551
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Hendriks W, Bourgonje A, Leenders W, Pulido R. Proteinaceous Regulators and Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020395. [PMID: 29439552 PMCID: PMC6016963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper control of the phosphotyrosine content in signal transduction proteins is essential for normal cell behavior and is lost in many pathologies. Attempts to normalize aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation levels in disease states currently involve either the application of small compounds that inhibit tyrosine kinases (TKs) or the addition of growth factors or their mimetics to boost receptor-type TK activity. Therapies that target the TK enzymatic counterparts, the multi-enzyme family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), are still lacking despite their undisputed involvement in human diseases. Efforts to pharmacologically modulate PTP activity have been frustrated by the conserved structure of the PTP catalytic core, providing a daunting problem with respect to target specificity. Over the years, however, many different protein interaction-based regulatory mechanisms that control PTP activity have been uncovered, providing alternative possibilities to control PTPs individually. Here, we review these regulatory principles, discuss existing biologics and proteinaceous compounds that affect PTP activity, and mention future opportunities to drug PTPs via these regulatory concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Annika Bourgonje
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - William Leenders
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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552
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on recent developments on Noonan syndrome with a special focus on endocrinology, bone, and metabolism aspects. The key issues still to be resolved and the future therapeutic perspectives will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The discovery of the molecular genetic causes of Noonan syndrome and Noonan-syndrome-related disorders has permitted us to better understand the mechanisms underlying the different symptoms of these diseases and to establish genotype-phenotype correlations (in growth patterns for example). In addition to the classical clinical hallmarks of Noonan syndrome, new important aspects include decreased fertility in men, lean phenotype with increased energy expenditure and possible impact on carbohydrate metabolism/insulin sensitivity, and impaired bone health. Further clinical studies are needed to investigate the long-term impact of these findings and their possible interconnections. Finally, the understanding of the crucial role of RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinases dysregulation in the pathophysiology of Noonan syndrome allows us to devise new therapeutic approaches. Some agents are currently undergoing clinical trials in Noonan syndrome patients. SUMMARY On the last 10 years, our knowledge of the molecular basis and the pathophysiology of Noonan syndrome has greatly advanced allowing us to gain insight in all the aspects of this disease and to devise new specific therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Yart
- INSERM UMR1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), Paul Sabatier University
| | - Thomas Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital
- INSERM UMR1043 - CNRS U5282, Physiopathology Center of Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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553
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Selective inhibition of leukemia-associated SHP2 E69K mutant by the allosteric SHP2 inhibitor SHP099. Leukemia 2018; 32:1246-1249. [PMID: 29568093 PMCID: PMC6166654 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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554
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Maintenance of murine platelet homeostasis by the kinase Csk and phosphatase CD148. Blood 2018; 131:1122-1144. [PMID: 29301754 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-768077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) coordinate the initiating and propagating activation signals in platelets, but it remains unclear how they are regulated. Here, we show that ablation of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and receptor-like protein tyrosine-phosphatase CD148 in mice results in a dramatic increase in platelet SFK activity, demonstrating that these proteins are essential regulators of platelet reactivity. Paradoxically, Csk/CD148-deficient mice exhibit reduced in vivo and ex vivo thrombus formation and increased bleeding following injury rather than a prothrombotic phenotype. This is a consequence of multiple negative feedback mechanisms, including downregulation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)- and hemi-ITAM-containing receptors glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-Fc receptor (FcR) γ-chain and CLEC-2, respectively and upregulation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM)-containing receptor G6b-B and its interaction with the tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2. Results from an analog-sensitive Csk mouse model demonstrate the unconventional role of SFKs in activating ITIM signaling. This study establishes Csk and CD148 as critical molecular switches controlling the thrombotic and hemostatic capacity of platelets and reveals cell-intrinsic mechanisms that prevent pathological thrombosis from occurring.
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555
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Affinity purification mass spectrometry analysis of PD-1 uncovers SAP as a new checkpoint inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E468-E477. [PMID: 29282323 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710437115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is an essential inhibitory receptor in T cells. Antibodies targeting PD-1 elicit durable clinical responses in patients with multiple tumor indications. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients do not respond to anti-PD-1 treatment, and a better understanding of the signaling pathways downstream of PD-1 could provide biomarkers for those whose tumors respond and new therapeutic approaches for those whose tumors do not. We used affinity purification mass spectrometry to uncover multiple proteins associated with PD-1. Among these proteins, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) was functionally and mechanistically analyzed for its contribution to PD-1 inhibitory responses. Silencing of SAP augmented and overexpression blocked PD-1 function. T cells from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), who lack functional SAP, were hyperresponsive to PD-1 signaling, confirming its inhibitory role downstream of PD-1. Strikingly, signaling downstream of PD-1 in purified T cell subsets did not correlate with PD-1 surface expression but was inversely correlated with intracellular SAP levels. Mechanistically, SAP opposed PD-1 function by acting as a molecular shield of key tyrosine residues that are targets for the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, which mediates PD-1 inhibitory properties. Our results identify SAP as an inhibitor of PD-1 function and SHP2 as a potential therapeutic target in patients with XLP.
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556
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Pinilla-Macua I, Grassart A, Duvvuri U, Watkins SC, Sorkin A. EGF receptor signaling, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and endocytosis in tumors in vivo. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29268862 PMCID: PMC5741375 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a well-established role for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in tumorigenesis, EGFR activities and endocytosis in tumors in vivo have not been studied. We labeled endogenous EGFR with GFP by genome-editing of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, which were used to examine EGFR-GFP behavior in mouse tumor xenografts in vivo. Intravital multiphoton imaging, confocal imaging of cryosections and biochemical analysis revealed that localization and trafficking patterns, as well as levels of phosphorylation and ubiquitylation of EGFR in tumors in vivo closely resemble patterns and levels observed in the same cells treated with 20–200 pM EGF in vitro. Consistent with the prediction of low ligand concentrations in tumors, EGFR endocytosis was kinase-dependent and blocked by inhibitors of clathrin-mediated internalization; and EGFR activity was insensitive to Cbl overexpression. Collectively, our data suggest that a small pool of active EGFRs is sufficient to drive tumorigenesis by signaling primarily through the Ras-MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Pinilla-Macua
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Alexandre Grassart
- Department of Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Umamaheswar Duvvuri
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
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557
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Seegar TCM, Killingsworth LB, Saha N, Meyer PA, Patra D, Zimmerman B, Janes PW, Rubinstein E, Nikolov DB, Skiniotis G, Kruse AC, Blacklow SC. Structural Basis for Regulated Proteolysis by the α-Secretase ADAM10. Cell 2017; 171:1638-1648.e7. [PMID: 29224781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of membrane-anchored proteins by ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) endopeptidases plays a key role in a wide variety of biological signal transduction and protein turnover processes. Among ADAM family members, ADAM10 stands out as particularly important because it is both responsible for regulated proteolysis of Notch receptors and catalyzes the non-amyloidogenic α-secretase cleavage of the Alzheimer's precursor protein (APP). We present here the X-ray crystal structure of the ADAM10 ectodomain, which, together with biochemical and cellular studies, reveals how access to the enzyme active site is regulated. The enzyme adopts an unanticipated architecture in which the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain partially occludes the enzyme active site, preventing unfettered substrate access. Binding of a modulatory antibody to the cysteine-rich domain liberates the catalytic domain from autoinhibition, enhancing enzymatic activity toward a peptide substrate. Together, these studies reveal a mechanism for regulation of ADAM activity and offer a roadmap for its modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom C M Seegar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren B Killingsworth
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nayanendu Saha
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter A Meyer
- SBGrid Initiative, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dhabaleswar Patra
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brandon Zimmerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter W Janes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- Inserm and Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Dimitar B Nikolov
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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558
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Xie J, Si X, Gu S, Wang M, Shen J, Li H, Shen J, Li D, Fang Y, Liu C, Zhu J. Allosteric Inhibitors of SHP2 with Therapeutic Potential for Cancer Treatment. J Med Chem 2017; 60:10205-10219. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xie
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 26 Qiuyue Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan
District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaojia Si
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoulai Gu
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 26 Qiuyue Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 26 Qiuyue Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan
District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haoyan Li
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 26 Qiuyue Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan
District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Viva Biotech Ltd. 334 Aidisheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory for
the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry
of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanjia Fang
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 26 Qiuyue Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 26 Qiuyue Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jidong Zhu
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 26 Qiuyue Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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559
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Krishnan N, Konidaris KF, Gasser G, Tonks NK. A potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B improves insulin and leptin signaling in animal models. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1517-1525. [PMID: 29217773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c117.819110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B is a negative regulator of insulin and leptin signaling and a highly validated therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity. Conventional approaches to drug development have produced potent and specific PTP1B inhibitors, but these inhibitors lack oral bioavailability, which limits their potential for drug development. Here, we report that DPM-1001, an analog of the specific PTP1B inhibitor trodusquemine (MSI-1436), is a potent, specific, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of PTP1B. DPM-1001 also chelates copper, which enhanced its potency as a PTP1B inhibitor. DPM-1001 displayed anti-diabetic properties that were associated with enhanced signaling through insulin and leptin receptors in animal models of diet-induced obesity. Therefore, DPM-1001 represents a proof of concept for a new approach to therapeutic intervention in diabetes and obesity. Although the PTPs have been considered undruggable, the findings of this study suggest that allosteric PTP inhibitors may help reinvigorate drug development efforts that focus on this important family of signal-transducing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navasona Krishnan
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Konstantis F Konidaris
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and
| | - Gilles Gasser
- ChimieParisTech, PSL Research University, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724,
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560
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LaRochelle JR, Fodor M, Ellegast JM, Liu X, Vemulapalli V, Mohseni M, Stams T, Buhrlage SJ, Stegmaier K, LaMarche MJ, Acker MG, Blacklow SC. Identification of an allosteric benzothiazolopyrimidone inhibitor of the oncogenic protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6479-6485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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561
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Wang WL, Chen XY, Gao Y, Gao LX, Sheng L, Zhu J, Xu L, Ding ZZ, Zhang C, Li JY, Li J, Zhou YB. Benzo[ c ][1,2,5]thiadiazole derivatives: A new class of potent Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5154-5157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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562
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Guo W, Liu S, Zhang X, Chen Y, Qian R, Zou Z, Chen X, Luo P. The coexpression of multi-immune inhibitory receptors on T lymphocytes in primary non-small-cell lung cancer. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:3367-3376. [PMID: 29238163 PMCID: PMC5713689 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s148443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a common disease threatening the health of humankind. It has a low survival rate and a poor prognosis. Under normal circumstances, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play the main role in the antitumor process, but studies in recent years have found that NSCLC is capable of releasing various immunosuppressive factors, inducing the TILs to exhibit high expression of immune inhibitory receptors and relevant immunosuppressive factors. They can not only activate their own signal pathways but also block those of TILs, which causes inefficiency of tumor destruction. Researchers have now developed targeted drugs that specifically bind to immunosuppression receptors. By blocking signal transmission of immune inhibitory receptors, restraint on T lymphocytes can be released to recover antitumor role. Further research and understanding of the immunosuppression signal pathways of NSCLC are of significant importance to promote the development of immune-targeted drugs and the formulation of new treatment plans. This paper summarizes the immunosuppressive mechanisms of multiple important and newly discovered immune inhibitory receptors on T lymphocytes and immunosuppressive factors released by NSCLC cells, and their influence on patients' survival rate and prognosis. Further laboratory and clinical studies on immune-targeted drugs for primary NSCLC are needed to provide more evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital
| | - Sihan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital
| | - Yating Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital
| | - Ruolan Qian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital
| | - Ziyuan Zou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital
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563
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Luo X, Liao R, Hanley KL, Zhu HH, Malo KN, Hernandez C, Wei X, Varki NM, Alderson N, Chu C, Li S, Fan J, Loomba R, Qiu SJ, Feng GS. Dual Shp2 and Pten Deficiencies Promote Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Genesis of Liver Tumor-Initiating Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2979-2993. [PMID: 27974211 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of liver tumorigenesis is underscored by the recently observed anti-oncogenic effects of oncoproteins, although the mechanisms are unclear. Shp2/Ptpn11 is a proto-oncogene in hematopoietic cells and antagonizes the effect of tumor suppressor Pten in leukemogenesis. In contrast, we show here cooperative functions of Shp2 and Pten in suppressing hepatocarcinogenesis. Ablating both Shp2 and Pten in hepatocytes induced early-onset non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and promoted genesis of liver tumor-initiating cells likely due to augmented cJun expression/activation and elevated ROS and inflammation in the hepatic microenvironment. Inhibiting cJun partially suppressed NASH-driven liver tumorigenesis without improving NASH. SHP2 and PTEN deficiencies were detected in liver cancer patients with poor prognosis. These data depict a mechanism of hepato-oncogenesis and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rui Liao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Kaisa L Hanley
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Helen He Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kirsten N Malo
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carolyn Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, NAFLD Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xufu Wei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Nissi M Varki
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nazilla Alderson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Catherine Chu
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuangwei Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, NAFLD Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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564
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Li HL, Ma Y, Zheng CJ, Jin WY, Liu WS, Wang RL. Exploring the effect of D61G mutation on SHP2 cause gain of function activity by a molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3856-3868. [PMID: 29125030 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1402709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a common autosomal dominant congenital disorder which could cause the congenital cardiopathy and cancer predisposition. Previous studies reported that the knock-in mouse models of the mutant D61G of SHP2 exhibited the major features of NS, which demonstrated that the mutation D61G of SHP2 could cause NS. To explore the effect of D61G mutation on SHP2 and explain the high activity of the mutant, molecular dynamic simulations were performed on wild type (WT) of SHP2 and the mutated SHP2-D61G, respectively. The principal component analysis and dynamic cross-correlation mapping, associated with secondary structure, showed that the D61G mutation affected the motions of two regions (residues Asn 58-Thr 59 and Val 460-His 462) in SHP2 from β to turn. Moreover, the residue interaction networks analysis, the hydrogen bond occupancy analysis and the binding free energies were calculated to gain detailed insight into the influence of the mutant D61G on the two regions, revealing that the major differences between SHP2-WT and SHP2-D61G were the different interactions between Gly 61 and Gly 462, Gly 61 and Ala 461, Gln 506 and Ile 463, Gly 61 and Asn 58, Ile 463 and Thr 466, Gly 462 and Cys 459. Consequently, our findings here may provide knowledge to understand the increased activity of SHP2 caused by the mutant D61G.
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Key Words
- CHD, congenital heart defects
- D61G
- DCCM, dynamic cross-correlation mapping
- DSPP, Definition of Secondary Structure of Proteins
- H bond, hydrogen bond
- MD, molecular dynamic
- MM-PBSA, molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area
- NS, Noonan syndrome
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PTPN11, tyrosine protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11
- RINs, residue interaction networks
- RMSD, root-mean-square deviation
- RMSF, root-mean-square fluctuation
- SH2, Src-homology 2
- SHP2
- SHP2, protein tyrosine phosphatase-2
- SPC, single-point charge
- VDW, Van der Waals
- WT, wild type
- molecular dynamic simulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lian Li
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Ying Ma
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Chang-Jie Zheng
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Wen-Yan Jin
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Wen-Shan Liu
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Run-Ling Wang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
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565
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Zhang X, Dong Z, Zhang C, Ung CY, He S, Tao T, Oliveira AM, Meves A, Ji B, Look AT, Li H, Neel BG, Zhu S. Critical Role for GAB2 in Neuroblastoma Pathogenesis through the Promotion of SHP2/MYCN Cooperation. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2932-2942. [PMID: 28329685 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests a major role for Src-homology-2-domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2/PTPN11) in MYCN-driven high-risk neuroblastoma, although biologic confirmation and a plausible mechanism for this contribution are lacking. Using a zebrafish model of MYCN-overexpressing neuroblastoma, we demonstrate that mutant ptpn11 expression in the adrenal gland analog of MYCN transgenic fish promotes the proliferation of hyperplastic neuroblasts, accelerates neuroblastomagenesis, and increases tumor penetrance. We identify a similar mechanism in tumors with wild-type ptpn11 and dysregulated Gab2, which encodes a Shp2 activator that is overexpressed in human neuroblastomas. In MYCN transgenic fish, Gab2 overexpression activated the Shp2-Ras-Erk pathway, enhanced neuroblastoma induction, and increased tumor penetrance. We conclude that MYCN cooperates with either GAB2-activated or mutant SHP2 in human neuroblastomagenesis. Our findings further suggest that combined inhibition of MYCN and the SHP2-RAS-ERK pathway could provide effective targeted therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma patients with MYCN amplification and aberrant SHP2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Choong Yong Ung
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Shuning He
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ting Tao
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andre M Oliveira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Alexander Meves
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Baoan Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - A Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Shizhen Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
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566
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Igbe I, Shen XF, Jiao W, Qiang Z, Deng T, Li S, Liu WL, Liu HW, Zhang GL, Wang F. Dietary quercetin potentiates the antiproliferative effect of interferon-α in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through activation of JAK/STAT pathway signaling by inhibition of SHP2 phosphatase. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113734-113748. [PMID: 29371942 PMCID: PMC5768359 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) have broad and potent immunoregulatory and antiproliferative activities, which are negatively regulated by Src homology domain 2 containing tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2). Inhibition of SHP2 by small molecules may be a new strategy to enhance the effcacy of type I IFNs. Using an in vitro screening assay for new inhibitors of SHP2 phosphatase, we found that quercetin was a potent inhibitor of SHP2. Computational modeling showed that quercetin exhibited an orientation favorable to nucleophilic attack in the phosphatase domain of SHP2. Quercetin enhanced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins 1 (STAT1) and promoted endogenous IFN-α-regulated gene expression. Furthermore, quercetin also sensitized the antiproliferative effect of IFN-α on hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and Huh7 cells. The overexpression of SHP2 attenuated the effect of quercetin on IFN-α-stimulated STAT1 phosphorylation and antiproliferative effect, whereas the inhibition of SHP2 promoted the effect of quercetin on IFN-α-induced STAT1 phosphorylation and antiproliferative effect. The results suggested that quercetin potentiated the inhibitory effect of IFN-α on cancer cell proliferation through activation of JAK/STAT pathway signaling by inhibiting SHP2. Quercetin warrants further investigation as a novel therapeutic method to enhance the efficacy of IFN-α/β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ighodaro Igbe
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Xiao-Fei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhe Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Teng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Wan-Li Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Wei Liu
- Ningbo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Technical Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Guo-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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567
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Wei CH, Min HG, Kim M, Kim GH, Chun HJ, Ryu SE. Two intermediate states of the conformational switch in dual specificity phosphatase 13a. Pharmacol Res 2017; 128:211-219. [PMID: 29106959 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) include MAP kinase phosphatases and atypical dual specificity phosphatases and mediate cell growth and differentiation, brain function, and immune responses. They serve as targets for drug development against cancers, diabetes and depression. Several DUSPs have non-canonical conformation of the central β-sheet and active site loops, suggesting that they may have conformational switch that is related to the regulation of enzyme activity. Here, we determined the crystal structure of DUSP13a, and identified two different structures that represent intermediates of the postulated conformational switch. Amino acid sequence of DUSP13a is not significantly homologous to DUSPs with conformational switch, indicating that the conformational switch is not sequence-dependent, but rather determined by ligand interaction. The sequence-independency suggests that other DUSPs with canonical conformation may have the conformational switch during specific cellular regulation. The conformational switch leads to significant changes in the protein surface, including a hydrophobic surface and pockets, which can be exploited for development of allosteric modulators of drug target DUSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hwa Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Gyeong Min
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeongbin Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwan Hee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Jung Chun
- Department of Radiation onclogy, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Eon Ryu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
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568
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Bhattacharyya S, Feferman L, Tobacman JK. Chondroitin sulfatases differentially regulate Wnt signaling in prostate stem cells through effects on SHP2, phospho-ERK1/2, and Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor (DKK3). Oncotarget 2017; 8:100242-100260. [PMID: 29245974 PMCID: PMC5725016 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfatases N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ARSB) and galactosamine-N-acetyl-6-sulfatase (GALNS) remove either the 4-sulfate group at the non-reducing end of chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) and dermatan sulfate, or the 6-sulfate group of chondroitin 6-sulfate, chondroitin 4,6-disulfate (chondroitin sulfate E), or keratan sulfate. In human prostate cancer tissues, the ARSB activity was reduced and the GALNS activity was increased, compared to normal prostate tissue. In human prostate stem cells, when ARSB was reduced by silencing or GALNS was increased by overexpression, activity of SHP2, the ubiquitous non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase, declined, attributable to increased binding of SHP2 with C4S. This led to increases in phospho-ERK1/2, Myc/Max nuclear DNA binding, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity and expression, and methylation of the Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor (DKK)3 promoter and to reduced DKK3 expression. Since DKK3 negatively regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling, silencing of ARSB or overexpression of GALNS disinhibited (increased) Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These findings indicate that the chondroitin sulfatases can exert profound effects on Wnt-mediated processes, due to epigenetic effects that modulate Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhattacharyya
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Leo Feferman
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joanne K Tobacman
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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569
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by PTPN11 plays an important role in regulating signaling from cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases during normal development as well as oncogenesis. Herein we review recently discovered roles of SHP2 in normal and aberrant hematopoiesis along with novel strategies to target it. RECENT FINDINGS Cell autonomous role of SHP2 in normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis has long been recognized. The review will discuss the newly discovered role of SHP2 in lineage specific differentiation. Recently, a noncell autonomous role of oncogenic SHP2 has been reported in which activated SHP2 was shown to alter the bone marrow microenvironment resulting in transformation of donor derived normal hematopoietic cells and development of myeloid malignancy. From being considered as an 'undruggable' target, recent development of allosteric inhibitor has made it possible to specifically target SHP2 in receptor tyrosine kinase driven malignancies. SUMMARY SHP2 has emerged as an attractive target for therapeutic targeting in hematological malignancies for its cell autonomous and microenvironmental effects. However a better understanding of the role of SHP2 in different hematopoietic lineages and its crosstalk with signaling pathways activated by other genetic lesions is required before the promise is realized in the clinic.
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570
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Sacchetti C, Bottini N. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Systemic Sclerosis: Potential Pathogenic Players and Therapeutic Targets. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2017; 19:28. [PMID: 28397126 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-017-0655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis depends on a complex interplay between autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and fibrosis. Reversible phosphorylation on tyrosine residues, in response to growth factors and other stimuli, critically regulates each one of these three key pathogenic processes. Protein tyrosine kinases, the enzymes that catalyze addition of phosphate to tyrosine residues, are known players in systemic sclerosis, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are undergoing clinical trials for treatment of this disease. Until recently, the role of tyrosine phosphatases-the enzymes that counteract the action of tyrosine kinases by removing phosphate from tyrosine residues-in systemic sclerosis has remained largely unknown. Here, we review the function of tyrosine phosphatases in pathways relevant to the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis and their potential promise as therapeutic targets to halt progression of this debilitating rheumatic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Protein tyrosine phosphatases are emerging as important regulators of a multitude of signaling pathways and undergoing validation as molecular targets for cancer and other common diseases. Recent advances in drug discovery are paving the ways to develop new classes of tyrosine phosphatase modulators to treat human diseases. Although so far only few reports have focused on tyrosine phosphatases in systemic sclerosis, these enzymes play a role in multiple pathways relevant to disease pathogenesis. Further studies in this field are warranted to explore the potential of tyrosine phosphatases as drug targets for systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Sacchetti
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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571
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wiede
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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572
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Recent advances in understanding the role of protein-tyrosine phosphatases in development and disease. Dev Biol 2017; 428:283-292. [PMID: 28728679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) remove phosphate groups from tyrosine residues, and thereby propagate or inhibit signal transduction, and hence influence cellular processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. The importance of tightly controlled PTP activity is reflected by the numerous mechanisms employed by the cell to control PTP activity, including a variety of post-translational modifications, and restricted subcellular localization. This review highlights the strides made in the last decade and discusses the important role of PTPs in key aspects of embryonic development: the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, gastrulation and somitogenesis during early embryonic development, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis. The tentative importance of PTPs in these processes is highlighted by the diseases that present upon aberrant activity.
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573
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Small molecule targeting of PTPs in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:171-181. [PMID: 28943273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) undeniably have a central role in the development and progression of human cancers. Historically, however, PTPs have not been viewed as privileged drug targets, and progress on identifying potent, selective, and cell-active small molecule PTP inhibitors has suffered accordingly. This situation is rapidly changing, however, due to biochemical advances in the study of PTPs and recent small molecule screening campaigns, which have identified potent and mechanistically diverse lead structures. These compounds are facilitating the exploration of the fundamental cellular processes controlled by PTPs in cancers, and could form the inflection point for new therapeutic paradigms for the treatment of a range of cancers. Herein, we review recent advances in the discovery and biological annotation of cancer-relevant small molecule PTP inhibitors.
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574
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Thaiwong T, Sirivisoot S, Takada M, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Kiupel M. Gain-of-function mutation inPTPN11in histiocytic sarcomas of Bernese Mountain Dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:220-228. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Thaiwong
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; Michigan State University; Lansing Michigan
| | - S. Sirivisoot
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; Michigan State University; Lansing Michigan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - M. Takada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - V. Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - M. Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; Michigan State University; Lansing Michigan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
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575
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to explore specific microRNAs (miRs) in rectal cancer that would predict response to radiation and identify target pathways that may be exploited for neoadjuvant therapies. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) response is a predictor of survival in rectal cancer. Studies have demonstrated changes in RNA expression correlate with chemoradiation sensitivity across cancers. METHODS Forty-five rectal cancer patients, partial responders (PR = 18), nonresponders (NR = 13), and complete responders (CR = 14) to CRT, as defined by a tumor regression score, were examined. miRs differentially expressed, using NanoString microArray profiling, were validated with qPCR. We quantified 1 miR and its downstream targets in patient samples. Chemosensitivity was measured in HCT-116, a human colorectal carcinoma cell line, using inhibitors of SHP2 and RAF. RESULTS miR-451a, 502-5p, 223-3p, and 1246 were the most upregulated miRs (>1.5-fold change) in a NanoString profiling miR panel. qPCR revealed a decrease in expression of miR-451a in NRs. EMSY and CAB39, both downstream targets of miR-451a and involved in carcinogenesis (shown in TCGA) were increased in NRs (qPCR). Both targets are associated with worse survival in colorectal cancer. Inhibition of miR-451a in HCT-116 cells significantly decreased cell proliferation with treatment of SHP2 and RAF inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS An integrated analysis of rectal cancer miRs may yield biomarkers of radioresistance and offer treatment targets for resensitization.
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576
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Assay to visualize specific protein oxidation reveals spatio-temporal regulation of SHP2. Nat Commun 2017; 8:466. [PMID: 28878211 PMCID: PMC5587708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00503-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are produced transiently in response to cell stimuli, and function as second messengers that oxidize target proteins. Protein-tyrosine phosphatases are important reactive oxygen species targets, whose oxidation results in rapid, reversible, catalytic inactivation. Despite increasing evidence for the importance of protein-tyrosine phosphatase oxidation in signal transduction, the cell biological details of reactive oxygen species-catalyzed protein-tyrosine phosphatase inactivation have remained largely unclear, due to our inability to visualize protein-tyrosine phosphatase oxidation in cells. By combining proximity ligation assay with chemical labeling of cysteine residues in the sulfenic acid state, we visualize oxidized Src homology 2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2). We find that platelet-derived growth factor evokes transient oxidation on or close to RAB5+/ early endosome antigen 1− endosomes. SHP2 oxidation requires NADPH oxidases (NOXs), and oxidized SHP2 co-localizes with platelet-derived growth factor receptor and NOX1/4. Our data demonstrate spatially and temporally limited protein oxidation within cells, and suggest that platelet-derived growth factor-dependent “redoxosomes,” contribute to proper signal transduction. Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are thought to be major targets of receptor-activated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here the authors describe a method that allows the localized visualization of oxidized intermediates of PTPs inside cells during signaling, and provide support for the “redoxosome” model.
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577
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Frankson R, Yu ZH, Bai Y, Li Q, Zhang RY, Zhang ZY. Therapeutic Targeting of Oncogenic Tyrosine Phosphatases. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5701-5705. [PMID: 28855209 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) are exciting and novel targets for cancer drug discovery that work in concert with protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) in controlling cellular homeostasis. Given the activating role that some PTKs play in initiating growth factor-mediated cellular processes, PTPs are usually perceived as the negative regulators of these events and therefore tumor suppressive in nature. However, mounting evidence indicate that PTPs do not always antagonize the activity of PTKs in regulating tyrosine phosphorylation, but can also play dominant roles in the initiation and progression of signaling cascades that regulate cell functions. It follows, therefore, that PTP malfunction can actively contribute to a host of human disorders, in particular, cancer, metabolic syndromes, and autoimmune diseases. The Src homology domain containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) and the three-membered family of phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL) are infamously oncogenic members of the PTP superfamily. Both are established regulators of major cancer pathways such as Ras/ERK1/2, Src, JAK/STAT, JNK, NF-κB, and PTEN/PI3K/AKT. Furthermore, upregulation, mutation, or other dysregulation of these PTPs has been positively correlated with cancer initiation and progression. This review will provide topical coverage of target validation and drug discovery efforts made in targeting these oncogenic PTPs as compelling candidates for cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 77(21); 5701-5. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Frankson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Zhi-Hong Yu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Qinglin Li
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Ruo-Yu Zhang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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578
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Roccograndi L, Binder ZA, Zhang L, Aceto N, Zhang Z, Bentires-Alj M, Nakano I, Dahmane N, O'Rourke DM. SHP2 regulates proliferation and tumorigenicity of glioma stem cells. J Neurooncol 2017; 135:487-496. [PMID: 28852935 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SHP2 is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) involved in multiple signaling pathways and was the first identified proto-oncogene PTPase. Previous work in glioblastoma (GBM) has demonstrated the role of SHP2 PTPase activity in modulating the oncogenic phenotype of adherent GBM cell lines. Mutations in PTPN11, the gene encoding SHP2, have been identified with increasing frequency in GBM. Given the importance of SHP2 in developing neural stem cells, and the importance of glioma stem cells (GSCs) in GBM oncogenesis, we explored the functional role of SHP2 in GSCs. Using paired differentiated and stem cell primary cultures, we investigated the association of SHP2 expression with the tumor stem cell compartment. Proliferation and soft agar assays were used to demonstrate the functional contribution of SHP2 to cell growth and transformation. SHP2 expression correlated with SOX2 expression in GSC lines and was decreased in differentiated cells. Forced differentiation of GSCs by removal of growth factors, as confirmed by loss of SOX2 expression, also resulted in decreased SHP2 expression. Lentiviral-mediated knockdown of SHP2 inhibited proliferation. Finally, growth in soft-agar was similarly inhibited by loss of SHP2 expression. Our results show that SHP2 function is required for cell growth and transformation of the GSC compartment in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roccograndi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 502 Stemmler Hall, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zev A Binder
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 502 Stemmler Hall, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Logan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 502 Stemmler Hall, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nadia Dahmane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 502 Stemmler Hall, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Donald M O'Rourke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 502 Stemmler Hall, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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579
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Xu J, Tao B, Guo X, Zhou S, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Cheng H, Zhang X, Ke Y. Macrophage-Restricted Shp2 Tyrosine Phosphatase Acts as a Rheostat for MMP12 through TGF-β Activation in the Prevention of Age-Related Emphysema in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2323-2332. [PMID: 28814604 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistent activation of macrophages in lungs plays a critical role in the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that contributes to the destruction of alveolar walls, a hallmark for pulmonary emphysema. Dysregulated TGF-β1 signaling has been an essential determinant in the elevation of MMPs during the development of emphysema. Nevertheless, the mechanism for this MMP-dependent pathogenesis has yet to be clearly investigated. Recently, we identified an important role for tyrosine phosphatase Src homology domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) in regulating the activation of alveolar macrophages. Over a long-term observation period, mice with Shp2 deletion in macrophages (LysMCre:Shp2fl/fl ) develop spontaneous, progressive emphysema-like injury in the lungs, characterized by massive destruction of alveolar morphology, interstitial extracellular matrix degradation, and elevated levels of MMPs, particularly, significant increases of macrophage elastase (MMP12) in aged mice. Further analysis demonstrated that MMP12 suppression by TGF-β1 activation was apparently abrogated in LysMCre:Shp2fl/fl mice, whereas the TGF-β1 concentration in the lungs was relatively the same. Mechanistically, we found that loss of Shp2 resulted in attenuated SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in response to TGF-β activation, thereby upregulating MMP12 expression in macrophages. Together, our findings define a novel physiological function of Shp2 in TGF-β1/MMP12-dependent emphysema, adding insights into potential etiologies for this chronic lung disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaohong Guo
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shiyi Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yongda Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zanhua Zhou
- College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China; and
| | - Hongqiang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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580
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Gu S, Sayad A, Chan G, Yang W, Lu Z, Virtanen C, Van Etten RA, Neel BG. SHP2 is required for BCR-ABL1-induced hematologic neoplasia. Leukemia 2017; 32:203-213. [PMID: 28804122 PMCID: PMC6005183 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BCR-ABL1-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) hematologic neoplasms. Nevertheless, acquired TKI resistance remains a major problem in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and TKIs are less effective against Ph+ B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). GAB2, a scaffolding adaptor that binds and activates SHP2, is essential for leukemogenesis by BCR-ABL1, and a GAB2 mutant lacking SHP2 binding cannot mediate leukemogenesis. Using a genetic loss-of-function approach and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models for CML and BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL, we show that SHP2 is required for BCR-ABL1-evoked myeloid and lymphoid neoplasia. Ptpn11 deletion impairs initiation and maintenance of CML-like myeloproliferative neoplasm, and compromises induction of BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL. SHP2, and specifically, its SH2 domains, PTP activity and C-terminal tyrosines, is essential for BCR-ABL1+, but not WT, pre-B cell proliferation. The MEK/ERK pathway is regulated by SHP2 in WT and BCR-ABL1+ pre-B cells, but is only required for the proliferation of BCR-ABL1+ cells. SHP2 is required for SRC family kinase (SFK) activation only in BCR-ABL1+ pre-B cells. RNAseq reveals distinct SHP2-dependent transcriptional programs in BCR-ABL1+ and WT pre-B cells. Our results suggest that SHP2, via SFKs and ERK, represses MXD3/4 to facilitate a MYC-dependent proliferation program in BCR-ABL1-transformed pre-B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Sayad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Chan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Z Lu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Virtanen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R A Van Etten
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - B G Neel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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581
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Decoding the selectivity of eIF2α holophosphatases and PPP1R15A inhibitors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:708-716. [PMID: 28759048 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The reversible phosphorylation of proteins controls most cellular functions. Protein kinases have been popular drug targets, unlike phosphatases, which remain a drug discovery challenge. Guanabenz and Sephin1 are selective inhibitors of the phosphatase regulatory subunit PPP1R15A (R15A) that prolong the benefit of eIF2α phosphorylation, thereby protecting cells from proteostatic defects. In mice, Sephin1 prevents two neurodegenerative diseases, Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1B (CMT-1B) and SOD1-mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the molecular basis for R15A inhibition is unknown. Here we reconstituted human recombinant eIF2α holophosphatases, R15A-PP1 and R15B-PP1, whose activity depends on both the catalytic subunit PP1 (protein phosphatase 1) and either R15A or R15B. This system enabled the functional characterization of these holophosphatases and revealed that Guanabenz and Sephin1 induced a selective conformational change in R15A, detected by resistance to limited proteolysis. This altered the recruitment of eIF2α, preventing its dephosphorylation. This work demonstrates that regulatory subunits of phosphatases are valid drug targets and provides the molecular rationale to expand this concept to other phosphatases.
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582
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Lazo JS, McQueeney KE, Sharlow ER. New Approaches to Difficult Drug Targets: The Phosphatase Story. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:1071-1083. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217721142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The drug discovery landscape is littered with promising therapeutic targets that have been abandoned because of insufficient validation, historical screening failures, and inferior chemotypes. Molecular targets once labeled as “undruggable” or “intractable” are now being more carefully interrogated, and while they remain challenging, many target classes are appearing more approachable. Protein tyrosine phosphatases represent an excellent example of a category of molecular targets that have emerged as druggable, with several small molecules and antibodies recently becoming available for further development. In this review, we examine some of the diseases that are associated with protein tyrosine phosphatase dysfunction and use some prototype contemporary strategies to illustrate approaches that are being used to identify small molecules targeting this enzyme class.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Lazo
- Department of Pharmacology, Fiske Drug Discovery Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kelley E. McQueeney
- Department of Pharmacology, Fiske Drug Discovery Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Sharlow
- Department of Pharmacology, Fiske Drug Discovery Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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583
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Targeting PTPRZ inhibits stem cell-like properties and tumorigenicity in glioblastoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5609. [PMID: 28717188 PMCID: PMC5514153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The R5 subfamily of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) comprises PTPRZ and PTPRG. A recent study on primary human glioblastomas suggested a close association between PTPRZ1 (human PTPRZ) expression and cancer stemness. However, the functional roles of PTPRZ activity in glioma stem cells have remained unclear. In the present study, we found that sphere-forming cells from the rat C6 and human U251 glioblastoma cell lines showed high expression levels of PTPRZ-B, the short receptor isoform of PTPRZ. Stable PTPRZ knockdown altered the expression levels of stem cell transcription factors such as SOX2, OLIG2, and POU3F2 and decreased the sphere-forming abilities of these cells. Suppressive effects on the cancer stem-like properties of the cells were also observed following the knockdown of PTPRG. Here, we identified NAZ2329, a cell-permeable small molecule that allosterically inhibits both PTPRZ and PTPRG. NAZ2329 reduced the expression of SOX2 in C6 and U251 cells and abrogated the sphere-forming abilities of these cells. Tumor growth in the C6 xenograft mouse model was significantly slower with the co-treatment of NAZ2329 with temozolomide, an alkylating agent, than with the individual treatments. These results indicate that pharmacological inhibition of R5 RPTPs is a promising strategy for the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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584
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Genick CC, Wright SK. Biophysics: for HTS hit validation, chemical lead optimization, and beyond. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:897-907. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1349096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Genick
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Protein Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
- Protein Sciences, Research Parkway Meriden, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S. Kirk Wright
- Protein Sciences, Research Parkway Meriden, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Protein Sciences, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
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585
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Bughani U, Saha A, Kuriakose A, Nair R, Sadashivarao RB, Venkataraman R, Patel S, Deshchougule AT, S. SK, Montero E, Pai HV, Palanivelu DV, Melarkode R, Nair P. T cell activation and differentiation is modulated by a CD6 domain 1 antibody Itolizumab. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180088. [PMID: 28672038 PMCID: PMC5495335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD6 is associated with T-cell modulation and is implicated in several autoimmune diseases. We previously demonstrated that Itolizumab, a CD6 domain 1 (CD6D1) specific humanized monoclonal antibody, inhibited the proliferation and cytokine production by T lymphocytes stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody or when co-stimulated with ALCAM. Aberrant IL-17 producing CD4+ helper T-cells (Th17) have been identified as pivotal for the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory autoimmune disorders, including psoriasis. Itolizumab has demonstrated efficacy in human diseases known to have an IL-17 driven pathogenesis. Here, in in vitro experiments we show that by day 3 of human PBMC activation using anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 co-stimulation in a Th17 polarizing milieu, 15-35% of CD4+ T-cells overexpress CD6 and there is an establishment of differentiated Th17 cells. Addition of Itolizumab reduces the activation and differentiation of T cells to Th17 cells and decreases production of IL-17. These effects are associated with the reduction of key transcription factors pSTAT3 and RORγT. Further, transcription analysis studies in these conditions indicate that Itolizumab suppressed T cell activation by primarily reducing cell cycle, DNA transcription and translation associated genes. To understand the mechanism of this inhibition, we evaluated the effect of this anti-human CD6D1 mAb on ALCAM-CD6 as well as TCR-mediated T cell activation. We show that Itolizumab but not its F(ab')2 fragment directly inhibits CD6 receptor hyper-phosphorylation and leads to subsequent decrease in associated ZAP70 kinase and docking protein SLP76. Since Itolizumab binds to CD6 expressed only on human and chimpanzee, we developed an antibody binding specifically to mouse CD6D1. This antibody successfully ameliorated the incidence of experimental autoimmune encephalitis in the mice model. These results position CD6 as a key molecule in sustaining the activation and differentiation of T cells and an important target for modulating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Bughani
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Arindam Saha
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Anshu Kuriakose
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Reshmi Nair
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Swati Patel
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Satish Kumar S.
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Enrique Montero
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Harish V. Pai
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Pradip Nair
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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586
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A small-molecule allosteric inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis tryptophan synthase. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:943-950. [PMID: 28671682 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New antibiotics with novel targets are greatly needed. Bacteria have numerous essential functions, but only a small fraction of such processes-primarily those involved in macromolecular synthesis-are inhibited by current drugs. Targeting metabolic enzymes has been the focus of recent interest, but effective inhibitors have been difficult to identify. We describe a synthetic azetidine derivative, BRD4592, that kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) through allosteric inhibition of tryptophan synthase (TrpAB), a previously untargeted, highly allosterically regulated enzyme. BRD4592 binds at the TrpAB α-β-subunit interface and affects multiple steps in the enzyme's overall reaction, resulting in inhibition not easily overcome by changes in metabolic environment. We show that TrpAB is required for the survival of Mtb and Mycobacterium marinum in vivo and that this requirement may be independent of an adaptive immune response. This work highlights the effectiveness of allosteric inhibition for targeting proteins that are naturally highly dynamic and that are essential in vivo, despite their apparent dispensability under in vitro conditions, and suggests a framework for the discovery of a next generation of allosteric inhibitors.
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587
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Hu T, Sprague ER, Fodor M, Stams T, Clark KL, Cowan-Jacob SW. The impact of structural biology in medicine illustrated with four case studies. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 96:9-19. [PMID: 28669027 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The contributions of structural biology to drug discovery have expanded over the last 20 years from structure-based ligand optimization to a broad range of clinically relevant topics including the understanding of disease, target discovery, screening for new types of ligands, discovery of new modes of action, addressing clinical challenges such as side effects or resistance, and providing data to support drug registration. This expansion of scope is due to breakthroughs in the technology, which allow structural information to be obtained rapidly and for more complex molecular systems, but also due to the combination of different technologies such as X-ray, NMR, and other biophysical methods, which allows one to get a more complete molecular understanding of disease and ways to treat it. In this review, we provide examples of the types of impact molecular structure information can have in the clinic for both low molecular weight and biologic drug discovery and describe several case studies from our own work to illustrate some of these contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancen Hu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Michelle Fodor
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Travis Stams
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kirk L Clark
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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588
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CD99-Derived Agonist Ligands Inhibit Fibronectin-Induced Activation of β1 Integrin through the Protein Kinase A/SHP2/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase/PTPN12/Focal Adhesion Kinase Signaling Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00675-16. [PMID: 28483911 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00675-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The human CD99 protein is a 32-kDa glycosylated transmembrane protein that regulates various cellular responses, including cell adhesion and leukocyte extravasation. We previously reported that CD99 activation suppresses β1 integrin activity through dephosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at Y397. We explored a molecular mechanism underlying the suppression of β1 integrin activity by CD99 agonists and its relevance to tumor growth in vivo CD99-Fc fusion proteins or a series of CD99-derived peptides suppressed β1 integrin activity by specifically interacting with three conserved motifs of the CD99 extracellular domain. CD99CRIII3, a representative CD99-derived 3-mer peptide, facilitated protein kinase A-SHP2 interaction and subsequent activation of the HRAS/RAF1/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Subsequently, CD99CRIII3 induced FAK phosphorylation at S910, which led to the recruitment of PTPN12 and PIN1 to FAK, followed by FAK dephosphorylation at Y397. Taken together, these results indicate that CD99-derived agonist ligands inhibit fibronectin-mediated β1 integrin activation through the SHP2/ERK/PTPN12/FAK signaling pathway.
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589
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SHP2 negatively regulates HLA-ABC and PD-L1 expression via STAT1 phosphorylation in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53518-53530. [PMID: 28881828 PMCID: PMC5581127 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a ubiquitous protein tyrosine phosphatase that activates the signal transduction pathways of several growth factors and cytokines. In our study, SHP2 expression was very high in prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines, and the expression of phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (p-STAT1) and STAT1 was very low. SHP2 knockdown upregulated the expression of p-STAT1 and downregulated phospho-extracellular signal regulated kinase (p-ERK). SHP2 depletion also increased the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-ABC and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). When tumor cells were pretreated with Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor, SHP2 depletion failed to induce HLA-ABC and PD-L1 expression. Furthermore, treating tumor cells with the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD0325901 did not upregulate HLA-ABC and PD-L1. SHP2 depletion was associated with increased T-cell activation (CD25 MFI of CD8+) by coculture of allogeneic healthy donor peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) with SHP2 siRNA pretreated PCa cell lines. These results show that SHP2 targeting upregulates HLA-ABC and PD-L1 expression via STAT1 phosphorylation in PCa cells and SHP2 depletion could increase T-cell activation.
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590
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Current status and perspectives of patient-derived xenograft models in cancer research. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:106. [PMID: 28499452 PMCID: PMC5427553 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers remain a major public health problem worldwide, which still require profound research in both the basic and preclinical fields. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are created when cancerous cells or tissues from patients' primary tumors are implanted into immunodeficient mice to simulate human tumor biology in vivo, which have been extensively used in cancer research. The routes of implantation appeared to affect the outcome of PDX research, and there has been increasing applications of patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models. In this review, we firstly summarize the methodology to establish PDX models and then go over recent application and function of PDX models in basic cancer research on the areas of cancer characterization, initiation, proliferation, metastasis, and tumor microenvironment and in preclinical explorations of anti-cancer targets, drugs, and therapeutic strategies and finally give our perspectives on the future prospects of PDX models.
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591
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Fulcher LJ, Hutchinson LD, Macartney TJ, Turnbull C, Sapkota GP. Targeting endogenous proteins for degradation through the affinity-directed protein missile system. Open Biol 2017; 7:170066. [PMID: 28490657 PMCID: PMC5451546 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted proteolysis of endogenous proteins is desirable as a research toolkit and in therapeutics. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockouts are irreversible and often not feasible for many genes. Similarly, RNA interference approaches necessitate prolonged treatments, can lead to incomplete knockdowns and are often associated with off-target effects. Targeted proteolysis can overcome these limitations. In this report, we describe an affinity-directed protein missile (AdPROM) system that harbours the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein, the substrate receptor of the Cullin2 (CUL2) E3 ligase complex, tethered to polypeptide binders that selectively bind and recruit endogenous target proteins to the CUL2-E3 ligase complex for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. By using synthetic monobodies that selectively bind the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 and a camelid-derived VHH nanobody that selectively binds the human ASC protein, we demonstrate highly efficient AdPROM-mediated degradation of endogenous SHP2 and ASC in human cell lines. We show that AdPROM-mediated loss of SHP2 in cells impacts SHP2 biology. This study demonstrates for the first time that small polypeptide binders that selectively recognize endogenous target proteins can be exploited for AdPROM-mediated destruction of the target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Fulcher
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee, UK
| | - Luke D Hutchinson
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas J Macartney
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee, UK
| | - Craig Turnbull
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee, UK
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592
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Ye W, Qian T, Liu H, Luo R, Chen HF. Allosteric Autoinhibition Pathway in Transcription Factor ERG: Dynamics Network and Mutant Experimental Evaluations. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1153-1165. [PMID: 28425706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric autoinhibition exists in many transcription factors. The ERG proteins exhibit autoinhibition on DNA binding by the C-terminal and N-terminal inhibitory domains (CID and NID). However, the autoinhibition mechanism and allosteric pathway of ERG are unknown. In this study we intend to elucidate the residue-level allosteric mechanism and pathway via a combined approach of computational and experimental analyses. Specifically computational residue-level fluctuation correlation data was analyzed to reveal detailed dynamics signatures in the allosteric autoinhibition process. A hypothesis of "NID/CID binding induced allostery" is proposed to link similar structures and different protein functions, which is subsequently validated by perturbation and mutation analyses in both computation and experiment. Two possible allosteric autoinhibition pathways of L286-L382-A379-G377-I360-Y355-R353 and L286-L382-A379-G377-I360-Y355- A351-K347-R350 were identified computationally and were confirmed by the computational and experimental mutations. Specifically we identified two mutation sites on the allosteric inhibition pathways, L286P/Q383P (NID/CID binding site) and I360G (pathway junction), which completely restore the wild type DNA binding affinity. These results suggest that the putative protein structure-function relationship may be augmented with a general relationship of protein "structure/fluctuation-correlation/function" for more thorough analyses of protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tianle Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ray Luo
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Hai-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology , 1278 Keyuan Road, Shanghai, 200235, China
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593
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Ahronian LG, Corcoran RB. Strategies for monitoring and combating resistance to combination kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy. Genome Med 2017; 9:37. [PMID: 28431544 PMCID: PMC5399860 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies such as kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies have dramatically altered cancer care in recent decades. Although these targeted therapies have improved patient outcomes in several cancer types, resistance ultimately develops to these agents. One potential strategy proposed to overcome acquired resistance involves taking repeat tumor biopsies at the time of disease progression, to identify the specific molecular mechanism driving resistance in an individual patient and to select a new agent or combination of agents capable of surmounting that specific resistance mechanism. However, recent studies sampling multiple metastatic lesions upon acquired resistance, or employing “liquid biopsy” analyses of circulating tumor DNA, have revealed that multiple, heterogeneous resistance mechanisms can emerge in distinct tumor subclones in the same patient. This heterogeneity represents a major clinical challenge for devising therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance. In many cancers, multiple drug resistance mechanisms often converge to reactivate the original pathway targeted by the drug. This convergent evolution creates an opportunity to target a common signaling node to overcome resistance. Furthermore, integration of liquid biopsy approaches into clinical practice may allow real-time monitoring of emerging resistance alterations, allowing intervention prior to standard detection of radiographic progression. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding tumor heterogeneity and resistance to targeted therapies, focusing on combination kinase inhibitors, and we discuss approaches to address these issues in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne G Ahronian
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, 02129, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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594
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Pertusi DA, O’Donnell G, Homsher MF, Solly K, Patel A, Stahler SL, Riley D, Finley MF, Finger EN, Adam GC, Meng J, Bell DJ, Zuck PD, Hudak EM, Weber MJ, Nothstein JE, Locco L, Quinn C, Amoss A, Squadroni B, Hartnett M, Heo MR, White T, May SA, Boots E, Roberts K, Cocchiarella P, Wolicki A, Kreamer A, Kutchukian PS, Wassermann AM, Uebele VN, Glick M, Rusinko A, Culberson JC. Prospective Assessment of Virtual Screening Heuristics Derived Using a Novel Fusion Score. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:995-1006. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217706058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) is a widespread method in early drug discovery for identifying promising chemical matter that modulates a target or phenotype of interest. Because HTS campaigns involve screening millions of compounds, it is often desirable to initiate screening with a subset of the full collection. Subsequently, virtual screening methods prioritize likely active compounds in the remaining collection in an iterative process. With this approach, orthogonal virtual screening methods are often applied, necessitating the prioritization of hits from different approaches. Here, we introduce a novel method of fusing these prioritizations and benchmark it prospectively on 17 screening campaigns using virtual screening methods in three descriptor spaces. We found that the fusion approach retrieves 15% to 65% more active chemical series than any single machine-learning method and that appropriately weighting contributions of similarity and machine-learning scoring techniques can increase enrichment by 1% to 19%. We also use fusion scoring to evaluate the tradeoff between screening more chemical matter initially in lieu of replicate samples to prevent false-positives and find that the former option leads to the retrieval of more active chemical series. These results represent guidelines that can increase the rate of identification of promising active compounds in future iterative screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante A. Pertusi
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Gregory O’Donnell
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michelle F. Homsher
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Kelli Solly
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Amita Patel
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Shannon L. Stahler
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Riley
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michael F. Finley
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Eleftheria N. Finger
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Discovery & Preclinical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Gregory C. Adam
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Juncai Meng
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - David J. Bell
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Paul D. Zuck
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Edward M. Hudak
- Discovery Sample Management, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Michael J. Weber
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Nothstein
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Louis Locco
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Carissa Quinn
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Adam Amoss
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Brian Squadroni
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Michelle Hartnett
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Mee Ra Heo
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Tara White
- Discovery Sample Management, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - S. Alex May
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Evelyn Boots
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth Roberts
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | | | - Alex Wolicki
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Anthony Kreamer
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Victor N. Uebele
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Meir Glick
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Rusinko
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
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595
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Stanford SM, Bottini N. Targeting Tyrosine Phosphatases: Time to End the Stigma. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:524-540. [PMID: 28412041 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a family of enzymes essential for numerous cellular processes, and several PTPs have been validated as therapeutic targets for human diseases. Historically, the development of drugs targeting PTPs has been highly challenging, leading to stigmatization of these enzymes as undruggable targets. Despite these difficulties, efforts to drug PTPs have persisted, and recent years have seen an influx of new probes providing opportunities for biological examination of old and new PTP targets. Here we discuss progress towards drugging PTPs with special emphasis on the development of selective probes with biological activity. We describe the development of new small-molecule orthosteric, allosteric, and oligomerization-inhibiting PTP inhibitors and discuss new studies targeting the receptor PTP (RPTP) subfamily with biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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596
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 deficiency in podocytes attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced proteinuria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:461. [PMID: 28352079 PMCID: PMC5428720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are specialized epithelial cells that play a significant role in maintaining the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier and preventing urinary protein leakage. We investigated the contribution of protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced renal injury. We report increased Shp2 expression in murine kidneys and cultured podocytes following an LPS challenge. To determine the role of podocyte Shp2 in vivo, we generated podocyte-specific Shp2 knockout (pod-Shp2 KO) mice. Following administration of LPS, pod-Shp2 KO mice exhibited lower proteinuria and blood urea nitrogen concentrations than controls indicative of preserved filter integrity. In addition, renal mRNA and serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα, INFγ and IL-12 p70 were significantly decreased in LPS-treated knockout mice compared with controls. Moreover, the protective effects of podocyte Shp2 deficiency were associated with decreased LPS-induced NF-κB and MAPK activation, nephrin phosphorylation and attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress. These effects were recapitulated in differentiated E11 murine podocytes with lentiviral-mediated Shp2 knockdown. Furthermore, Shp2 deficient podocytes displayed reduced LPS-induced migration in a wound healing assay. These findings identify Shp2 in podocytes as a significant contributor to the signaling events following LPS challenge and suggest that inhibition of Shp2 in podocytes may present a potential therapeutic target for podocytopathies.
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597
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Goyette J, Salas CS, Coker-Gordon N, Bridge M, Isaacson SA, Allard J, Dushek O. Biophysical assay for tethered signaling reactions reveals tether-controlled activity for the phosphatase SHP-1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601692. [PMID: 28378014 PMCID: PMC5365251 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tethered enzymatic reactions are ubiquitous in signaling networks but are poorly understood. A previously unreported mathematical analysis is established for tethered signaling reactions in surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Applying the method to the phosphatase SHP-1 interacting with a phosphorylated tether corresponding to an immune receptor cytoplasmic tail provides five biophysical/biochemical constants from a single SPR experiment: two binding rates, two catalytic rates, and a reach parameter. Tether binding increases the activity of SHP-1 by 900-fold through a binding-induced allosteric activation (20-fold) and a more significant increase in local substrate concentration (45-fold). The reach parameter indicates that this local substrate concentration is exquisitely sensitive to receptor clustering. We further show that truncation of the tether leads not only to a lower reach but also to lower binding and catalysis. This work establishes a new framework for studying tethered signaling processes and highlights the tether as a control parameter in clustered receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Goyette
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | | | - Marcus Bridge
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Samuel A. Isaacson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jun Allard
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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598
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Pannone L, Bocchinfuso G, Flex E, Rossi C, Baldassarre G, Lissewski C, Pantaleoni F, Consoli F, Lepri F, Magliozzi M, Anselmi M, Delle Vigne S, Sorge G, Karaer K, Cuturilo G, Sartorio A, Tinschert S, Accadia M, Digilio MC, Zampino G, De Luca A, Cavé H, Zenker M, Gelb BD, Dallapiccola B, Stella L, Ferrero GB, Martinelli S, Tartaglia M. Structural, Functional, and Clinical Characterization of a Novel PTPN11 Mutation Cluster Underlying Noonan Syndrome. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:451-459. [PMID: 28074573 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations in PTPN11, the gene encoding the Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2), cause Noonan syndrome (NS), a relatively common, clinically variable, multisystem disorder. Here, we report on the identification of five different PTPN11 missense changes affecting residues Leu261 , Leu262 , and Arg265 in 16 unrelated individuals with clinical diagnosis of NS or with features suggestive for this disorder, specifying a novel disease-causing mutation cluster. Expression of the mutant proteins in HEK293T cells documented their activating role on MAPK signaling. Structural data predicted a gain-of-function role of substitutions at residues Leu262 and Arg265 exerted by disruption of the N-SH2/PTP autoinhibitory interaction. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested a more complex behavior for changes affecting Leu261 , with possible impact on SHP2's catalytic activity/selectivity and proper interaction of the PTP domain with the regulatory SH2 domains. Consistent with that, biochemical data indicated that substitutions at codons 262 and 265 increased the catalytic activity of the phosphatase, while those affecting codon 261 were only moderately activating but impacted substrate specificity. Remarkably, these mutations underlie a relatively mild form of NS characterized by low prevalence of cardiac defects, short stature, and cognitive and behavioral issues, as well as less evident typical facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pannone
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bocchinfuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Flex
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Rossi
- Genetica Medica, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Christina Lissewski
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Consoli
- Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Francesca Lepri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Monia Magliozzi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Anselmi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Delle Vigne
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sorge
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Clinica Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Kadri Karaer
- Dr. Ersin Arslan Research and Training Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Goran Cuturilo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,University Children's Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Milan and Verbania, Italy.,Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Division of Auxology, Verbania, Italy
| | - Sigrid Tinschert
- Institute of Clinical Genetics, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Accadia
- Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Maria C Digilio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Istituto di Clinica Pediatrica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris-Sorbonne-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Ferrero
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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599
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Zhang ZY. Drugging the Undruggable: Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:122-129. [PMID: 27977138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are essential signaling enzymes that, together with protein tyrosine kinases, regulate tyrosine phosphorylation inside the cell. Proper level of tyrosine phosphorylation is important for a diverse array of cellular processes, such as proliferation, metabolism, motility, and survival. Aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting from alteration of PTP expression, misregulation, and mutation, has been linked to the etiology of many human ailments including cancer, diabetes/obesity, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. However, despite the fact that PTPs have been garnering attention as compelling drug targets, they remain a largely underexploited resource for therapeutic intervention. Indeed, PTPs have been widely dismissed as "undruggable", due to concerns that (1) the highly conserved active site (i.e., pTyr-binding pocket) makes it difficult to achieve inhibitor selectivity among closely related family members, and (2) the positive-charged active site prefers negatively charged molecules, which usually lack cell permeability. To address the issue of selectivity, we advanced a novel paradigm for the acquisition of highly potent and selective PTP inhibitors through generation of bivalent ligands that interact with both PTP active site and adjacent unique peripheral pockets. To overcome the bioavailability issue, we have identified nonhydrolyzable pTyr mimetics that are sufficiently polar to bind the PTP active site, yet still capable of efficiently penetrating cell membranes. We show that these pTyr mimetics interact in the desired inhibitory fashion with the PTP active site and tethering them to appropriate molecular fragments to engage less conserved interactions outside of PTP active site can increase PTP inhibitor potency and selectivity. We demonstrate through three pTyr mimetics fragment-based approaches that it is completely feasible to obtain highly potent and selective PTP inhibitors with robust in vivo efficacy in animal models of oncology, diabetes/obesity, autoimmune disorders, and tuberculosis. We hope that these results will help dispel concerns about the druggability of PTPs and entice further effort in fostering a PTP-based drug discovery enterprise. Well-characterized, potent, selective and bioactive inhibitors are essential tools for functional interrogation of PTPs in disease biology and target validation. They will also play a critical role in illuminating the druggability of PTPs and provide the groundwork for new therapies for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer
Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720
Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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600
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Shp2 Inhibits Proliferation of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer via Dephosphorylation of Stat3. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010134. [PMID: 28085101 PMCID: PMC5297767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Shp2 (Src-homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2) was originally reported as an oncogene in kinds of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. However, recent studies indicated that Shp2 may act as tumor suppressors in several tumor types. We investigated the function of Shp2 in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). The expression level of Shp2 was analyzed in tumor tissues in comparison with adjacent normal tissues of ESCC patients by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Shp2 was knocked down by Short hairpin RNA to evaluate its function in ESCC cell lines. The relationship between Shp2 and p-Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) in human ESCC tissues was statistically examined. A significant low expression of Shp2 was found in ESCC tissues. Low expression of Shp2 was related to poorer overall survival in patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Knockdown of Shp2 increased the growth of ESCC cell lines both in vivo and vitro. Activation of Stat3 (p-Stat3) was induced by Shp2 depletion. Expression of p-Stat3 was negatively correlated with Shp2 expression in ESCC tissues. Furthermore, knockdown of Shp2 attenuated cisplatin-sensitivity of ESCC cells. Shp2 might suppress the proliferation of ESCC by dephosphorylation of p-Stat3 and represents a novel research field for targeted therapy.
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