551
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Gonçalves G, Vila M, Portolés MT, Vallet-Regi M, Gracio J, Marques PAAP. Nano-graphene oxide: a potential multifunctional platform for cancer therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:1072-90. [PMID: 23526812 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nano-GO is a graphene derivative with a 2D atomic layer of sp² bonded carbon atoms in hexagonal conformation together with sp³ domains with carbon atoms linked to oxygen functional groups. The supremacy of nano-GO resides essentially in its own intrinsic chemical and physical structure, which confers an extraordinary chemical versatility, high aspect ratio and unusual physical properties. The chemical versatility of nano-GO arises from the oxygen functional groups on the carbon structure that make possible its relatively easy functionalization, under mild conditions, with organic molecules or biological structures in covalent or non-covalent linkage. The synergistic effects resulting from the assembly of well-defined structures at nano-GO surface, in addition to its intrinsic optical, mechanical and electronic properties, allow the development of new multifunctional hybrid materials with a high potential in multimodal cancer therapy. Herein, a comprehensive review of the fundamental properties of nano-GO requirements for cancer therapy and the first developments of nano-GO as a platform for this purpose is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Gonçalves
- TEMA-NRD, Mechanical Engineering Department and Aveiro Institute of Nanotechnology (AIN), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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552
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Liu X, Chen Y, Li H, Huang N, Jin Q, Ren K, Ji J. Enhanced retention and cellular uptake of nanoparticles in tumors by controlling their aggregation behavior. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6244-6257. [PMID: 23799860 DOI: 10.1021/nn402201w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Effective accumulation of nanoparticles (NPs) in tumors is crucial for NP-assisted cancer diagnosis and treatment. With the hypothesis that aggregation of NPs stimulated by tumor microenvironment can be utilized to enhance retention and cellular uptake of NPs in tumors, we designed a smart NP system to evaluate the effect of aggregation on NPs' accumulation in tumor tissue. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, ~16 nm) were facilely prepared by surface modification with mixed-charge zwitterionic self-assembled monolayers, which can be stable at the pH of blood and normal tissues but aggregate instantly in response to the acidic extracellular pH of solid tumors. The zwitterionic AuNPs exhibited fast, ultrasensitive, and reversible response to the pH change from pH 7.4 to pH 6.5, which enabled the AuNPs to be well dispersed at pH 7.4 with excellent stealth ability to resist uptake by macrophages, while quickly aggregating at pH 6.5, leading to greatly enhanced uptake by cancer cells. An in vivo study demonstrated that the zwitterionic AuNPs had a considerable blood half-life with much higher tumor accumulation, retention, and cellular internalization than nonsensitive PEGylated AuNPs. A preliminary photothermal tumor ablation evaluation suggested the aggregation of AuNPs can be applied to cancer NIR photothermal therapy. These results suggest that controlled aggregation of NPs sensitive to tumor microenvironment can serve as a universal strategy to enhance the retention and cellular uptake of inorganic NPs in tumors, and modifying NPs with a mixed-charge zwitterionic surface can provide an easy way to obtain stealth properties and pH-sensitivity at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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553
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Savage DJ, Liu X, Curley SA, Ferrari M, Serda RE. Porous silicon advances in drug delivery and immunotherapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:834-41. [PMID: 23845260 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical applications of porous silicon include drug delivery, imaging, diagnostics and immunotherapy. This review summarizes new silicon particle fabrication techniques, dynamics of cellular transport, advances in the multistage vector approach to drug delivery, and the use of porous silicon as immune adjuvants. Recent findings support superior therapeutic efficacy of the multistage vector approach over single particle drug delivery systems in mouse models of ovarian and breast cancer. With respect to vaccine development, multivalent presentation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the particle surface creates powerful platforms for immunotherapy, with the porous matrix able to carry both antigens and immune modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Savage
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Surgical Oncology, 1515 Holcombe Blvd #444, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX, USA
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554
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Maeda H. The link between infection and cancer: tumor vasculature, free radicals, and drug delivery to tumors via the EPR effect. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:779-89. [PMID: 23495730 PMCID: PMC7657157 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses primarily on my own research, including pathogenic mechanisms of microbial infection, vascular permeability in infection and tumors, and effects of nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion radical (O₂⁻), and 8-nitroguanosine in the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect for the tumor-selective delivery of macromolecular agents (nanomedicines). Infection-induced vascular permeability is mediated by activation of the kinin-generating protease cascade (kallikrein-kinin) triggered by exogenous microbial proteases. A similar mechanism operates in cancer tissues and in carcinomatosis of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Infection also stimulates O₂⁻ generation via activation of xanthine oxidase while generating NO by inducing NO synthase. These chemicals function in mutation and carcinogenesis and promote inflammation, in which peroxynitrite (a product of O₂⁻ and NO) activates MMP, damages DNA and RNA, and regenerates 8-nitroguanosine and 8-oxoguanosine. We showed vascular permeability by using macromolecular drugs, which are not simply extravasated through the vascular wall into the tumor interstitium but remain there for prolonged periods. We thus discovered the EPR effect, which led to the rational development of tumor-selective delivery of polymer conjugates, micellar and liposomal drugs, and genes. Our styrene-maleic acid copolymer conjugated with neocarzinostatin was the first agent of its kind used to treat hepatoma. The EPR effect occurs not only because of defective vascular architecture but also through the generation of various vascular mediators such as kinin, NO, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Although most solid tumors, including human tumors, show the EPR effect, heterogeneity of tumor tissue may impede drug delivery. This review describes the barriers and countermeasures for improved drug delivery to tumors by using nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maeda
- Institute of Drug Delivery System Research, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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555
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Targeting nanotherapeutics to the tumor microenvironment: how accurately can we aim? Ther Deliv 2013; 4:771-3. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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556
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Blanco E, Sangai T, Hsiao A, Ferrati S, Bai L, Liu X, Meric-Bernstam F, Ferrari M. Multistage delivery of chemotherapeutic nanoparticles for breast cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2013; 334:245-52. [PMID: 22858582 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adequate drug delivery to tumors is hindered by barriers such as degradation and non-specific distribution. Nested incorporation of drug-containing nanoparticles within mesoporous silicon particles (MSVs), carriers rationally designed to enhance tumor transport, was hypothesized to result in pronounced and sustained antitumor efficacy. Paclitaxel (PTX)-containing poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) polymer micelles were favorably loaded within MSVs, after which drug release was significantly delayed. Antitumor efficacy analyses in mice bearing MDA-MB-468 breast tumors demonstrated significant tumor growth suppression following a single administration. Results highlight effective chemotherapeutic shuttling and site-specific controlled release afforded by MSVs, potentially translating towards improvements in patient outcomes and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvin Blanco
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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557
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Mignani S, Kazzouli SE, Bousmina M, Majoral JP. Dendrimer space concept for innovative nanomedicine: A futuristic vision for medicinal chemistry. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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558
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Nanostructured poly(l-lactide) matrix as novel platform for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:175-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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559
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Heparin-functionalized nanocapsules: enabling targeted delivery of antimalarial drugs. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:737-9. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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560
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Design considerations for PAMAM dendrimer therapeutics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2872-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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561
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Sengupta S, Kulkarni A. Design principles for clinical efficacy of cancer nanomedicine: a look into the basics. ACS NANO 2013; 7:2878-82. [PMID: 23607425 PMCID: PMC3876731 DOI: 10.1021/nn4015399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
With recent advances in cancer nanomedicine, there is an increasing expectation for clinical translation. However, what are the parameters of a nanomedicine that will define clinical success, which will be measured by increased efficacy and not just ease of delivery or reduction in toxicity? In this Perspective, we build on a fundamental study by Stefanick et al. on the significance of the design principles in the engineering of a nanomedicine, such as peptide-PEG-linker length and ligand density in cellular uptake of liposomal nanoparticles. We address additional design parameters that can potentially facilitate clinical translation as well as how emerging insights into tumor biology will inspire next-generation cancer nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Sengupta
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science Technology, Harvard Medical School, Dana Farber Cancer Center, 65 Landsdowne Street, Room 317, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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562
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Cirillo G, Vittorio O, Hampel S, Iemma F, Parchi P, Cecchini M, Puoci F, Picci N. Quercetin nanocomposite as novel anticancer therapeutic: improved efficiency and reduced toxicity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:359-65. [PMID: 23602995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A three-functional nanocomposite was prepared by radical polymerization of methacrylic acid around carbon nanotubes in the presence of Quercetin as biologically active molecule and proposed as new anticancer therapeutic. The so-obtained hybrid material was characterized by FT-IR, Raman, SEM, TEM analyses, while the functionalization degree of 2.33 mg of Quercetin per g of composite was assessed by Folin-Ciocalteu test. Antioxidant test (DPPH and ABTS) showed that the covalent coupling did not interfere with the antioxidant properties of the flavonoid, while the anticancer activity was greatly enhanced with a recorded IC50 value much lower than free Quercetin. Cell viability tests on healthy cells demonstrated no-toxicity of the conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
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563
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Juliano
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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564
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Recent progress in nanomedicine: therapeutic, diagnostic and theranostic applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:1159-66. [PMID: 23578464 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of nanomedicine formulations for therapeutic and diagnostic applications has increased exponentially. Many different systems and strategies have been developed for drug targeting to pathological sites, as well as for visualizing and quantifying important (patho-) physiological processes. In addition, ever more efforts have been undertaken to combine diagnostic and therapeutic properties within a single nanomedicine formulation. These so-called nanotheranostics are able to provide valuable information on drug delivery, drug release and drug efficacy, and they are considered to be highly useful for personalizing nanomedicine-based (chemo-) therapeutic interventions.
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565
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Gupta S, Schade B, Kumar S, Böttcher C, Sharma SK, Haag R. Non-ionic dendronized multiamphiphilic polymers as nanocarriers for biomedical applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:894-904. [PMID: 23225638 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new class of non-ionic dendronized multiamphiphilic polymers is prepared from a biodegradable (AB)n-type diblock polymer synthesized from 2-azido-1,3-propanediol (azido glycerol) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-600 diethylester using Novozym-435 (Candida antarctica lipase) as a biocatalyst, following a well-established biocatalytic route. These polymers are functionalized with dendritic polyglycerols (G1 and G2) and octadecyl chains in different functionalization levels via click chemistry to generate dendronized multiamphiphilic polymers. Surface tension measurements and dynamic light scattering studies reveal that all of the multiamphiphilic polymers spontaneously self-assemble in aqueous solution. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy further proves the formation of multiamphiphiles towards monodisperse spherical micelles of about 7-9 nm in diameter. The evidence from UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy suggests the effective solubilization of hydrophobic guests like pyrene and 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid within the hydrophobic core of the micelles. These results demonstrate the potential of these dendronized multiamphiphilic polymers for the development of prospective drug delivery systems for the solubilization of poorly water soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Gupta
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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566
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Silva JM, Videira M, Gaspar R, Préat V, Florindo HF. Immune system targeting by biodegradable nanoparticles for cancer vaccines. J Control Release 2013; 168:179-99. [PMID: 23524187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of therapeutic cancer vaccines is based on the activation of the immune system against tumor cells after the presentation of tumor antigens. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential as delivery systems for cancer vaccines as they potentiate the co-delivery of tumor-associated antigens and adjuvants to dendritic cells (DCs), insuring effective activation of the immune system against tumor cells. In this review, the immunological mechanisms behind cancer vaccines, including the role of DCs in the stimulation of T lymphocytes and the use of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands as adjuvants will be discussed. An overview of each of the three essential components of a therapeutic cancer vaccine - antigen, adjuvant and delivery system - will be provided with special emphasis on the potential of particulate delivery systems for cancer vaccines, in particular those made of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Some of the factors that can influence NP uptake by DCs, including size, surface charge, surface functionalization and route of administration, will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Silva
- iMed.UL, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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567
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Synthesis and characterization of magnetoliposomes for MRI contrast enhancement. Int J Pharm 2013; 446:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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568
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Schütz CA, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Mueller H, Lynch I, Riediker M. Therapeutic nanoparticles in clinics and under clinical evaluation. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:449-67. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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569
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Rauch J, Kolch W, Laurent S, Mahmoudi M. Big signals from small particles: regulation of cell signaling pathways by nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3391-406. [PMID: 23428231 DOI: 10.1021/cr3002627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rauch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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570
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Abstract
Next generation nanomedicine will rely on innovative nanomaterials capable of unprecedented performance. Which ones are the most promising candidates for a medicinal chemist?
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marchesan
- Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials,
INSTM, Unit of Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale
Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials,
INSTM, Unit of Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale
Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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571
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Abstract
This position paper discusses progress made and to be made with so-called advanced drug delivery systems, particularly but not exclusively those in the nanometre domain. The paper has resulted from discussions with a number of international experts in the field who shared their views on aspects of the subject, from the nomenclature used for such systems, the sometimes overwrought claims made in the era of nanotechnology, the complex nature of targeting delivery systems to specific destinations in vivo, the need for setting standards for the choice and characterisation of cell lines used in in vitro studies, to attention to the manufacturability, stability and analytical profiling of systems and more relevant studies on toxicology. The historical background to the development of many systems is emphasised. So too is the stochastic nature of many of the steps to successful access to and action in targets. A lacuna in the field is the lack of availability of data on a variety of carrier systems using the same models in vitro and in vivo using standard controls. The paper asserts that greater emphasis must also be paid to the effective levels of active attained in target organs, for without such crucial data it will be difficult for many experimental systems to enter the clinic. This means the use of diagnostic/imaging technologies to monitor targeted drug delivery and stratify patient groups, identifying patients with optimum chances for successful therapy. Last, but not least, the critical importance of the development of science bases for regulatory policies, scientific platforms overseeing the field and new paradigms of financing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan J A Crommelin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3511 ME Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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572
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Mohamed-Ahmed AHA, Les KA, Seifert K, Croft SL, Brocchini S. Noncovalent complexation of amphotericin-B with Poly(α-glutamic acid). Mol Pharm 2013; 10:940-50. [PMID: 23234235 DOI: 10.1021/mp300339p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A noncovalent complex of amphotericin B (AmB) and poly(α-glutamic acid) (PGA) was prepared to develop a safe and stable formulation for the treatment of leishmaniasis. The loading of AmB in the complex was in the range of ∼20-50%. AmB was in a highly aggregated state with an aggregation ratio often above 2.0. This complex (AmB-PGA) was shown to be stable and to have reduced toxicity to human red blood cells and KB cells compared to the parent compound; cell viability was not affected at an AmB concentration as high as 50 and 200 μg/mL respectively. This AmB-PGA complex retained AmB activity against intracellular Leishmania major amastigotes in the differentiated THP-1 cells with an EC50 of 0.07 ± 0.03-0.08 ± 0.01 μg/mL, which is similar to Fungizone (EC50 of 0.06 ± 0.01 μg/mL). The in vitro antileishmanial activity of the complex against Leishmania donovani was retained after storage at 37 °C for 7 days in the form of a solution (EC50 of 0.27 ± 0.03 to 0.35 ± 0.04 μg/mL) and for 30 days as a solid (EC50 of 0.41 ± 0.07 to 0.63 ± 0.25 μg/mL). These encouraging results indicate that the AmB-PGA complex has the potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer H A Mohamed-Ahmed
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
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573
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonke Svenson
- Drug Delivery Solutions
LLC, 16 Temple Street, Arlington,
Massachusetts 02476, United States
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574
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Gaspar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
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575
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Kunjachan S, Gremse F, Theek B, Koczera P, Pola R, Pechar M, Etrych T, Ulbrich K, Storm G, Kiessling F, Lammers T. Noninvasive optical imaging of nanomedicine biodistribution. ACS NANO 2013; 7:252-62. [PMID: 23067565 PMCID: PMC3743636 DOI: 10.1021/nn303955n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are sub-micrometer-sized carrier materials designed to improve the biodistribution of i.v. administered (chemo-) therapeutic agents. In recent years, ever more efforts in the nanomedicine field have employed optical imaging (OI) techniques to monitor biodistribution and target site accumulation. Thus far, however, the longitudinal assessment of nanomedicine biodistribution using OI has been impossible, due to limited light penetration (in the case of 2D fluorescence reflectance imaging; FRI) and to the inability to accurately allocate fluorescent signals to nonsuperficial organs (in the case of 3D fluorescence molecular tomography; FMT). Using a combination of high-resolution microcomputed tomography (μCT) and FMT, we have here set out to establish a hybrid imaging protocol for noninvasively visualizing and quantifying the accumulation of near-infrared fluorophore-labeled nanomedicines in tissues other than superficial tumors. To this end, HPMA-based polymeric drug carriers were labeled with Dy750, their biodistribution and tumor accumulation were analyzed using FMT, and the resulting data sets were fused with anatomical μCT data sets in which several different physiologically relevant organs were presegmented. The robustness of 3D organ segmentation was validated, and the results obtained using 3D CT-FMT were compared to those obtained upon standard 3D FMT and 2D FRI. Our findings convincingly demonstrate that combining anatomical μCT with molecular FMT facilitates the noninvasive assessment of nanomedicine biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijumon Kunjachan
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Theek
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Koczera
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Pola
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Ulbrich
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Corresponding authors: ;
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576
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Fadeel B, Feliu N, Vogt C, Abdelmonem AM, Parak WJ. Bridge over troubled waters: understanding the synthetic and biological identities of engineered nanomaterials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:111-29. [PMID: 23335558 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials offer exciting opportunities for 'smart' drug delivery and in vivo imaging of disease processes, as well as in regenerative medicine. The ability to manipulate matter at the nanoscale enables many new properties that are both desirable and exploitable, but the same properties could also give rise to unexpected toxicities that may adversely affect human health. Understanding the physicochemical properties that drive toxicological outcomes is a formidable challenge as it is not trivial to separate and, hence, to pinpoint individual material characteristics of nanomaterials. In addition, nanomaterials that interact with biological systems are likely to acquire a surface corona of biomolecules that may dictate their biological behavior. Indeed, we propose that it is the combination of material-intrinsic properties (the 'synthetic identity') and context-dependent properties determined, in part, by the bio-corona of a given biological compartment (the 'biological identity') that will determine the interactions of engineered nanomaterials with cells and tissues and subsequent outcomes. The delineation of these entwined 'identities' of engineered nanomaterials constitutes the bridge between nanotoxicological research and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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577
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Maeda H, Nakamura H, Fang J. The EPR effect for macromolecular drug delivery to solid tumors: Improvement of tumor uptake, lowering of systemic toxicity, and distinct tumor imaging in vivo. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013. [DOI: '10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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578
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Kopeček J. Polymer-drug conjugates: origins, progress to date and future directions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:49-59. [PMID: 23123294 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This overview focuses on bioconjugates of water-soluble polymers with low molecular weight drugs and proteins. After a short discussion of the origins of the field, the state-of-the-art is reviewed. Then research directions needed for the acceleration of the translation of nanomedicines into the clinic are outlined. Two most important directions, synthesis of backbone degradable polymer carriers and drug-free macromolecular therapeutics, a new paradigm in drug delivery, are discussed in detail. Finally, the future perspectives of the field are briefly discussed.
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579
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Joris F, Manshian BB, Peynshaert K, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K, Soenen SJ. Assessing nanoparticle toxicity in cell-based assays: influence of cell culture parameters and optimized models for bridging the in vitro–in vivo gap. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8339-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60145e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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580
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Maeda H, Nakamura H, Fang J. The EPR effect for macromolecular drug delivery to solid tumors: Improvement of tumor uptake, lowering of systemic toxicity, and distinct tumor imaging in vivo. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:71-9. [PMID: 23088862 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1660] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The EPR effect results from the extravasation of macromolecules or nanoparticles through tumor blood vessels. We here provide a historical review of the EPR effect, including its features, vascular mediators found in both cancer and inflamed tissue. In addition, architectural and physiological differences of tumor blood vessels vs that of normal tissue are commented. Furthermore, methods of augmentation of the EPR effect are described, that result in better tumor delivery and improved therapeutic effect, where nitroglycerin, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, or angiotensin II-induced hypertension are employed. Consequently, better therapeutic effect and reduced systemic toxicity are generally observed. Obviously, the EPR effect based delivery of nanoprobes are also useful for tumor-selective imaging agents with using fluorescent or radio nuclei in nanoprobes. We also commented a key difference between passive tumor targeting and the EPR effect in tumors, particularly as related to drug retention in tumors: passive targeting of low-molecular-weight X-ray contrast agents involves a retention period of less than a few minutes, whereas the EPR effect of nanoparticles involves a prolonged retention time-days to weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maeda
- DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, Ikeda, Kumamoto, Japan.
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581
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Vollrath A, Schubert S, Schubert US. Fluorescence imaging of cancer tissue based on metal-free polymeric nanoparticles – a review. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1994-2007. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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582
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Mahapatra I, Clark J, Dobson PJ, Owen R, Lead JR. Potential environmental implications of nano-enabled medical applications: critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:123-144. [PMID: 24592432 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology and nanoscience for medical purposes is anticipated to make significant contributions to enhance human health in the coming decades. However, the possible future mass production and use of these medical innovations exhibiting novel and multifunctional properties will very likely lead to discharges into the environment giving rise to potentially new environmental hazards and risks. To date, the sources, the release form and environmental fate and exposure of nano-enabled medical products have not been investigated and little or no data exists, although there are a small number of currently approved medical applications and a number in clinical trials. This paper discusses the current technological and regulatory landscape and potential hazards and risks to the environment of nano-enabled medical products, data gaps and gives tentative suggestions relating to possible environmental hotspots.
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583
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Venditto VJ, Szoka FC. Cancer nanomedicines: so many papers and so few drugs! Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:80-8. [PMID: 23036224 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review identifies a timeline to nanomedicine anticancer drug approval using the business model of inventors, innovators and imitators. By evaluating the publication record of nanomedicine cancer therapeutics we identified a trend of very few publications prior to FDA approval. We first enumerated the publications related to cancer involving polymers, liposomes or monoclonal antibodies and determined the number of citations per publication as well as the number of published clinical trials among the publications. Combining these data with the development of specific nanomedicines, we are able to identify an invention phase consisting of seminal papers in basic science necessary for the development of a specific nanomedicine. The innovation phase includes the first report, the development and the clinical trials involving that nanomedicine. Finally, the imitation phase begins after approval when others ride the wave of success by using the same formulation for new drugs or using the same drug to validate other nanomedicines. We then focused our analysis on nanomedicines containing camptothecin derivatives, which are not yet approved including two polymers considered innovations and one liposomal formulation in the imitation phase. The conclusion that may be drawn from the analysis of the camptothecins is that approved drugs reformulated in polymeric and liposomal cancer nanomedicines have a more difficult time navigating through the approval process than the parent molecule. This is probably due to the fact that for most currently approved drugs, reformulating them in a nanocarrier provides a small increase in performance that large pharmaceutical companies do not consider being worth the time, effort and expense of development. It also appears that drug carriers have a more difficult path through the clinic than monoclonal antibodies. The added complexity of nanocarriers also deters their use to deliver new molecular entities. Thus, the new drug candidates that might be most improved by drug delivery in nanocarriers are not formulated in this fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Venditto
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0912, USA
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584
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Coles DJ, Rolfe BE, Boase NRB, Veedu RN, Thurecht KJ. Aptamer-targeted hyperbranched polymers: towards greater specificity for tumours in vivo. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3836-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00127j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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585
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Duncan R, Vicent MJ. Polymer therapeutics-prospects for 21st century: the end of the beginning. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:60-70. [PMID: 22981753 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term "polymer therapeutics" was coined to describe polymeric drugs, polymer conjugates of proteins, drugs and aptamers, together with those block copolymer micelles and multicomponent non-viral vectors which contain covalent linkages. These often complex, multicomponent constructs are actually "drugs" and "macromolecular prodrugs" in contrast to drug delivery systems that simply entrap (non-covalently) therapeutic agents. They have also been described as nanomedicines. First polymer-protein conjugates entered routine clinical use in 1990 and a growing number of polymeric drugs/sequestrants and PEGylated proteins/aptamers have since come into the market. Valuable lessons have been learnt over >3 decades of clinical development, especially in relation to critical product attributes governing safety and efficacy, the validated methods needed for product characterisation. Not least there has been improved understanding of polymer therapeutic-specific biomarkers that will in future enable improved selection of patients for therapy. Advances in synthetic polymer chemistry (including control of 3D architecture), the move towards greater use of biodegradable polymers, polymers delivering combination therapy, increased understanding of polymer therapeutic critical product attributes to guide pharmaceutical development, and advances in understanding of endocytosis and intracellular trafficking pathways in health and disease are opening new opportunities for design and clinical use of polymer-based therapeutics in the decades to come.
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586
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Mohamed-Ahmed AHA, Les KA, Croft SL, Brocchini S. Preparation and characterisation of amphotericin B-copolymer complex for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20425h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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587
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Talelli M, Oliveira S, Rijcken CJ, Pieters EH, Etrych T, Ulbrich K, van Nostrum RC, Storm G, Hennink WE, Lammers T. Intrinsically active nanobody-modified polymeric micelles for tumor-targeted combination therapy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:1255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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588
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A Moment of Reflection: Sixty Years After the Nobel Prize for Hermann Staudinger. HIERARCHICAL MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURES: 60 YEARS AFTER THE STAUDINGER NOBEL PRIZE I 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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589
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Barz M, Duro-Castano A, Vicent MJ. A versatile post-polymerization modification method for polyglutamic acid: synthesis of orthogonal reactive polyglutamates and their use in “click chemistry”. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00189j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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590
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del Pino P, Mitchell SG, Pelaz B. Design and characterization of functional nanoparticles for enhanced bio-performance. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1051:165-207. [PMID: 23934805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-550-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of inorganic nanomaterials for medical applications. At present, nanomedicines-nanoparticles (NPs) destined for therapy or diagnosis purposes-can be found in a number of medical applications including therapeutics (either self-therapeutics or drug carriers) and diagnosis agents (e.g., contrast agents for imaging or transducers in biosensors). Pushing the limits of nanotechnology towards enhanced nanomedicines will surely help to reduce side effects of traditional treatments and to achieve earlier diagnosis. As for all medical approaches, the ultimate aim of nanomedicine is improving the well-being of patients. However, mixing nanomaterials with biological components such as fluids, living cells, and tissues does not always result as expected. The interplay between engineered nanomaterials and biological components is influenced by complex interactions which make predicting their biological fate and performance a nontrivial issue. Indeed, the structural integrity and the a priori function of nanomaterials can change dramatically due to unwanted nano-bio interactions. For medical applications in particular, any new nanomaterial has to be exhaustively studied when it comes in close contact with biological fluids and living cells or organisms. The motivation is clear: first, many unwanted effects can be turned on unexpectedly (e.g., leakage of toxic ions, ROS production, and sequestration by the phagocytic system) and second, their purpose as therapeutic or diagnostic agent can be lost as they are transferred to the desired working environment. This chapter aims to highlight key factors that should be taken into account when choosing and characterizing such functional materials for a given application, with a view to minimizing unwanted nano-bio interactions, rather than providing an exhaustive compilation of recent work. We hope that both early-stage and experienced researchers will find it valuable for designing nanoparticles for enhanced bio-performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo del Pino
- Nanotherapy and Nanodiagnostics Group (GN2), Campus Rio Ebro, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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591
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Plasmonic photothermal therapy increases the tumor mass penetration of HPMA copolymers. J Control Release 2012; 166:130-8. [PMID: 23262203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Effective drug delivery to tumors requires both transport through the vasculature and tumor interstitium. Previously, it was shown that gold nanorod (GNR) mediated plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) is capable of increasing the overall accumulation of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers in prostate tumors. In the present study, it is demonstrated that PPTT is also capable of increasing the distribution of these conjugates in tumors. Gadolinium labeled HPMA copolymers were administered to mice bearing prostate tumors immediately before treatment of the right tumor with PPTT. The left tumor served as internal, untreated control. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of both tumors showed that PPTT was capable of improving the tumor mass penetration of HPMA copolymers. Thermal enhancement of delivery, roughly 1.5-fold, to both the tumor center and periphery was observed. Confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled copolymers corroborates these findings in that PPTT is capable of delivering more HPMA copolymers to the tumor's center and periphery. These results further demonstrate that PPTT is a useful tool to improve the delivery of polymer-drug conjugates.
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592
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Wei A, Mehtala JG, Patri AK. Challenges and opportunities in the advancement of nanomedicines. J Control Release 2012; 164:236-46. [PMID: 23064314 PMCID: PMC3504169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine-based approaches to cancer treatment face several challenges that differ from those encountered by conventional medicines during clinical development. A systematic exploration of these issues has led us to identify the following needs and opportunities for further development: (1) robust and general methods for the accurate characterization of nanoparticle size, shape, and composition; (2) scalable approaches for producing nanomedicines with optimized bioavailability and excretion profiles; (3) particle engineering for maintaining low levels of nonspecific cytotoxicity and sufficient stability during storage; (4) optimization of surface chemistries for maximum targeted delivery and minimum nonspecific adsorption; (5) practical methods for quantifying ligand density and distributions on multivalent nanocarriers; and (6) the design of multifunctional nanomedicines for novel combination therapies with supportable levels of bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 USA
| | - Jonathan G. Mehtala
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 USA
| | - Anil K. Patri
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702 USA
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593
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Almer G, Frascione D, Pali-Schöll I, Vonach C, Lukschal A, Stremnitzer C, Diesner SC, Jensen-Jarolim E, Prassl R, Mangge H. Interleukin-10: an anti-inflammatory marker to target atherosclerotic lesions via PEGylated liposomes. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:175-86. [PMID: 23176185 PMCID: PMC3558023 DOI: 10.1021/mp300316n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) causes cardiovascular disease, which leads to fatal clinical end points like myocardial infarction or stroke, the most prevalent causes of death in developed countries. An early, noninvasive method of detection and diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions is necessary to prevent and treat these clinical end points. Working toward this goal, we examined recombinant interleukin-10 (IL-10), stealth liposomes with nanocargo potency for NMRI relevant contrast agents, and IL-10 coupled to stealth liposomes in an ApoE-deficient mouse model using confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM). Through ex vivo incubation and imaging with CLSM, we showed that fluorescently labeled IL-10 is internalized by AS plaques, and a low signal is detected in both the less injured aortic surfaces and the arteries of wild-type mice. In vivo experiments included intravenous injections of (i) fluorescent IL-10, (ii) IL-10 targeted carboxyfluorescin (CF-) labeled stealth liposomes, and (iii) untargeted CF-labeled stealth liposomes. Twenty-four hours after injection the arteries were dissected and imaged ex vivo. Compared to free IL-10, we observed a markedly stronger fluorescence intensity with IL-10 targeted liposomes at AS plaque regions. Moreover, untargeted CF-labeled liposomes showed only weak, unspecific binding. Neither free IL-10 nor IL-10 targeted liposomes showed significant immune reaction when injected into wild-type mice. Thus, the combined use of specific anti-inflammatory proteins, high payloads of contrast agents, and liposome particles should enable current imaging techniques to better recognize and visualize AS plaques for research and prospective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Almer
- Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Science, Graz, Austria
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594
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Safety profile of RNAi nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1730-7. [PMID: 22732527 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emerging class of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics is a fundamentally novel approach to treating human disease by enabling the pursuit of molecular targets considered "undruggable" by small molecules and traditional protein therapeutics. A key challenge toward realizing the full potential of this technology is the safe and efficient delivery of siRNA to target tissues. The physical chemical properties of siRNAs preclude passive diffusion across most cell membranes. For systemic administration, novel delivery systems are required to confer "drug-like" pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Engineered nanomaterials and the emerging field of nanomedicine are important drivers of turning the promise of RNAi therapeutics into reality. The current clinical progress of systemically administered siRNA therapeutics is reviewed, with special attention to the toxicity profiles associated with RNAi nanomedicines. As a case study, the preclinical development of ALN-VSP, the first lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated siRNA therapeutic to be tested in cancer patients, is reviewed to broadly highlight some of the preclinical safety challenges and areas of investigation for "next generation" LNP systems.
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595
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Rangger C, Helbok A, von Guggenberg E, Sosabowski J, Radolf T, Prassl R, Andreae F, Thurner GC, Haubner R, Decristoforo C. Influence of PEGylation and RGD loading on the targeting properties of radiolabeled liposomal nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5889-900. [PMID: 23226020 PMCID: PMC3512544 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s36847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Liposomes have been proposed to be a means of selectively targeting cancer sites for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The focus of this work was the evaluation of radiolabeled PEGylated liposomes derivatized with varying amounts of a cyclic arginyl–glycyl–aspartic acid (RGD) peptide. RGD peptides are known to bind to αvβ3 integrin receptors overexpressed during tumor-induced angiogenesis. Methods Several liposomal nanoparticles carrying the RGD peptide targeting sequence (RLPs) were synthesized using a combination of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, cholesterol, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-derivatized lipids for radiolabeling, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) building block, and a lipid-based RGD building block. Relative amounts of RGD and PEG building blocks were varied. In vitro binding affinities were determined using isolated αvβ3 integrin receptors incubated with different concentrations of RLPs in competition with iodine-125-labeled cyclo-(-RGDyV-). Binding of the indium-111-labeled RLPs was also evaluated. Biodistribution and micro single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging studies were performed in nude mice using different tumor xenograft models. Results RLPs were labeled with indium-111 with high radiochemical yields. In vitro binding studies of RLPs with different RGD/PEG loading revealed good binding to isolated receptors, which was dependent on the extent of RGD and PEG loading. Binding increased with higher RGD loading, whereas reduced binding was found with higher PEG loading. Biodistribution showed increased circulating time for PEGylated RLPs, but no dependence on RGD loading. Both biodistribution and micro single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging studies revealed low, nonspecific tumor uptake values. Conclusion In this study, RLPs for targeting angiogenesis were described. Even though good binding to αvβ3 integrin receptors was found in vitro, the balance between PEGylation and RGD loading clearly requires optimization to achieve targeting in vivo. These data form the basis for future development and provide a platform for the investigation of multimodal approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rangger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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596
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Kelsch A, Tomcin S, Rausch K, Barz M, Mailänder V, Schmidt M, Landfester K, Zentel R. HPMA Copolymers as Surfactants in the Preparation of Biocompatible Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application. Biomacromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301453g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Kelsch
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Stephanie Tomcin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Kristin Rausch
- Institute
of Physical
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
- III. Medical Clinic, University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Institute
of Physical
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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597
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Fan Z, Senapati D, Singh AK, Ray PC. Theranostic magnetic core-plasmonic shell star shape nanoparticle for the isolation of targeted rare tumor cells from whole blood, fluorescence imaging, and photothermal destruction of cancer. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:857-66. [PMID: 23110457 DOI: 10.1021/mp300468q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most life-threatening diseases, which causes 7.6 million deaths and around 1 trillion dollars economic loss every year. Theranostic materials are expected to improve early detection and safe treatment through personalized medicine. Driven by the needs, we report the development of a theranostic plasmonic shell-magnetic core star shape nanomaterial based approach for the targeted isolation of rare tumor cells from the whole blood sample, followed by diagnosis and photothermal destruction. Experimental data with whole blood sample spiked with SK-BR-3 cancer cell shows that Cy3 attached S6 aptamer conjugated theranostic plasmonic/magnetic nanoparticles can be used for fluorescence imaging and magnetic separation even in 0.001% mixtures. A targeted photothermal experiment using 1064 nm near-IR light at 2-3 W/cm(2) for 10 min resulted in selective irreparable cellular damage to most of the SK-BR-3 cancer cells. We discuss the possible mechanism and operating principle for the targeted imaging, separation, and photothermal destruction using theranostic magnetic/plasmonic nanotechnology. After the optimization of different parameters, this theranostic nanotechnology-driven assay could have enormous potential for applications as contrast agent and therapeutic actuators for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
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598
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Azzopardi EA, Ferguson EL, Thomas DW. The enhanced permeability retention effect: a new paradigm for drug targeting in infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:257-74. [PMID: 23054997 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant, Gram-negative infection is a major global determinant of morbidity, mortality and cost of care. The advent of nanomedicine has enabled tailored engineering of macromolecular constructs, permitting increasingly selective targeting, alteration of volume of distribution and activity/toxicity. Macromolecules tend to passively and preferentially accumulate at sites of enhanced vascular permeability and are then retained. This enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, whilst recognized as a major breakthrough in anti-tumoral targeting, has not yet been fully exploited in infection. Shared pathophysiological pathways in both cancer and infection are evident and a number of novel nanomedicines have shown promise in selective, passive, size-mediated targeting to infection. This review describes the similarities and parallels in pathophysiological pathways at molecular, cellular and circulatory levels between inflammation/infection and cancer therapy, where use of this principle has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A Azzopardi
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, Wales, UK.
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599
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Bordeira-Carriço R, Pêgo AP, Santos M, Oliveira C. Cancer syndromes and therapy by stop-codon readthrough. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:667-78. [PMID: 23044248 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several hereditary cancer syndromes are associated with nonsense mutations that create premature termination codons (PTC). Therapeutic strategies involving readthrough induction partially restore expression of proteins with normal function from nonsense-mutated genes, and small molecules such as aminoglycosides and PTC124 have exhibited promising results for treating patients with cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Transgenic expression of suppressor-tRNAs and depleting translation termination factors are, among others, potential strategies for treating PTC-associated diseases. In this review, the potential of using readthrough strategies as a therapy for cancer syndromes is discussed, and we consider the effect of nonsense-mediated decay and other factors on readthrough efficiency.
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600
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Shin J, Shum P, Grey J, Fujiwara SI, Malhotra GS, González-Bonet A, Hyun SH, Moase E, Allen TM, Thompson DH. Acid-labile mPEG-vinyl ether-1,2-dioleylglycerol lipids with tunable pH sensitivity: synthesis and structural effects on hydrolysis rates, DOPE liposome release performance, and pharmacokinetics. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3266-76. [PMID: 23030381 DOI: 10.1021/mp300326z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A family of 3-methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-vinyl ether-1,2-dioleylglycerol (mPEG-VE-DOG) lipopolymer conjugates, designed on the basis of DFT calculations to possess a wide range of proton affinities, was synthesized and tested for their hydrolysis kinetics in neutral and acidic buffers. Extruded ∼100 nm liposomes containing these constructs in ≥90 mol % 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) produced dispersions that retained their calcein cargo for more than 2 days at pH 7.5, but released the encapsulated contents over a wide range of time scales as a function of the electronic properties of the vinyl ether linkage, the solution pH, and the mPEG-VE-DOG composition in the membrane. The in vivo performance of two different 90:10 DOPE:mPEG-VE-DOG compositions was also evaluated for blood circulation time and biodistribution in mice, using (125)I-tyraminylinulin as a label. The pharmacokinetic profiles gave a t(1/2) of 7 and 3 h for 90:10 DOPE:ST302 and 90:10 DOPE:ST502, respectively, with the liposomes being cleared predominantly by liver and spleen uptake. The behavior of these DOPE:mPEG-VE-DOG formulations is consistent with their relative rates of vinyl ether hydrolysis, i.e., the more acid-sensitive mPEG-VE-DOG derivatives produced faster leakage rates from DOPE:mPEG-VE-DOG liposomes, but decreased the blood circulation times in mice. These findings suggest that the vinyl ether-based PEG-lipid derivatives are promising agents for stabilizing acid-sensitive DOPE liposomes to produce formulations with a priori control over their pH responsiveness in vitro. Our data also suggest, however, that the same factors that contribute to enhanced acid sensitivity of the DOPE:mPEG-VE-DOG dispersions are also likely responsible for their reduced pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhwa Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, United States
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