601
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Collins AGE, Frank MJ. Motor Demands Constrain Cognitive Rule Structures. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004785. [PMID: 26966909 PMCID: PMC4788431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of human executive function focuses on our ability to represent cognitive rules independently of stimulus or response modality. However, recent findings suggest that executive functions cannot be modularized separately from perceptual and motor systems, and that they instead scaffold on top of motor action selection. Here we investigate whether patterns of motor demands influence how participants choose to implement abstract rule structures. In a learning task that requires integrating two stimulus dimensions for determining appropriate responses, subjects typically structure the problem hierarchically, using one dimension to cue the task-set and the other to cue the response given the task-set. However, the choice of which dimension to use at each level can be arbitrary. We hypothesized that the specific structure subjects adopt would be constrained by the motor patterns afforded within each rule. Across four independent data-sets, we show that subjects create rule structures that afford motor clustering, preferring structures in which adjacent motor actions are valid within each task-set. In a fifth data-set using instructed rules, this bias was strong enough to counteract the well-known task switch-cost when instructions were incongruent with motor clustering. Computational simulations confirm that observed biases can be explained by leveraging overlap in cortical motor representations to improve outcome prediction and hence infer the structure to be learned. These results highlight the importance of sensorimotor constraints in abstract rule formation and shed light on why humans have strong biases to invent structure even when it does not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gabrielle Eva Collins
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Joshua Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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602
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Pandya JD, Royland JE, MacPhail RC, Sullivan PG, Kodavanti PRS. Age- and brain region-specific differences in mitochondrial bioenergetics in Brown Norway rats. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 42:25-34. [PMID: 27143418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central regulators of energy homeostasis and play a pivotal role in mechanisms of cellular senescence. The objective of the present study was to evaluate mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters in 5 brain regions (brain stem [BS], frontal cortex, cerebellum, striatum, hippocampus [HIP]) of 4 diverse age groups (1 month [young], 4 months [adult], 12 months [middle-aged], 24 months [old age]) to understand age-related differences in selected brain regions and their possible contribution to age-related chemical sensitivity. Mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters and enzyme activities were measured under identical conditions across multiple age groups and brain regions in Brown Norway rats (n = 5/group). The results indicate age- and brain region-specific patterns in mitochondrial functional endpoints. For example, an age-specific decline in ATP synthesis (State III respiration) was observed in BS and HIP. Similarly, the maximal respiratory capacities (State V1 and V2) showed age-specific declines in all brain regions examined (young > adult > middle-aged > old age). Amongst all regions, HIP had the greatest change in mitochondrial bioenergetics, showing declines in the 4, 12, and 24-months age groups. Activities of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and electron transport chain complexes I, II, and IV enzymes were also age and brain region specific. In general, changes associated with age were more pronounced with enzyme activities declining as the animals aged (young > adult > middle-aged > old age). These age- and brain region-specific observations may aid in evaluating brain bioenergetic impact on the age-related susceptibility to environmental chemical stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh D Pandya
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joyce E Royland
- Genetic and Cellular Toxicology Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert C MacPhail
- Neurotoxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Prasada Rao S Kodavanti
- Neurotoxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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603
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Connors BL, Rende R, Colton TJ. Beyond Self-Report: Emerging Methods for Capturing Individual Differences in Decision-Making Process. Front Psychol 2016; 7:312. [PMID: 26973589 PMCID: PMC4776304 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
People vary in the way in which they approach decision-making, which impacts real-world behavior. There has been a surge of interest in moving beyond reliance on self-report measures to capture such individual differences. Particular emphasis has been placed on devising and applying a range of methodologies that include experimental, neuroscience, and observational paradigms. This paper provides a selective review of recent studies that illustrate the methods and yield of these approaches in terms of generating a deeper understanding of decision-making style and the notable differences that can be found across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Connors
- Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Studies Group Newport, RI, USA
| | - Richard Rende
- Social Behavioral Research Applications Phoenix, AZ, USA
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604
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Ataxin-1 regulates proliferation of hippocampal neural precursors. Neuroscience 2016; 322:54-65. [PMID: 26876606 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansion in the protein ATAXIN-1 (ATXN1) causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor deficits, cognitive impairment and depression. Although ubiquitously expressed, mutant ATXN1 causes neurodegeneration primarily in the cerebellum, which is responsible for the observed motor deficits. The role of ATXN1 outside of the cerebellum and the causes of cognitive deficits and depression in SCA1 are less understood. In this study, we demonstrate a novel role of ATXN1 in the hippocampus as a regulator of adult neurogenesis. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is the process of generating new hippocampal neurons and is linked to cognition and mood. We found that loss of ATXN1 causes a decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis in ATXN1 null (Atxn1(-/-)) mice. This decrease was caused by reduced proliferation of neural precursors in the hippocampus of Atxn1(-/-) mice, and persisted even when Atxn1(-/-) hippocampal neural precursors were removed from their natural environment and grown in vitro, suggesting that ATXN1 affects proliferation in a cell-autonomous manner. Moreover, expression of ATXN1 with a pathological polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in wild-type neural precursor cells inhibited their proliferation. Our data establish a novel role for ATXN1 in the hippocampus as an intrinsic regulator of precursor cell proliferation, and suggest a mechanism by which polyQ expansion and loss of ATXN1 affect hippocampal function, potentially contributing to cognitive deficits and depression. These results indicate that while depletion of ATXN1 is a promising therapeutic approach to treat the cerebellar aspects of SCA1, this approach should be employed with caution given the potential for side effects on hippocampal function with loss of wild-type ATXN1.
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605
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Choe M, Cortés E, Vonsattel JPG, Kuo SH, Faust PL, Louis ED. Purkinje cell loss in essential tremor: Random sampling quantification and nearest neighbor analysis. Mov Disord 2016; 31:393-401. [PMID: 26861543 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Purkinje cell loss has been documented in some, although not all, postmortem studies of essential tremor. Hence, there is considerable controversy concerning the presence of Purkinje cell loss in this disease. To date, few studies have been performed. METHODS Over the past 8 years, we have assembled 50 prospectively studied cases and 25 age-matched controls; none were reported in our previous large series of 33 essential tremor and 21 controls. In addition to methods used in previous studies, the current study used a random sampling approach to quantify Purkinje cells along the Purkinje cell layer with a mean of 217 sites examined in each specimen, allowing for extensive sampling of the Purkinje cell layer within the section. For the first time, we also quantified the distance between Purkinje cell bodies-a nearest neighbor analysis. RESULTS In the Purkinje cell count data collected from fifteen 100 × fields, cases had lower counts than controls in all three counting criteria (cell bodies, nuclei, and nucleoli; all P < 0.001). Purkinje cell linear density was also lower in cases than controls (all P < 0.001). Purkinje cell linear density obtained by random sampling was similarly lower in cases than controls in all three counting criteria (cell bodies, nuclei, and nucleoli, all P ≤ 0.005). In agreement with the quantitative Purkinje cell counts, the mean distance from one Purkinje cell body to another Purkinje cell body along the Purkinje cell layer was greater in cases than controls (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS These data provide support for the neurodegeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells in essential tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Choe
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Etty Cortés
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Paul G Vonsattel
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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606
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607
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Bation R, Poulet E, Haesebaert F, Saoud M, Brunelin J. Transcranial direct current stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open-label pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:153-7. [PMID: 26439873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe mental illness. OCD symptoms are often resistant to available treatments. Abnormalities within the orbitofronto-striato-pallido-thalamic circuitry, especially orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) hyperactivity and cerebellar hypoactivity have been observed in patients. Non-invasive brain stimulation studies have indicated that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be a useful alternative to alleviate treatment-resistant symptoms in various neuropsychiatric conditions. METHODS In an open-label pilot study, 8 patients with treatment-resistant OCD received 10 sessions (twice a day) of 2mA tDCS applied with the cathode over the left OFC and the anode over the right cerebellum. OCD (Y-BOCS and OCD-VAS) as well as depressive (MADRS) symptoms were measured 4 times: one time before tDCS and 3 times after (immediately after, 1 and 3months after the 10th tDCS session). RESULTS We reported a significant 26.4% (±15.8) decrease of Y-BOCS score (p=0.002). The beneficial effect lasted during the 3month follow-up. No effect of tDCS was observed on depressive symptoms. At end point, 5 out of 8 patients had a decrease of ≥25%; and 3 out of 8 patients had a decrease of ≥35% in Y-BOCS score. tDCS was well tolerated. CONCLUSION tDCS with the cathode placed over the left OFC combined with the anode placed over the right cerebellum is a suitable and safe approach to decrease OCD symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant OCD. Large scale randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm this promising result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Bation
- Université de Lyon, F-69003, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, EA 4615, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France.
| | - Emmanuel Poulet
- Université de Lyon, F-69003, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, EA 4615, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France; CHU de Lyon - Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot - Service de Psychiatrie des Urgences, France
| | - Frederic Haesebaert
- Université de Lyon, F-69003, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, EA 4615, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Mohamed Saoud
- Université de Lyon, F-69003, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, EA 4615, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France; CHU de Lyon - Groupement Hospitalier Est - Hôpital Pierre Wertheimer - Psychiatrie adultes - Consultations/Liaison, France
| | - Jerome Brunelin
- Université de Lyon, F-69003, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, EA 4615, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France
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608
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Chrobak AA, Soltys Z. Bergmann Glia, Long-Term Depression, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1156-1166. [PMID: 26809583 PMCID: PMC5310553 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bergmann glia (BG), a specific type of radial astrocytes in the cerebellum, play a variety of vital functions in the development of this structure. However, the possible role of BG in the development of abnormalities observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) seems to be underestimated. One of the most consistent findings observed in ASD patients is loss of Purkinje cells (PCs). Such a defect may be caused by dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis, which is maintained mainly by BG. Moreover, these glial cells are involved in long-term depression (LTD), a form of plasticity which can additionally subserve neuroprotective functions. The aim of presented review is to summarize the current knowledge about interactions which occur between PC and BG, with special emphasis on those which are relevant to the survival and proper functioning of cerebellar neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Andrzej Chrobak
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 9, Cracow, 30-387, Poland. .,Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika St. 21A, Cracow, 31-501, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Soltys
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 9, Cracow, 30-387, Poland
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609
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O'Callaghan C, Hornberger M, Balsters JH, Halliday GM, Lewis SJG, Shine JM. Cerebellar atrophy in Parkinson's disease and its implication for network connectivity. Brain 2016; 139:845-55. [PMID: 26794597 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological and atrophic changes in the cerebellum are documented in Parkinson's disease. Without compensatory activity, such abnormalities could potentially have more widespread effects on both motor and non-motor symptoms. We examined how atrophic change in the cerebellum impacts functional connectivity patterns within the cerebellum and between cerebellar-cortical networks in 42 patients with Parkinson's disease and 29 control subjects. Voxel-based morphometry confirmed grey matter loss across the motor and cognitive cerebellar territories in the patient cohort. The extent of cerebellar atrophy correlated with decreased resting-state connectivity between the cerebellum and large-scale cortical networks, including the sensorimotor, dorsal attention and default networks, but with increased connectivity between the cerebellum and frontoparietal networks. The severity of patients' motor impairment was predicted by a combination of cerebellar atrophy and decreased cerebellar-sensorimotor connectivity. These findings demonstrate that cerebellar atrophy is related to both increases and decreases in cerebellar-cortical connectivity in Parkinson's disease, identifying potential cerebellar driven functional changes associated with sensorimotor deficits. A post hoc analysis exploring the effect of atrophy in the subthalamic nucleus, a cerebellar input source, confirmed that a significant negative relationship between grey matter volume and intrinsic cerebellar connectivity seen in controls was absent in the patients. This suggests that the modulatory relationship of the subthalamic nucleus on intracerebellar connectivity is lost in Parkinson's disease, which may contribute to pathological activation within the cerebellum. The results confirm significant changes in cerebellar network activity in Parkinson's disease and reveal that such changes occur in association with atrophy of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire O'Callaghan
- 1 Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 2 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Hornberger
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua H Balsters
- 4 Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- 5 Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia 6 Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- 1 Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James M Shine
- 1 Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 5 Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia 7 School of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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610
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Verduzco-Flores S. Stochastic Synchronization in Purkinje Cells with Feedforward Inhibition Could Be Studied with Equivalent Phase-Response Curves. JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 5:25. [PMID: 26084702 PMCID: PMC4471077 DOI: 10.1186/s13408-015-0025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple-spike synchrony between Purkinje cells projecting to a common neuron in the deep cerebellar nucleus is emerging as an important factor in the encoding of output information from cerebellar cortex. A phenomenon known as stochastic synchronization happens when uncoupled oscillators synchronize due to correlated inputs. Stochastic synchronization is a viable mechanism through which simple-spike synchrony could be generated, but it has received scarce attention, perhaps because the presence of feedforward inhibition in the input to Purkinje cells makes insights difficult. This paper presents a method to account for feedforward inhibition so the usual mathematical approaches to stochastic synchronization can be applied. The method consists in finding a single Phase Response Curve, called the equivalent PRC, that accounts for the effects of both excitatory inputs and delayed feedforward inhibition from molecular layer interneurons. The results suggest that a theory of stochastic synchronization for the case of feedforward inhibition may not be necessary, since this case can be approximately reduced to the case of inputs characterized by a single PRC. Moreover, feedforward inhibition could in many situations increase the level of synchrony experienced by Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Verduzco-Flores
- Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA,
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611
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Gagliardi C, Brenna V, Romaniello R, Arrigoni F, Tavano A, Romani M, Valente EM, Borgatti R. Cognitive rehabilitation in a child with Joubert Syndrome: Developmental trends and adaptive changes in a single case report. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 47:375-384. [PMID: 26489806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the clinical and rehabilitative follow up of M, a female child carrying a compound heterozygous pathogenic mutations in the TCTN1 gene and affected by Joubert Syndrome (JS). JS is a congenital cerebellar ataxia characterized by "the molar tooth sign" on axial MRI, a pathognomonic neuroradiological malformation involving the cerebellum and brainstem. JS presents with high phenotypic/cognitive variability, and little is known about cognitive rehabilitation programs. We describe the therapeutic settings, intensive rehabilitation targets and outcome indexes in M's cognitive development. Using a single case evidence-based approach, we attempt to distinguish the effectiveness of the intervention from the overall developmental trend. We assume that an adequate amount of focused, goal directed treatment in a relative short period of time can be at least as effective as one provided in longer time, and much less interfering with the child's everyday life. We conclude by discussing specific issues in cognitive development and rehabilitation in JS and, more broadly, in cerebellar malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gagliardi
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Viola Brenna
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Romina Romaniello
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Filippo Arrigoni
- Neuroimaging Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tavano
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marta Romani
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Mendel Laboratory, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Section of Neurosciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Renato Borgatti
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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612
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Sundberg M, Sahin M. Cerebellar Development and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1954-62. [PMID: 26303409 PMCID: PMC4644486 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815600870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of patients with the genetic disease tuberous sclerosis complex present with autism spectrum disorder. Although a number of studies have investigated the link between autism and tuberous sclerosis complex, the etiology of autism spectrum disorder in these patients remains unclear. Abnormal cerebellar function during critical phases of development could disrupt functional processes in the brain, leading to development of autistic features. Accordingly, the authors review the potential role of cerebellar dysfunction in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder in tuberous sclerosis complex. The authors also introduce conditional knockout mouse models of Tsc1 and Tsc2 that link cerebellar circuitry to the development of autistic-like features. Taken together, these preclinical and clinical investigations indicate the cerebellum has a profound regulatory role during development of social communication and repetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sundberg
- The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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613
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Have we been ignoring the elephant in the room? Seven arguments for considering the cerebellum as part of addiction circuitry. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 60:1-11. [PMID: 26602022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Addiction involves alterations in multiple brain regions that are associated with functions such as memory, motivation and executive control. Indeed, it is now well accepted that addictive drugs produce long-lasting molecular and structural plasticity changes in corticostriatal-limbic loops. However, there are brain regions that might be relevant to addiction other than the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and basal ganglia. In addition to these circuits, a growing amount of data suggests the involvement of the cerebellum in many of the brain functions affected in addicts, though this region has been overlooked, traditionally, in the addiction field. Therefore, in the present review we provide seven arguments as to why we should consider the cerebellum in drug addiction. We present and discuss compelling evidence about the effects of drugs of abuse on cerebellar plasticity, the involvement of the cerebellum in drug-induced cue-related memories, and several findings showing that the instrumental memory and executive functions also recruit the cerebellar circuitry. In addition, a hypothetical model of the cerebellum's role relative to other areas within corticostriatal-limbic networks is also provided. Our goal is not to review animal and human studies exhaustively but to support the inclusion of cerebellar alterations as a part of the physiopathology of addiction disorder.
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614
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615
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Kotz SA, Stockert A, Schwartze M. Cerebellum, temporal predictability and the updating of a mental model. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130403. [PMID: 25385781 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We live in a dynamic and changing environment, which necessitates that we adapt to and efficiently respond to changes of stimulus form ('what') and stimulus occurrence ('when'). Consequently, behaviour is optimal when we can anticipate both the 'what' and 'when' dimensions of a stimulus. For example, to perceive a temporally expected stimulus, a listener needs to establish a fairly precise internal representation of its external temporal structure, a function ascribed to classical sensorimotor areas such as the cerebellum. Here we investigated how patients with cerebellar lesions and healthy matched controls exploit temporal regularity during auditory deviance processing. We expected modulations of the N2b and P3b components of the event-related potential in response to deviant tones, and also a stronger P3b response when deviant tones are embedded in temporally regular compared to irregular tone sequences. We further tested to what degree structural damage to the cerebellar temporal processing system affects the N2b and P3b responses associated with voluntary attention to change detection and the predictive adaptation of a mental model of the environment, respectively. Results revealed that healthy controls and cerebellar patients display an increased N2b response to deviant tones independent of temporal context. However, while healthy controls showed the expected enhanced P3b response to deviant tones in temporally regular sequences, the P3b response in cerebellar patients was significantly smaller in these sequences. The current data provide evidence that structural damage to the cerebellum affects the predictive adaptation to the temporal structure of events and the updating of a mental model of the environment under voluntary attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja A Kotz
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Stockert
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Language and Aphasia Laboratory, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Schwartze
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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616
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Nambu I, Hagura N, Hirose S, Wada Y, Kawato M, Naito E. Decoding sequential finger movements from preparatory activity in higher-order motor regions: a functional magnetic resonance imaging multi-voxel pattern analysis. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2851-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Nambu
- Center for Information and Neural Networks; National Institute of Information and Communications Technology; CiNet Building, 1-4 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagaoka University of Technology; 1603-1 Kamitomioka Nagaoka Niigata 940-2188 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hagura
- Center for Information and Neural Networks; National Institute of Information and Communications Technology; CiNet Building, 1-4 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience; University College London; London UK
| | - Satoshi Hirose
- Center for Information and Neural Networks; National Institute of Information and Communications Technology; CiNet Building, 1-4 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagaoka University of Technology; 1603-1 Kamitomioka Nagaoka Niigata 940-2188 Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawato
- ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories; Keihanna Science City Kyoto Japan
| | - Eiichi Naito
- Center for Information and Neural Networks; National Institute of Information and Communications Technology; CiNet Building, 1-4 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
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617
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Gendron TF, van Blitterswijk M, Bieniek KF, Daughrity LM, Jiang J, Rush BK, Pedraza O, Lucas JA, Murray ME, Desaro P, Robertson A, Overstreet K, Thomas CS, Crook JE, Castanedes-Casey M, Rousseau L, Josephs KA, Parisi JE, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, Rademakers R, Lagier-Tourenne C, Edbauer D, Cleveland DW, Dickson DW, Petrucelli L, Boylan KB. Cerebellar c9RAN proteins associate with clinical and neuropathological characteristics of C9ORF72 repeat expansion carriers. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:559-73. [PMID: 26350237 PMCID: PMC4575385 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and neuropathological characteristics associated with G4C2 repeat expansions in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72), the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia, are highly variable. To gain insight on the molecular basis for the heterogeneity among C9ORF72 mutation carriers, we evaluated associations between features of disease and levels of two abundantly expressed “c9RAN proteins” produced by repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation of the expanded repeat. For these studies, we took a departure from traditional immunohistochemical approaches and instead employed immunoassays to quantitatively measure poly(GP) and poly(GA) levels in cerebellum, frontal cortex, motor cortex, and/or hippocampus from 55 C9ORF72 mutation carriers [12 patients with ALS, 24 with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and 19 with FTLD with motor neuron disease (FTLD-MND)]. We additionally investigated associations between levels of poly(GP) or poly(GA) and cognitive impairment in 15 C9ORF72 ALS patients for whom neuropsychological data were available. Among the neuroanatomical regions investigated, poly(GP) levels were highest in the cerebellum. In this same region, associations between poly(GP) and both neuropathological and clinical features were detected. Specifically, cerebellar poly(GP) levels were significantly lower in patients with ALS compared to patients with FTLD or FTLD-MND. Furthermore, cerebellar poly(GP) associated with cognitive score in our cohort of 15 patients. In the cerebellum, poly(GA) levels similarly trended lower in the ALS subgroup compared to FTLD or FTLD-MND subgroups, but no association between cerebellar poly(GA) and cognitive score was detected. Both cerebellar poly(GP) and poly(GA) associated with C9ORF72 variant 3 mRNA expression, but not variant 1 expression, repeat size, disease onset, or survival after onset. Overall, these data indicate that cerebellar abnormalities, as evidenced by poly(GP) accumulation, associate with neuropathological and clinical phenotypes, in particular cognitive impairment, of C9ORF72 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - Kevin F Bieniek
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Jie Jiang
- Ludwig Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Beth K Rush
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Otto Pedraza
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - John A Lucas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Melissa E Murray
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Pamela Desaro
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Amelia Robertson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Karen Overstreet
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Colleen S Thomas
- Section of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Julia E Crook
- Section of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - Linda Rousseau
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Keith A Josephs
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne
- Ludwig Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dieter Edbauer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Institute for Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - Kevin B Boylan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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618
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Oliveira-Pinto AV, Andrade-Moraes CH, Oliveira LM, Parente-Bruno DR, Santos RM, Coutinho RA, Alho ATL, Leite REP, Suemoto CK, Grinberg LT, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob-Filho W, Lent R. Do age and sex impact on the absolute cell numbers of human brain regions? Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3547-59. [PMID: 26416171 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
What is the influence of sex and age on the quantitative cell composition of the human brain? By using the isotropic fractionator to estimate absolute cell numbers in selected brain regions, we looked for sex- and age-related differences in 32 medial temporal lobes (comprised basically by the hippocampal formation, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus), sixteen male (29-92 years) and sixteen female (25-82); and 31 cerebella, seventeen male (29-92 years) and fourteen female (25-82). These regions were dissected from the brain, fixed and homogenized, and then labeled with a DNA-marker (to count all nuclei) and with a neuron-specific nuclear marker (to estimate neuron number). Total number of cells in the medial temporal lobe was found to be 1.91 billion in men, and 1.47 billion in women, a difference of 23 %. This region showed 34 % more neurons in men than in women: 525.1 million against 347.4 million. In contrast, no sex differences were found in the cerebellum. Regarding the influence of age, a quadratic correlation was found between neuronal numbers and age in the female medial temporal lobe, suggesting an early increase followed by slight decline after age 50. The cerebellum showed numerical stability along aging for both neurons and non-neuronal cells. In sum, results indicate a sex-related regional difference in total and neuronal cell numbers in the medial temporal lobe, but not in the cerebellum. On the other hand, aging was found to impact on cell numbers in the medial temporal lobe, while the cerebellum proved resilient to neuronal losses in the course of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Oliveira-Pinto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Andrade-Moraes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lays M Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel M Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renan A Coutinho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana T L Alho
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brain Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Carlos A Pasqualucci
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Ministry of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas 373, Sl. F1-31, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil.
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619
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Gomez A, Sirigu A. Developmental coordination disorder: core sensori-motor deficits, neurobiology and etiology. Neuropsychologia 2015; 79:272-87. [PMID: 26423663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among developmental disorders, DCD is one of the least studied and less understood one (Bishop, 2010). This review summarizes the current understanding of developmental coordination disorder in neuropsychology with a focus mainly on high level sensorimotor impairments, its etiology and its neural bases. We summarize these core deficits in the framework of an influent motor control model (Blakemore et al., 2002). DCD has several environmental risk factors which probably interplay with genetic factors but those have not been sufficiently identified. High-level sensori-motor deficits are probably multifactorial in DCD and involve predictive coding deficits as well as weaknesses in perceptual and sensory integration. At the brain level, DCD is associated with impaired structure and functions within the motor network. Throughout the review we highlight exciting new findings as well as potential future lines of research to provide a more comprehensive understanding of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gomez
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, CNRS, UMR 5229, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ESPE, Lyon, France.
| | - Angela Sirigu
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, CNRS, UMR 5229, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron, France.
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620
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Delafield-Butt JT, Trevarthen C. The ontogenesis of narrative: from moving to meaning. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1157. [PMID: 26388789 PMCID: PMC4557105 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Narrative, the creation of imaginative projects and experiences displayed in expressions of movement and voice, is how human cooperative understanding grows. Human understanding places the character and qualities of objects and events of interest within stories that portray intentions, feelings, and ambitions, and how one cares about them. Understanding the development of narrative is therefore essential for understanding the development of human intelligence, but its early origins are obscure. We identify the origins of narrative in the innate sensorimotor intelligence of a hypermobile human body and trace the ontogenesis of narrative form from its earliest expression in movement. Intelligent planning, with self-awareness, is evident in the gestures and motor expressions of the mid-gestation fetus. After birth, single intentions become serially organized into projects with increasingly ambitious distal goals and social meaning. The infant imitates others’ actions in shared tasks, learns conventional cultural practices, and adapts his own inventions, then names topics of interest. Through every stage, in simple intentions of fetal movement, in social imitations of the neonate, in early proto-conversations and collaborative play of infants and talk of children and adults, the narrative form of creative agency with it four-part structure of ‘introduction,’ ‘development,’ ‘climax,’ and ‘resolution’ is present. We conclude that shared rituals of culture and practical techniques develop from a fundamental psycho-motor structure with its basic, vital impulses for action and generative process of thought-in-action that express an integrated, imaginative, and sociable Self. This basic structure is evident before birth and invariant in form throughout life. Serial organization of single, non-verbal actions into complex projects of expressive and explorative sense-making become conventional meanings and explanations with propositional narrative power. Understanding the root of narrative in embodied meaning-making in this way is important for practical work in therapy and education, and for advancing philosophy and neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Delafield-Butt
- Early Years, School of Education, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK
| | - Colwyn Trevarthen
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Edinburgh UK
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621
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Schott N, Holfelder B. Relationship between motor skill competency and executive function in children with Down's syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:860-872. [PMID: 25688672 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that children with Down's syndrome (DS), a genetically based neurodevelopmental disorder, demonstrate motor problems and cognitive deficits. The first aim of this study was to examine motor skills and executive functions (EFs) in school-age children with DS. The second aim was to investigate the relationship between these two performance domains. METHODS The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2), the Movement Assessment Battery Children-2 checklist (MABC2-checklist) and the Trail-Making Test for young children (Trails-P) were used to assess motor and cognitive performances of 18 children (11 boys, 7 girls) with DS aged between 7 and 11 years (9.06 ± 0.96) and an age- and sex-matched sample of 18 typically developing (TD) children (11 boys, 7 girls; 8.99 ± 0.93). RESULTS Individuals with DS showed the expected difficulties in attentional control, response suppression and distraction, as well as in locomotor and object control skills, as indicated by poorer performance than TD individuals. Motor performance (bottom-up as well as top-down measures) and EF correlated positively, with regard to the group with DS only though. In the most complex task (distraction), the children of the DS group achieving lower locomotor scores showed lower efficacy scores on the Trails-P. Additionally, strong relationships were found for the perspective of teachers on all sections of the MABC2-Checklist and EF. CONCLUSION The findings from this study suggest that children with DS are not only impaired in higher-order EF, but showing also deficits in locomotor and object control skills. This study stresses the importance of early interventions facilitating cognitive abilities and motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schott
- Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - B Holfelder
- Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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622
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Seitz J, Walter M, Mainz V, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K, von Polier G. Brain volume reduction predicts weight development in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 68:228-37. [PMID: 26228424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with marked brain volume loss potentially leading to neuropsychological deficits. However, the mechanisms leading to this brain volume loss and its influencing factors are poorly understood and the clinical relevance of these brain alterations for the outcome of these AN-patients is yet unknown. METHODS Brain volumes of 56 female adolescent AN inpatients and 50 healthy controls (HCs) were measured using MRI scans. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the impact of body weight at admission, prior weight loss, age of onset and illness duration on volume loss at admission and to analyse the association of brain volume reduction with body weight at a 1-year follow-up (N = 25). RESULTS Cortical and subcortical grey matter (GM) and cortical white matter (WM) but not cerebellar GM or WM were associated with low weight at admission. Amount of weight loss, age of onset and illness duration did not independently correlate with any volume changes. Prediction of age-adjusted standardized body mass index (BMI-SDS) at 1-year follow-up could be significantly improved from 34% of variance explained by age and BMI-SDS at admission to 47.5-53% after adding cortical WM, cerebellar GM or WM at time of admission. CONCLUSION Whereas cortical GM changes appear to be an unspecific reflection of current body weight ("state marker"), cortical WM and cerebellar volume losses seem to indicate a longer-term risk (trait or "scar" of the illness), which appear to be important for the prediction of weight rehabilitation and long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Seitz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfoordlaan 55, Postbox 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Walter
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Otto-von-Guericke-University, ZENIT, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Verena Mainz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany.
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Georg von Polier
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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623
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Qulu L, Daniels WMU, Russell V, Mabandla MV. Searsia chirindensis reverses the potentiating effect of prenatal stress on the development of febrile seizures and decreased plasma interleukin-1β levels. Neurosci Res 2015; 103:54-8. [PMID: 26320878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that more than 80% of patients with epilepsy live in developing countries with 50-60% of them being children. This high prevalence is perpetuated by low socio-economic challenges, poor health care facilities and lack of drug affordability. Searsia chirindensis formerly known as rhus chirindensis and commonly known as 'Red Current' is a popular traditional medicinal plant, which has been used to treat a number of illnesses such as heart complaints and neurological disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of S. chirindensis on the development of febrile seizure in a prenatally stressed rat. Febrile seizures were induced by administering lipopolysaccharide to 14-day-old rat pups followed by kainic acid. A subset of the rats was treated with Searsia after induction of febrile seizures. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were measured in plasma. Lipid peroxidation was determined in liver tissue. Our data shows that treatment with Searsia reduced interleukin-1β levels in plasma of the febrile seizure rats and prevented lipid oxidation in the liver. Prenatal stress is dampened by the beneficial effects of Searsia on seizure development in rat pups. These results highlight the potentiating effects of Searsia in the reversal of febrile seizures and prenatal stress effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihle Qulu
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Willie M U Daniels
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Vivienne Russell
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Musa V Mabandla
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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624
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Multiple timescales of body schema reorganization due to plastic surgery. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 42:54-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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625
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Wu Y, Ji GJ, Zang YF, Liao W, Jin Z, Liu YL, Li K, Zeng YW, Fang F. Local Activity and Causal Connectivity in Children with Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26225427 PMCID: PMC4520539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to localize the epileptic focus and characterize its causal relation with other brain regions, to understand the cognitive deficits in children with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed in 37 children with BECTS and 25 children matched for age, sex and educational achievement. We identified the potential epileptogenic zone (EZ) by comparing the amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of spontaneous blood oxygenation level dependent fMRI signals between the groups. Granger causality analysis was applied to explore the causal effect between EZ and the whole brain. Compared with controls, children with BECTS had significantly increased ALFF in the right postcentral gyrus and bilateral calcarine, and decreased ALFF in the left anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral putaman/caudate, and left cerebellum. ALFF values in the putaman/caudate were positively correlated with verbal IQ scores in patients. The ALFF values in cerebellum and performance IQ scores were negatively correlated in patients. These results suggest that ALFF disturbances in the putaman/caudate and cerebellum play an important role in BECTS cognitive dysfunction. Compared with controls, the patients showed increased driving effect from the EZ to the right medial frontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex and decreased causal effects from the EZ to left inferior frontal gyrus. The causal effect of the left inferior frontal gyrus negatively correlated with disease duration, which suggests a relation between the epileptiform activity and language impairment. All together, these findings provide additional insight into the neurophysiological mechanisms of epilepitogenisis and cognitive dysfunction associated with BECTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (FF)
| | - Gong-Jun Ji
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- fMRI Center, The 306 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- fMRI Center, The 306 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Li
- fMRI Center, The 306 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Wei Zeng
- fMRI Center, The 306 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (FF)
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626
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Weier K, Till C, Fonov V, Yeh EA, Arnold DL, Banwell B, Collins DL. Contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive performance in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458515595132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Posterior fossa lesions are common in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS), which is of concern, given the known role of the cerebellum in cognition. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between cerebellar pathology and cognitive function in youth with pediatric-onset MS. Methods: Twenty-eight pediatric-onset relapsing–remitting MS patients (21 girls; mean age 16.2 years; mean disease duration 4.3 years, median Expanded Disability Status Scale 1.25) were compared to 33 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological evaluation to assess intelligence, attention, processing speed, language, visuo-motor integration, and fine-motor dexterity. Associations between cognitive outcomes and cerebellar volume independent of cerebral volume were examined. Results: Cognitive and motor performance of the MS group was reduced relative to controls (all p<0.003). While cerebellar volumes did not differ between groups, cerebellar posterior lobe volume and infratentorial lesion volume accounted for extra variance on measures of information processing ( R2=0.43; p=0.02) and vocabulary ( R2=0.56; p=0.04) in patients (controlling for cerebral volume and sex), but not in controls. Conclusion: Smaller cerebellar posterior lobe volume, a known region for cognitive processing, and increased lesion burden in the posterior fossa adversely impact cognitive function, an important functional consequence of MS onset during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Weier
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | | | - Vladimir Fonov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - E Ann Yeh
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada and Department of Pediatrics (Neurology), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Douglas L Arnold
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
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627
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Calton M, Dickson P, Harper RM, Goldowitz D, Mittleman G. Impaired hypercarbic and hypoxic responses from developmental loss of cerebellar Purkinje neurons: implications for sudden infant death syndrome. THE CEREBELLUM 2015; 13:739-50. [PMID: 25132500 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Impaired responsivity to hypercapnia or hypoxia is commonly considered a mechanism of failure in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The search for deficient brain structures mediating flawed chemosensitivity typically focuses on medullary regions; however, a network that includes Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex and its associated cerebellar nuclei also helps mediate responses to carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) challenges and assists integration of cardiovascular and respiratory interactions. Although cerebellar nuclei contributions to chemoreceptor challenges in adult models are well described, Purkinje cell roles in developing models are unclear. We used a model of developmental cerebellar Purkinje cell loss to determine if such loss influenced compensatory ventilatory responses to hypercapnic and hypoxic challenges. Twenty-four Lurcher mutant mice and wild-type controls were sequentially exposed to 2% increases in CO2 (0-8%) or 2% reductions in O2 (21-13%) over 4 min, with return to room air (21% O2/79% N2/0% CO2) between each exposure. Whole body plethysmography was used to continuously monitor tidal volume (TV) and breath frequency (f). Increased f to hypercapnia was significantly lower in mutants, slower to initiate, and markedly lower in compensatory periods, except for very high (8%) CO2 levels. The magnitude of TV changes to increasing CO2 appeared smaller in mutants but only approached significance. Smaller but significant differences emerged in response to hypoxia, with mutants showing smaller TV when initially exposed to reduced O2 and lower f following exposure to 17% O2. Since cerebellar neuropathology appears in SIDS victims, developmental cerebellar neuropathology may contribute to SIDS vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Calton
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Drive, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
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628
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Crowley TJ, Dalwani MS, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, Young SE, Sakai JT, Raymond KM, McWilliams SK, Roark MJ, Banich MT. Adolescents' Neural Processing of Risky Decisions: Effects of Sex and Behavioral Disinhibition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132322. [PMID: 26176860 PMCID: PMC4503769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accidental injury and homicide, relatively common among adolescents, often follow risky behaviors; those are done more by boys and by adolescents with greater behavioral disinhibition (BD). Hypothesis Neural processing during adolescents' risky decision-making will differ in youths with greater BD severity, and in males vs. females, both before cautious behaviors and before risky behaviors. Methodology/Principal Findings 81 adolescents (Patients with substance and conduct problems, and comparison youths (Comparisons)), assessed in a 2 x 2 design (Patients:Comparisons x Male:Female) repeatedly decided between doing a cautious behavior that earned 1 cent, or a risky one that either won 5 or lost 10 cents. Odds of winning after risky responses gradually decreased. Functional magnetic resonance imaging captured brain activity during 4-sec deliberation periods preceding responses. Most neural activation appeared in known decision-making structures. Patients, who had more severe BD scores and clinical problems than Comparisons, also had extensive neural hypoactivity. Comparisons' greater activation before cautious responses included frontal pole, medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and other regions; and before risky responses, insula, temporal, and parietal regions. Males made more risky and fewer cautious responses than females, but before cautious responses males activated numerous regions more than females. Before risky behaviors female-greater activation was more posterior, and male-greater more anterior. Conclusions/Significance Neural processing differences during risky-cautious decision-making may underlie group differences in adolescents' substance-related and antisocial risk-taking. Patients reported harmful real-life decisions and showed extensive neural hypoactivity during risky-or-cautious decision-making. Males made more risky responses than females; apparently biased toward risky decisions, males (compared with females) utilized many more neural resources to make and maintain cautious decisions, indicating an important risk-related brain sexual dimorphism. The results suggest new possibilities for prevention and management of excessive, dangerous adolescent risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Crowley
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Manish S. Dalwani
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Susan K. Mikulich-Gilbertson
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Young
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joseph T. Sakai
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Raymond
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shannon K. McWilliams
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Roark
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marie T. Banich
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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629
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Koziol LF, Barker LA, Joyce AW, Hrin S. Large-scale brain systems and subcortical relationships: the vertically organized brain. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2015; 3:253-63. [PMID: 25268687 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2014.946804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the vertical organization of the brain. The cortico-basal ganglia and the cerebro-cerebellar circuitry systems are described as fundamental to cognitive and behavioral control. The basal ganglia anticipate and guide implicitly learned behaviors on the basis of experienced reward outcomes. The cerebellar-cortical network anticipates sensorimotor outcomes, allowing behaviors to be adapted across changing settings and across contexts. These vertically organized systems, operating together, represent the underpinning of cognitive control. The medial temporal lobe system, and its development, is also reviewed in order to better understand how brain systems interact for both implicit and explicit cognitive control.
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630
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Bernard JA, B Millman Z, Mittal VA. Beat and metaphoric gestures are differentially associated with regional cerebellar and cortical volumes. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4016-30. [PMID: 26174599 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestures represent an integral aspect of interpersonal communication, and they are closely linked with language and thought. Brain regions for language processing overlap with those for gesture processing. Two types of gesticulation, beat gestures and metaphoric gestures are particularly important for understanding the taxonomy of co-speech gestures. Here, we investigated gesture production during taped interviews with respect to regional brain volume. First, we were interested in whether beat gesture production is associated with similar regions as metaphoric gesture. Second, we investigated whether cortical regions associated with metaphoric gesture processing are linked to gesture production based on correlations with brain volumes. We found that beat gestures are uniquely related to regional volume in cerebellar regions previously implicated in discrete motor timing. We suggest that these gestures may be an artifact of the timing processes of the cerebellum that are important for the timing of vocalizations. Second, our findings indicate that brain volumes in regions of the left hemisphere previously implicated in metaphoric gesture processing are positively correlated with metaphoric gesture production. Together, this novel work extends our understanding of left hemisphere regions associated with gesture to indicate their importance in gesture production, and also suggests that beat gestures may be especially unique. This provides important insight into the taxonomy of co-speech gestures, and also further insight into the general role of the cerebellum in language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.,Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Zachary B Millman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.,Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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631
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Neurological soft signs in recent-onset schizophrenia: Focus on the cerebellum. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 60:18-25. [PMID: 25640318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous structural neuroimaging studies linked cerebellar deficits to neurological soft signs (NSS) in schizophrenia. However, no studies employed a methodology specifically designed to assess cerebellar morphology. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between NSS levels and abnormalities of the human cerebellum in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia and healthy individuals using an exclusive cerebellar atlas. METHODS A group of 26 patients with recent-onset schizophrenia and 26 healthy controls were included. All participants underwent a high-resolution T1-weighted MRI scan on a 3 Tesla scanner. We used a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) approach utilizing the Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial (SUIT) toolbox to provide an optimized and fine-grained exploration of cerebellar structural alterations associated with NSS. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, patients had significantly smaller cerebellar volumes for both hemispheres. In the patients' group, we identified a significant negative correlation between NSS levels and gray matter volume in the left lobule VI and the right lobule VIIa, corrected for multiple comparisons. Further, NSS performance was significantly associated with white matter volume in the left midbrain and corpus medullare and the right lobule VIIa. In contrast, no significant associations between NSS scores and cerebellar subregions in healthy subjects arose. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the benefits of SUIT when investigating cerebellar correlates of NSS. These results support the view that distinct parts of sensorimotor and cognitive cerebellum play an important role in the pathogenesis of NSS in schizophrenia.
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632
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Riba-Llena I, Koek M, Verhaaren BFJ, Vrooman HA, van der Lugt A, Hofman A, Ikram MA, Vernooij MW. Small cortical infarcts: prevalence, determinants, and cognitive correlates in the general population. Int J Stroke 2015; 10 Suppl A100:18-24. [PMID: 26043763 DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical brain infarcts are defined as infarcts involving cortical gray matter, but may differ considerably in size. It is unknown whether small cortical infarcts have a similar clinical phenotype as larger counterparts. We investigated prevalence, determinants, and cognitive correlates of small cortical infarcts in the general population and compared these with large cortical infarcts and lacunar infarcts. METHODS Four thousand nine hundred five nondemented individuals (age 63·95 ± 10·99) from a population-based study were included. Infarcts were rated on magnetic resonance imaging and participants were classified according to mean infarct diameter into small (≤15 mm in largest diameter) or large (>15 mm) cortical infarcts, lacunar infarcts, or a combination of subtypes. Spatial distribution maps were created for manually labeled small and large infarcts. Participants underwent cognitive testing. Analyses were performed using multinomial regression and analysis of covariance. RESULTS Three hundred eighty-one (7·8%) persons had any infarct on magnetic resonance imaging, among whom 54 with small (1·1%) and 77 (1·6%) with large cortical infarcts. Small cortical infarcts were mainly localized in external watershed areas, whereas large cortical infarcts were localized primarily in large arterial territories. Age (odds ratio = 1·06; 95% confidence interval = 1·02, 1·09), male gender (1·98; 1·01, 3·92), and smoking (2·55; 1·06, 6·14) were determinants of small cortical infarcts. Participants with these infarcts had worse scores in delayed memory, processing speed, and attention tests than persons without infarcts, even after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In the elderly, small cortical infarcts appear as frequent as large infarcts but in different localization. Our results suggest that small cortical infarcts share cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive correlates with large cortical, but also with lacunar infarcts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Riba-Llena
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall Hebron's Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Koek
- Departments of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin F J Verhaaren
- Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henri A Vrooman
- Departments of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Departments of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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633
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Pictionary-based fMRI paradigm to study the neural correlates of spontaneous improvisation and figural creativity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10894. [PMID: 26018874 PMCID: PMC4446895 DOI: 10.1038/srep10894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel game-like and creativity-conducive fMRI paradigm is developed to assess the neural correlates of spontaneous improvisation and figural creativity in healthy adults. Participants were engaged in the word-guessing game of Pictionary(TM), using an MR-safe drawing tablet and no explicit instructions to be "creative". Using the primary contrast of drawing a given word versus drawing a control word (zigzag), we observed increased engagement of cerebellum, thalamus, left parietal cortex, right superior frontal, left prefrontal and paracingulate/cingulate regions, such that activation in the cingulate and left prefrontal cortices negatively influenced task performance. Further, using parametric fMRI analysis, increasing subjective difficulty ratings for drawing the word engaged higher activations in the left pre-frontal cortices, whereas higher expert-rated creative content in the drawings was associated with increased engagement of bilateral cerebellum. Altogether, our data suggest that cerebral-cerebellar interaction underlying implicit processing of mental representations has a facilitative effect on spontaneous improvisation and figural creativity.
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634
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Labrenz F, Icenhour A, Thürling M, Schlamann M, Forsting M, Timmann D, Elsenbruch S. Sex differences in cerebellar mechanisms involved in pain-related safety learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 123:92-9. [PMID: 26004678 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the cerebellum contributes to the central processing of pain, including pain-related learning and memory processes. As a complex experience with multiple emotional and cognitive facets, the response to pain and its underlying neural correlates differ between men and women. However, it remains poorly understood whether and to what extent sex differences exist in the cerebellar contribution to pain-related associative learning processes. In the present conditioning study with experimental abdominal pain as unconditioned stimuli (US), we assessed sex-dependent differences in behavioral and neural responses to conditioned warning and safety cues in healthy volunteers. The results revealed that in response to visual stimuli signaling safety from abdominal pain (CS(-)), women showed enhanced cerebellar activation in lobules I-IV, V, VI, VIIIa, IX and X as well as Crus II and the dentate nucleus, which are mostly representative of somatomotor networks. On the other hand, men showed enhanced neural activation in lobules I-IV, VI, VIIb, VIIIb, IX as well as Crus I and II in response to CS(-), which are representative of frontoparietal and ventral attention networks. No sex differences were observed in response to pain-predictive warning signals (CS(+)). Similarly, men and women did not differ in behavioral measures of conditioning, including conditioned changes in CS valence and contingency awareness. Together, we could demonstrate that the cerebellum is involved in associative learning processes of conditioned anticipatory safety from pain and mediates sex differences in the underlying neural processes. Given the high prevalence of chronic pain conditions in women, these results may contribute to improve our understanding of the acquisition and manifestation of chronic abdominal pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Labrenz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Adriane Icenhour
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Thürling
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Schlamann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Forsting
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Elsenbruch
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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635
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Cykowski MD, Coon EA, Powell SZ, Jenkins SM, Benarroch EE, Low PA, Schmeichel AM, Parisi JE. Expanding the spectrum of neuronal pathology in multiple system atrophy. Brain 2015; 138:2293-309. [PMID: 25981961 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy is a sporadic alpha-synucleinopathy that typically affects patients in their sixth decade of life and beyond. The defining clinical features of the disease include progressive autonomic failure, parkinsonism, and cerebellar ataxia leading to significant disability. Pathologically, multiple system atrophy is characterized by glial cytoplasmic inclusions containing filamentous alpha-synuclein. Neuronal inclusions also have been reported but remain less well defined. This study aimed to further define the spectrum of neuronal pathology in 35 patients with multiple system atrophy (20 male, 15 female; mean age at death 64.7 years; median disease duration 6.5 years, range 2.2 to 15.6 years). The morphologic type, topography, and frequencies of neuronal inclusions, including globular cytoplasmic (Lewy body-like) neuronal inclusions, were determined across a wide spectrum of brain regions. A correlation matrix of pathologic severity also was calculated between distinct anatomic regions of involvement (striatum, substantia nigra, olivary and pontine nuclei, hippocampus, forebrain and thalamus, anterior cingulate and neocortex, and white matter of cerebrum, cerebellum, and corpus callosum). The major finding was the identification of widespread neuronal inclusions in the majority of patients, not only in typical disease-associated regions (striatum, substantia nigra), but also within anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, basal forebrain and hypothalamus. Neuronal inclusion pathology appeared to follow a hierarchy of region-specific susceptibility, independent of the clinical phenotype, and the severity of pathology was duration-dependent. Neuronal inclusions also were identified in regions not previously implicated in the disease, such as within cerebellar roof nuclei. Lewy body-like inclusions in multiple system atrophy followed the stepwise anatomic progression of Lewy body-spectrum disease inclusion pathology in 25.7% of patients with multiple system atrophy, including a patient with visual hallucinations. Further, the presence of Lewy body-like inclusions in neocortex, but not hippocampal alpha-synuclein pathology, was associated with cognitive impairment (P = 0.002). However, several cases had the presence of isolated Lewy body-like inclusions at atypical sites (e.g. thalamus, deep cerebellar nuclei) that are not typical for Lewy body-spectrum disease. Finally, interregional correlations (rho ≥ 0.6) in pathologic glial and neuronal lesion burden suggest shared mechanisms of disease progression between both discrete anatomic regions (e.g. basal forebrain and hippocampus) and cell types (neuronal and glial inclusions in frontal cortex and white matter, respectively). These findings suggest that in addition to glial inclusions, neuronal pathology plays an important role in the developmental and progression of multiple system atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Cykowski
- 1 Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Coon
- 2 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Suzanne Z Powell
- 1 Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Sarah M Jenkins
- 3 Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Eduardo E Benarroch
- 2 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Phillip A Low
- 2 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Ann M Schmeichel
- 2 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- 2 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
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636
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Brownstone RM, Bui TV, Stifani N. Spinal circuits for motor learning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2015; 33:166-73. [PMID: 25978563 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies of motor learning have largely focussed on the cerebellum, and have provided key concepts about neural circuits required. However, other parts of the nervous system are involved in learning, as demonstrated by the capacity to 'train' spinal circuits to produce locomotion following spinal cord injury. While somatosensory feedback is necessary for spinal motor learning, feed forward circuits within the spinal cord must also contribute. In fact, motoneurons themselves could act as comparators that integrate feed forward and feedback inputs, and thus contribute to motor learning. Application of cerebellar-derived principles to spinal circuitry leads to testable predictions of spinal organization required for motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Brownstone
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2; Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.
| | - Tuan V Bui
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5; Centre for Neural Dynamics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Nicolas Stifani
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
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637
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Prosperini L, Piattella MC, Giannì C, Pantano P. Functional and Structural Brain Plasticity Enhanced by Motor and Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:481574. [PMID: 26064692 PMCID: PMC4438192 DOI: 10.1155/2015/481574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rehabilitation is recognized to be important in ameliorating motor and cognitive functions, reducing disease burden, and improving quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In this systematic review, we summarize the existing evidences that motor and cognitive rehabilitation may enhance functional and structural brain plasticity in patients with MS, as assessed by means of the most advanced neuroimaging techniques, including diffusion tensor imaging and task-related and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In most cases, the rehabilitation program was based on computer-assisted/video game exercises performed in either an outpatient or home setting. Despite their heterogeneity, all the included studies describe changes in white matter microarchitecture, in task-related activation, and/or in functional connectivity following both task-oriented and selective training. When explored, relevant correlation between improved function and MRI-detected brain changes was often found, supporting the hypothesis that training-induced brain plasticity is specifically linked to the trained domain. Small sample sizes, lack of randomization and/or an active control group, as well as missed relationship between MRI-detected changes and clinical performance, are the major drawbacks of the selected studies. Knowledge gaps in this field of research are also discussed to provide a framework for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Prosperini
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Piattella
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Giannì
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pantano
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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638
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More gain less pain: balance control learning shifts the activation patterns of leg and neck muscles and increases muscular parsimony. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2103-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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639
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Verduzco-Flores SO, O'Reilly RC. How the credit assignment problems in motor control could be solved after the cerebellum predicts increases in error. Front Comput Neurosci 2015; 9:39. [PMID: 25852535 PMCID: PMC4371707 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a cerebellar architecture with two main characteristics. The first one is that complex spikes respond to increases in sensory errors. The second one is that cerebellar modules associate particular contexts where errors have increased in the past with corrective commands that stop the increase in error. We analyze our architecture formally and computationally for the case of reaching in a 3D environment. In the case of motor control, we show that there are synergies of this architecture with the Equilibrium-Point hypothesis, leading to novel ways to solve the motor error and distal learning problems. In particular, the presence of desired equilibrium lengths for muscles provides a way to know when the error is increasing, and which corrections to apply. In the context of Threshold Control Theory and Perceptual Control Theory we show how to extend our model so it implements anticipative corrections in cascade control systems that span from muscle contractions to cognitive operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio O Verduzco-Flores
- Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Randall C O'Reilly
- Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
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640
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Keser Z, Hasan KM, Mwangi BI, Kamali A, Ucisik-Keser FE, Riascos RF, Yozbatiran N, Francisco GE, Narayana PA. Diffusion tensor imaging of the human cerebellar pathways and their interplay with cerebral macrostructure. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:41. [PMID: 25904851 PMCID: PMC4389543 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar white matter (WM) connections to the central nervous system are classified functionally into the Spinocerebellar (SC), vestibulocerebellar (VC), and cerebrocerebellar subdivisions. The SC pathways project from spinal cord to cerebellum, whereas the VC pathways project from vestibular organs of the inner ear. Cerebrocerebellar connections are composed of feed forward and feedback connections between cerebrum and cerebellum including the cortico-ponto-cerebellar (CPC) pathways being of cortical origin and the dentate-rubro-thalamo-cortical (DRTC) pathway being of cerebellar origin. In this study we systematically quantified the whole cerebellar system connections using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI). Ten right-handed healthy subjects (7 males and 3 females, age range 20–51 years) were studied. DT-MRI data were acquired with a voxel size = 2 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm at a 3.0 Tesla clinical MRI scanner. The DT-MRI data were prepared and analyzed using anatomically-guided deterministic tractography methods to reconstruct the SC, DRTC, fronto-ponto-cerebellar (FPC), parieto-ponto-cerebellar (PPC), temporo-ponto-cerebellar (TPC) and occipito-ponto-cerebellar (OPC). The DTI-attributes or the cerebellar tracts along with their cortical representation (Brodmann areas) were presented in standard Montréal Neurological Institute space. All cerebellar tract volumes were quantified and correlated with volumes of cerebral cortical, subcortical gray matter (GM), cerebral WM and cerebellar GM, and cerebellar WM. On our healthy cohort, the ratio of total cerebellar GM-to-WM was ~3.29 ± 0.24, whereas the ratio of cerebral GM-to-WM was approximately 1.10 ± 0.11. The sum of all cerebellar tract volumes is ~25.8 ± 7.3 mL, or a percentage of 1.6 ± 0.45 of the total intracranial volume (ICV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Keser
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and TIRR Memorial Hermann Neuro-Recovery Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khader M Hasan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benson I Mwangi
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arash Kamali
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fehime Eymen Ucisik-Keser
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy F Riascos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nuray Yozbatiran
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and TIRR Memorial Hermann Neuro-Recovery Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gerard E Francisco
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and TIRR Memorial Hermann Neuro-Recovery Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ponnada A Narayana
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
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641
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Travis KE, Leitner Y, Feldman HM, Ben‐Shachar M. Cerebellar white matter pathways are associated with reading skills in children and adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:1536-53. [PMID: 25504986 PMCID: PMC4374012 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading is a critical life skill in the modern world. The neural basis of reading incorporates a distributed network of cortical areas and their white matter connections. The cerebellum has also been implicated in reading and reading disabilities. However, little is known about the contribution of cerebellar white matter pathways to major component skills of reading. We used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) with tractography to identify the cerebellar peduncles in a group of 9- to 17-year-old children and adolescents born full term (FT, n = 19) or preterm (PT, n = 26). In this cohort, no significant differences were found between fractional anisotropy (FA) measures of the peduncles in the PT and FT groups. FA of the cerebellar peduncles correlated significantly with measures of decoding and reading comprehension in the combined sample of FT and PT subjects. Correlations were negative in the superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles and positive in the middle cerebellar peduncle. Additional analyses revealed that FT and PT groups demonstrated similar patterns of reading associations within the left superior cerebellar peduncle, middle cerebellar peduncle, and left inferior cerebellar peduncle. Partial correlation analyses showed that distinct sub-skills of reading were associated with FA in segments of different cerebellar peduncles. Overall, the present findings are the first to document associations of microstructure of the cerebellar peduncles and the component skills of reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Travis
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental MedicineDepartment of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCalifornia
| | - Yael Leitner
- Child Development CenterTel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Heidi M. Feldman
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental MedicineDepartment of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCalifornia
| | - Michal Ben‐Shachar
- The Gonda Brain Research CenterBar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
- Department of English literature and LinguisticsBar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
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642
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Bailey T, Joyce A. The Role of the Thalamus in ADHD Symptomatology and Treatment. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2015; 4:89-96. [DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2015.1005475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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643
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Hale JB, Fitzer KR. Evaluating orbital-ventral medial system regulation of personal attention: a critical need for neuropsychological assessment and intervention. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2015; 4:106-15. [PMID: 25749156 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2015.1005486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention to self and environment form the basis of effective social exchange and relationships. Although implicit in this basic social competency is the ability to be self-aware and responsive to the circumstances of others, many neuropsychologists have yet to understand or measure its basic functions, let alone recognize the brain-behavior relationships that govern this area. Several years ago, interest in "emotional intelligence" rose to the forefront of popular psychology, but we are still unraveling the cortical, subcortical, and neurocellular interactions that produce this nebulous construct, and we are determining how dysfunctional frontal-subcortical and cortico-cerebellar circuitry can lead to aberrant social dynamics and ultimately psychopathology when maladaptive patterns become routinized. In this article, we explore the orbital-ventral medial circuitry thought to govern emotional attention, personal self-regulation, social concern and exchange, and affective aspects of interpersonal relationships. Our examination notes both the dearth of and need for neuropsychological research on the biological basis and measurement of executive regulation of emotional attention, behavioral regulation, and social competence. We conclude with a call for development of neuropsychological measures and methods that can foster differential diagnosis and targeted treatment strategies for children with orbital-ventral medial circuit dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Hale
- a Faculties of Medicine and Education , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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644
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Abstract
Our goal was to improve spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) cognitive profile characterization by testing the hypothesis that strategy, planning and rule acquisition capacities are affected in SCA2. Forty one patients with SCA2 were evaluated with the Spatial Working Memory (SWM), the Stockings of Cambridge (SOC), and the Intra-Extra Dimensional Shift (IED) tests of the Executive module of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB). Paired Associates Learning (PAL) and Delayed Matching to Sample (DMS) from the CANTAB memory module were also assessed to corroborate previous findings. Motor deterioration was measured using the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA). We found significant SCA2 related deficits in strategy, planning, and rule acquisition. Our results also corroborated significant memory deficits in these patients with SCA2. Further analysis also showed that patients with large motor deterioration had poorer associative learning and spatial planning scores. Patients with SCA2 show strategy, planning, and rule acquisition deficits as revealed with the CANTAB battery. These deficits should be noted when planning an effective therapy for these patients.
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645
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Manto M, Mariën P. Schmahmann's syndrome - identification of the third cornerstone of clinical ataxiology. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2015; 2:2. [PMID: 26331045 PMCID: PMC4552302 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-015-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Schmahmann’s syndrome represents a novel clinical condition consisting of a constellation of cognitive and affective deficits following cerebellar disease. The complex was first described in 1998 as cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) on the basis of a careful neurological examination, detailed bedside mental state tests, neuropsychological investigations and anatomical neuroimaging of a group of 20 patients with focal cerebellar disorders. The syndrome was characterized by four clusters of symptoms including: (a) impairment of executive functions such as planning, set-shifting, verbal fluency, abstract reasoning and working memory, (b) impaired visuo-spatial cognition, (c) personality changes with blunting of affect or abnormal behaviour, and (d) language deficits including agrammatism, wordfinding disturbances, disruption of language dynamics and dysprosodia. This complex of neurocognitive and behavioural-affective symptoms was ascribed to a functional disruption of the reciprocal pathways that connect the cerebellum with the limbic circuitry and the prefrontal, temporal and parietal association cortices. With the introduction of Schmahmann’s syndrome, clinical ataxiology has found its third cornerstone, the two others being the cerebellar motor syndrome (CMS) mainly delineated by the pioneer French and English neurologists of the 19th and early 20th century, and the vestibulo-cerebellar syndrome (VCS) consisting of ocular instability, deficits of oculomotor movements and ocular misalignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, FNRS-ULB Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Peter Mariën
- Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, ZNA General Hospital Middelheim, Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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646
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Koppelmans V, Hirsiger S, Mérillat S, Jäncke L, Seidler RD. Cerebellar gray and white matter volume and their relation with age and manual motor performance in healthy older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2352-63. [PMID: 25704867 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Functional neuroimaging and voxel-based morphometry studies have confirmed the important role of the cerebellum in motor behavior. However, little is known about the relationship between cerebellar gray (GMv) and white matter (WMv) volume and manual motor performance in aging individuals. This study aims to quantify the relationship between cerebellar tissue volume and manual motor performance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To gain more insight into cerebellar function and how it relates to the role of the primary motor cortex (M1), we related cerebellar GMv, WMv, and M1v to manual motor performance in 217 healthy older individuals. Left and right cerebellar GMv and WMv, and M1v were obtained using FreeSurfer. The following motor measures were obtained: grip force, tapping speed, bimanual visuomotor coordination, and manual dexterity. PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS Significant positive relationships were observed between cerebellar GMv and WMv and grip strength, right cerebellar WMv and right-hand tapping speed, right cerebellar WMv and dexterity, M1v and grip strength, and right M1v and left-hand dexterity, though effect sizes were small. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that cerebellar GMv and WMv are differently associated with manual motor performance. These associations partly overlap with the brain-behavior associations between M1 and manual motor performance. Not all observed associations were lateralized (i.e., ipsilateral cerebellar and contralateral M1v associations with motor performance), which could point to age-related neural dedifferentiation. The current study provides new insights in the role of the cerebellum in manual motor performance. In consideration of the small effect sizes replication studies are needed to validate these results.
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647
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648
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Role of leukemia inhibitory factor in the nervous system and its pathology. Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:443-59. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLeukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunction cytokine that has various effects on different tissues and cell types in rodents and humans; however, its insufficiency has a relatively mild impact. This could explain why only some aspects of LIF activity are in the limelight, whereas other aspects are not well known. In this review, the LIF structure, signaling pathway, and primary roles in the development and function of an organism are reviewed, and the effects of LIF on stem cell growth and differentiation, which are important for its use in cell culturing, are described. The focus is on the roles of LIF in central nervous system development and on the modulation of its physiological functions as well as the involvement of LIF in the pathogenesis of brain diseases and injuries. Finally, LIF and its signaling pathway are discussed as potential targets of therapeutic interventions to influence both negative phenomena and regenerative processes following brain injury.
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649
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Dennis M, Spiegler BJ, Simic N, Sinopoli KJ, Wilkinson A, Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Bigler ED, Fletcher JM. Functional plasticity in childhood brain disorders: when, what, how, and whom to assess. Neuropsychol Rev 2014; 24:389-408. [PMID: 24821533 PMCID: PMC4231018 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
At every point in the lifespan, the brain balances malleable processes representing neural plasticity that promote change with homeostatic processes that promote stability. Whether a child develops typically or with brain injury, his or her neural and behavioral outcome is constructed through transactions between plastic and homeostatic processes and the environment. In clinical research with children in whom the developing brain has been malformed or injured, behavioral outcomes provide an index of the result of plasticity, homeostasis, and environmental transactions. When should we assess outcome in relation to age at brain insult, time since brain insult, and age of the child at testing? What should we measure? Functions involving reacting to the past and predicting the future, as well as social-affective skills, are important. How should we assess outcome? Information from performance variability, direct measures and informants, overt and covert measures, and laboratory and ecological measures should be considered. In whom are we assessing outcome? Assessment should be cognizant of individual differences in gene, socio-economic status (SES), parenting, nutrition, and interpersonal supports, which are moderators that interact with other factors influencing functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Dennis
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada,
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650
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Manto M. The cornerstones of Cerebellum and Ataxias: from peer review to rapid visibility in a rising discipline. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2014; 1:1. [PMID: 26331025 PMCID: PMC4549132 DOI: 10.1186/2053-8871-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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