551
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Beilharz M, De Nardo D, Latz E, Franklin BS. Measuring NLR Oligomerization II: Detection of ASC Speck Formation by Confocal Microscopy and Immunofluorescence. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1417:145-158. [PMID: 27221487 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3566-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasome assembly results in the formation of a large intracellular protein scaffold driven by the oligomerization of the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC). Following inflammasome activation, ASC polymerizes to form a large singular structure termed the ASC "speck," which is crucial for recruitment of caspase-1 and its inflammatory activity. Hence, due to the considerably large size of these structures, ASC specks can be easily visualized by microscopy as a simple upstream readout for inflammasome activation. Here, we provide two detailed protocols for imaging ASC specks: by (1) live-cell imaging of monocyte/macrophage cell lines expressing a fluorescently tagged version of ASC and (2) immunofluorescence of endogenous ASC in cell lines and human immune cells. In addition, we outline a protocol for increasing the specificity of ASC antibodies for use in immunofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beilharz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, Biomedizinisches Zentrum, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, Biomedizinisches Zentrum, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, Bonn, Germany
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, Biomedizinisches Zentrum, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, 53175, Germany
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Bernardo S Franklin
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, Biomedizinisches Zentrum, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, Bonn, Germany.
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552
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de Rivero Vaccari JP, Dietrich WD, Keane RW. Therapeutics targeting the inflammasome after central nervous system injury. Transl Res 2016; 167:35-45. [PMID: 26024799 PMCID: PMC4643411 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is part of the early response of the body to deal with tissue damage and infections. Because of the early nature of the innate immune inflammatory response, this inflammatory reaction represents an attractive option as a therapeutic target. The inflammasome is a component of the innate immune response involved in the activation of caspase 1 and the processing of pro-interleukin 1β. In this article, we discuss the therapeutic potential of the inflammasome after central nervous system (CNS) injury and stroke, as well as the basic knowledge we have gained so far regarding inflammasome activation in the CNS. In addition, we discuss some of the therapies available or under investigation for the treatment of brain injury, spinal cord injury, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla.
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla
| | - Robert W Keane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla
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553
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Cao X. Self-regulation and cross-regulation of pattern-recognition receptor signalling in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 16:35-50. [DOI: 10.1038/nri.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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554
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In vivo imaging of inflammasome activation reveals a subcapsular macrophage burst response that mobilizes innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Med 2015; 22:64-71. [PMID: 26692332 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The inflammasome is activated in response to a variety of pathogens and has an important role in shaping adaptive immunity, yet the spatiotemporal orchestration of inflammasome activation in vivo and the mechanisms by which it promotes an effective immune response are not fully understood. Using an in vivo reporter to visualize inflammasome assembly, we establish the distribution, kinetics and propagation of the inflammasome response to a local viral infection. We show that modified vaccinia Ankara virus induces inflammasome activation in subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages, which is immediately followed by cell death and release of extracellular ASC specks. This transient inflammasome signaling in the lymph node generates a robust influx of inflammatory cells and mobilizes T cells from the circulation to increase the magnitude of T cell responses. We propose that after infection, SCS macrophages deliver a burst response of inflammasome activity and cell death that translates into the broadening of T cell responses, identifying an important aspect of inflammasome-driven vaccination strategies.
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555
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Edwan JH, Goldbach-Mansky R, Colbert RA. Identification of Interleukin-1β-Producing Monocytes That Are Susceptible to Pyronecrotic Cell Death in Patients With Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:3286-97. [PMID: 26245468 PMCID: PMC5567735 DOI: 10.1002/art.39307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spontaneous inflammatory responses initiated by NLRP3 mutations promote inflammasome-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) processing and release and can induce rapid necrotic cell death. The cells that produce IL-1β in neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID) have not been clearly identified, nor have the mechanisms mediating IL-1β release and cell death been completely elucidated. METHODS Whole blood cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of cathepsin B and caspase 1 inhibitors, followed by ATP treatment. Supernatants were collected and incubated with IL-1β-capturing beads. Cells were fixed, permeabilized, and stained for a combination of cell surface and intracellular markers, and a novel flow cytometry bead-based assay was used to measure secreted IL-1β. LPS-stimulated cells were also evaluated using immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Monocytes characterized by CD14(high) -CD16(low) expression and intracellular CD83 were increased in NOMID patients and were responsible for the majority of IL-1β production in response to LPS stimulation. This population of monocytes also underwent a rapid death response with LPS alone that is temporally associated with IL-1β and ASC release and has characteristic features of pyronecrotic but not pyroptotic cell death. Inhibition of cell death reduced IL-1β production from NOMID patient cells. In addition, IL-1 triggered cell death in monocytes from NOMID patients. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that monocytes are the predominant IL-1β-producing cell population in the peripheral blood of NOMID patients. Furthermore, they suggest that IL-1 receptor blockade may work in part by preventing pyronecrotic cell death, which may be an important target in NOMID and other forms of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad H. Edwan
- Pediatric Translational Research Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky
- Pediatric Translational Research Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Translational Autoinflammatory Disease Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert A. Colbert
- Pediatric Translational Research Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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556
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Kadhim H, Deltenre P, Martin JJ, Sébire G. In-situ expression of Interleukin-18 and associated mediators in the human brain of sALS patients: Hypothesis for a role for immune-inflammatory mechanisms. Med Hypotheses 2015; 86:14-7. [PMID: 26804591 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies reported over-expression of a cytokine (Interleukin (IL)-18) in the serum of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) patients. Here, we report on the first-time detection of in-situ expression of activated IL-18 in the human brain in sALS patients. We also detected cerebral in-situ expression of key-molecules known to be closely related to the molecular network associated with the activation/secretion of IL-18 cytokine, namely, the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3 or RIP3), NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome, and activated caspase-1. These findings suggest and allow to hypothesize that there might be a role for this cytokine network in molecular mechanisms associated with or implicated in the physiopathology of this neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazim Kadhim
- Neuropathology Unit, and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Pathology, Brugmann University Hospital (CHU-Brugmann), Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Deltenre
- Department of Neurology, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Martin
- Department of Neurology (Antwerp University Hospital) and Born-Bunge Institute (Antwerp University), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Sébire
- Child Neurology, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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557
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Abstract
Inflammasomes control host cell death and inflammation in response to sterile or infectious stimuli. Two recent reports published in Science reveal the structural basis for the assembly of NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Broz
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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558
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Davidovich P, Kearney CJ, Martin SJ. Inflammatory outcomes of apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis. Biol Chem 2015; 395:1163-71. [PMID: 25153241 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infection and tissue injury are well established as the two major drivers of inflammation. However, although it is widely accepted that necrotic cell death can trigger or potentiate inflammation, precisely how this is achieved still remains relatively obscure. Certain molecules, which have been dubbed 'damage-associated molecular patterns' (DAMPs) or alarmins, are thought to promote inflammation upon release from necrotic cells. However, the precise nature and relative potency of DAMPs, compared to conventional pro-inflammatory cytokines or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), remains unclear. How different modes of cell death impact on the immune system also requires further clarification. Apoptosis has long been regarded as a non-inflammatory or even anti-inflammatory mode of cell death, but recent studies suggest that this is not always the case. Necroptosis is a programmed form of necrosis that is engaged under certain conditions when caspase activation is blocked. Necroptosis is also regarded as a highly pro-inflammatory mode of cell death but there has been little explicit examination of this issue. Here we discuss the inflammatory implications of necrosis, necroptosis and apoptosis and some of the unresolved questions concerning how dead cells influence inflammatory responses.
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559
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Shamaa OR, Mitra S, Gavrilin MA, Wewers MD. Monocyte Caspase-1 Is Released in a Stable, Active High Molecular Weight Complex Distinct from the Unstable Cell Lysate-Activated Caspase-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142203. [PMID: 26599267 PMCID: PMC4657934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes utilize caspase-1 activation as a means to respond to danger signals. Although caspase-1 was discovered using highly concentrated cell extracts that spontaneously activate caspase-1, it is now clear that in live cell models caspase-1 activation occurs in the process of its cellular release and is not an intracellular event. Therefore, we compared the characteristics of caspase-1 activation in the cell lysate model to that of caspase-1 that is released in response to exogenous inflammasome activation. Whereas both models generated active caspase-1, the cell-lysate induced caspase-1 required highly concentrated cell lysates and had a short half-life (~15 min) whereas, the activation induced released caspase-1 required 2-3 log fold fewer cells and was stable for greater than 12 h. Both forms were able to cleave proIL-1beta but unexpectedly, the released activity was unable to be immunodepleted by caspase-1 antibodies. Size exclusion chromatography identified two antigenic forms of p20 caspase-1 in the activation induced released caspase-1: one at the predicted size of tetrameric, p20/p10 caspase-1 and the other at >200 kDa. However, only the high molecular weight form had stable functional activity. These results suggest that released caspase-1 exists in a unique complex that is functionally stable and protected from immunodepletion whereas cell-extract generated active caspase-1 is rapidly inhibited in the cytosolic milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obada R. Shamaa
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12 Avenue, 201 DHLRI, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Srabani Mitra
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12 Avenue, 201 DHLRI, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Mikhail A. Gavrilin
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12 Avenue, 201 DHLRI, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Wewers
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12 Avenue, 201 DHLRI, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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560
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Modulation of P2X4/P2X7/Pannexin-1 sensitivity to extracellular ATP via Ivermectin induces a non-apoptotic and inflammatory form of cancer cell death. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16222. [PMID: 26552848 PMCID: PMC4639773 DOI: 10.1038/srep16222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of P2X7 receptors correlates with tumor growth and metastasis. Yet, release of ATP is associated with immunogenic cancer cell death as well as inflammatory responses caused by necrotic cell death at sites of trauma or ischemia-reperfusion injury. Using an FDA-approved anti-parasitic agent Ivermectin as a prototype agent to allosterically modulate P2X4 receptors, we can switch the balance between the dual pro-survival and cytotoxic functions of purinergic signaling in breast cancer cells. This is mediated through augmented opening of the P2X4/P2X7-gated Pannexin-1 channels that drives a mixed apoptotic and necrotic mode of cell death associated with activation of caspase-1 and is consistent with pyroptosis. We show that cancer cell death is dependent on ATP release and death signals downstream of P2X7 receptors that can be reversed by inhibition of NADPH oxidases-generated ROS, Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) or mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Ivermectin induces autophagy and release of ATP and HMGB1, key mediators of inflammation. Potentiated P2X4/P2X7 signaling can be further linked to the ATP rich tumor microenvironment providing a mechanistic explanation for the tumor selectivity of purinergic receptors modulation and its potential to be used as a platform for integrated cancer immunotherapy.
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561
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Abstract
Inflammatory hyperalgesia is a complex process that depends on the sensitization of primary nociceptive neurons triggered by proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Recently, the peripheral activation of caspase-1 (previously known as IL-1β-converting enzyme) was implicated in the induction of acute inflammatory pain by promoting the processing of IL-1β from its precursor form, pro-IL-1β. Caspase-1 activation in several systems requires the assembly of an intracellular molecular platform called an inflammasome. Inflammasomes consist of 1 nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR), the adapter molecule apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (ASC), and caspase-1. NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes are well described. However, the identity of the inflammasome that is involved in the peripheral activation of caspase-1 that accounts for acute inflammatory hyperalgesia has not been described. The present findings demonstrated that mice deficient in NLRC4 or ASC, but not in NLRP3, present reduced mechanical and thermal acute inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan. The reduced hyperalgesia was accompanied by significant impairments in the levels of mature forms of IL-1β (p17) and caspase-1 (p20) compared to wild-type mice at the inflammatory site. Therefore, these results identified the inflammasome components NLRC4 and ASC as the molecular platform involved in the peripheral activation of caspase-1 and IL-1β maturation, which are responsible for the induction of acute inflammatory pain. In conclusion, our study provides new therapeutic targets for the control of acute inflammatory pain.
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562
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Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a serious global health problem worldwide due to frequent and severe outbreaks. IAV causes significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, due to the ineffectiveness of the vaccine and the alteration of T cell immunity with ageing. The cellular and molecular link between ageing and virus infection is unclear and it is possible that damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) may play a role in the raised severity and susceptibility of virus infections in the elderly. DAMPs which are released from damaged cells following activation, injury or cell death can activate the immune response through the stimulation of the inflammasome through several types of receptors found on the plasma membrane, inside endosomes after endocytosis as well as in the cytosol. In this review, the detriment in the immune system during ageing and the links between influenza virus infection and ageing will be discussed. In addition, the role of DAMPs such as HMGB1 and S100/Annexin in ageing, and the enhanced morbidity and mortality to severe influenza infection in ageing will be highlighted.
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563
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Simovic B, Walsh SR, Wan Y. Mechanistic insights into the oncolytic activity of vesicular stomatitis virus in cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic Virother 2015; 4:157-67. [PMID: 27512679 PMCID: PMC4918393 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy have both shown anticancer efficacy in the clinic as monotherapies but the greatest promise lies in therapies that combine these approaches. Vesicular stomatitis virus is a prominent oncolytic virus with several features that promise synergy between oncolytic virotherapy and immunotherapy. This review will address the cytotoxicity of vesicular stomatitis virus in transformed cells and what this means for antitumor immunity and the virus’ immunogenicity, as well as how it facilitates the breaking of tolerance within the tumor, and finally, we will outline how these features can be incorporated into the rational design of new treatment strategies in combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Simovic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Scott R Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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564
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Cordero H, Brinchmann MF, Cuesta A, Meseguer J, Esteban MA. Skin mucus proteome map of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Proteomics 2015; 15:4007-20. [PMID: 26376207 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Skin mucus is the first barrier of fish defence. Proteins from skin mucus of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were identified by 2DE followed by LC-MS/MS. From all the identified proteins in the proteome map, we focus on the proteins associated with several immune pathways in fish. Furthermore, the real-time PCR transcript levels in skin are shown. Proteins found include apolipoprotein A1, calmodulin, complement C3, fucose-binding lectin, lysozyme and several caspases. To our knowledge, this is the first skin mucus proteome study and further transcriptional profiling of the identified proteins done on this bony fish species. This not only contributes knowledge on the routes involved in mucosal innate immunity, but also establishes a non-invasive technique based on locating immune markers with a potential use for prevention and/or diagnosis of fish diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Cordero
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, Bodø, Norway
| | - Monica F Brinchmann
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, Bodø, Norway
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María A Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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565
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Bryant CE, Orr S, Ferguson B, Symmons MF, Boyle JP, Monie TP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVI. Pattern recognition receptors in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:462-504. [PMID: 25829385 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Toll, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, as the first described pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in 1996, many families of these receptors have been discovered and characterized. PRRs play critically important roles in pathogen recognition to initiate innate immune responses that ultimately link to the generation of adaptive immunity. Activation of PRRs leads to the induction of immune and inflammatory genes, including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. It is increasingly clear that many PRRs are linked to a range of inflammatory, infectious, immune, and chronic degenerative diseases. Several drugs to modulate PRR activity are already in clinical trials and many more are likely to appear in the near future. Here, we review the different families of mammalian PRRs, the ligands they recognize, the mechanisms of activation, their role in disease, and the potential of targeting these proteins to develop the anti-inflammatory therapeutics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Bryant
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Selinda Orr
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Brian Ferguson
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Martyn F Symmons
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Joseph P Boyle
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Tom P Monie
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
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566
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Zhang L, Chen S, Ruan J, Wu J, Tong AB, Yin Q, Li Y, David L, Lu A, Wang WL, Marks C, Ouyang Q, Zhang X, Mao Y, Wu H. Cryo-EM structure of the activated NAIP2-NLRC4 inflammasome reveals nucleated polymerization. Science 2015; 350:404-9. [PMID: 26449474 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac5789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The NLR family apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs) bind conserved bacterial ligands, such as the bacterial rod protein PrgJ, and recruit NLR family CARD-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) as the inflammasome adapter to activate innate immunity. We found that the PrgJ-NAIP2-NLRC4 inflammasome is assembled into multisubunit disk-like structures through a unidirectional adenosine triphosphatase polymerization, primed with a single PrgJ-activated NAIP2 per disk. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstruction at subnanometer resolution revealed a ~90° hinge rotation accompanying NLRC4 activation. Unlike in the related heptameric Apaf-1 apoptosome, in which each subunit needs to be conformationally activated by its ligand before assembly, a single PrgJ-activated NAIP2 initiates NLRC4 polymerization in a domino-like reaction to promote the disk assembly. These insights reveal the mechanism of signal amplification in NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liman Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuobing Chen
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Intel Parallel Computing Center for Structural Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jianbin Ruan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Intel Parallel Computing Center for Structural Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexander B Tong
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liron David
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alvin Lu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Li Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Intel Parallel Computing Center for Structural Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carolyn Marks
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Qi Ouyang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Youdong Mao
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Intel Parallel Computing Center for Structural Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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567
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Choulaki C, Papadaki G, Repa A, Kampouraki E, Kambas K, Ritis K, Bertsias G, Boumpas DT, Sidiropoulos P. Enhanced activity of NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral blood cells of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:257. [PMID: 26385789 PMCID: PMC4575443 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a major inflammatory cytokine, produced predominantly by innate immune cells through NLRP3-inflammasome activation. Both intrinsic and extrinsic danger signals may activate NLRP3. Genetic variations in NLRP3-inflammasome components have been reported to influence rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility and severity. We sought to assess the activity of NLRP3-inflammasome in patients with active RA compared to healthy individuals. Method Intracellular protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, pro- and active caspase-1, pro- and active IL-1β was assessed by immunoblotting both at baseline and upon inflammasome activation. NLRP3 function (IL-1β secretion) was assessed upon priming of TLR2 (Pam(3)CysSK(4), TLR3 (poly(I:C)) or TLR4 (LPS) and ATP sequential treatment. We used caspase inhibitors (casp-1, 3/7 and 8) to assess their contribution to IL-1β maturation. All experiments were performed in whole blood cells. Results Active RA patients (n = 11) expressed higher basal intracellular levels of NLRP3 (p < 0.008), ASC (p < 0.003), active caspase-1 (p < 0.02) and pro-IL-1β (p < 0.001). Upon priming with TLR4 (LPS) and ATP, RA-derived cell extracts (n = 7) displayed increased expression of NLRP3 (p < 0.01) and active caspase-1 (p < 0.001). Secreted IL-1β in culture supernatants from whole blood cells activated with TLR4 (LPS) or TLR3 agonist (poly(I:C)) plus ATP was higher in RA patients (n = 20) versus controls (n = 18) (p < 0.02 for both). Caspase-1 inhibition significantly reduced IL-1β secretion induced by all stimuli, whereas caspase-8 inhibition affected only TLR4 and TLR3 cell priming. Conclusion Patients with active RA have increased expression of NLRP3 and NLRP3-mediated IL-1β secretion in whole blood cells upon stimulation via TLR3 and TLR4 but not TLR2. In these patients, IL-1β secretion seems to be predominately driven by caspase-1 and caspase-8. Targeting NLRP3 or downstream caspases may be of benefit in suppressing IL-1β production in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianna Choulaki
- Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Iraklion, Greece.
| | - Garyfallia Papadaki
- Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Iraklion, Greece.
| | - Argyro Repa
- Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Iraklion, Greece.
| | - Eleni Kampouraki
- Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Iraklion, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Ritis
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - George Bertsias
- Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Iraklion, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios T Boumpas
- Division of Infections and Immunity, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013, Iraklion, Greece. .,Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 115 27, Athens, Greece. .,4th Department of Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Prodromos Sidiropoulos
- Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Iraklion, Greece.
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568
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Abstract
The PYRIN domain (PYD) is a protein-protein interaction domain, which belongs to the death domain fold (DDF) superfamily. It is best known for its signaling function in innate immune responses and particularly in the assembly of inflammasomes, which are large protein complexes that allow the induced proximity-mediated activation of caspase-1 and subsequently the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The molecular mechanism of inflammasome assembly was only recently elucidated and specifically requires PYD oligomerization. Here we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of PYD signaling and its regulation by PYD-only proteins.
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569
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Edye ME, Brough D, Allan SM. Acid-dependent Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cleavage Limits Available Pro-IL-1β for Caspase-1 Cleavage. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25374-81. [PMID: 26324708 PMCID: PMC4646186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.667162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease (stroke and heart attack), cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes are a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and are worsened by inflammation. IL-1 is a driver of inflammation and implicated in many noncommunicable diseases. Acidosis is also a key feature of the inflammatory microenvironment; therefore it is vital to explore IL-1 signaling under acidic conditions. A HEK-IL-1 reporter assay and brain endothelial cell line were used to explore activity of mature IL-1α and IL-1β at pH 7.4 and pH 6.2, an acidic pH that can be reached under inflammatory or ischemic conditions, alongside cathepsin D-cleaved 20-kDa IL-1β produced under acidic conditions. We report that mature IL-1 signaling at IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) is maintained at pH 6.2, but the activity of the decoy receptor, IL-1R2, is reduced. Additionally, cathepsin D-cleaved 20-kDa IL-1β was minimally active at IL-1R1 and was not further cleaved to highly active 17-kDa IL-1β. Therefore formation of the 20-kDa form of IL-1β may prevent the generation of mature bioactive IL-1β and thus may limit inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Edye
- From the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - David Brough
- From the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Allan
- From the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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570
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Estruch M, Rajamäki K, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Kovanen PT, Öörni K, Benitez S, Ordoñez-Llanos J. Electronegative LDL induces priming and inflammasome activation leading to IL-1β release in human monocytes and macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1442-9. [PMID: 26327597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronegative LDL (LDL(−)), a modified LDL fraction found in blood, induces the release of inflammatory mediators in endothelial cells and leukocytes. However, the inflammatory pathways activated by LDL(−) have not been fully defined. We aim to study whether LDL(−) induced release of the first-wave proinflammatory IL-1β in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and the mechanisms involved. METHODS LDL(−) was isolated from total LDL by anion exchange chromatography. Monocytes and MDM were isolated from healthy donors and stimulated with LDL(+) and LDL(−) (100 mg apoB/L). RESULTS In monocytes, LDL(−) promoted IL-1β release in a time-dependent manner, obtaining at 20 h-incubation the double of IL-1β release induced by LDL(−) than by native LDL. LDL(−)-induced IL-1β release involved activation of the CD14-TLR4 receptor complex. LDL(−) induced priming, the first step of IL-1β release, since it increased the transcription of pro-IL-1β (8-fold) and NLRP3 (3-fold) compared to native LDL. Several findings show that LDL(−) induced inflammasome activation, the second step necessary for IL-1β release. Preincubation of monocytes with K+ channel inhibitors decreased LDL(−)-induced IL-1β release. LDL(−) induced formation of the NLRP3-ASC complex. LDL(−) triggered 2-fold caspase-1 activation compared to native LDL and IL-1β release was strongly diminished in the presence of the caspase-1 inhibitor Z-YVAD. In MDM, LDL(−) promoted IL-1β release, which was also associated with caspase-1 activation. CONCLUSIONS LDL(−) promotes release of biologically active IL-1β in monocytes and MDM by induction of the two steps involved: priming and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. SIGNIFICANCE By IL-1β release, LDL(−) could regulate inflammation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estruch
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona (Spain). C/Sant Antoni M. Claret, 167 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - K Rajamäki
- Wihuri Research Institute (WRI). Haartmaninkatu, 8 FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - J L Sanchez-Quesada
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona (Spain). C/Sant Antoni M. Claret, 167 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - P T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute (WRI). Haartmaninkatu, 8 FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute (WRI). Haartmaninkatu, 8 FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - S Benitez
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona (Spain). C/Sant Antoni M. Claret, 167 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - J Ordoñez-Llanos
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Biochemistry Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona. C/Sant Quintí, 89 08026, Barcelona, Spain.
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571
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Antonopoulos C, Russo HM, El Sanadi C, Martin BN, Li X, Kaiser WJ, Mocarski ES, Dubyak GR. Caspase-8 as an Effector and Regulator of NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20167-84. [PMID: 26100631 PMCID: PMC4536427 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.652321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described the induction of noncanonical IL-1β processing via caspase-8 recruited to ripoptosome signaling platforms in myeloid leukocytes. Here, we demonstrate that activated NLRP3·ASC inflammasomes recruit caspase-8 to drive IL-1β processing in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) independent of caspase-1 and -11. Sustained stimulation (>2 h) of LPS-primed caspase-1-deficient (Casp1/11(-/-)) BMDC with the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome agonist nigericin results in release of bioactive IL-1β in conjunction with robust caspase-8 activation. This IL-1β processing and caspase-8 activation do not proceed in Nlrp3(-/-) or Asc(-/-) BMDC and are suppressed by pharmacological inhibition of caspase-8, indicating that caspase-8 can act as a direct IL-1β-converting enzyme during NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In contrast to the rapid caspase-1-mediated death of wild type (WT) BMDC via NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis, nigericin-stimulated Casp1/11(-/-) BMDC exhibit markedly delayed cell death via NLRP3-dependent apoptosis. Biochemical analyses of WT and Casp1/11(-/-) BMDC indicated that caspase-8 is proteolytically processed within detergent-insoluble ASC-enriched protein complexes prior to extracellular export during nigericin treatment. Although nigericin-stimulated caspase-1 activation and activity are only modestly attenuated in caspase-8-deficient (Casp8(-/-)Rip3(-/-)) BMDC, these cells do not exhibit the rapid loss of viability of WT cells. These results support a contribution of caspase-8 to both IL-1β production and regulated death signaling via NLRP3 inflammasomes. In the absence of caspase-1, NLRP3 inflammasomes directly utilize caspase-8 as both a pro-apoptotic initiator and major IL-1β-converting protease. In the presence of caspase-1, caspase-8 acts as a positive modulator of the NLRP3-dependent caspase-1 signaling cascades that drive both IL-1β production and pyroptotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hana M Russo
- Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | | | - Bradley N Martin
- Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, the Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, and
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- the Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, and
| | - William J Kaiser
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - George R Dubyak
- Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics and
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572
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de Almeida L, Khare S, Misharin AV, Patel R, Ratsimandresy RA, Wallin MC, Perlman H, Greaves DR, Hoffman HM, Dorfleutner A, Stehlik C. The PYRIN Domain-only Protein POP1 Inhibits Inflammasome Assembly and Ameliorates Inflammatory Disease. Immunity 2015; 43:264-76. [PMID: 26275995 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In response to infections and tissue damage, ASC-containing inflammasome protein complexes are assembled that promote caspase-1 activation, IL-1β and IL-18 processing and release, pyroptosis, and the release of ASC particles. However, excessive or persistent activation of the inflammasome causes inflammatory diseases. Therefore, a well-balanced inflammasome response is crucial for the maintenance of homeostasis. We show that the PYD-only protein POP1 inhibited ASC-dependent inflammasome assembly by preventing inflammasome nucleation, and consequently interfered with caspase-1 activation, IL-1β and IL-18 release, pyroptosis, and the release of ASC particles. There is no mouse ortholog for POP1, but transgenic expression of human POP1 in monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells protected mice from systemic inflammation triggered by molecular PAMPs, inflammasome component NLRP3 mutation, and ASC danger particles. POP1 expression was regulated by TLR and IL-1R signaling, and we propose that POP1 provides a regulatory feedback loop that shuts down excessive inflammatory responses and thereby prevents systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia de Almeida
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sonal Khare
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rajul Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rojo A Ratsimandresy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Melissa C Wallin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego (UCSD) and San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Christian Stehlik
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center and Skin Disease Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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573
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Sahillioğlu AC, Özören N. Artificial Loading of ASC Specks with Cytosolic Antigens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134912. [PMID: 26258904 PMCID: PMC4530869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome complexes form upon interaction of Nod Like Receptor (NLR) proteins with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAPMS) inside the cytosol. Stimulation of a subset of inflammasome receptors including NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 triggers formation of the micrometer-sized spherical supramolecular complex called the ASC speck. The ASC speck is thought to be the platform of inflammasome activity, but the reason why a supramolecular complex is preferred against oligomeric platforms remains elusive. We observed that a set of cytosolic proteins, including the model antigen ovalbumin, tend to co-aggregate on the ASC speck. We suggest that co-aggregation of antigenic proteins on the ASC speck during intracellular infection might be instrumental in antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Can Sahillioğlu
- Apoptosis and Cancer Immunology Laboratory (AKiL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Özören
- Apoptosis and Cancer Immunology Laboratory (AKiL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Life Sciences and Technologies Research Center, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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574
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Gold M, El Khoury J. β-amyloid, microglia, and the inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:607-11. [PMID: 26251237 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes including microglial cells, monocytes, and macrophages at sites of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brain is an important pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related animal models, and the concentration of these cells clustered around Aβ deposits is several folds higher than in neighboring areas of the brain [1-5]. Microglial cells phagocytose and clear debris, pathogens, and toxins, but they can also be activated to produce inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and neurotoxins [6]. Over the past decade, the roles of microglial cells in AD have begun to be clarified, and we proposed that these cells play a dichotomous role in the pathogenesis of AD [4, 6-11]. Microglial cells are able to clear soluble and fibrillar Aβ, but continued interactions of these cells with Aβ can lead to an inflammatory response resulting in neurotoxicity. Inflammasomes are inducible high molecular weight protein complexes that are involved in many inflammatory pathological processes. Recently, Aβ was found to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglial cells in vitro and in vivo thereby defining a novel pathway that could lead to progression of AD [12-14]. In this manuscript, we review possible steps leading to Aβ-induced inflammasome activation and discuss how this could contribute to the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Gold
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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575
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Douglas T, Champagne C, Morizot A, Lapointe JM, Saleh M. The Inflammatory Caspases-1 and -11 Mediate the Pathogenesis of Dermatitis in Sharpin-Deficient Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26216893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic proliferative dermatitis in mice (cpdm) is a spontaneous multiorgan inflammatory disorder with pathological hallmarks similar to atopic dermatitis and psoriasis in humans. Cpdm mice lack expression of SHANK-associated RH domain-interacting protein, an adaptor of the linear ubiquitin assembly complex, which acts in the NF-κB pathway to promote inflammation and protect from apoptosis and necroptosis. Although skin inflammation in cpdm mice is driven by TNF- and RIPK1-induced cell death, the contribution of initiating innate immunity sensors and additional inflammatory pathways remains poorly characterized. In this article, we show that inflammasome signaling, including the expression and activation of the inflammatory caspase-1 and -11 and IL-1 family cytokines, was highly upregulated in the skin of cpdm mice prior to overt disease onset. Genetic ablation of caspase-1 and -11 from cpdm mice significantly reduced skin inflammation and delayed disease onset, whereas systemic immunological disease persisted. Loss of Nlrp3 also attenuated skin disease, albeit more variably. Strikingly, induction of apoptosis and necroptosis effectors was sharply decreased in the absence of caspase-1 and -11. These results position the inflammasome as an important initiating signal in skin disease pathogenesis and provide novel insights about inflammasome and cell death effector cross-talk in the context of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Douglas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Claudia Champagne
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Alexandre Morizot
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Jean-Martin Lapointe
- Comparative Medicine and Animal Resources Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada; and
| | - Maya Saleh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
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576
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Brough D, Rothwell NJ, Allan SM. Interleukin-1 as a pharmacological target in acute brain injury. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:1488-94. [PMID: 26096539 DOI: 10.1113/ep085135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review discusses the latest findings on the contribution of inflammation to brain injury, how inflammation is a therapeutic target, and details of recent and forthcoming clinical studies. What advances does it highlight? Here we highlight recent advances on the role and regulation of inflammasomes, and the latest clinical progress in targeting inflammation. Acute brain injury is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Despite this, treatments for acute brain injuries are limited, and there remains a massive unmet clinical need. Inflammation has emerged as a major contributor to non-communicable diseases, and there is now substantial and growing evidence that inflammation, driven by the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), worsens acute brain injury. Interleukin-1 is regulated by large, multimolecular complexes called inflammasomes. Here, we discuss the latest research on the regulation of inflammasomes and IL-1 in the brain, preclinical efforts to establish the IL-1 system as a therapeutic target, and the promise of recent and future clinical studies on blocking the action of IL-1 for the treatment of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brough
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nancy J Rothwell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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577
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Radian AD, Khare S, Chu LH, Dorfleutner A, Stehlik C. ATP binding by NLRP7 is required for inflammasome activation in response to bacterial lipopeptides. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:294-302. [PMID: 26143398 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligimerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in innate immune responses. NLRs encode a central nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) consisting of the NAIP, CIITA, HET-E and TP1 (NACHT) domain and the NACHT associated domain (NAD), which facilitates receptor oligomerization and downstream inflammasome signaling. The NBD contains highly conserved regions, known as Walker motifs, that are required for nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. The NLR containing a PYRIN domain (PYD) 7 (NLRP7) has been recently shown to assemble an ASC and caspase-1-containing high molecular weight inflammasome complex in response to microbial acylated lipopeptides and Staphylococcus aureus infection. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for NLRP7 inflammasome activation is still elusive. Here we demonstrate that the NBD of NLRP7 is an ATP binding domain and has ATPase activity. We further show that an intact nucleotide-binding Walker A motif is required for NBD-mediated nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, oligomerization, and NLRP7 inflammasome formation and activity. Accordingly, THP-1 cells expressing a mutated Walker A motif display defective NLRP7 inflammasome activation, interleukin (IL)-1β release and pyroptosis in response to acylated lipopeptides and S. aureus infection. Taken together, our results provide novel insights into the mechanism of NLRP7 inflammasome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Radian
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences (DGP), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sonal Khare
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lan H Chu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences (DGP), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Christian Stehlik
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center and Skin Disease Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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578
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Mullen LM, Chamberlain G, Sacre S. Pattern recognition receptors as potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory rheumatic disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:122. [PMID: 25975607 PMCID: PMC4432834 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system are part of the first line of defence against pathogens. However, they also have the ability to respond to danger signals that are frequently elevated during tissue damage and at sites of inflammation. Inadvertent activation of pattern recognition receptors has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of many conditions including inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Prolonged inflammation most often results in pain and damage to tissues. In particular, the Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-like receptors that form inflammasomes have been postulated as key contributors to the inflammation observed in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout and systemic lupus erythematosus. As such, there is increasing interest in targeting these receptors for therapeutic treatment in the clinic. Here the role of pattern recognition receptors in the pathogenesis of these diseases is discussed, with an update on the development of interventions to modulate the activity of these potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mullen
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RY, UK.
| | | | - Sandra Sacre
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RY, UK.
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579
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Zhou TZ, He K, Gong JP. Kupffer cells and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2071-2076. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i13.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disorder of our times in both developed and developing countries, which is associated with insulin resistance and genetic susceptibility. Simple steatosis, a seemingly innocent manifestation of early stage NAFLD, may progress into steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, which may even progress into hepatocellular carcinoma. Kupffer cells (KCs) constitute the first firewall of the liver, representing 80%-90% of all tissue macrophages in the body and taking part in various acute and chronic inflammatory reactions. It is deemed that the genesis and development of NAFLD are closely related to the chronic metabolic inflammation induced by KCs. KCs could be activated by lipids accumulated in the liver, and activated KCs participate in metabolic inflammation through releasing pro-inflammatory factors. In this review, we focus on recently uncovered aspects of the biochemical, immunological and molecular events that are responsible for the development and progression of this highly prevalent and potentially serious disease, and summarize the role of KCs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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580
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Jung YJ, Jun HK, Choi BK. Contradictory roles ofPorphyromonas gingivalisgingipains in caspase-1 activation. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1304-19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jung Jung
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 110-749 Korea
| | - Hye-Kyoung Jun
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 110-749 Korea
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 110-749 Korea
- Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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581
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De Pieri C, Vuch J, De Martino E, Bianco AM, Ronfani L, Athanasakis E, Bortot B, Crovella S, Taddio A, Severini GM, Tommasini A. Genetic profiling of autoinflammatory disorders in patients with periodic fever: a prospective study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015; 13:11. [PMID: 25866490 PMCID: PMC4393620 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-015-0006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodic fever syndromes (PFS) are an emerging group of autoinflammatory disorders. Clinical overlap exists and multiple genetic analyses may be needed to assist diagnosis. We evaluated the diagnostic value of a 5-gene sequencing panel (5GP) in patients with undiagnosed PFS. METHODS Simultaneous double strand Sanger sequencing of MEFV, MVK, TNFRSF1A, NLRP3, NLRP12 genes was performed in 42 patients with unexplained PFS. Clinical features were correlated with genetic results. RESULTS None of 42 patients analyzed displayed a causative genotype. However, single or multiple genetic variants of uncertain significance were detected in 24 subjects. Only in 5 subjects a definite diagnosis was made by taking into account both genetic and clinical data (2 TRAPS syndrome; 2 FMF; 1 FCAS). Statistical analysis showed that patients carrying genetic variants in one or more of the five selected genes displayed a significantly lower response to glucocorticoids compared with subjects who had completely negative genetic results. CONCLUSIONS The sequencing of multiple genes is of little help in the diagnostics of PFS and can often lead to results of uncertain interpretation, thus the clinically driven sequencing of single genes should remain the recommended approach. However, the presence of single or multiple genetic variants of uncertain significance, even if not allowing any specific diagnosis, correlated with a poorer response to glucocorticoids, possibly indicating a multifactorial subgroup of PFS with differential response to pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo De Pieri
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora De Martino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna M Bianco
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Bortot
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy ,University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Taddio
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy ,University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Severini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Tommasini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
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582
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De Nardo D. Toll-like receptors: Activation, signalling and transcriptional modulation. Cytokine 2015; 74:181-9. [PMID: 25846205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Families of innate immune receptors serve as the bodies primary defence system by recognising and rapidly responding to infection by microorganisms or to endogenous danger signals and initiating inflammatory processes. Whilst Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were the first family to be discovered, important and exciting discoveries continue to emerge into the molecular mechanisms that control their activation and regulation. Herein, I will provide an overview of TLR activation and their downstream signalling cascades, and discuss some of the recent findings concerning the assembly of a TLR oligomeric signalling platform, known as the Myddosome. Further, a brief examination of the importance of crosstalk between multiple TLRs or between TLRs and other innate immune receptors for appropriate and coordinated immune responses will be presented. Finally, I will discuss the importance of mechanisms that regulate TLRs with a focus on the role of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in modulating transcriptional responses downstream of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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583
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Inflammatory caspases: key regulators of inflammation and cell death. Biol Chem 2015; 396:193-203. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The innate immune system represents the first line of defence against infectious agents, and co-ordinates cellular and molecular mechanisms that result in effective inflammatory and anti-microbial responses against pathogens. Infection and cellular stress trigger assembly of canonical and noncanonical inflammasome complexes that activate the inflammatory caspases-1 and -11, respectively. These inflammatory caspases play key roles in innate immune responses by inducing pyroptosis to halt intracellular replication of pathogens, and by engaging the extracellular release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and danger signals. In addition, the inflammatory caspases-4, -5 and -11 were recently shown to directly bind microbial components. Although the immune roles of caspase-12 are debated, it was proposed to dampen inflammatory responses by interfering with caspase-1 activation and other innate immune pathways. Here, we recapitulate the reported roles of inflammatory caspases with an emphasis on recent insights into their biological functions.
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584
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review will focus on the immunological aspects of adipose tissue and its potential role in development of chronic inflammation that instigates obesity-associated comorbidities. METHODS The review used PubMed searches of current literature to examine adipose tissue leukocytosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The adipose tissue of obese subjects becomes inflamed and contributes to the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Numerous immune cells including B cells, T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils have been identified in adipose tissue, and obesity influences both the quantity and the nature of immune cell subtypes, which emerges as an active immunological organ capable of modifying whole-body metabolism through paracrine and endocrine mechanisms. Adipose tissue is a large immunologically active organ during obesity and displays hallmarks of both and innate and adaptive immune response. Despite the presence of hematopoietic lineage cells in adipose tissue, it is unclear whether the adipose compartment has a direct role in immune surveillance or host defense. Understanding the interactions between leukocytes and adipocytes may reveal the clinically relevant pathways that control adipose tissue inflammation and is likely to reveal mechanisms by which obesity contributes to increased susceptibility to both metabolic and certain infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W. Grant
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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585
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Bawadekar M, De Andrea M, Lo Cigno I, Baldanzi G, Caneparo V, Graziani A, Landolfo S, Gariglio M. The Extracellular IFI16 Protein Propagates Inflammation in Endothelial Cells Via p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 Activation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:441-53. [PMID: 25715050 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear interferon-inducible-16 (IFI16) protein acts as DNA sensor in inflammasome signaling and as viral restriction factor. Following Herpesvirus infection or UV-B treatment, IFI16 delocalizes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and is eventually released into the extracellular milieu. Recently, our group has demonstrated the occurrence of IFI16 in sera of systemic-autoimmune patients that hampers biological activity of endothelia through high-affinity membrane binding. As a continuation, we studied the activity of endotoxin-free recombinant IFI16 (rIFI16) protein on primary endothelial cells. rIFI16 caused dose/time-dependent upregulation of IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL5, CCL20, ICAM1, VCAM1, and TLR4, while secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 was amplified with lipopolysaccharide synergy. Overall, cytokine secretion was completely inhibited in MyD88-silenced cells and partially by TLR4-neutralizing antibodies. By screening downstream signaling pathways, we found that IFI16 activates p38, p44/42 MAP kinases, and NF-kB. In particular, activation of p38 is an early event required for subsequent p44/42 MAP kinases activity and cytokine induction indicating a key role of this kinase in IFI16 signaling. Altogether, our data conclude that extracellular IFI16 protein alone or by synergy with lipopolysaccharide acts like Damage-associated molecular patterns propagating "Danger Signal" through MyD88-dependent TLR-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bawadekar
- 1 Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont , Novara, Italy .,2 Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) , Novara, Italy .,3 Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Wisconsin
| | - Marco De Andrea
- 4 Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin , Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Irene Lo Cigno
- 1 Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont , Novara, Italy .,2 Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) , Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- 1 Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont , Novara, Italy
| | - Valeria Caneparo
- 1 Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont , Novara, Italy .,2 Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) , Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- 1 Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont , Novara, Italy
| | - Santo Landolfo
- 4 Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin , Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- 1 Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont , Novara, Italy .,2 Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) , Novara, Italy
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586
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de Jesus AA, Canna SW, Liu Y, Goldbach-Mansky R. Molecular mechanisms in genetically defined autoinflammatory diseases: disorders of amplified danger signaling. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:823-74. [PMID: 25706096 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with autoinflammatory diseases present with noninfectious fever flares and systemic and/or disease-specific organ inflammation. Their excessive proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses can be life threatening and lead to organ damage over time. Studying such patients has revealed genetic defects that have helped unravel key innate immune pathways, including excessive IL-1 signaling, constitutive NF-κB activation, and, more recently, chronic type I IFN signaling. Discoveries of monogenic defects that lead to activation of proinflammatory cytokines have inspired the use of anticytokine-directed treatment approaches that have been life changing for many patients and have led to the approval of IL-1-blocking agents for a number of autoinflammatory conditions. In this review, we describe the genetically characterized autoinflammatory diseases, we summarize our understanding of the molecular pathways that drive clinical phenotypes and that continue to inspire the search for novel treatment targets, and we provide a conceptual framework for classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Almeida de Jesus
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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587
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Nuvolone M, Sorce S, Schwarz P, Aguzzi A. Prion pathogenesis in the absence of NLRP3/ASC inflammasomes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117208. [PMID: 25671600 PMCID: PMC4324825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of the scrapie prion protein PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of the cellular prion protein PrPC, is a crucial feature of prion diseases. In the central nervous system, this process is accompanied by conspicuous microglia activation. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multi-molecular complex which can sense heterogeneous pathogen-associated molecular patterns and culminates in the activation of caspase 1 and release of IL 1β. The NLRP3 inflammasome was reported to be essential for IL 1β release after in vitro exposure to the amyloidogenic peptide PrP106-126 and to recombinant PrP fibrils. We therefore studied the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in a mouse model of prion infection. Upon intracerebral inoculation with scrapie prions (strain RML), mice lacking NLRP3 (Nlrp3-/-) or the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC (Pycard-/-) succumbed to scrapie with attack rates and incubation times similar to wild-type mice, and developed the classic histologic and biochemical features of prion diseases. Genetic ablation of NLRP3 or ASC did not significantly impact on brain levels of IL 1β at the terminal stage of disease. Our results exclude a significant role for NLRP3 and ASC in prion pathogenesis and invalidate their claimed potential as therapeutic target against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Nuvolone
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AA); (MN)
| | - Silvia Sorce
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schwarz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AA); (MN)
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588
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Baron L, Gombault A, Fanny M, Villeret B, Savigny F, Guillou N, Panek C, Le Bert M, Lagente V, Rassendren F, Riteau N, Couillin I. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by nanoparticles through ATP, ADP and adenosine. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1629. [PMID: 25654762 PMCID: PMC4669808 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a major component of the innate immune system, but its mechanism of activation by a wide range of molecules remains largely unknown. Widely used nano-sized inorganic metal oxides such as silica dioxide (nano-SiO2) and titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages similarly to silica or asbestos micro-sized particles. By investigating towards the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation in response to nanoparticles, we show here that active adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and subsequent ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine receptor signalling are required for inflammasome activation. Nano-SiO2 or nano-TiO2 caused a significant increase in P2Y1, P2Y2, A2A and/or A2B receptor expression, whereas the P2X7 receptor was downregulated. Interestingly, IL-1β secretion in response to nanoparticles is increased by enhanced ATP and ADP hydrolysis, whereas it is decreased by adenosine degradation or selective A2A or A2B receptor inhibition. Downstream of these receptors, our results show that nanoparticles activate the NLRP3 inflammasome via activation of PLC-InsP3 and/or inhibition of adenylate cyclase (ADCY)-cAMP pathways. Finally, a high dose of adenosine triggers inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion through adenosine cellular uptake by nucleotide transporters and by its subsequent transformation in ATP by adenosine kinase. In summary, we show for the first time that extracellular adenosine activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by two ways: by interacting with adenosine receptors at nanomolar/micromolar concentrations and through cellular uptake by equilibrative nucleoside transporters at millimolar concentrations. These findings provide new molecular insights on the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and new therapeutic strategies to control inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baron
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - A Gombault
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - M Fanny
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - B Villeret
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - F Savigny
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - N Guillou
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - C Panek
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - M Le Bert
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - V Lagente
- INSERM U991, University of Rennes, France
| | - F Rassendren
- IGF, CNRS, UMR 5203 and INSERM U661, University of Montpellier, France
| | - N Riteau
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - I Couillin
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
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589
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Powell BS, Andrianov AK, Fusco PC. Polyionic vaccine adjuvants: another look at aluminum salts and polyelectrolytes. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:23-45. [PMID: 25648619 PMCID: PMC4313107 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants improve the adaptive immune response to a vaccine antigen by modulating innate immunity or facilitating transport and presentation. The selection of an appropriate adjuvant has become vital as new vaccines trend toward narrower composition, expanded application, and improved safety. Functionally, adjuvants act directly or indirectly on antigen presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells (DCs) and are perceived as having molecular patterns associated either with pathogen invasion or endogenous cell damage (known as pathogen associated molecular patterns [PAMPs] and damage associated molecular patterns [DAMPs]), thereby initiating sensing and response pathways. PAMP-type adjuvants are ligands for toll-like receptors (TLRs) and can directly affect DCs to alter the strength, potency, speed, duration, bias, breadth, and scope of adaptive immunity. DAMP-type adjuvants signal via proinflammatory pathways and promote immune cell infiltration, antigen presentation, and effector cell maturation. This class of adjuvants includes mineral salts, oil emulsions, nanoparticles, and polyelectrolytes and comprises colloids and molecular assemblies exhibiting complex, heterogeneous structures. Today innovation in adjuvant technology is driven by rapidly expanding knowledge in immunology, cross-fertilization from other areas including systems biology and materials sciences, and regulatory requirements for quality, safety, efficacy and understanding as part of the vaccine product. Standardizations will aid efforts to better define and compare the structure, function and safety of adjuvants. This article briefly surveys the genesis of adjuvant technology and then re-examines polyionic macromolecules and polyelectrolyte materials, adjuvants currently not known to employ TLR. Specific updates are provided for aluminum-based formulations and polyelectrolytes as examples of improvements to the oldest and emerging classes of vaccine adjuvants in use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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590
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Mechanisms of inflammasome activation: recent advances and novel insights. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:308-15. [PMID: 25639489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein platforms assembled in response to invading pathogens and other danger signals. Typically inflammasome complexes contain a sensor protein, an adaptor protein, and a zymogen - procaspase-1. Formation of inflammasome assembly results in processing of inactive procaspase-1 into an active cysteine-protease enzyme, caspase-1, which subsequently activates the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukins IL-1β and IL-18, and induces pyroptosis, a highly-pyrogenic inflammatory form of cell death. Studies over the past year have unveiled exciting new players and regulatory pathways that are involved in traditional inflammasome signaling, some of them even challenging the existing dogma. This review outlines these new insights in inflammasome research and discusses areas that warrant further exploration.
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591
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Abstract
Innate immune responses depend on timely recognition of pathogenic or danger signals by multiple cell surface or cytoplasmic receptors and transmission of signals for proper counteractions through adaptor and effector molecules. At the forefront of innate immunity are four major signaling pathways, including those elicited by Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, inflammasomes, or cGAS, each with its own cellular localization, ligand specificity, and signal relay mechanism. They collectively engage a number of overlapping signaling outcomes, such as NF-κB activation, interferon response, cytokine maturation, and cell death. Several proteins often assemble into a supramolecular complex to enable signal transduction and amplification. In this article, we review the recent progress in mechanistic delineation of proteins in these pathways, their structural features, modes of ligand recognition, conformational changes, and homo- and hetero-oligomeric interactions within the supramolecular complexes. Regardless of seemingly distinct interactions and mechanisms, the recurring themes appear to consist of autoinhibited resting-state receptors, ligand-induced conformational changes, and higher-order assemblies of activated receptors, adaptors, and signaling enzymes through conserved protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and
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592
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Aldhamen YA, Pepelyayeva Y, Rastall DPW, Seregin SS, Zervoudi E, Koumantou D, Aylsworth CF, Quiroga D, Godbehere S, Georgiadis D, Stratikos E, Amalfitano A. Autoimmune disease-associated variants of extracellular endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 induce altered innate immune responses by human immune cells. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:275-89. [PMID: 25591727 DOI: 10.1159/000368899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) gene polymorphisms have been linked to several autoimmune diseases; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations are not well understood. Recently, we demonstrated that ERAP1 regulates key aspects of the innate immune response. Previous studies show ERAP1 to be endoplasmic reticulum-localized and secreted during inflammation. Herein, we investigate the possible roles that ERAP1 polymorphic variants may have in modulating the innate immune responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) using two experimental methods: extracellular exposure of hPBMCs to ERAP1 variants and adenovirus (Ad)-based ERAP1 expression. We found that exposure of hPBMCs to ERAP1 variant proteins as well as ERAP1 overexpression by Ad5 vectors increased inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, and enhanced immune cell activation. Investigating the molecular mechanisms behind these responses revealed that ERAP1 is able to activate innate immunity via multiple pathways, including the NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor, pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome. Importantly, these responses varied if autoimmune disease-associated variants of ERAP1 were examined in the assay systems. Unexpectedly, blocking ERAP1 cellular internalization augmented IL-1β production. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying ERAP1 as being involved in modulating innate responses of human immune cells, a finding that may explain why ERAP1 has been genetically associated with several autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser A Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich., USA
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593
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Bakunina N, Pariante CM, Zunszain PA. Immune mechanisms linked to depression via oxidative stress and neuroprogression. Immunology 2015; 144:365-373. [PMID: 25580634 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests the significant role of inflammation and oxidative stress as main contributors to the neuroprogression that is observed in major depressive disorder (MDD), where patients show increased inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. The process of neuroprogression includes stage-related neurodegeneration, cell death, reduced neurogenesis, reduced neuronal plasticity and increased autoimmune responses. Oxidative stress is a consequence of the biological imbalance between Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and antioxidants, leading to the alteration of biomolecules and the loss of control of the intracellular redox-related signaling pathways. ROS serve as crucial secondary messengers in signal transduction and significantly affect inflammatory pathways by activating NF-κB and MAPK family stress kinases. When present in excess, ROS inflict damage, affecting cellular constituents with the formation of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as malondialdehyde, 4-Hydroxynonenal, neoepitopes and damage-associated molecular patterns promoting immune response, and ultimately leading to cell death. The failure of cells to adapt to the changes in redox homeostasis and the subsequent cell death, together with the damage caused by inflammatory mediators, have been considered as major causes of neuroprogression and hence MDD. Both an activated immune-inflammatory system and increased oxidative stress act synergistically, complicating our understanding of the pathogenesis of depression. The cascade of antioxidative and inflammatory events is orchestrated by several transcription factors, with Nrf2 and NF-κB having particular relevance to MDD. This review focuses on potential molecular mechanisms through which impaired redox homeostasis and neuroinflammation can affect the neuronal environment and contribute to depression This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Bakunina
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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594
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Martín-Sánchez F, Gómez AI, Pelegrín P. Isolation of Particles of Recombinant ASC and NLRP3. Bio Protoc 2015; 5:e1480. [PMID: 29082277 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex responsible for the activation of inflammatory caspase-1, resulting in processing and release of pro-inflammatory cytoquines IL-1β and IL-18 (Schroder and Tschopp, 2010). This inflammasome is composed of the sensor protein NLRP3 connected to caspase-1 through the adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein with a caspase-recruitment domain) (Schroder and Tschopp, 2010). We and others have reported that upon inflammasome activation functional oligomeric inflammasome particles of NLRP3 and ASC were released from cells, acting as danger signals to amplify inflammation by promoting the activation of caspase-1 extracellularly (Baroja-Mazo et al., 2014; Franklin et al., 2014). Studying the extracellular function of oligomeric ASC and NLRP3 inflammasome particles was possible by purification of recombinant particles of ASC or the constitutively activated NLRP3 mutant associated with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS, mutation p.D303N), both tagged with the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and expressed in HEK293 cells. The purification process was facilitated by the fact that expression of recombinant ASC or mutant NLRP3 in HEK293 cells resulted in their spontaneous aggregation into specks (Baroja-Mazo et al., 2014) and the protocol was originally adapted from Fernandes-Alnemri and Alnemri (2008).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Martín-Sánchez
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Clinical University Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana I Gómez
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Clinical University Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Clinical University Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", Murcia, Spain.,CIBERehd, Murcia's BioHealth Research Institute IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", Murcia, Spain
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595
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Chen IY, Ichinohe T. Response of host inflammasomes to viral infection. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:55-63. [PMID: 25456015 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that induce downstream immune responses to specific pathogens, environmental stimuli, and host cell damage. Components of specific viruses activate different inflammasomes; for example, the influenza A virus M2 protein and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 2B protein activate the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain (PYD)-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, whereas viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) activates the retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) inflammasome. Once activated in response to viral infection, inflammasomes induce the activation of caspases and the release of mature forms of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Here we review the association between viral infection and inflammasome activation. Identifying the mechanisms underlying virus-induced inflammasome activation is important if we are to develop novel therapeutic strategies to target viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Yin Chen
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ichinohe
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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596
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Compan V, Martín-Sánchez F, Baroja-Mazo A, López-Castejón G, Gomez AI, Verkhratsky A, Brough D, Pelegrín P. Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD forms specks but does not activate caspase-1 in the absence of NLRP3 during macrophage swelling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:1261-73. [PMID: 25552542 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (ASC) is a key adaptor molecule required for the inflammatory processes. ASC acts by bridging NLRP proteins, such as NLRP3, with procaspase-1 within the inflammasome complex, which subsequently results in the activation of caspase-1 and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. In response to bacterial infection, ASC also forms specks by self-oligomerization to activate caspase-1 and induce pyroptosis. Hitherto, the role of these specks in NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to danger signals, such as a hypotonic environment, largely has been unexplored. In this article, we report that, under hypotonic conditions and independently of NLRP3, ASC was able to form specks that did not activate caspase-1. These specks were not associated with pyroptosis and were controlled by transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 channel-mediated signaling. However, interaction with NLRP3 enhanced ASC speck formation, leading to fully functional inflammasomes and caspase-1 activation. This study reveals that the ASC speck can present different oligomerization assemblies and represents an essential step in the activation of functional NLRP3 inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Compan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Fátima Martín-Sánchez
- Unidad de Inflamación y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Unidad de Inflamación y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gloria López-Castejón
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ana I Gomez
- Unidad de Inflamación y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
| | - David Brough
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and Unidad de Inflamación y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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597
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Chen S, Yang Q, Chen G, Zhang JH. An Update on Inflammation in the Acute Phase of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 6:4-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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598
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Abstract
Cell proliferation and cell death are integral elements in maintaining homeostatic balance in metazoans. Disease pathologies ensue when these processes are disturbed. A plethora of evidence indicates that malfunction of cell death can lead to inflammation, autoimmunity, or immunodeficiency. Programmed necrosis or necroptosis is a form of nonapoptotic cell death driven by the receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and its substrate, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). RIPK3 partners with its upstream adaptors RIPK1, TRIF, or DAI to signal for necroptosis in response to death receptor or Toll-like receptor stimulation, pathogen infection, or sterile cell injury. Necroptosis promotes inflammation through leakage of cellular contents from damaged plasma membranes. Intriguingly, many of the signal adaptors of necroptosis have dual functions in innate immune signaling. This unique signature illustrates the cooperative nature of necroptosis and innate inflammatory signaling pathways in managing cell and organismal stresses from pathogen infection and sterile tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605;
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599
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Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by crystalline structures via cell surface contact. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7281. [PMID: 25445147 PMCID: PMC4250918 DOI: 10.1038/srep07281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline structures activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the production of IL-1β, however, the molecular interactions responsible for NLRP3 activation are not fully understood. Cathepsin B release from the ruptured phagolysosome and potassium ion efflux have been suggested to be critical for this activation. Here, we report that Cathepsin B redistribution was not a crucial event in crystal-induced IL-1β production. Silica and monosodium urate crystal-treated macrophages with undisturbed lysosomes demonstrated strong co-localization of ASC and Caspase-1, indicative of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Importantly, we provided evidence to suggest that macrophage cell membrane binding to immobilized crystals was sufficient to induce IL-1β release, and this activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was inhibited by blocking potassium efflux. Therefore, this work reveals additional complexity in crystalline structure-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome regulations.
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600
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Kagan JC, Magupalli VG, Wu H. SMOCs: supramolecular organizing centres that control innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:821-6. [PMID: 25359439 PMCID: PMC4373346 DOI: 10.1038/nri3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The diverse receptor families of the innate immune system activate signal transduction pathways that are important for host defence, but common themes to explain the operation of these pathways remain undefined. In this Opinion article, we propose--on the basis of recent structural and cell biological studies--the concept of supramolecular organizing centres (SMOCs) as location-specific higher-order signalling complexes in which increased local concentrations of signalling components promote the intrinsically weak allosteric interactions that are required for enzyme activation. We suggest that SMOCs are assembled on various membrane-bound organelles or other intracellular sites, which may assist signal amplification to reach a response threshold and potentially define the specificity of cellular responses that are induced in response to infectious and non-infectious insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Kagan
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02446, USA
| | - Venkat Giri Magupalli
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02446, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02446, USA
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