30min-reaction time were the best conditions under which the optimized values of various responses were Y1=95.03%, Y2=84.93% and Y3=99.15%. Also, the intermediate products of pharmaceuticals generated in the photocatalytic-ozonation process were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrangiz Fathinia
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Abdolhosein Naseri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheil Aber
- Research Laboratory of Environment Protection Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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555
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de Cazes M, Belleville MP, Mougel M, Kellner H, Sanchez-Marcano J. Characterization of laccase-grafted ceramic membranes for pharmaceuticals degradation. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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556
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Fernández AML, Villa-García MA, Rendueles M, Díaz M. Synthesis of the Ion-Exchanger Based on 2-(diethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate-co-Ethyleneglycol Dimethacrylate Beads: Physico-Chemical Characterization and Chromatographic Performance for Sulfonamide Adsorption. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2014.999500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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557
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Du Y, Zhang S, Guo R, Chen J. Understanding the algal contribution in combined UV-algae treatment to remove antibiotic cefradine. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10806c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the algal contribution in a combined UV-algae treatment to remove the commonly used antibiotic cefradine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiang Du
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- Nanjing 210009
| | | | - Ruixin Guo
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
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558
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Miksch K, Cema G, Corvini PFX, Felis E, Sochacki A, Surmacz-Górska J, Wiszniowski J, Żabczynski S. R&D priorities in the field of sustainable remediation and purification of agro-industrial and municipal wastewater. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:128-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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559
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Du Y, Feng Y, Guo R, Chen J. Enhancement by the artificial controlled culture for the algal treatment of antibiotic ceftazidime: a three-step response performance and high-removal efficiency. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06855j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The improved activity of alga is critical for the biological enhanced treatment to remove contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiang Du
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- Nanjing 210009
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Yunqing Feng
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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560
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Vallejo M, Fresnedo San Román M, Ortiz I, Irabien A. Overview of the PCDD/Fs degradation potential and formation risk in the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:44-56. [PMID: 24974140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are a family of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have received considerable public and scientific attention due to the toxicity of some of their congeners, more specifically those with chlorine substitution in the 2,3,7,8 positions. The environmental management and control of PCDD/Fs is addressed at a global level through the Stockholm Convention that establishes that POPs should be destroyed or irreversibly transformed in order to reduce or eliminate their release to the environment. Several technologies, including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as photolysis, photocatalysis and Fenton oxidation, have been considered as effective methods for destroying PCDD/Fs in polluted waters. Nevertheless, during the remediation of wastewaters it is critical that the treatment technologies applied do not lead to the formation of by-products that are themselves POPs, especially if PCDD/Fs precursors or chlorine are present in the reaction medium. Despite the high effectiveness of AOPs in the oxidation of major contaminants, scarce references deal with the monitoring of PCDD/Fs in the course of the oxidation process, revealing that a detailed assessment of non-combustion technologies with respect to PCDD/Fs formation is still lacking. This study reports a review of the state of the art related to the potential remediation and/or formation of PCDD/Fs as a result of the application of AOPs for the treatment of polluted waters, warning on the correct selection of the operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vallejo
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - M Fresnedo San Román
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain.
| | - Angel Irabien
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
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561
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Asha RC, Kumar M. Sulfamethoxazole in poultry wastewater: Identification, treatability and degradation pathway determination in a membrane-photocatalytic slurry reactor. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:1011-1019. [PMID: 26121016 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1038161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in a real-time poultry wastewater was identified via HPLC analysis. Subsequently, SMX removal from the poultry wastewater was investigated using a continuous-mode membrane-photocatalytic slurry reactor (MPSR). The real-time poultry wastewater was found to have an SMX concentration of 0-2.3 mg L(-1). A granular activated carbon supported TiO2 (GAC-TiO2) was synthesized, characterized and used in MPSR experiments. The optimal MPSR condition, i.e., HRT ∼ 125 min and catalyst dosage 529.3 mg L(-1), for complete SMX removal was found out using unconstrained optimization technique. Under the optimized condition, the effect of SMX concentration on MPSR performance was investigated by synthetic addition of SMX (i.e., 1, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L(-1)) into the wastewater. Interestingly, complete removals of total volatile solids (TVS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and SMX were observed under all SMX concentrations investigated. However, a decline in SMX removal rate and proportionate increase in transmembrane-pressure (TMP) were observed when the SMX concentration was increased to higher levels. In the MPSR, the SMX mineralization was through one of the following degradation pathways: (i) fragmentation of the isoxazole ring and (ii) the elimination of methyl and amide moieties followed by the formation of phenyl sulfinate ion. These results show that the continuous-mode MPSR has great potential in the removal for SMX contaminated real-time poultry wastewater and similar organic micropollutants from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju C Asha
- a Department of Civil Engineering , National Institute of Technology Calicut , Kerala , India
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562
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Chao Y, Zhu W, Ye Z, Wu P, Wei N, Wu X, Li H. Preparation of metal ions impregnated polystyrene resins for adsorption of antibiotics contaminants in aquatic environment. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Chao
- School of Pharmacy, School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshuai Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Ye
- School of Pharmacy, School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
| | - Nannan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
| | - Huaming Li
- School of Pharmacy, School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
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563
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Van Doorslaer X, Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: an emerging class of environmental micropollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:250-69. [PMID: 25226071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of different chemical and environmental aspects concerning fluoroquinolone antibiotics as emerging contaminants. A literature survey has been performed based on 204 papers from 1998 to mid-2013, resulting in a dataset consisting out of 4100 data points related to physical-chemical properties, environmental occurrence, removal efficiencies, and ecotoxicological data. In a first part, an overview is given on relevant physical-chemical parameters to better understand the behavior of fluoroquinolones during wastewater treatment and in the environment. Secondly, the route of these antibiotics after their application in both human and veterinary surroundings is discussed. Thirdly, the occurrence of fluoroquinolone residues is discussed for different environmental matrices. The final part of this review provides a tentative risk assessment of fluoroquinolone compounds and their transformation products in surface waters by means of hazard quotients. Overall, this review shows that fluoroquinolone antibiotics have a wide spread use and that their behavior during wastewater treatment is complex with an incomplete removal. As a result, it is observed that these biorecalcitrant compounds are present in different environmental matrices at potentially hazardous concentrations for the aquatic environment. The latter calls for actions on both the consumption as well as the wastewater treatment aspect to diminish the discharge of these biological active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xander Van Doorslaer
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Dewulf
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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564
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Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline using nanosized titanium dioxide in aqueous solution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13762-014-0706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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565
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Kondalkar VV, Mali SS, Mane RM, Dandge PB, Choudhury S, Hong CK, Patil PS, Patil SR, Kim JH, Bhosale PN. Photoelectrocatalysis of Cefotaxime Using Nanostructured TiO2 Photoanode: Identification of the Degradation Products and Determination of the Toxicity Level. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie501821a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sipra Choudhury
- Chemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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566
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Trapido M, Epold I, Bolobajev J, Dulova N. Emerging micropollutants in water/wastewater: growing demand on removal technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12217-12222. [PMID: 24840356 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing advanced treatment technologies for improving the removal of micropollutants in water/wastewater is important. A suitable treatment is more likely to be used as the polishing step in the treatment scheme. Advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) are relevant for removing micropollutants. The ability of direct UV photolysis and selected AOTs to degrade pharmaceuticals, endocrine-disrupting compound and herbicide has been studied and compared. The tested methods resulted in the degradation of the studied micropollutants; however, none of the methods was preferred for the removal of all tested compounds. The UV-active processes have strong potential for removal of the studied micropollutants. The utilisation of a moderate hydrogen peroxide admixture resulted in a more reliable treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trapido
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
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567
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de Cazes M, Belleville MP, Petit E, Llorca M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, de Gunzburg J, Barceló D, Sanchez-Marcano J. Design and optimization of an enzymatic membrane reactor for tetracycline degradation. Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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568
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Garcia-Segura S, Keller J, Brillas E, Radjenovic J. Removal of organic contaminants from secondary effluent by anodic oxidation with a boron-doped diamond anode as tertiary treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 283:551-557. [PMID: 25464295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have been widely investigated as promising technologies to remove trace organic contaminants from water, but have rarely been used for the treatment of real waste streams. Anodic oxidation with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode was applied for the treatment of secondary effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant containing 29 target pharmaceuticals and pesticides. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed from the contaminants decay, dissolved organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand removal. The effect of applied current and pH was evaluated. Almost complete mineralization of effluent organic matter and trace contaminants can be obtained by this EAOP primarily due to the action of hydroxyl radicals formed at the BDD surface. The oxidation of Cl(-) ions present in the wastewater at the BDD anode gave rise to active chlorine species (Cl2/HClO/ClO(-)), which are competitive oxidizing agents yielding chloramines and organohalogen byproducts, quantified as adsorbable organic halogen. However, further anodic oxidation of HClO/ClO(-) species led to the production of ClO3(-) and ClO4(-) ions. The formation of these species hampers the application as a single-stage tertiary treatment, but posterior cathodic reduction of chlorate and perchlorate species may reduce the risks associated to their presence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4, Gehrmann Bld. (60), St Lucia, QLD 072, Australia; Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jürg Keller
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4, Gehrmann Bld. (60), St Lucia, QLD 072, Australia
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelena Radjenovic
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4, Gehrmann Bld. (60), St Lucia, QLD 072, Australia.
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569
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de Cazes M, Abejón R, Belleville MP, Sanchez-Marcano J. Membrane bioprocesses for pharmaceutical micropollutant removal from waters. MEMBRANES 2014; 4:692-729. [PMID: 25295629 PMCID: PMC4289862 DOI: 10.3390/membranes4040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review work is to give an overview of the research reported on bioprocesses for the treatment of domestic or industrial wastewaters (WW) containing pharmaceuticals. Conventional WW treatment technologies are not efficient enough to completely remove all pharmaceuticals from water. Indeed, these compounds are becoming an actual public health problem, because they are more and more present in underground and even in potable waters. Different types of bioprocesses are described in this work: from classical activated sludge systems, which allow the depletion of pharmaceuticals by bio-degradation and adsorption, to enzymatic reactions, which are more focused on the treatment of WW containing a relatively high content of pharmaceuticals and less organic carbon pollution than classical WW. Different aspects concerning the advantages of membrane bioreactors for pharmaceuticals removal are discussed, as well as the more recent studies on enzymatic membrane reactors to the depletion of these recalcitrant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias de Cazes
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), ENSCM, UM2, CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095, France.
| | - Ricardo Abejón
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), ENSCM, UM2, CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095, France.
| | - Marie-Pierre Belleville
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), ENSCM, UM2, CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095, France.
| | - José Sanchez-Marcano
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), ENSCM, UM2, CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095, France.
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570
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Zhang T, Wang M, Yang W, Yang Z, Wang Y, Gu Z. Synergistic Removal of Copper(II) and Tetracycline from Water Using an Environmentally Friendly Chitosan-Based Flocculant. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502765w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and
Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and
Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Weiben Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and
Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and
Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and
Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Zhenggui Gu
- School of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and
Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
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571
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Fabiańska A, Białk-Bielińska A, Stepnowski P, Stolte S, Siedlecka EM. Electrochemical degradation of sulfonamides at BDD electrode: kinetics, reaction pathway and eco-toxicity evaluation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 280:579-587. [PMID: 25215656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The investigation dealt with electrochemical oxidation of five sulfonamides (SNs): sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfamethazine (SMN) and sulfadimethoxine (SDM) in aqueous solution at boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. All studied sulfonamides were degraded according to a pseudo first order kinetics. The structure of SNs had no significant effect on the values of pseudo first order rate constants. Increased degradation efficiency was observed in higher temperature and in acidic pH. Due to the presence of chlorine and nitrate SNs were more effectively oxidized from municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents than from pure supporting electrolyte Na2SO4. The intermediates identified by LC-MS and GC-MS analysis suggested that the hydroxyl radicals attack mainly the SN bond, but also the aromatic ring systems (aniline, pyrimidine or triazole) of SNs. Finally, the toxicity of the SNs solutions and effluents after electrochemical treatment was assessed through the measurement of growth inhibition of green algae (Scenedesmus vacualatus) and duckweed (Lemna minor). Toxicity of SMR, STZ, SMN solutions before and after electrochemical oxidation and SDM solution after the process in L. minor test was observed. No significant toxicity of studied SNs was observed in algae test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Fabiańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland; UFT-Centre of Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ewa Maria Siedlecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland.
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572
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Topkaya E, Konyar M, Yatmaz HC, Öztürk K. Pure ZnO and composite ZnO/TiO2 catalyst plates: A comparative study for the degradation of azo dye, pesticide and antibiotic in aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 430:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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573
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Li N, Zhang X, Wu W, Zhao X. Occurrence, seasonal variation and risk assessment of antibiotics in the reservoirs in North China. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:327-335. [PMID: 24997936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and seasonal variability of five groups (tetracycline, quinolone, chloramphenicol, macrolide and sulfonamide) of antibiotics were investigated in the surface water of four reservoirs. The dissolved concentrations of 29 antibiotics were in the ngL(-1) level. Trace levels of all target antibiotics were analyzed using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. All of the antibiotics were detected at all sampling sites, indicating widespread occurrence of antibiotics in the study area. The detection of florfenicol, josamycin, kitasamycin, spiramycin and sulfameter is the first report of these compounds in reservoir samples. The results showed an association between the presence of some antibiotics at Panjiakou reservoir and cage culture of fish. Twenty-three types of antibiotics showed significant seasonal variations (p<0.001) due to human activities and flow conditions. A risk assessment showed that all antibiotics detected could cause very low risk to algae, daphnid and fish. Further health risk need to be investigated because these reservoirs are drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Tianjin University, Wei Jin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Tianjin Sino French Jieyuan Water Company Limited, Jieyuan Road 30, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Xinhua Zhao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Tianjin University, Wei Jin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
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574
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Batista APS, Pires FCC, Teixeira ACS. The role of reactive oxygen species in sulfamethazine degradation using UV-based technologies and products identification. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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575
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Díaz MS, Luiz MM. Photodegradation of antibiotic 5-sulfaminouracil in the presence of vitamin B2: a kinetic study. Redox Rep 2014; 20:17-25. [PMID: 25158978 DOI: 10.1179/1351000214y.0000000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper studies the kinetics and mechanism of the sensitized photodegradation of 5-sulfaminouracil (SFU). This compound is a synthetic bacteriostatic belonging to the sulfa drugs, usually detected in surface water and effluent wastewater. METHODS SFU interacts with electronically excited singlet and triplet states of riboflavin (Rf), (1)Rf* and (3)Rf*, respectively. The rate constants for these processes were determined in MeOH-H2O by stationary fluorescence spectroscopy (for kQ(1)) and by laser flash photolysis (for kQ(3)). RESULTS SFU is photodegraded by visible light irradiation in the presence of the natural sensitizer (Rf). In competitive processes, (3)Rf* generates the reactive oxygen species superoxide radical anion (O2(•-)) and singlet molecular oxygen [O2((1)Δg)], which are involved in SFU photodegradation. In aqueous solutions, where SFU adopts different forms depending on the pH of the medium, the participation of O2((1)Δg) is predominant. Therefore, the O2((1)Δg)-mediated mechanism was evaluated at pHs 7 and 12, employing perinaphthenone as a synthetic photosensitizer. DISCUSSION The results indicate that SFU is photodegraded through a relatively efficient process in a neutral environment, whereas it is quickly degraded in alkaline media. This is attributed to the ionization of the sulfamino- group, a substituent in the uracil molecule that exerts an activating power on the molecule. Thus, sensitized photodegradation may be an important tool to reduce the environmental impact of SFU.
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576
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Fernández AML, Rendueles M, Díaz M. Competitive Retention of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Sulfamethazine (SMZ) from Synthetic Solutions in a Strong Anionic Ion Exchange Resin. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2014.940235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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577
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Selvi A, Salam JA, Das N. Biodegradation of cefdinir by a novel yeast strain, Ustilago sp. SMN03 isolated from pharmaceutical wastewater. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2839-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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578
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Yamal-Turbay E, González LP, Graells M, Pérez-Moya M. Degradation of sulphamethazine by means of an improved photo-Fenton process involving a hydrogen peroxide systematic dosage. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:1695-1701. [PMID: 24956760 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.880516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite being acknowledged as an emerging contaminant, sulphamethazine (SMT) degradation has received scarce attention in the advanced oxidation processes field. Thus, this work addresses the degradation of SMT in water solutions (12 L of 25mgL-1 samples) by means of a photo-Fenton process and a systematic H202 dosage protocol that enhances its performance. A conventional photo-Fenton process led to 86% mineralization after 120 min treatment when adding the Fenton reactants at once (initial concentrations were 10mgL-1 Fe(II) and 200mgL-1 H2O2). Conversely, the process achieved the total mineralization of the samples in less than 75 min when the same amount of H202 was continuously dosed according to a conveniently tuned dosage protocol. In both cases, total SMT degradation was achieved within 10 min. Hence, this work's aim is to determine the efficient dosage conditions of H2O2. The results show that a significant improvement of the photo-Fenton mineralization of SMT solutions is possible by adjusting the dosage of H2O2.
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579
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Liu Y, Hu J, Wang J. Radiation-induced removal of sulphadiazine antibiotics from wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:2028-2034. [PMID: 24956797 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.889761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The radiation-induced removal of sulphadiazine (SD) belonging to the heterocyclic sulphonamides pharmaceuticals was investigated by gamma irradiation at different conditions in laboratory scale. The influence of initial SD concentrations, pH values, 02 and N2 on SD degradation was determined. The experimental results showed that gamma-ray irradiation was efficient for removing SD from wastewater. SD could be completely removed at an absorbed dose of 10 kGy. The degradation kinetics of SD conformed to the first-order kinetic equation. When SD concentration was in the range of 10-30 mg/L, the dose constant (d) decreased with an increasing initial SD concentration. The mineralization of SD, in terms of total organic carbon removal, was not obvious at a low absorbed dose, but it increased to more than 75% at 100 kGy. The biodegradability of SD was improved after irradiation, suggesting that irradiation could be used as a pretreatment technology for treating SD-containing wastewater. The possible degradation pathway of SD was tentatively proposed based on the analysis of intermediate products during gamma irradiation.
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580
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Shaykhi Z, Zinatizadeh A. Statistical modeling of photocatalytic degradation of synthetic amoxicillin wastewater (SAW) in an immobilized TiO2 photocatalytic reactor using response surface methodology (RSM). J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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581
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Fernández AML, Rendueles M, Díaz M. Sulfamethazine Retention from Water Solutions by Ion Exchange with a Strong Anionic Resin in Fixed Bed. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2013.879666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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582
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Homayoonfal M, Mehrnia MR. Amoxicillin separation from pharmaceutical solution by pH sensitive nanofiltration membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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583
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Antonopoulou M, Evgenidou E, Lambropoulou D, Konstantinou I. A review on advanced oxidation processes for the removal of taste and odor compounds from aqueous media. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 53:215-234. [PMID: 24525070 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In view of the global concern about the occurrence of taste and odor (T&O) compounds in waters for drinking water supply and the necessity for the development of more innovative and efficient technologies for water treatment and depuration, the focus of this study is to provide a state of the art overview on current knowledge for the application of advanced oxidation technologies for the treatment of T&O compounds in aquatic media. The most representative and newly emerging compounds belonging to the major groups of T&O compounds, such as geosmin, methylisoborneol, benzothiazoles, mercaptans and sulfides as well as aromatic and other miscellaneous T&O compounds, are included in the systematic overview. The current data has been compiled and extensively discussed in terms of the degree of degradation, reaction kinetics, effect of operational parameters and water quality, identity of intermediate and final products and possible transformation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Antonopoulou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - E Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - D Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - I Konstantinou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR 30100 Agrinio, Greece.
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584
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Rubio-Clemente A, Torres-Palma RA, Peñuela GA. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous environment by chemical treatments: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 478:201-225. [PMID: 24552655 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic potential, the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from aqueous environment using physical, biological and chemical processes has been studied by several researchers. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge concerning PAHs including their physico-chemical properties, input sources, occurrence, adverse effects and conventional and alternative chemical processes applied for their removal from water. The mechanisms and reactions involved in each treatment method are reported, and the effects of various variables on the PAH degradation rate as well as the extent of degradation are also discussed. Extensive literature analysis has shown that an effective way to perform the conversion and mineralization of this type of substances is the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Furthermore, combined processes, particularly AOPs coupled with biological treatments, seem to be one of the best solutions for the treatment of effluents containing PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Rubio-Clemente
- Grupo de Diagnóstico y Control de la Contaminación - GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigaciones Universitarias (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ricardo A Torres-Palma
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Gustavo A Peñuela
- Grupo de Diagnóstico y Control de la Contaminación - GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigaciones Universitarias (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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585
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Synthesis, size characterization and catalytic activities of transition metal oxide nanoparticles towards degradation of norfloxacin, oxytetracycline and lincomycin drugs based on H2O2 in aqueous medium. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-013-0669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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586
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Blasioli S, Martucci A, Paul G, Gigli L, Cossi M, Johnston CT, Marchese L, Braschi I. Removal of sulfamethoxazole sulfonamide antibiotic from water by high silica zeolites: A study of the involved host–guest interactions by a combined structural, spectroscopic, and computational approach. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 419:148-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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587
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El-Ghenymy A, Rodríguez RM, Brillas E, Oturan N, Oturan MA. Electro-Fenton degradation of the antibiotic sulfanilamide with Pt/carbon-felt and BDD/carbon-felt cells. Kinetics, reaction intermediates, and toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8368-8378. [PMID: 24687785 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of 230 mL of a 0.6-mM sulfanilamide solution in 0.05 M Na₂SO₄ of pH 3.0 has been studied by electro-Fenton process. The electrolytic cell contained either a Pt or boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a carbon-felt cathode. Under these conditions, organics are oxidized by hydroxyl radicals formed at the anode surface from water oxidation and in the bulk from Fenton's reaction between initially added (and then electrochemically regenerated) Fe(2+) and cathodically generated H₂O₂. From the decay of sulfanilamide concentration determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography, an optimum Fe(2+) concentration of 0.20 mM in both cells was found. The drug disappeared more rapidly using BDD than Pt, and, in both cases, it was more quickly removed with raising applied current. Almost total mineralization was achieved using the BDD/carbon-felt cell, whereas the alternative use of Pt anode led to a slightly lower mineralization degree. In both cells, the degradation rate was accelerated at higher current but with the concomitant fall of mineralization current efficiency due to the greater increase in rate of the parasitic reactions of hydroxyl radicals. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography allowed the identification of catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone, and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene as aromatic intermediates, whereas ion exclusion chromatography revealed the formation of malic, maleic, fumaric, acetic, oxalic, formic, and oxamic acids. NH₄(+), NO₃(-), and SO₄(2-) ions were released during the electro-Fenton process. A plausible reaction sequence for sulfanilamide mineralization involving all detected intermediates has been proposed. The toxicity of the solution was assessed from the Vibrio fischeri bacteria luminescence inhibition. Although it acquired its maximum value at short electrolysis time, the solution was completely detoxified at the end of the electro-Fenton treatment, regardless of the anode used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif El-Ghenymy
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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588
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Liu Y, Hu J, Wang J. Fe2+ enhancing sulfamethazine degradation in aqueous solution by gamma irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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589
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Xu J, Hao Z, Guo C, Zhang Y, He Y, Meng W. Photodegradation of sulfapyridine under simulated sunlight irradiation: kinetics, mechanism and toxicity evolvement. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 99:186-191. [PMID: 24289977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the photoinduced degradation of sulfapyridine (SPY) was investigated under simulated light irradiation (λ>200nm). The effect of pH and main water constituents including nitrate ion, bicarbonate, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and iron(III) on the photodegradation was explored. SPY was effectively removed in aqueous solution at pH 8 under UV-vis irradiation, with removal efficiency of 100% within 120min. DOM and iron(III) had retarding influence on the SPY removal, whereas nitrate ion and bicarbonate did not show any obvious effect. Under UV-vis irradiation, the formation of singlet oxygen ((1)O2) accelerated the SPY photodegradation and the contribution of indirect photolysis due to reaction with (1)O2 was up to 42%. The transformation products of SPY were identified by HPLC-MS and the possible photoreaction pathways were proposed. It showed that photoinduced hydrolysis, photo-oxidation via (1)O2 and desulfonation were the main degradation ways for SPY decomposition. Toxicity assays by Vibrio fischeri proved that the transformation products were more toxic than the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhineng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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590
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Abstract
Over the past few decades, a high number of pharmaceuticals have been detected in surface, ground and drinking waters. This contamination comes from domestic sewage, livestock, hospitals and chemical-pharmaceutical industries. Typical examples of these pollutants are the fluoroquinolones - powerful antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine. The presence of fluoroquinolones in the environment can pose a serious threat to the ecosystem and to human health due to their high consumption globally: in 1998, around 120 tons were produced. Even at low environmental concentrations, antibiotics stimulate bacterial resistance. The consequences of the presence of fluoroquinolones in the environment are not fully understood, but are known to be toxic to plants and aquatic organisms. Approximately 85% of the fluoroquinolones present in influents can be removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants, but the removed fraction is frequently accumulated in the sludge, which is sometimes used as fertilizer, representing an additional input route into the environment. The removal of fluoroquinolones by biological treatment is ineffective, and it is believed that only advanced oxidation technologies are able to destroy these emerging pollutants.
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591
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Baghapour MA, Shirdarreh MR, Derakhshan Z, Faramarzian M. Modeling Amoxicillin Removal From Aquatic Environments in Biofilters. HEALTH SCOPE 2014. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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592
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Clay supported bimetallic Fe/Ni nanoparticles used for reductive degradation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution: Characterization and kinetics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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593
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Zhang Y, Cai X, Xiong W, Jiang H, Zhao H, Yang X, Li C, Fu Z, Chen J. Molecular insights into the pH-dependent adsorption and removal of ionizable antibiotic oxytetracycline by adsorbent cyclodextrin polymers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86228. [PMID: 24465975 PMCID: PMC3897700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of pH on adsorption and removal efficiency of ionizable organic compounds (IOCs) by environmental adsorbents are an area of debate, because of its dual mediation towards adsorbents and adsorbate. Here, we probe the pH-dependent adsorption of ionizable antibiotic oxytetracycline (comprising OTCH2+, OTCH±, OTC−, and OTC2−) onto cyclodextrin polymers (CDPs) with the nature of molecular recognition and pH inertness. OTCH± commonly has high adsorption affinity, OTC− exhibits moderate affinity, and the other two species have negligible affinity. These species are evidenced to selectively interact with structural units (e.g., CD cavity, pore channel, and network) of the polymers and thus immobilized onto the adsorbents to different extents. The differences in adsorption affinity and mechanisms of the species account for the pH-dependent adsorption of OTC. The mathematical equations are derived from the multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis of quantitatively relating adsorption affinity of OTC at varying pH to adsorbent properties. A combination of the MLR analysis for OTC and molecular recognition of adsorption of the species illustrates the nature of the pH-dependent adsorption of OTC. Based on this finding, γ-HP-CDP is chosen to adsorb and remove OTC at pH 5.0 and 7.0, showing high removal efficiency and strong resistance to the interference of coexisting components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiyun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Weina Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Haitong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xianhai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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594
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Yang J, Wang X, Zhu M, Liu H, Ma J. Investigation of PAA/PVDF-NZVI hybrids for metronidazole removal: synthesis, characterization, and reactivity characteristics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 264:269-277. [PMID: 24316246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the removal process of metronidazole (MNZ) from aqueous solutions over nano zerovalent iron (NZVI) encapsulated within poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes was reported. The resultant composite (PPN) demonstrated high reactivity, excellent stability and reusability over the reaction course. Such excellent performance might be attributed to the presence of the charged carboxyl groups in PVDF membrane support, which could enhance NZVI dispersion and improve its longevity. Results showed that a lower initial concentration and higher reaction temperature facilitated the removal of MNZ by PPN, and that the acidic and neutral conditions generally exhibited more favorable effect on MNZ removal than the alkaline ones. Kinetics of the MNZ removal by PPN was found to follow a two-parameter pseudo-first-order decay model well, and the activation energy of the MNZ degradation by PPN was determined to be 30.49kJ/mol. The presence of chloride ions slightly enhanced the reactivity of PPN with MNZ, whereas sulfate ions inhibited its reactivity. In addition, MNZ degradation pathways by PPN were proposed based on the identified intermediates. This study suggests that PPN composite possessing excellent performance may be a promising functional material to pretreat antibiotic wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Minping Zhu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Huiling Liu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
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595
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Rahmani H, Gholami M, Mahvi AH, Alimohammadi M, Azarian G, Esrafili A, Rahmani K, Farzadkia M. Tinidazole Removal from Aqueous Solution by Sonolysis in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 92:341-6. [PMID: 24420343 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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596
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Moarefian A, Golestani HA, Bahmanpour H. Removal of amoxicillin from wastewater by self-made Polyethersulfone membrane using nanofiltration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:127. [PMID: 25379184 PMCID: PMC4207884 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-014-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the performance of a self-made nanofiltration (NF) membrane for the removal of antibiotics from wastewater under changing operating conditions such as pH, initial feed concentration, operating pressure, and temperature. Amoxicillin (AMX) was used as one of the commonly prescribed antibiotics. A self-made NF membrane containing Polyethersulfone (PES), and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was modified with Polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether (Brij®58) surfactant. The self-made membrane was characterized by water contact angle, zeta potential, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The obtained results showed that the AMX rejection and permeation flux by the self-made membrane varied from 56.49% to 99.09% and from 15.14 L/m(2)h to 110.29 L/m(2)h, respectively. The AMX rejection decreased at a higher level of initial feed concentration while other operating parameters such as pH, operating pressure, and temperature had a negligible effect on the removal of AMX from wastewater by the self-made NF membrane. The highest removal rate was achieved under conditions of pH 9.0, a temperature of 298 K, an operating pressure of 2 MPa, and an initial feed concentration of 20 ppm. According to the research findings, the self-made NF membrane is recommended for the removal of AMX to a considerable extent at low initial feed concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Moarefian
- />Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Science, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| | | | - Hooman Bahmanpour
- />Department of Environment, College of Science, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
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597
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Pereira JHOS, Reis AC, Nunes OC, Borges MT, Vilar VJP, Boaventura RAR. Assessment of solar driven TiO2-assisted photocatalysis efficiency on amoxicillin degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1292-1303. [PMID: 23900954 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of a solar TiO2-assisted photocatalytic process on amoxicillin (AMX) degradation, an antibiotic widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Firstly, solar photolysis of AMX was compared with solar photocatalysis in a compound parabolic collectors pilot scale photoreactor to assess the amount of accumulated UV energy in the system (Q UV) necessary to remove 20 mg L(-1) AMX from aqueous solution and mineralize the intermediary by-products. Another experiment was also carried out to accurately follow the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DSM 1103 and Staphylococcus aureus DSM 1104 and mineralization of AMX by tracing the contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), low molecular weight carboxylate anions, and inorganic anions. Finally, the influence of individual inorganic ions on AMX photocatalytic degradation efficiency and the involvement of some reactive oxygen species were also assessed. Photolysis was shown to be completely ineffective, while only 3.1 kJUV L(-1) was sufficient to fully degrade 20 mg L(-1) AMX and remove 61% of initial DOC content in the presence of the photocatalyst and sunlight. In the experiment with an initial AMX concentration of 40 mg L(-1), antibacterial activity of the solution was considerably reduced after elimination of AMX to levels below the respective detection limit. After 11.7 kJUV L(-1), DOC decreased by 71%; 30% of the AMX nitrogen was converted into ammonium and all sulfur compounds were converted into sulfate. A large percentage of the remaining DOC was in the form of low molecular weight carboxylic acids. Presence of phosphate ions promoted the removal of AMX from solution, while no sizeable effects on the kinetics were found for other inorganic ions. Although the AMX degradation was mainly attributed to hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen also plays an important role in AMX self-photosensitization under UV/visible solar light.
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Affiliation(s)
- João H O S Pereira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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598
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Periša M, Babić S, Škorić I, Frömel T, Knepper TP. Photodegradation of sulfonamides and their N (4)-acetylated metabolites in water by simulated sunlight irradiation: kinetics and identification of photoproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8934-8946. [PMID: 23749364 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Once released into the aquatic environment, pharmaceuticals may undergo different degradation processes. Photodegradation, for example, might be an important elimination process for light-sensitive pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics. In this study, the fate of sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole) and their N (4)-acetylated metabolites (N (4)-acetylsulfadiazine, N (4)-acetylsulfamethazine, and N (4)-acetylsulfamethoxazole) under simulated sunlight irradiation was investigated. The irradiation resulted in total or almost total degradation (88 to 98 %) of the pharmaceuticals tested, except for sulfamethazine (52 %), during 24 h of irradiation. The photoproducts of all investigated pharmaceuticals have been analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Structure elucidation performed from photodegradation products of both, sulfonamides and their N (4)-acetylated metabolites, clearly showed two major formation pathways. These were cleavage of the sulfonamide bond as well as SO2 extrusion. In total, nine photoproducts were elucidated. Among these photoproducts, the tautomers of sulfamethoxazole and desulfonated products of sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine were also present. Tautomers of sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine have been characterized here for the first time as well as some photoproducts of sulfadiazine, sulfametoxazole, and their metabolites N (4)-acetylsulfadiazine and N (4)-acetylsulfametoxazole. The obtained results are an important piece in the complex puzzle for assessing the environmental fate of sulfonamides and their metabolites in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Periša
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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599
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Kyzas GZ, Bikiaris DN, Seredych M, Bandosz TJ, Deliyanni EA. Removal of dorzolamide from biomedical wastewaters with adsorption onto graphite oxide/poly(acrylic acid) grafted chitosan nanocomposite. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 152:399-406. [PMID: 24326036 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel graphite oxide/poly(acrylic acid) grafted chitosan nanocomposite (GO/CSA) was prepared and used as biosorbent for the removal of pharmaceutical compound (dorzolamide) from biomedical synthetic wastewaters. The performance was evaluated taking into account pH, kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption. GO/CSA presented higher adsorption capacity in comparison with the parent materials (graphite oxide and poly(acrylic acid) grafted chitosan). All adsorbents prepared were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and potentiometric titration. The surface features were also evaluated after the dorzolamide adsorption in order to derive the adsorption mechanism. It was suggested that the reactive groups of GO and CSA can interact with the amino groups of dorzolamide and mainly the abundance of carboxyl groups of GO/CSA composite was the main reason for its enhanced adsorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Z Kyzas
- Division of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Division of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mykola Seredych
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 100 31, USA
| | - Teresa J Bandosz
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 100 31, USA
| | - Eleni A Deliyanni
- Division of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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600
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Daghrir R, Drogui P, Delegan N, El Khakani MA. Electrochemical degradation of chlortetracycline using N-doped Ti/TiO2 photoanode under sunlight irradiations. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:6801-6810. [PMID: 24075724 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The appearance and the persistence of pharmaceutical products in the aquatic environment urgently call for the development of an innovative and practical water treatment technology. This study deals with the development of nanostructured nitrogen-doped TiO2 photoanodes and their subsequent use for chlortetracycline (CTC) photoelectrocatalytic oxidation under visible light. The N-doped TiO2 photoanodes with different nitrogen contents were prepared by means of a radiofrequency magnetron sputtering (RF-MS) process, with the objective to tune shift their optical absorption from the UV towards the visible. The N-doped TiO2 consist of nanostructured anatase phase with average TiO2 nanocrystallite size of 29 nm. The nitrogen doping is clearly shown to produce the desired red shift of the absorption onset of the TiO2 coatings (from ~380 nm to ~550 nm). Likewise, the N-doped TiO2 are found to be highly photo-electroactive not only under the UV light but most interestingly under the visible light as well. Using the optimal N-doped photoanodes, 99.6% of CTC (100 μg/L) was successfully degraded after 180 min of treatment time with a current intensity of 0.6 A. Under these conditions, a relatively high mineralization of CTC (92.5% ± 0.26% of TOC removal and 90.3% ± 1.1% of TN removal) was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimeh Daghrir
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
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