601
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Hefetz-Sela S, Scherer PE. Adipocytes: impact on tumor growth and potential sites for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:197-210. [PMID: 23353703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent decades, reaching epidemic proportions. It is becoming clear that obesity is associated not only with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, but also with multiple types of cancer. Obesity is characterized by impaired adipose tissue function, leading to adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, hypoxia and induced angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis as well as additional stress responses. While epidemiological data indicate that obesity is a well-established risk factor for certain malignancies, the molecular mechanisms underlying the link between obesity and cancer are still poorly understood. Recent data implicates systemic and paracrine factors secreted from adipose tissue during the obese state, promoting cancer development and progression. Here, we focus on the obesity-associated adipose tissue remodeling that may not only lead to metabolic complications, but also to a permissive pro-tumorigenic environment. Particular attention is given to the local pro-tumorigenic effects derived from adipocytes that present an important part of the tumor microenvironment of at least some cancers, in an attempt to describe the nature of the major players of the adipocyte-cancer cell crosstalk that dictates to a large extent tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Hefetz-Sela
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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602
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Cox TR, Bird D, Baker AM, Barker HE, Ho MWY, Lang G, Erler JT. LOX-mediated collagen crosslinking is responsible for fibrosis-enhanced metastasis. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1721-32. [PMID: 23345161 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a highly complex, dynamic, and inefficient process involving multiple steps, yet it accounts for more than 90% of cancer-related deaths. Although it has long been known that fibrotic signals enhance tumor progression and metastasis, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Identifying events involved in creating environments that promote metastatic colonization and growth are critical for the development of effective cancer therapies. Here, we show a critical role for lysyl oxidase (LOX) in establishing a milieu within fibrosing tissues that is favorable to growth of metastastic tumor cells. We show that LOX-dependent collagen crosslinking is involved in creating a growth-permissive fibrotic microenvironment capable of supporting metastatic growth by enhancing tumor cell persistence and survival. We show that therapeutic targeting of LOX abrogates not only the extent to which fibrosis manifests, but also prevents fibrosis-enhanced metastatic colonization. Finally, we show that the LOX-mediated collagen crosslinking directly increases tumor cell proliferation, enhancing metastatic colonization and growth manifesting in vivo as increased metastasis. This is the first time that crosslinking of collagen I has been shown to enhance metastatic growth. These findings provide an important link between ECM homeostasis, fibrosis, and cancer with important clinical implications for both the treatment of fibrotic disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Cox
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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603
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Abstract
The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC) aids in diagnosis of disease, prognosis, disease recurrence, and therapeutic response. The molecular aspects of metastasis are reviewed including its relevance in the identification and characterization of putative markers that may be useful in the detection thereof. Also discussed are methods for CTC enrichment using molecular strategies. The clinical application of CTC in the metastatic disease process is also summarized.
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604
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Curran CS, Keely PJ. Breast tumor and stromal cell responses to TGF-β and hypoxia in matrix deposition. Matrix Biol 2012; 32:95-105. [PMID: 23262216 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The components that comprise the extracellular matrix (ECM) are integral to normal tissue homeostasis as well as the development and progression of breast tumors. The secretion, construction, and remodeling of the ECM are each regulated by a complex interplay between tumor cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an essential molecule in regulating the cellular production of ECM molecules and the adhesive interactions of cells with the ECM. Additionally, hypoxic cell signals, initiated by oxygen deprivation, additional metabolic factors or receptor activation, are associated with ECM formation and the progression of breast cancer. Both TGF-β and hypoxic cell signals are implicated in the functional and morphological changes of cancer-associated-fibroblasts and tumor-associated-macrophages. Moreover, the enhanced recruitment of tumor and stromal cells in response to hypoxia-induced chemokines leads to increased ECM deposition and remodeling, increased blood vessel formation, and enhanced tumor migration. Thus, elucidation of the collaborative networks between tumor and stromal cells in response to the combined signals of TGF-β and hypoxia may yield insight into treatment parameters that target both tumor and stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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605
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Teppo S, Sundquist E, Vered M, Holappa H, Parkkisenniemi J, Rinaldi T, Lehenkari P, Grenman R, Dayan D, Risteli J, Salo T, Nyberg P. The hypoxic tumor microenvironment regulates invasion of aggressive oral carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:376-89. [PMID: 23262025 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Invasion is an important hallmark of cancer involving interactions between the tumor microenvironment and the cancer cells. Hypoxia, low oxygen level, is related to increased invasion and metastasis in many cancers. The aim was to elucidate the effect of hypoxia on invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (OSCCs), and the applicability of a novel 3-dimentional myoma organotypic invasion model in hypoxia experiments. OSCC cell lines (primary oral carcinoma derived cells UT-SCC-43A, recurrent oral carcinoma cells UT-SCC-43B and aggressive tongue carcinoma cells HSC-3) were studied for their migration and invasion capabilities under normoxia, hypoxia, and in the presence a hypoxia-mimicker cobalt chloride. As expected, the recurrent UT-SCC-43B cells were significantly more aggressive than the primary tumor derived cells. In contrast to tongue carcinoma HSC-3 cells, they only mildly responded to hypoxia in the migration or invasion assays, indicating a cell line specific response of hypoxia on the invasive potential. The modification of the organotypic human tissue-derived matrix via the removal of various yet unidentified soluble factors by rinsing the tissue resulting in stripped matrix substantially changed the invasion pattern of HSC-3 cells and the outcomes of hypoxic treatments. Only in the stripped tissue hypoxia significantly increased invasion, whereas in native intact tissue the induced invasion was not observed. This demonstrates the importance of the soluble factors to the invasion pattern and to the hypoxia response. A metastasis and poor prognosis marker, hypoxia-regulated lysyl oxidase (LOX), was present in the myoma tissue, but could be removed by rinsing. The inhibition of LOX resulted in a decrease in invasion area, but only very mildly in invasion depth. Thus, it may have a role in the modulation of the invasion pattern. Another hypoxia-related poor prognosis marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX) was induced in HSC-3 cells both by the hypoxic exposure and interestingly in invading HSC-3 cells inside the tissue even in normoxic conditions. In conclusion, this suggests that the intact myoma organotypic model offers optimally hypoxic surroundings, thus being an excellent human tumor microenvironment mimicker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Teppo
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland
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606
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Du J, Cullen JJ, Buettner GR. Ascorbic acid: chemistry, biology and the treatment of cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1826:443-57. [PMID: 22728050 PMCID: PMC3608474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of vitamin C, the number of its known biological functions is continually expanding. Both the names ascorbic acid and vitamin C reflect its antiscorbutic properties due to its role in the synthesis of collagen in connective tissues. Ascorbate acts as an electron-donor keeping iron in the ferrous state thereby maintaining the full activity of collagen hydroxylases; parallel reactions with a variety of dioxygenases affect the expression of a wide array of genes, for example via the HIF system, as well as via the epigenetic landscape of cells and tissues. In fact, all known physiological and biochemical functions of ascorbate are due to its action as an electron donor. The ability to donate one or two electrons makes AscH(-) an excellent reducing agent and antioxidant. Ascorbate readily undergoes pH-dependent autoxidation producing hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). In the presence of catalytic metals this oxidation is accelerated. In this review, we show that the chemical and biochemical nature of ascorbate contribute to its antioxidant as well as its prooxidant properties. Recent pharmacokinetic data indicate that intravenous (i.v.) administration of ascorbate bypasses the tight control of the gut producing highly elevated plasma levels; ascorbate at very high levels can act as prodrug to deliver a significant flux of H(2)O(2) to tumors. This new knowledge has rekindled interest and spurred new research into the clinical potential of pharmacological ascorbate. Knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms of action of pharmacological ascorbate bring a rationale to its use to treat disease especially the use of i.v. delivery of pharmacological ascorbate as an adjuvant in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joseph J. Cullen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Garry R. Buettner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA
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607
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Kothapalli D, Liu SL, Bae YH, Monslow J, Xu T, Hawthorne EA, Byfield FJ, Castagnino P, Rao S, Rader DJ, Puré E, Phillips MC, Lund-Katz S, Janmey PA, Assoian RK. Cardiovascular protection by ApoE and ApoE-HDL linked to suppression of ECM gene expression and arterial stiffening. Cell Rep 2012; 2:1259-71. [PMID: 23103162 PMCID: PMC3535179 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffening is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but how arteries stay supple is unknown. Here, we show that apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apoE-containing high-density lipoprotein (apoE-HDL) maintain arterial elasticity by suppressing the expression of extracellular matrix genes. ApoE interrupts a mechanically driven feed-forward loop that increases the expression of collagen-I, fibronectin, and lysyl oxidase in response to substratum stiffening. These effects are independent of the apoE lipid-binding domain and transduced by Cox2 and miR-145. Arterial stiffness is increased in apoE null mice. This stiffening can be reduced by administration of the lysyl oxidase inhibitor BAPN, and BAPN treatment attenuates atherosclerosis despite highly elevated cholesterol. Macrophage abundance in lesions is reduced by BAPN in vivo, and monocyte/macrophage adhesion is reduced by substratum softening in vitro. We conclude that apoE and apoE-containing HDL promote healthy arterial biomechanics and that this confers protection from cardiovascular disease independent of the established apoE-HDL effect on cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Kothapalli
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Departments of Pharmacology, Medicine, and Physiology, and the Molecular Profiling Facility, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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608
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Daoust SP, Fahrig L, Martin AE, Thomas F. From forest and agro-ecosystems to the microecosystems of the human body: what can landscape ecology tell us about tumor growth, metastasis, and treatment options? Evol Appl 2012; 6:82-91. [PMID: 23396712 PMCID: PMC3567473 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is now understood to be a process that follows Darwinian evolution. Heterogeneous populations of cancerous cells that make up the tumor inhabit the tissue ‘microenvironment’, where ecological interactions analogous to predation and competition for resources drive the somatic evolution of cancer. The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the tumor genesis, development, and metastasis processes, as it creates the microenvironmental selection forces that ultimately determine the cellular characteristics that result in the greatest fitness. Here, we explore and offer new insights into the spatial aspects of tumor–microenvironment interactions through the application of landscape ecology theory to tumor growth and metastasis within the tissue microhabitat. We argue that small tissue microhabitats in combination with the spatial distribution of resources within these habitats could be important selective forces driving tumor invasiveness. We also contend that the compositional and configurational heterogeneity of components in the tissue microhabitat do not only influence resource availability and functional connectivity but also play a crucial role in facilitating metastasis and may serve to explain, at least in part, tissue tropism in certain cancers. This novel work provides a compelling argument for the necessity of taking into account the structure of the tissue microhabitat when investigating tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Daoust
- M.I.V.E.G.E.C (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) UMR (IRD/CNRS/UM) 5290, Centre IRD- 911 Avenue Agropolis - B.P. 64501 Montpellier, France
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609
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Thomas F, Fisher D, Fort P, Marie JP, Daoust S, Roche B, Grunau C, Cosseau C, Mitta G, Baghdiguian S, Rousset F, Lassus P, Assenat E, Grégoire D, Missé D, Lorz A, Billy F, Vainchenker W, Delhommeau F, Koscielny S, Itzykson R, Tang R, Fava F, Ballesta A, Lepoutre T, Krasinska L, Dulic V, Raynaud P, Blache P, Quittau-Prevostel C, Vignal E, Trauchessec H, Perthame B, Clairambault J, Volpert V, Solary E, Hibner U, Hochberg ME. Applying ecological and evolutionary theory to cancer: a long and winding road. Evol Appl 2012; 6:1-10. [PMID: 23397042 PMCID: PMC3567465 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the mid 1970s, cancer has been described as a process of Darwinian evolution, with somatic cellular selection and evolution being the fundamental processes leading to malignancy and its many manifestations (neoangiogenesis, evasion of the immune system, metastasis, and resistance to therapies). Historically, little attention has been placed on applications of evolutionary biology to understanding and controlling neoplastic progression and to prevent therapeutic failures. This is now beginning to change, and there is a growing international interest in the interface between cancer and evolutionary biology. The objective of this introduction is first to describe the basic ideas and concepts linking evolutionary biology to cancer. We then present four major fronts where the evolutionary perspective is most developed, namely laboratory and clinical models, mathematical models, databases, and techniques and assays. Finally, we discuss several of the most promising challenges and future prospects in this interdisciplinary research direction in the war against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Thomas
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1) 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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610
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Sun P, Xu Y, DU X, Ning N, Sun H, Liang W, Li R. An engineered three-dimensional gastric tumor culture model for evaluating the antitumor activity of immune cells in vitro. Oncol Lett 2012; 5:489-494. [PMID: 23420461 PMCID: PMC3573075 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monolayer tumor culture models have been used for evaluating the antitumor activity of immune cells in vitro. However, their value in this research is limited. We used human gastric cancer cells (BGC823) and collagen hydrogel as a matrix to establish an engineered three-dimensional (3-D) tumor culture model in vitro. Tumor cells grew in 3-D culture and formed spheroids in the collagen matrix. Evaluation of the antitumor activity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells revealed that, compared with the 2-D cell culture models, CIK cells migrated towards the tumor cells and destroyed the spheroids and tumor cells in the engineered 3-D tumor culture model. The cytotoxicity of CIK cells against the tumor cells in the engineered 3-D tumor culture model was lower than that in 2-D tumor culture models at 12–36 h post-interaction, but there was no significant difference in the cytotoxicity at later time points. Further analysis indicated that dendritic cell-activated CIK cells had a significantly higher level of cytotoxicity against tumor cells, compared with CIK and anti-CEA/CD3-treated CIK cells, in the engineered 3-D tumor culture model. Our data suggest that the engineered 3-D gastric tumor culture model may better mimic the interaction of immune cells with tumor cells in vivo than the 2-D tumor culture models, and may be used for evaluating the antitumor activity of immune cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiming Sun
- Institute of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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611
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Modeling the influence of nucleus elasticity on cell invasion in fiber networks and microchannels. J Theor Biol 2012; 317:394-406. [PMID: 23147234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration in highly constrained extracellular matrices is exploited in scaffold-based tissue engineering and is fundamental in a wide variety of physiological and pathological phenomena, among others in cancer invasion and development. Research into the critical processes involved in cell migration has mainly focused on cell adhesion and proteolytic degradation of the external environment. However, rising evidence has recently shown that a number of cell-derived biophysical and mechanical parameters, among others nucleus stiffness and cell deformability, plays a major role in cell motility, especially in the ameboid-like migration mode in 3D confined tissue structures. We here present an extended cellular Potts model (CPM) first used to simulate a micro-fabricated migration chip, which tests the active invasive behavior of cancer cells into narrow channels. As distinct features of our approach, cells are modeled as compartmentalized discrete objects, differentiated in the nucleus and in the cytosolic region, while the migration chamber is composed of channels of different widths. We find that cell motile phenotype and velocity in open spaces (i.e., 2D flat surfaces or large channels) are not significantly influenced by cell elastic properties. On the contrary, the migratory behavior of cells within subcellular and subnuclear structures strongly relies on the deformability of the cytosol and of the nuclear cluster, respectively. Further, we characterize two migration dynamics: a stepwise way, characterized by fluctuations in cell length, within channels smaller than nucleus dimensions and a smooth sliding (i.e., maintaining constant cell length) behavior within channels larger than the nuclear cluster. These resulting observations are then extended looking at cell migration in an artificial fiber network, which mimics cell invasion in a 3D extracellular matrix. In particular, in this case, we analyze the effect of variations in elasticity of the nucleus on cell movement. In order to summarize, with our simulated migration assays, we demonstrate that the dimensionality of the environment strongly affects the migration phenotype and we suggest that the cytoskeletal and nuclear elastic characteristics correlate with the tumor cell's invasive potential.
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612
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Scanlon CS, Van Tubergen EA, Inglehart RC, D'Silva NJ. Biomarkers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in squamous cell carcinoma. J Dent Res 2012; 92:114-21. [PMID: 23128109 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512467352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the process by which tumor cells destroy the basement membrane of the surface epithelium, invade, and metastasize is essential to the development of novel treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In recent years, there has been increased interest in the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in invasion. EMT is a process that describes the development of motile, mesenchymal-like cells from non-motile parent epithelial cells. There are 3 known types of EMT that mediate development, wound healing, and carcinogenesis. This review summarizes studies of known EMT biomarkers in the context of HNSCC progression. The biomarkers discussed come from a wide range of proteins, including cell-surface proteins (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Integrins), cytoskeletal proteins (α-Smooth Muscle Actin, Vimentin, and β-catenin), extracellular matrix proteins (Collagens, Fibronectin, and Laminin), and transcription factors (SNAIL1, SNAIL2, TWIST, and LEF-1). Overall, the findings of these studies suggest that EMT mediates HNSCC progression. The mechanistic role of the EMT markers that have been associated with HNSCC should be more clearly defined if new anti-HNSCC therapies to block EMT progression are to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Scanlon
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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613
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Fischer RS, Myers KA, Gardel ML, Waterman CM. Stiffness-controlled three-dimensional extracellular matrices for high-resolution imaging of cell behavior. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:2056-66. [PMID: 23099487 PMCID: PMC3845971 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cell functions by the physical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as a crucial contributor to development and disease. Two specific physical properties of the ECM, stiffness and dimensionality, each influence cell signaling and function. As these ECM physical properties are linked to other properties that also regulate cell behavior, e.g., integrin ligand density, parsing the specific contributions of ECM stiffness and dimensionality has proven difficult. Here we detail a simple protocol, which can be completed in 1-2 d, for combining three-dimensional (3D) ECM engagement with controlled underlying ECM stiffness. In these 'sandwich gels', cells are sandwiched between a 3D fibrillar ECM and an ECM-coupled polyacrylamide gel of defined compliance, allowing the study of the specific effects of ECM compliance on cell function in physiologically relevant 3D ECMs. This type of system enables high-resolution time-lapse imaging and is suitable for a wide range of cell types and molecular perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Fischer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHBLI), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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614
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Noreen R, Moenner M, Hwu Y, Petibois C. FTIR spectro-imaging of collagens for characterization and grading of gliomas. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1432-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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615
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Geraldo S, Simon A, Elkhatib N, Louvard D, Fetler L, Vignjevic DM. Do cancer cells have distinct adhesions in 3D collagen matrices and in vivo? Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:930-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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616
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Nguyen-Ngoc KV, Cheung KJ, Brenot A, Shamir ER, Gray RS, Hines WC, Yaswen P, Werb Z, Ewald AJ. ECM microenvironment regulates collective migration and local dissemination in normal and malignant mammary epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2595-604. [PMID: 22923691 PMCID: PMC3465416 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212834109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer progression involves genetic changes and changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM). To test the importance of the ECM in tumor cell dissemination, we cultured epithelium from primary human breast carcinomas in different ECM gels. We used basement membrane gels to model the normal microenvironment and collagen I to model the stromal ECM. In basement membrane gels, malignant epithelium either was indolent or grew collectively, without protrusions. In collagen I, epithelium from the same tumor invaded with protrusions and disseminated cells. Importantly, collagen I induced a similar initial response of protrusions and dissemination in both normal and malignant mammary epithelium. However, dissemination of normal cells into collagen I was transient and ceased as laminin 111 localized to the basal surface, whereas dissemination of carcinoma cells was sustained throughout culture, and laminin 111 was not detected. Despite the large impact of ECM on migration strategy, transcriptome analysis of our 3D cultures revealed few ECM-dependent changes in RNA expression. However, we observed many differences between normal and malignant epithelium, including reduced expression of cell-adhesion genes in tumors. Therefore, we tested whether deletion of an adhesion gene could induce sustained dissemination of nontransformed cells into collagen I. We found that deletion of P-cadherin was sufficient for sustained dissemination, but exclusively into collagen I. Our data reveal that metastatic tumors preferentially disseminate in specific ECM microenvironments. Furthermore, these data suggest that breaks in the basement membrane could induce invasion and dissemination via the resulting direct contact between cancer cells and collagen I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Vy Nguyen-Ngoc
- Departments of Cell Biology and
- Oncology, Center for Cell Dynamics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Kevin J. Cheung
- Departments of Cell Biology and
- Oncology, Center for Cell Dynamics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Audrey Brenot
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Eliah R. Shamir
- Departments of Cell Biology and
- Oncology, Center for Cell Dynamics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Departments of Cell Biology and
- Oncology, Center for Cell Dynamics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - William C. Hines
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Paul Yaswen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Andrew J. Ewald
- Departments of Cell Biology and
- Oncology, Center for Cell Dynamics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
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617
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Cougoule C, Van Goethem E, Le Cabec V, Lafouresse F, Dupré L, Mehraj V, Mège JL, Lastrucci C, Maridonneau-Parini I. Blood leukocytes and macrophages of various phenotypes have distinct abilities to form podosomes and to migrate in 3D environments. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:938-49. [PMID: 22999511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes migrate through most tissues in the body, a process which takes place in 3D environments. We have previously shown that macrophages use the amoeboid migration mode in porous matrices such as fibrillar collagen I and the mesenchymal mode involving podosomes and matrix proteolysis in dense matrices such as Matrigel. Whether such a plasticity may apply to other leukocytes and to all subsets of macrophages is unknown. Here, we therefore provide a comparative analysis of the in vitro 3D migration modes adopted by primary human leukocytes. Blood-derived monocytes, neutrophils and T lymphocytes were found to use the amoeboid mode in a porous fibrillar collagen I matrix but were unable to infiltrate dense Matrigel and to form podosomes. M2-polarized macrophages and elicited peritoneal macrophages formed podosome rosettes, degraded the ECM and infiltrated both matrices. In contrast, M1 macrophages were motionless in 2D and 3D environments, whilst resident macrophages, devoid of podosomes, were only able to use the amoeboid mode. Thus, we conclude that whereas all leukocytes use the amoeboid mode to migrate through porous matrices, it is only certain macrophages that can adopt the mesenchymal mode that permits migration through dense matrices. Interestingly, the acquisition of mesenchymal migration capacity by macrophages correlates with the presence of podosomes and with their capacity to organize those as rosettes, which appears to be modulated by their differentiation and polarization states. As a perspective, specific control of the mesenchymal migration would be a potential target for therapeutic approaches aiming at decreasing macrophage tissue infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cougoule
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
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618
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α3β1 integrins regulate CD151 complex assembly and membrane dynamics in carcinoma cells within 3D environments. Oncogene 2012; 32:3965-79. [PMID: 22986527 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors that are key players in the regulation of tumour cell invasion. The laminin-binding integrin α3β1 has previously been shown to regulate adhesion and migration of carcinoma cells in part through co-operative signalling with the tetraspanin family of transmembrane proteins. However, the spatial and temporal regulation of crosstalk between these families of transmembrane proteins in intact cells remains poorly understood. Here we have used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to demonstrate for the first time that α3β1 and the tetraspanin CD151 directly associate at the front and retracting rear of polarised migrating breast carcinoma cells in both two-dimentional (2D) and three-dimentional (3D)matrices. Furthermore, localised α3β1-CD151 binding correlates with lower CD151 homodimerisation in cells migrating on laminin or within matrigel. Loss of α3β1 integrin leads to increased CD151 homodimer formation, increased activation of Rho GTPase, loss of cell polarity and decreased invasion in 3D ECM. As a result, α3-silenced cells show decreased actin-based membrane protrusion and retraction in both 2D and 3D environments. These data demonstrate that associations between α3β1 and CD151 occur dynamically within discrete subcellular compartments and act to establish local GTPase signalling to promote tumour cell invasion. These novel findings shed light on the complex crosstalk and switching between receptor complexes in response to different extracellular cues during cell invasion in 3D environments.
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619
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Smith KT, Sardiu ME, Martin-Brown SA, Seidel C, Mushegian A, Egidy R, Florens L, Washburn MP, Workman JL. Human family with sequence similarity 60 member A (FAM60A) protein: a new subunit of the Sin3 deacetylase complex. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1815-28. [PMID: 22984288 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe the function of a previously uncharacterized protein, named family with sequence similarity 60 member A (FAM60A) that maps to chromosome 12p11 in humans. We use quantitative proteomics to determine that the main biochemical partners of FAM60A are subunits of the Sin3 deacetylase complex and show that FAM60A resides in active HDAC complexes. In addition, we conduct gene expression pathway analysis and find that FAM60A regulates expression of genes that encode components of the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Moreover, our studies reveal that loss of FAM60A or another component of the Sin3 complex, SDS3, leads to a change in cell morphology and an increase in cell migration. These studies reveal the function of a previously uncharacterized protein and implicate the Sin3 complex in suppressing cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Smith
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
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620
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On the role of the microenvironment in mammary gland development and cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a013458. [PMID: 22587936 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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621
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Abstract
The physical and mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment regulate cell shape and can strongly influence cell fate. How mechanical cues are sensed and transduced to regulate gene expression has long remained elusive. Recently, cues from the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion sites, cell shape and the actomyosin cytoskeleton were found to converge on the regulation of the downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) in vertebrates and Yorkie in flies. This convergence may explain how mechanical signals can direct normal and pathological cell behaviour.
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622
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Zhang JZ, Bryce NS, Siegele R, Carter EA, Paterson D, de Jonge MD, Howard DL, Ryan CG, Hambley TW. The use of spectroscopic imaging and mapping techniques in the characterisation and study of DLD-1 cell spheroid tumour models. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:1072-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20121f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Z. Zhang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. Fax: +61-2-9351-3329; Tel: +61-2-9351-3320
| | - Nicole S. Bryce
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. Fax: +61-2-9351-3329; Tel: +61-2-9351-3320
| | - Rainer Siegele
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Carter
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Facility, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David Paterson
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia
| | - Martin D. de Jonge
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia
| | - Daryl L. Howard
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia
| | - Chris G. Ryan
- CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, Australia
| | - Trevor W. Hambley
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. Fax: +61-2-9351-3329; Tel: +61-2-9351-3320
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623
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Issues to be considered when studying cancer in vitro. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 85:95-111. [PMID: 22823950 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cancer treatment approaches have shown promising results when tested preclinically. The results of clinical trials, however, are often disappointing. While searching for the reasons responsible for their failures, the relevance of experimental and preclinical models has to be taken into account. Possible factors that should be considered, including cell modifications during in vitro cultivation, lack of both the relevant interactions and the structural context in vitro have been summarized in the present review.
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624
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Linde N, Gutschalk CM, Hoffmann C, Yilmaz D, Mueller MM. Integrating macrophages into organotypic co-cultures: a 3D in vitro model to study tumor-associated macrophages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40058. [PMID: 22792213 PMCID: PMC3391227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression is controlled by signals from cellular and extra-cellular microenvironment including stromal cells and the extracellular matrix. Consequently, three-dimensional in vitro tumor models are essential to study the interaction of tumor cells with their microenvironment appropriately in a biologically relevant manner. We have previously used organotypic co-cultures to analyze the malignant growth of human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines on a stromal equivalent in vitro. In this model, SCC cell lines are grown on a collagen-I gel containing fibroblasts. Since macrophages play a critical role in the progression of many tumor types, we now have expanded this model by integrating macrophages into the collagen gel of these organotypic tumor co-cultures. This model was established as a murine and a human system of skin SCCs. The effect of macrophages on tumor progression depends on their polarization. We demonstrate that macrophage polarization in organotypic co-cultures can be modulated towards and M1 or an M2 phenotype by adding recombinant IFN-γ and LPS or IL-4 respectively to the growth medium. IL-4 stimulation of macrophage-containing cultures resulted in enhanced tumor cell invasion evidenced by degradation of the basement membrane, enhanced collagenolytic activity and increased MMP-2 and MMP-9. Interestingly, extended co-culture with tumor cells for three weeks resulted in spontaneous M2 polarization of macrophages without IL-4 treatment. Thus, we demonstrate that macrophages can be successfully integrated into organotypic co-cultures of murine or human skin SCCs and that this model can be exploited to analyze macrophage activation towards a tumor supporting phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Linde
- Group Tumor and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia M. Gutschalk
- Group Tumor and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hoffmann
- Hochschule Furtwangen University, Campus Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Dilan Yilmaz
- Group Tumor and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margareta M. Mueller
- Group Tumor and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Hochschule Furtwangen University, Campus Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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625
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Wiig H, Swartz MA. Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Formation and Transport: Physiological Regulation and Roles in Inflammation and Cancer. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1005-60. [PMID: 22811424 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interstitium describes the fluid, proteins, solutes, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) that comprise the cellular microenvironment in tissues. Its alterations are fundamental to changes in cell function in inflammation, pathogenesis, and cancer. Interstitial fluid (IF) is created by transcapillary filtration and cleared by lymphatic vessels. Herein we discuss the biophysical, biomechanical, and functional implications of IF in normal and pathological tissue states from both fluid balance and cell function perspectives. We also discuss analysis methods to access IF, which enables quantification of the cellular microenvironment; such methods have demonstrated, for example, that there can be dramatic gradients from tissue to plasma during inflammation and that tumor IF is hypoxic and acidic compared with subcutaneous IF and plasma. Accumulated recent data show that IF and its convection through the interstitium and delivery to the lymph nodes have many and diverse biological effects, including in ECM reorganization, cell migration, and capillary morphogenesis as well as in immunity and peripheral tolerance. This review integrates the biophysical, biomechanical, and biological aspects of interstitial and lymph fluid and its transport in tissue physiology, pathophysiology, and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; and Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; and Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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626
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Gutschner T, Diederichs S. The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding RNA point of view. RNA Biol 2012. [PMID: 22664915 DOI: 10.4161/rna.20481395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of next generation sequencing methods and progress in transcriptome analysis, it became obvious that the human genome contains much more than just protein-coding genes. In fact, up to 70% of our genome is transcribed into RNA that does not serve as templates for proteins. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of these long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the field of tumor biology. Long ncRNAs were found to be deregulated in several human cancers and show tissue-specific expression. Functional studies revealed a broad spectrum of mechanisms applied by lncRNAs such as HOTAIR, MALAT1, ANRIL or lincRNA-p21 to fulfill their functions. Here, we link the cellular processes influenced by long ncRNAs to the hallmarks of cancer and therefore provide an ncRNA point-of-view on tumor biology. This should stimulate new research directions and therapeutic options considering long ncRNAs as novel prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Gutschner
- Helmholtz-University-Group "Molecular RNA Biology & Cancer", German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
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627
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Abstract
With the advent of next generation sequencing methods and progress in transcriptome analysis, it became obvious that the human genome contains much more than just protein-coding genes. In fact, up to 70% of our genome is transcribed into RNA that does not serve as templates for proteins. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of these long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the field of tumor biology. Long ncRNAs were found to be deregulated in several human cancers and show tissue-specific expression. Functional studies revealed a broad spectrum of mechanisms applied by lncRNAs such as HOTAIR, MALAT1, ANRIL or lincRNA-p21 to fulfill their functions. Here, we link the cellular processes influenced by long ncRNAs to the hallmarks of cancer and therefore provide an ncRNA point-of-view on tumor biology. This should stimulate new research directions and therapeutic options considering long ncRNAs as novel prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Gutschner
- Helmholtz-University-Group "Molecular RNA Biology & Cancer", German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
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628
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Abstract
The local microenvironment, or niche, of a cancer cell plays important roles in cancer development. A major component of the niche is the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network of macromolecules with distinctive physical, biochemical, and biomechanical properties. Although tightly controlled during embryonic development and organ homeostasis, the ECM is commonly deregulated and becomes disorganized in diseases such as cancer. Abnormal ECM affects cancer progression by directly promoting cellular transformation and metastasis. Importantly, however, ECM anomalies also deregulate behavior of stromal cells, facilitate tumor-associated angiogenesis and inflammation, and thus lead to generation of a tumorigenic microenvironment. Understanding how ECM composition and topography are maintained and how their deregulation influences cancer progression may help develop new therapeutic interventions by targeting the tumor niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Lu
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, England, UK
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629
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Friman T, Gustafsson R, Stuhr LB, Chidiac J, Heldin NE, Reed RK, Oldberg Å, Rubin K. Increased fibrosis and interstitial fluid pressure in two different types of syngeneic murine carcinoma grown in integrin β3-subunit deficient mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34082. [PMID: 22479530 PMCID: PMC3316610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroma properties affect carcinoma physiology and direct malignant cell development. Here we present data showing that αVβ3 expressed by stromal cells is involved in the control of interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), extracellular volume (ECV) and collagen scaffold architecture in experimental murine carcinoma. IFP was elevated and ECV lowered in syngeneic CT26 colon and LM3 mammary carcinomas grown in integrin β3-deficient compared to wild-type BALB/c mice. Integrin β3-deficiency had no effect on carcinoma growth rate or on vascular morphology and function. Analyses by electron microscopy of carcinomas from integrin β3-deficient mice revealed a coarser and denser collagen network compared to carcinomas in wild-type littermates. Collagen fibers were built from heterogeneous and thicker collagen fibrils in carcinomas from integrin β3-deficient mice. The fibrotic extracellular matrix (ECM) did not correlate with increased macrophage infiltration in integrin β3-deficient mice bearing CT26 tumors, indicating that the fibrotic phenotype was not mediated by increased inflammation. In conclusion, we report that integrin β3-deficiency in tumor stroma led to an elevated IFP and lowered ECV that correlated with a more fibrotic ECM, underlining the role of the collagen network for carcinoma physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Friman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Renata Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda B. Stuhr
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jean Chidiac
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nils-Erik Heldin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf K. Reed
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åke Oldberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Rubin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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630
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Squadrito ML, Pucci F, Magri L, Moi D, Gilfillan GD, Ranghetti A, Casazza A, Mazzone M, Lyle R, Naldini L, De Palma M. miR-511-3p modulates genetic programs of tumor-associated macrophages. Cell Rep 2012; 1:141-54. [PMID: 22832163 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the mannose receptor (MRC1/CD206) identifies macrophage subtypes, such as alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) and M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are endowed with tissue-remodeling, proangiogenic, and protumoral activity. However, the significance of MRC1 expression for TAM's protumoral activity is unclear. Here, we describe and characterize miR-511-3p, an intronic microRNA (miRNA) encoded by both mouse and human MRC1 genes. By using sensitive miRNA reporter vectors, we demonstrate robust expression and bioactivity of miR-511-3p in MRC1(+) AAMs and TAMs. Unexpectedly, enforced expression of miR-511-3p tuned down the protumoral gene signature of MRC1(+) TAMs and inhibited tumor growth. Our findings suggest that transcriptional activation of Mrc1 in TAMs evokes a genetic program orchestrated by miR-511-3p, which limits rather than enhances their protumoral functions. Besides uncovering a role for MRC1 as gatekeeper of TAM's protumoral genetic programs, these observations suggest that endogenous miRNAs may operate to establish thresholds for inflammatory cell activation in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Leonardo Squadrito
- Angiogenesis and Tumor Targeting Unit, and HSR-TIGET, Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Institute, 20132-Milan, Italy
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631
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Gerson KD, Shearstone JR, Maddula VSRK, Seligmann BE, Mercurio AM. Integrin β4 regulates SPARC protein to promote invasion. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9835-9844. [PMID: 22308039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.317727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The α6β4 integrin (referred to as "β4" integrin) is a receptor for laminins that promotes carcinoma invasion through its ability to regulate key signaling pathways and cytoskeletal dynamics. An analysis of published Affymetrix GeneChip data to detect downstream effectors involved in β4-mediated invasion of breast carcinoma cells identified SPARC, or secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine. This glycoprotein has been shown to play an important role in matrix remodeling and invasion. Our analysis revealed that manipulation of β4 integrin expression and signaling impacted SPARC expression and that SPARC facilitates β4-mediated invasion. Expression of β4 in β4-deficient cells reduced the expression of a specific microRNA (miR-29a) that targets SPARC and impedes invasion. In cells that express endogenous β4, miR-29a expression is low and β4 ligation facilitates the translation of SPARC through a TOR-dependent mechanism. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that β4 can regulate SPARC expression and that SPARC is an effector of β4-mediated invasion. They also highlight a potential role for specific miRNAs in executing the functions of integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin D Gerson
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | - Jeffrey R Shearstone
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | | | | | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and.
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632
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in determining cell and organ function: (1) it is an organizing substrate that provides tissue tensile strength; (2) it anchors cells and influences cell morphology and function via interaction with cell surface receptors; and (3) it is a reservoir for growth factors. Alterations in the content and the composition of the ECM determine its physical and biological properties, including strength and susceptibility to degradation. The ECM components themselves also harbor cryptic matrikines, which when exposed by conformational change or proteolysis have potent effects on cell function, including stimulating the production of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Collectively, these properties of the ECM reflect a dynamic tissue component that influences both tissue form and function. This review illustrates how defects in ECM synthesis and metabolism and the physiological process of ECM turnover contribute to changes in the fetal membranes that precede normal parturition and contribute to the pathological events leading to preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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633
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Moin K, Sameni M, Victor BC, Rothberg JM, Mattingly RR, Sloane BF. 3D/4D functional imaging of tumor-associated proteolysis: impact of microenvironment. Methods Enzymol 2012; 506:175-94. [PMID: 22341225 PMCID: PMC3845223 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391856-7.00034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play causal roles in many aspects of the aggressive phenotype of tumors, yet many of the implicated proteases originate from tumor-associated cells or from responses of tumor cells to interactions with other cells. Therefore, to obtain a comprehensive view of tumor proteases, we need to be able to assess proteolysis in tumors that are interacting with their microenvironment. As this is difficult to do in vivo, we have developed functional live-cell optical imaging assays and 3D and 4D (i.e., 3D over time) coculture models. We present here a description of the probes used to measure proteolysis and protease activities, the methods used for imaging and analysis of proteolysis and the 3D and 4D models used in our laboratory. Of course, all assays have limitations; however, we suggest that the techniques discussed here will, with attention to their limitations, be useful as a screen for drugs to target the invasive phenotype of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamiar Moin
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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634
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Abstract
The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect has been a key rationale for the development of nanoscale carriers to solid tumors. As a consequence of EPR, nanotherapeutics are expected to improve drug and detection probe delivery, have less adverse effects than conventional chemotherapy, and thus result in improved detection and treatment of tumors. Physiological barriers posed by the abnormal tumor microenvironment, however, can hinder the homogeneous delivery of nanomedicine in amounts sufficient to eradicate cancer. To effectively enhance the therapeutic outcome of cancer patients by nanotherapeutics, we have to find ways to overcome these barriers. One possibility is to exploit the abnormal tumor microenvironment for selective and improved delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors. Recently, we proposed a multistage nanoparticle delivery system as a potential means to enable uniform delivery throughout the tumor and improve the efficacy of anticancer therapy. Here, we describe the synthesis of a novel multistage nanoparticle formulation that shrinks in size once it enters the tumor interstitial space to optimize the delivery to tumors as well as within tumors. Finally, we provide detailed experimental methods for the characterization of such nanoparticles.
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635
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Al abdi R, Graber HL, Xu Y, Barbour RL. Optomechanical imaging system for breast cancer detection. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2011; 28:2473-93. [PMID: 22193261 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.28.002473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Imaging studies of the breast comprise three principal sensing domains: structural, mechanical, and functional. Combinations of these domains can yield either additive or wholly new information, depending on whether one domain interacts with the other. In this report, we describe a new approach to breast imaging based on the interaction between controlled applied mechanical force and tissue hemodynamics. Presented is a description of the system design, performance characteristics, and representative clinical findings for a second-generation dynamic near-infrared optical tomographic breast imager that examines both breasts simultaneously, under conditions of rest and controlled mechanical provocation. The expected capabilities and limitations of the developed system are described in relation to the various sensing domains for breast imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Al abdi
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
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636
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SPARC Promotes Cathepsin B-Mediated Melanoma Invasiveness through a Collagen I/α2β1 Integrin Axis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2438-47. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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637
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638
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Extracellular matrix degradation and remodeling in development and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a005058. [PMID: 21917992 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a005058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1399] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) serves diverse functions and is a major component of the cellular microenvironment. The ECM is a highly dynamic structure, constantly undergoing a remodeling process where ECM components are deposited, degraded, or otherwise modified. ECM dynamics are indispensible during restructuring of tissue architecture. ECM remodeling is an important mechanism whereby cell differentiation can be regulated, including processes such as the establishment and maintenance of stem cell niches, branching morphogenesis, angiogenesis, bone remodeling, and wound repair. In contrast, abnormal ECM dynamics lead to deregulated cell proliferation and invasion, failure of cell death, and loss of cell differentiation, resulting in congenital defects and pathological processes including tissue fibrosis and cancer. Understanding the mechanisms of ECM remodeling and its regulation, therefore, is essential for developing new therapeutic interventions for diseases and novel strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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639
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Chen L, Xiao Z, Meng Y, Zhao Y, Han J, Su G, Chen B, Dai J. The enhancement of cancer stem cell properties of MCF-7 cells in 3D collagen scaffolds for modeling of cancer and anti-cancer drugs. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1437-44. [PMID: 22078807 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture could partially simulate in vivo conditions. In this work, we developed a 3D collagen scaffold to investigate cellular properties of MCF-7 cells. The porous scaffolds not only induced the diversification of cell morphologies but also extended cell proliferation. The expression of pro-angiogenic growth factors and the transcriptions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were significantly increased in cells cultured in 3D collagen scaffolds. In addition, 3D collagen scaffolds could generate a cell population with the properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The upregulation of EMT markers and the downregulation of the epithelial cell marker were observed in cells cultured in collagen scaffolds. The expression of stem cell markers, including OCT4A and SOX2, and breast cancer stem cell signatures, including SOX4, JAG1 and CD49F, was significantly unregulated in 3D collagen scaffolds. The proportion of cells with CSC-like CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) phenotype was notably increased. High-level expression of CSC-associated properties of MCF-7 cells cultured in 3D was further confirmed by high tumorigenicity in vivo. Moreover, xenografts with 3D cells formed larger tumors. The properties of MCF-7 cells in 3D may have partially simulated their in vivo behaviors. Thus, 3D collagen scaffolds might provide a useful platform for anti-cancer therapeutics and CSC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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640
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Friedl P, Alexander S. Cancer Invasion and the Microenvironment: Plasticity and Reciprocity. Cell 2011; 147:992-1009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1419] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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641
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Wolf K, Friedl P. Extracellular matrix determinants of proteolytic and non-proteolytic cell migration. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:736-44. [PMID: 22036198 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell invasion into the 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) is a multistep biophysical process involved in inflammation, tissue repair, and metastatic cancer invasion. Migrating cells navigate through tissue structures of complex and often varying physicochemical properties, including molecular composition, porosity, alignment and stiffness, by adopting strategies that involve deformation of the cell and engagement of matrix-degrading proteases. We review how the ECM determines whether or not pericellular proteolysis is required for cell migration, ranging from protease-driven invasion and secondary tissue destruction, to non-proteolytic, non-destructive movement that solely depends on cell deformability and available tissue space. These concepts call for therapeutic targeting of proteases to prevent invasion-associated tissue destruction rather than the migration process per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Wolf
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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642
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Greenaway JB, Koehler A, McCulloch CA, Petrik J, Brown TJ, Ringuette MJ. The impact of the ovarian microenvironment on the anti-tumor effect of SPARC on ovarian cancer. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 90:96-107. [PMID: 22003835 DOI: 10.1139/o11-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of host-derived SPARC promotes disease progression in an intraperitoneal (IP) ID8 mouse model of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Since orthotopic injection (OT) of ID8 cells better recapitulates high-grade serous cancer, we examined the impact of host-derived SPARC following OT injection. Sparc(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were injected with ID8 cells either OT or IP and tumors were analyzed at the moribund stage. Sparc(-/-) mice had reduced survival and fewer well-defined abdominal lesions compared with WT controls after IP injection, whereas no differences were observed in survival or abdominal lesions between Sparc(-/-) and WT mice after OT injection. No differences in mass or collagen content were observed in ovarian tumors between OT-injected Sparc(-/-) and WT mice. The abdominal wall of the IP-injected Sparc(-/-) mice exhibited immature and less abundant collagen fibrils compared with WT mice both in injected and non-injected controls. In contrast to human EOC, SPARC was expressed by the tumor cells but was absent in reactive stroma of WT mice. Exposure to the ovarian microenvironment through OT injections alters the metastatic behaviour of ID8 cells, which is not affected by the absence of host-derived SPARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Greenaway
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
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643
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Tumor-expressed collagens can modulate immune cell function through the inhibitory collagen receptor LAIR-1. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:402-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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644
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Nurmenniemi S, Koivula MK, Nyberg P, Tervahartiala T, Sorsa T, Mattila PS, Salo T, Risteli J. Type I and III collagen degradation products in serum predict patient survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2011; 48:136-40. [PMID: 21945070 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer invasion induces extracellular matrix remodeling and collagen degradation. The aim of this study was to assess whether serum levels of type I and III collagen degradation products were associated with patient survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A novel enzyme immunoassay was developed for measuring type III collagen N-terminal telopeptide (IIINTP) in human serum samples. In addition, type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide (ICTP), matrix metalloprotease-8 (MMP-8) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-1 (TIMP-1) were assessed in 205 blood samples from HNSCC patients. High levels of serum ICTP and IIINTP and plasma TIMP-1 were associated with poor survival. The concentration of ICTP was associated with levels of IIINTP and TIMP-1. The plasma concentration of MMP-8 was associated with tumor stage, but not with survival or levels of ICTP, IIINTP or TIMP-1 suggesting that other collagenases/proteases are responsible for the cleavage of type I and type III collagens. The rate of type I and type III collagen degradation is associated with patient survival and can be used as a prognostic marker in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Nurmenniemi
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu University Central Hospital, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
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645
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Kees T, Egeblad M. Innate immune cells in breast cancer--from villains to heroes? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:189-203. [PMID: 21789554 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system ensures effective protection against foreign pathogens and plays important roles in tissue remodeling. There are many types of innate immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. Interestingly, these cells accumulate in most solid tumors, including those of the breast. There, they play a tumor-promoting role through secretion of growth and angiogenic factors, as well as immunosuppressive molecules. This is in strong contrast to the tumor-suppressing effects that innate immune cells exert in vitro upon proper activation. Therapeutic approaches have been developed with the aim of achieving similar suppressive activities in vivo. However, multiple factors in the tumor microenvironment, many of which are immunosuppressive, represent a major obstacle to effective treatment. Here, we discuss the potential of combating breast cancer through activation of the innate immune system, including possible strategies to enhance the success of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kees
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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646
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Goel M, Sienkiewicz AE, Picciani R, Lee RK, Bhattacharya SK. Cochlin induced TREK-1 co-expression and annexin A2 secretion: role in trabecular meshwork cell elongation and motility. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23070. [PMID: 21886777 PMCID: PMC3160293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid flow through large interstitial spaces is sensed at the cellular level, and mechanistic responses to flow changes enables expansion or contraction of the cells modulating the surrounding area and brings about changes in fluid flow. In the anterior eye chamber, aqueous humor, a clear fluid, flows through trabecular meshwork (TM), a filter like region. Cochlin, a secreted protein in the extracellular matrix, was identified in the TM of glaucomatous patients but not controls by mass spectrometry. Cochlin undergoes shear induced multimerization and plays a role in mechanosensing of fluid shear. Cytoskeletal changes in response to mechanosensing in the ECM by cochlin will necessitate transduction of mechanosensing. TREK-1, a stretch activated outward rectifying potassium channel protein known to act as mechanotransducer was found to be expressed in TM. Cochlin expression results in co-expression of TREK-1 and filopodia formation. Prolonged cochlin expression results in expression and subsequent secretion of annexin A2, a protein known to play a role in cytoskeletal remodeling. Cochlin interacts with TREK-1 and annexin A2. Cochlin-TREK-1 interaction has functional consequences and results in changes in cell shape and motility. Annexin A2 expression and secretion follows cochlin-TREK-1 syn-expression and correlates with cell elongation. Thus cytoskeleton changes in response to fluid shear sensed by cochlin are further mediated by TREK-1 and annexin A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Goel
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adam E. Sienkiewicz
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Renata Picciani
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sanjoy K. Bhattacharya
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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647
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"Self-assisted" amoeboid navigation in complex environments. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21955. [PMID: 21829602 PMCID: PMC3150345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Living cells of many types need to move in response to external stimuli in order to accomplish their functional tasks; these tasks range from wound healing to immune response to fertilization. While the directional motion is typically dictated by an external signal, the actual motility is also restricted by physical constraints, such as the presence of other cells and the extracellular matrix. The ability to successfully navigate in the presence of obstacles is not only essential for organisms, but might prove relevant in the study of autonomous robotic motion. Methodology/Principal Findings We study a computational model of amoeboid chemotactic navigation under differing conditions, from motion in an obstacle-free environment to navigation between obstacles and finally to moving in a maze. We use the maze as a simple stand-in for a motion task with severe constraints, as might be expected in dense extracellular matrix. Whereas agents using simple chemotaxis can successfully navigate around small obstacles, the presence of large barriers can often lead to agent trapping. We further show that employing a simple memory mechanism, namely secretion of a repulsive chemical by the agent, helps the agent escape from such trapping. Conclusions/Significance Our main conclusion is that cells employing simple chemotactic strategies will often be unable to navigate through maze-like geometries, but a simple chemical marker mechanism (which we refer to as “self-assistance”) significantly improves success rates. This realization provides important insights into mechanisms that might be employed by real cells migrating in complex environments as well as clues for the design of robotic navigation strategies. The results can be extended to more complicated multi-cellular systems and can be used in the study of mammalian cell migration and cancer metastasis.
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648
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Samuel MS, Lopez JI, McGhee EJ, Croft DR, Strachan D, Timpson P, Munro J, Schröder E, Zhou J, Brunton VG, Barker N, Clevers H, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Weaver VM, Olson MF. Actomyosin-mediated cellular tension drives increased tissue stiffness and β-catenin activation to induce epidermal hyperplasia and tumor growth. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:776-91. [PMID: 21665151 PMCID: PMC3115541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumors and associated stroma manifest mechanical properties that promote cancer. Mechanosensation of tissue stiffness activates the Rho/ROCK pathway to increase actomyosin-mediated cellular tension to re-establish force equilibrium. To determine how actomyosin tension affects tissue homeostasis and tumor development, we expressed conditionally active ROCK2 in mouse skin. ROCK activation elevated tissue stiffness via increased collagen. β-catenin, a key element of mechanotranscription pathways, was stabilized by ROCK activation leading to nuclear accumulation, transcriptional activation, and consequent hyperproliferation and skin thickening. Inhibiting actomyosin contractility by blocking LIMK or myosin ATPase attenuated these responses, as did FAK inhibition. Tumor number, growth, and progression were increased by ROCK activation, while ROCK blockade was inhibitory, implicating actomyosin-mediated cellular tension and consequent collagen deposition as significant tumor promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose I Lopez
- Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Daniel R Croft
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Strachan
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - June Munro
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Jing Zhou
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh EH4 2X9, UK
| | | | - Nick Barker
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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649
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Frantz
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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650
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Abstract
Collagen, the most abundant protein in animals, is a key component of extracellular matrices. Not only do collagens provide essential structural support for connective tissues, but they are also intimately involved in controlling a spectrum of cellular functions such as growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis. All collagens possess triple-helical regions through which they interact with a host of other proteins including cell surface receptors. A structurally diverse group of transmembrane receptors mediates the recognition of the collagen triple helix: integrins, discoidin domain receptors, glycoprotein VI, and leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1. These collagen receptors regulate a wide range of behaviors including cell adhesion and migration, hemostasis, and immune function. Here these collagen receptors are discussed in terms of their molecular basis of collagen recognition, their signaling and developmental functions, and their roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Leitinger
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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