601
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ROCHA-SINGH KRISHNAJ. Update on Lower Extremity Endovascular Interventions. J Interv Cardiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8183.1998.tb00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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602
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Asahara T, Chen D, Takahashi T, Fujikawa K, Kearney M, Magner M, Yancopoulos GD, Isner JM. Tie2 receptor ligands, angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2, modulate VEGF-induced postnatal neovascularization. Circ Res 1998; 83:233-40. [PMID: 9710115 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.83.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) has been recently identified as the major physiological ligand for the tyrosine kinase receptor Tie2 and assigned responsibility for recruiting and sustaining periendothelial support cells. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) was found to disrupt blood vessel formation in the developing embryo by antagonizing the effects of Ang1 and Tie2 and was thus considered to represent a natural Ang1/Tie2 inhibitor. In vivo effects of either angiopoietin on postnatal neovascularization, however, have not been previously described. Accordingly, we used the cornea micropocket assay of neovascularization to investigate the impact of angiopoietins on neovascularization in vivo. Neither Ang1 nor Ang2 alone promoted neovascularization. Pellets containing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) alone induced corneal neovascularity extending from the limbus across the cornea. Addition of Ang 1 to VEGF (Ang1+VEGF) produced an increase in macroscopically evident perfusion of the corneal neovasculature without affecting macroscopic measurements of length (0.58+/-0.03 mm) or circumferential neovascularity (136+/-10 degrees). In contrast, pellets containing Ang2+VEGF promoted significantly longer (0.67+/-0.05 mm) and more circumferential (160+/-15degrees) neovascularity than VEGF alone or Ang1+VEGF (P<0.05). Excess soluble Tie2 receptor (sTie2-Fc) precluded modulation of VEGF-induced neovascularization by both Ang2 and Ang1. Fluorescent microscopic findings demonstrated enhanced capillary density (fluorescence intensity, 2.55+/-0.23 e+9 versus 1.23+/-0.17 e+9, P<0.01) and increased luminal diameter of the basal limbus artery (39.0+/-2.8 versus 27.9+/-1.3 microm, P<0.01) for Ang1+VEGF compared with VEGF alone. In contrast to Ang1+VEGF, Ang2+VEGF produced longer vessels and, at the tip of the developing capillaries, frequent isolated sprouting cells. In the case of Ang2+VEGF, however, luminal diameter of the basal limbus artery was not increased (26.7+/-1.9 versus 27.9+/-1.3, P=NS). These findings constitute what is to our knowledge the first direct demonstration of postnatal bioactivity associated with either angiopoietin. In particular, these results indicate that angiopoietins may potentiate the effects of other angiogenic cytokines. Moreover, these findings provide in vivo evidence that Ang1 promotes vascular network maturation, whereas Ang2 works to initiate neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Asahara
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass 02135, USA
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603
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Abstract
This review presents a current overview of the discipline of human gene therapy. In addition, a gene therapy method is described in which plasmid genes are transferred from a structural matrix carrier into fresh wound sites so as to enhance tissue repair and regeneration. The potential to develop a gene therapy for bone regeneration is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- RJ Levy
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Pediatric Research Center, 11th Floor, 34th and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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604
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Abstract
The ability of protein agents to modulate cellular behaviors, such as motility, proliferation, adhesion and function, is the subject of intense research; new therapies involving proteins will likely result. Unfortunately, many proteins have short half-lives and the potential for toxicity after systemic delivery, so traditional routes of administration are not appropriate. Alternate methods for sustained delivery of these agents to the desired cells and tissues in biologically active conformations and concentrations are necessary. Techniques similar to those long used in the controlled delivery of drugs have been used to administer certain growth factors to cells and tissues; although clinical success has been limited to date, studies in animal models suggest the potential for tremendous advances in the near future. This review outlines the basic technology of controlled protein delivery using polymeric materials, and discusses some of the techniques under investigation for the efficient administration of proteins in tissue engineering.
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605
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Rios CD, Chu Y, Davidson BL, Heistad DD. Ten steps to gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1998; 132:104-11. [PMID: 9708571 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(98)90005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C D Rios
- Department of Internal Medicine, the Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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606
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Witzenbichler B, Asahara T, Murohara T, Silver M, Spyridopoulos I, Magner M, Principe N, Kearney M, Hu JS, Isner JM. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C/VEGF-2) promotes angiogenesis in the setting of tissue ischemia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:381-94. [PMID: 9708799 PMCID: PMC1852989 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C or VEGF-2) was described as a specific ligand for the endothelial receptor tyrosine kinases VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. In vivo data, limited to constitutive overexpression in transgenic mice, have been interpreted as evidence that the growth-promoting effects of VEGF-C are restricted to development of the lymphatic vasculature. The current studies were designed to test the hypothesis that constitutive expression of VEGF-C in adult animals promotes angiogenesis. In vitro, VEGF-C exhibited a dose-dependent mitogenic and chemotactic effect on endothelial cells, particularly for microvascular endothelial cells (72% and 95% potency, respectively, compared with VEGF-A/VEGF-1). VEGF-C stimulated release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells and increased vascular permeability in the Miles assay; the latter effect was attenuated by pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Both VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 receptors were shown to be expressed in human saphenous vein and internal mammary artery. The potential for VEGF-C to promote angiogenesis in vivo was then tested in a rabbit ischemic hindlimb model. Ten days after ligation of the external iliac artery, VEGF-C was administered as naked plasmid DNA (pcVEGF-C; 500 microg) from the polymer coating of an angioplasty balloon (n = 8 each) or as recombinant human protein (rhVEGF-C; 500 microg) by direct intra-arterial infusion. Physiological and anatomical assessments of angiogenesis 30 days later showed evidence of therapeutic angiogenesis for both pcVEGF-C and rhVEGF-C. Hindlimb blood pressure ratio (ischemic/normal) after pcVEGF-C increased to 0.83 +/- 0.03 after pcVEGF-C versus 0.59 +/- 0.04 (P < 0.005) in pGSVLacZ controls and to 0.76 +/- 0.04 after rhVEGF-C versus 0.58 +/- 0.03 (P < 0.01) in control rabbits receiving rabbit serum albumin. Doppler-derived iliac flow reserve was 2.7 +/- 0.1 versus 2.0 +/- 0.2 (P < 0.05) for pcVEGF-C versus LacZ controls and 2.9 +/- 0.3 versus 2.1 +/- 0.2 (P < 0.05) for rhVEGF-C versus albumin controls. Neovascularity was documented by angiography in vivo (angiographic scores: 0.85 +/- 0.05 versus 0.51 +/- 0.02 (P < 0.001) for plasmid DNA and 0.74 +/- 0.08 versus 0.53 +/- 0.03 (P < 0.05) for protein), and capillary density (per mm2) was measured at necropsy (252 +/- 12 versus 183 +/- 10 (P < 0.005) for plasmid DNA and 229 +/- 20 versus 164 +/- 20 (P < 0.05) for protein). In contrast to the results of gene targeting experiments, constitutive expression of VEGF-C in adult animals promotes angiogenesis in the setting of limb ischemia. VEGF-C and its receptors thus constitute an apparently redundant pathway for postnatal angiogenesis and may represent an alternative to VEGF-A for strategies of therapeutic angiogenesis in patients with limb and/or myocardial ischemia.
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MESH Headings
- Angiography
- Animals
- Capillary Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Endothelial Growth Factors/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Guinea Pigs
- Hindlimb/blood supply
- Histocytochemistry
- Humans
- Injections, Intra-Arterial
- Ischemia
- Male
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rabbits
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C
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Affiliation(s)
- B Witzenbichler
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center of Boston, Tufts University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02135, USA
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607
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Witzenbichler B, Maisonpierre PC, Jones P, Yancopoulos GD, Isner JM. Chemotactic properties of angiopoietin-1 and -2, ligands for the endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:18514-21. [PMID: 9660821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.29.18514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-1 and its putative natural antagonist, angiopoietin-2, were recently isolated, and the critical role of angiopoietin-1 in embryogenic angiogenesis was demonstrated by targeted gene disruption. Specific biological effects of angiopoietin-1, however, have yet to be defined. In this study we demonstrate that angiopoietin-1, but not angiopoietin-2, is chemotactic for endothelial cells. In contrast, angiopoietin-1 as well as angiopoietin-2 exhibit no proliferative effect on endothelial cells. Excess soluble Tie2, but not Tie1 receptor, abolish the chemotactic response of endothelial cells toward angiopoietin-1. Angiopoietin-2 dose-dependently blocks directed migration toward angiopoietin-1, consistent with the role of angiopoietin-2 as a naturally occurring inhibitor of angiopoietin-1. Fibroblasts stably transfected with Tie2 receptor exhibit chemotactic responses for both angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2. Fibroblasts stably expressing a transfected chimeric receptor consisting of the ectodomain of TrkC fused to the cytoplasmic domain of Tie2 also exhibit a chemotactic response to neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), a specific ligand for TrkC. Endothelial cells are shown to express angiopoietin-2 mRNA and protein, indicating the potential for autocrine activation of angiopoietin/Tie2. Finally, the demonstration that Tie2 as well as angiopoietin-1 are expressed in normal human arteries and veins suggests that the role of angiopoietin/Tie2 may extend beyond embryonic angiogenesis to maintaining integrity of the adult vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Witzenbichler
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center of Boston, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
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608
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609
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Laitinen M, Mäkinen K, Manninen H, Matsi P, Kossila M, Agrawal RS, Pakkanen T, Luoma JS, Viita H, Hartikainen J, Alhava E, Laakso M, Ylä-Herttuala S. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to lower limb artery of patients with chronic critical leg ischemia. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:1481-6. [PMID: 9681419 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.10-1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial gene transfer offers a promising new approach for the treatment of vascular disorders. However, no data are available about the gene transfer efficiency in human arteries in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of catheter-mediated adenoviral gene transfer in human peripheral arteries. Ten patients (8 females, 2 males, mean age 80 +/- 8 years) suffering from chronic critical leg ischemia with a prior decision for amputation were recruited in the study. Gene transfer was performed in eight patients in conjunction with a conventional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, using a perfusion coil balloon catheter. Two patients served as controls. Increasing concentrations of replication-deficient adenoviruses (titers from 1 x 10(8) to 4 x 10(10) PFU) containing a nuclear-targeted beta-galactosidase marker gene were administered into the arteries over 10 min via the catheter. Amputations were performed 20 to 51 hr after the procedures and gene transfer efficiency was evaluated in the transduced arteries using X-Gal staining for beta-galactosidase activity. Beta-galactosidase gene transfer was well tolerated and no adverse tissue responses or systemic complications were observed in any of the patients. Gene transfer was successful in six of the eight patients. Gene transfer efficiency varied between 0.04 and 5.0% of all arterial cells. Transgene expression was detected in smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages and in tunica adventitia. However, transgene activity was not evenly distributed in the arterial wall and no transgene activity was found beneath advanced atherosclerotic lesions. The safety and feasibility of in vivo gene transfer by adenoviral vectors to human peripheral arteries were established. Although improvements are still required in gene transfer efficiency, these findings suggest that adenoviruses can be used to deliver therapeutically active genes into human arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laitinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, Finland
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610
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Seghezzi G, Patel S, Ren CJ, Gualandris A, Pintucci G, Robbins ES, Shapiro RL, Galloway AC, Rifkin DB, Mignatti P. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the endothelial cells of forming capillaries: an autocrine mechanism contributing to angiogenesis. J Cell Biol 1998; 141:1659-73. [PMID: 9647657 PMCID: PMC2132998 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.141.7.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/1998] [Revised: 05/20/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF-2 and VEGF are potent angiogenesis inducers in vivo and in vitro. Here we show that FGF-2 induces VEGF expression in vascular endothelial cells through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Addition of recombinant FGF-2 to cultured endothelial cells or upregulation of endogenous FGF-2 results in increased VEGF expression. Neutralizing monoclonal antibody to VEGF inhibits FGF-2-induced endothelial cell proliferation. Endogenous 18-kD FGF-2 production upregulates VEGF expression through extracellular interaction with cell membrane receptors; high-Mr FGF-2 (22-24-kD) acts via intracellular mechanism(s). During angiogenesis induced by FGF-2 in the mouse cornea, the endothelial cells of forming capillaries express VEGF mRNA and protein. Systemic administration of neutralizing VEGF antibody dramatically reduces FGF-2-induced angiogenesis. Because occasional fibroblasts or other cell types present in the corneal stroma show no significant expression of VEGF mRNA, these findings demonstrate that endothelial cell-derived VEGF is an important autocrine mediator of FGF-2-induced angiogenesis. Thus, angiogenesis in vivo can be modulated by a novel mechanism that involves the autocrine action of vascular endothelial cell-derived FGF-2 and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Seghezzi
- Department of Surgery, and the Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016, USA
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611
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Morishita R. Lessons from human arteries: how to design a gene therapy strategy for treatment of cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 1998; 82:1349-51. [PMID: 9648732 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.82.12.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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612
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Rosenstein JM, Mani N, Silverman WF, Krum JM. Patterns of brain angiogenesis after vascular endothelial growth factor administration in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:7086-91. [PMID: 9618543 PMCID: PMC22748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.12.7086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted endothelial cell mitogen that has been shown to induce vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in many organ systems and tumors. Considering the importance of VEGF to embryonic vascularization and survival, the effects of administered VEGF on developing or adult cerebrovasculature are unknown: can VEGF alter brain angiogenesis or mature cerebrovascular patterns? To examine these questions we exposed fetal, newborn, and adult rat cortical slice explants to graduated doses of recombinant VEGF. The effects of another known angiogenic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), were evaluated in a comparable manner. In addition, we infused VEGF via minipump into the adult cortex. Significant angiogenic effects were found in all VEGF experiments in a dose-responsive manner that were abolished by the addition of VEGF neutralizing antibody. Fetal and newborn explants had a highly complex network of branched vessels that immunoexpressed the flt-1 VEGF receptor, and flk-1 VEGF receptor expression was determined by reverse transcription-PCR. Adult explants had enlarged, dilated vessels that appeared to be an expansion of the existing network. All bFGF-treated explants had substantially fewer vascular profiles. VEGF infusions produced both a remarkable localized neovascularization and, unexpectedly, the expression of flt-1 on reactive astrocytes but not on endothelial cells. The preponderance of neovascularization in vitro and in vivo, however, lacked the blood-brain barrier (BBB) phenotype marker, GLUT-1, suggesting that in brain the angiogenic role of VEGF may differ from a potential BBB functional role, i.e., transport and permeability. VEGF may serve an important capacity in neovascularization or BBB alterations after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rosenstein
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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613
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Murohara T, Asahara T, Silver M, Bauters C, Masuda H, Kalka C, Kearney M, Chen D, Symes JF, Fishman MC, Huang PL, Isner JM. Nitric oxide synthase modulates angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:2567-78. [PMID: 9616228 PMCID: PMC508846 DOI: 10.1172/jci1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 913] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) modulates angiogenesis in two animal models in which therapeutic angiogenesis has been characterized as a compensatory response to tissue ischemia. We first administered L-arginine, previously shown to augment endogenous production of NO, to normal rabbits with operatively induced hindlimb ischemia. Angiogenesis in the ischemic hindlimb was significantly improved by dietary supplementation with L-arginine, compared to placebo-treated controls; angiographically evident vascularity in the ischemic limb, hemodynamic indices of limb perfusion, capillary density, and vasomotor reactivity in the collateral vessel-dependent ischemic limb were all improved by oral L-arginine supplementation. A murine model of operatively induced hindlimb ischemia was used to investigate the impact of targeted disruption of the gene encoding for ENOS on angiogenesis. Angiogenesis in the ischemic hindlimb was significantly impaired in eNOS-/- mice versus wild-type controls evaluated by either laser Doppler flow analysis or capillary density measurement. Impaired angiogenesis in eNOS-/- mice was not improved by administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), suggesting that eNOS acts downstream from VEGF. Thus, (a) eNOS is a downstream mediator for in vivo angiogenesis, and (b) promoting eNOS activity by L-arginine supplementation accelerates in vivo angiogenesis. These findings suggest that defective endothelial NO synthesis may limit angiogenesis in patients with endothelial dysfunction related to atherosclerosis, and that oral L-arginine supplementation constitutes a potential therapeutic strategy for accelerating angiogenesis in patients with advanced vascular obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Murohara
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Biomedical Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA
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614
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Carmeliet P, Collen D. Vascular development and disorders: molecular analysis and pathogenic insights. Kidney Int 1998; 53:1519-49. [PMID: 9607184 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Carmeliet
- Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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615
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Ahrendt G, Chickering DE, Ranieri JP. Angiogenic Growth Factors: A Review for Tissue Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.1998.4.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Ahrendt
- Division of Biomaterials and Cellular Technologies, Sulzer CarboMedics, Austin, Texas 78752
| | | | - John P. Ranieri
- Division of Biomaterials and Cellular Technologies, Sulzer CarboMedics, Austin, Texas 78752
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616
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Lee JS, Feldman AM. Gene therapy for therapeutic myocardial angiogenesis: a promising synthesis of two emerging technologies. Nat Med 1998; 4:739-42. [PMID: 9623987 DOI: 10.1038/nm0698-739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Lee
- University of Pittsburgh Heart Institute, PUH, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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617
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Hopkins SP, Bulgrin JP, Sims RL, Bowman B, Donovan DL, Schmidt SP. Controlled delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor promotes neovascularization and maintains limb function in a rabbit model of ischemia. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27:886-94; discussion 895. [PMID: 9620141 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(98)70269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) modulates new blood vessel development and growth and has been suggested as a potential therapeutic agent that could alleviate debilitating claudication in patients. The objective of this study was to determine whether controlled, local delivery of a low dose of VEGF from an osmotic pump could promote neovascularization, limb perfusion, and functional improvements in the hind limbs of rabbits rendered partially ischemic by surgery. The effects of VEGF were compared with those of the vasodilator nitroglycerin (NTG) and to saline administered similarly. METHODS Thirty rabbits were randomly assigned to either VEGF (n = 10), NTG (n = 10), or saline (n = 10) treatment groups. Partial ischemia was induced in each left hind limb by surgical ligation of the common and superficial femoral arteries, leaving the internal iliac artery intact. The right limb of each animal served as a nonischemic control. Immediately after vessel ligations, a 28-day osmotic pump was implanted to deliver VEGF (0.22 microg/kg/day), NTG (17.8 microg/kg/day), or saline solution into the common iliac artery just proximal to the ligation site. Comparative vascularity between ischemic and nonischemic limbs within treatment groups and between groups was evaluated by (1) capillary counts from representative fields of hematoxylin and eosin stained muscle tissue taken from hind limbs at day 40; (2) digitized arteriograms of ischemic legs at day 40, which were used to quantify the complexity of vascular branching (fractal dimension index) and the total extent of vascularization (vascular density index); (3) measuring capillary refill times in ischemic limbs; and (4) observations of functional and trophic changes in ischemic limbs. Statistical differences between treatment groups were evaluated by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS Complexity of vascular branching and vascular density were significantly greater (p < 0.001) in VEGF-treated ischemic limbs compared with NTG- and saline-treated ischemic limbs. By postoperation day 14, all VEGF-treated ischemic limbs had restored capillary refill (p < 0.001), new hair growth, and greatly improved limb function and appearance. Saline-treated limbs exhibited ischemic changes, with poor capillary refill and negligible limb function. Capillary refill in NTG-treated ischemic limbs did not differ significantly from saline-treated limbs. Ischemic VEGF-treated limbs had significantly more capillaries compared with both ischemic and nonischemic limbs in saline-treated animals (p < 0.05). Ischemic NTG-treated limbs also had significantly more capillaries compared with ischemic limbs in saline-treated animals (p < 0.05). Because of high variability, however, capillary counts in VEGF-treated ischemic limbs did not differ significantly from those of contralateral nonischemic limbs, or from capillary counts in either ischemic or nonischemic limbs of NTG-treated rabbits. CONCLUSIONS Controlled release of microgram quantities of VEGF significantly enhanced neovascularization and vascular perfusion in ischemic limbs compared with controls in this rabbit model of partial ischemia. In addition, VEGF-treated ischemic limbs demonstrated near-normal function and appearance, whereas NTG- and saline-treated ischemic controls remained noticeably impaired. This novel approach of VEGF delivery may prove clinically useful either alone or combined with revascularization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Hopkins
- Department of Surgery, Akron General Medical Center, Ohio, USA
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618
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Abstract
Virtually every subspecialty in medicine in one way or another deals with angiogenesis-associated physiological or pathological processes and, without exception, every organ system in the body has many diseases in which angiogenesis is an important component. This in itself makes the study of angiogenesis mandatory, in both basic science and clinical settings. Yet the study of angiogenesis does not require this justification. As a biological process it is extraordinarily rich, touching on virtually every aspect of modern cell biology, making it almost impossible for molecular biologists, biochemists and morphologists to ignore. Considerable therapeutic benefit can now be obtained through positive or negative manipulation of the angiogenic process, and this is due in large part to the rapid transfer to the clinical setting of knowledge acquired through a cell biological approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Pepper
- Department of Morphology, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
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619
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Takagi T, Hashiguchi M, Mahato RI, Tokuda H, Takakura Y, Hashida M. Involvement of specific mechanism in plasmid DNA uptake by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 245:729-33. [PMID: 9588183 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The binding and uptake of plasmid DNA encoding luciferase reporter gene (pCMV-Luc) were studied in vitro using cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. A significant and time-dependent cellular association of [32P]pCMV-Luc with resident macrophages was observed at 37 degrees C and this decreased at 4 degrees C. The binding at 4 degrees C was saturable and a Scatchard plot gave a maximum binding capacity of 0.81 microgram/mg-protein and a dissociation constant of 0.30 microgram/ml. The binding of [32P]-pCMV-Luc was inhibited by polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate and salmon sperm DNA, but not by polycytidylic acid, dextran and EDTA. A confocal microscopic study demonstrated that fluorescein-labeled pCMV-Luc was internalized at 37 degrees C while only cell surface binding occurred at 4 degrees C. No significant luciferase gene expression was obtained after incubation with a high concentration (100 micrograms/ml) of pCMV-Luc. These data suggest that plasmid DNA is taken up by macrophages via a mechanism mediated by a receptor like the macrophage scavenger receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takagi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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620
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García-Cardeña G, Folkman J. Is there a role for nitric oxide in tumor angiogenesis? J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:560-1. [PMID: 9580259 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.8.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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621
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Nakamura M, Davila-Zavala P, Tokuda H, Takakura Y, Hashida M. Uptake and gene expression of naked plasmid DNA in cultured brain microvessel endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 245:235-9. [PMID: 9535815 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular uptake and gene expression of plasmid DNA and its cationic liposome complexes were studied using primary cultures of bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMEC) developed as an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. An avid association of naked plasmid DNA with the BMEC monolayer was observed at 37 degreesC, which is comparable to that of the DNA/liposome complex. The cellular association significantly decreased at low temperature (4 degreesC). The binding at 4 degreesC was saturable and significantly inhibited by polyanions involving polyinosinic acid and dextran sulfate, typical ligands for the macrophage scavenger receptors, but not by polycytidylic acid or in the presence of EDTA. Unexpectedly, a significant gene expression in the BMEC was obtained by transfection with naked plasmid DNA although the expression level was lower than that obtained by plasmid DNA/cationic liposome complex. Taken together, cultured capillary endothelial cells derived from the brain are able to take up naked plasmid DNA via a scavenger receptor like-mediated mechanism for polyanions and gene expression in the cells takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakamura
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Japan
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622
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Baumgartner I, Pieczek A, Manor O, Blair R, Kearney M, Walsh K, Isner JM. Constitutive expression of phVEGF165 after intramuscular gene transfer promotes collateral vessel development in patients with critical limb ischemia. Circulation 1998; 97:1114-23. [PMID: 9537336 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.97.12.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 688] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies have indicated that angiogenic growth factors can stimulate the development of collateral arteries, a concept called "therapeutic angiogenesis." The objectives of this phase 1 clinical trial were (1) to document the safety and feasibility of intramuscular gene transfer by use of naked plasmid DNA encoding an endothelial cell mitogen and (2) to analyze potential therapeutic benefits in patients with critical limb ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Gene transfer was performed in 10 limbs of 9 patients with nonhealing ischemic ulcers (n=7/10) and/or rest pain (n=10/10) due to peripheral arterial disease. A total dose of 4000 microg of naked plasmid DNA encoding the 165-amino-acid isoform of human vascular endothelial growth factor (phVEGF165) was injected directly into the muscles of the ischemic limb. Gene expression was documented by a transient increase in serum levels of VEGF monitored by ELISA. The ankle-brachial index improved significantly (0.33+/-0.05 to 0.48+/-0.03, P=.02); newly visible collateral blood vessels were directly documented by contrast angiography in 7 limbs; and magnetic resonance angiography showed qualitative evidence of improved distal flow in 8 limbs. Ischemic ulcers healed or markedly improved in 4 of 7 limbs, including successful limb salvage in 3 patients recommended for below-knee amputation. Tissue specimens obtained from an amputee 10 weeks after gene therapy showed foci of proliferating endothelial cells by immunohistochemistry. PCR and Southern blot analyses indicated persistence of small amounts of plasmid DNA. Complications were limited to transient lower-extremity edema in 6 patients, consistent with VEGF enhancement of vascular permeability. CONCLUSIONS These findings may be cautiously interpreted to indicate that intramuscular injection of naked plasmid DNA achieves constitutive overexpression of VEGF sufficient to induce therapeutic angiogenesis in selected patients with critical limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Baumgartner
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass 02135, USA
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623
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Arterial gene transfer of naked DNA for therapeutic angiogenesis: early clinical results. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1998; 30:185-197. [PMID: 10837610 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with critical limb ischemia constitute a potential target population for therapeutic angiogenesis. Because the growth of new collateral vessels can be achieved in a time interval of 1 month or less, these patients are suitable candidates for treatment with non-viral vectors intended to yield short-term gene expression. Accordingly, we applied naked plasmid DNA encoding for vascular endothelial growth factor, a secreted endothelial cell mitogen, to the hydrogel polymer coating of an angioplasty balloon. The balloon was then used to perform arterial gene transfer to the arterial circulation of the ischemic lower extremity. Using a dose-escalating strategy, it was possible to document that naked DNA was sufficient to generate evidence of new collateral growth by both magnetic resonance angiography and contrast angiography in the affected limb. These findings establish that the use of naked DNA may be suitable for gene therapy when the gene product is actively secreted from transfected cells.
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624
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Lopez JJ, Edelman ER, Stamler A, Hibberd MG, Prasad P, Thomas KA, DiSalvo J, Caputo RP, Carrozza JP, Douglas PS, Sellke FW, Simons M. Angiogenic potential of perivascularly delivered aFGF in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:H930-6. [PMID: 9530206 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.3.h930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of heparin-binding growth factors, including basic (bFGF) and acidic (aFGF) fibroblast growth factors have been shown to promote angiogenesis in vivo. In this study, we employed a sustained-release polymer extravascular delivery system to evaluate the angiogenic efficacy of a novel form of genetically modified aFGF in the setting of chronic myocardial ischemia. Fifteen Yorkshire pigs subjected to Ameroid occluder placement on the left circumflex (LCX) artery were treated with perivascularly administered aFGF in ethylene vinyl acetate (EVAc) polymer (10 micrograms, n = 7) or EVAc alone (controls, n = 8). Seven to nine weeks later, after coronary angiography to document Ameroid-induced coronary occlusion, all animals underwent studies of coronary flow and global and regional left ventricular function. Microsphere-determined coronary flow in the Ameroid-compromised territory was significantly increased in aFGF-treated compared with control animals, and this improvement in perfusion was maintained during ventricular pacing. Left ventricular function studies demonstrated improved global and regional function in aFGF-treated animals. We conclude that local perivascular delivery of genetically modified aFGF results in significant improvement in myocardial flow and regional and global left ventricular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lopez
- Angiogenesis Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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625
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Abstract
This master class article discusses some of the new techniques that are currently being considered in the management of patients with leg ulcers
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626
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami of School of Medicine, Florida 33101, USA
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627
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628
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Abstract
The application of gene therapy techniques to the clinical problem of coronary restenosis has generated tremendous attention and enthusiasm. Use of gene transfer technology to prevent a common intractable illness would represent a watershed event for human gene therapy. However, the time is not yet right to initiate gene therapy trials for restenosis. The biology of restenosis is incompletely understood, catheter-based gene delivery is poorly adapted to the coronary circulation, and current gene transfer vectors are ill-suited for safe and effective gene delivery to the coronary artery wall. Basic research designed to overcome these obstacles is currently more appropriate than the initiation of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B DeYoung
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94141-9100, USA
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629
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Abstract
Intensive work over the past decade has been directed to the study of vascular gene transfer as an approach to the unresolved problem of restenosis. This effort has resulted in a significant foundation of knowledge relative to the activities of potentially therapeutic gene products as well as the capabilities and limitations of vector systems and mechanical delivery modalities available for effecting the vascular expression of these gene products. In several instances, significant progress has been made by experiments highlighting unexpected difficulties and the need for more comprehensive understanding. It is thus now possible to clearly define and address specific challenges that must be overcome in order to make feasible progress from the preclinical to the clinical arena. The key challenges at present appear to include the evolution of clinically practical delivery methods that meet the kinetic requirements of achieving efficient gene transduction and the availability of vectors that maximize efficiency while minimizing undesirable host responses. Emerging data suggest that approaches to solving each of these issues may have recently been developed. Basic research evaluating these new delivery mechanisms and molecular vectors is essential to establish their true potential for use in the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baek
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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630
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Van Belle E, Witzenbichler B, Chen D, Silver M, Chang L, Schwall R, Isner JM. Potentiated angiogenic effect of scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor via induction of vascular endothelial growth factor: the case for paracrine amplification of angiogenesis. Circulation 1998; 97:381-90. [PMID: 9468212 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.97.4.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF) is a pleiotropic growth factor that stimulates proliferation and migration of endothelial cells (ECs) via the c-Met receptor, present on ECs as well as other cell types, including smooth muscle cells (SMCs). We studied the effects of recombinant human (rh) SF/HGF in vitro and in vivo in a rabbit model of hindlimb ischemia. We further compared these effects with those of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF165), an EC-specific mitogen. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro, rhSF/HGF and rhVEGF165 exhibited similar effects on proliferation and migration of ECs. When both cytokines were administered together, the result was an additive effect on EC proliferation and a synergistic effect on EC migration. Application of rhSF/HGF to cultures of human SMCs resulted in the induction of VEGF mRNA and protein. In vivo, administration of rhSF/HGF (500 microg x 3) was associated with significant improvements in collateral formation (P<.001) and regional blood flow (P<.0005) and with a significant reduction in muscle atrophy (P<.0001). These effects were significantly more pronounced than those of rhVEGF165 administered according to the same protocol (P<.05). Neither remote angiogenesis nor other pathological sequelae were observed with either rhSF/HGF or rhVEGF165. CONCLUSIONS The pleiotropic effects of certain growth factors may potentiate angiogenesis via a combination of direct effects on EC proliferation and migration and indirect effects that result in the generation of other potent EC mitogens from non-EC populations. The synergistic effects demonstrated when SF/HGF and VEGF are administered together in vitro may be reproduced in vivo by SF/HGF-induced upregulation of VEGF in vascular SMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Collateral Circulation/drug effects
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Endothelial Growth Factors/physiology
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/physiology
- Hindlimb/blood supply
- Humans
- Iliac Artery/drug effects
- Iliac Artery/physiopathology
- Ischemia/physiopathology
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/pharmacology
- Lymphokines/physiology
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Recombinant Proteins
- Regional Blood Flow/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van Belle
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass 02135, USA
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631
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Murohara T, Horowitz JR, Silver M, Tsurumi Y, Chen D, Sullivan A, Isner JM. Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor enhances vascular permeability via nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Circulation 1998; 97:99-107. [PMID: 9443437 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.97.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an endothelial cell mitogen that promotes angiogenesis, was initially identified as a vascular permeability factor (VPF). Abundant evidence suggests that angiogenesis is preceded and/or accompanied by enhanced microvascular permeability. The mechanism by which VEGF/VPF increases vascular permeability (VP), however, has remained enigmatic. Accordingly, we used an in vivo assay of VP (Miles assay) to study the putative mediators of VEGF/VPF-induced permeability. METHODS AND RESULTS VEGF/VPF and positive controls (platelet-activating factor [PAF], histamine, and bradykinin) all increased vascular permeability. Prior administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein or herbimycin A prevented VEGF/VPF-induced permeability. Placenta growth factor, which binds to Flt-1/VEGF-R1 but not Flk-1/KDR/VEGF-R2 receptor tyrosine kinase, failed to increase permeability. Other growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), acidic FGF, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, transforming growth factor-beta, scatter factor, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (8 to 128 ng) failed to increase permeability. VEGF/VPF-induced permeability was significantly attenuated by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (10 mg/kg) or N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (20 mg/kg) and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (5 mg/kg). The inactive enantiomer N(omega)-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester (20 mg/kg) did not inhibit VEGF/VPF-induced permeability. In vitro studies confirmed that VEGF/VPF stimulates synthesis of NO and prostaglandin metabolites in microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, NO donors and the prostacyclin analogue taprostene administered together but not alone reproduced the increase in permeability observed with VEGF/VPF. CONCLUSIONS These results implicate NO and prostacyclin produced by the interaction of VEGF/VPF with its Flk-1/KDR/VEGF-R2 receptor as mediators of VEGF/VPF-induced vascular permeability. Moreover, this property appears unique to VEGF/VPF among angiogenic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Murohara
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
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632
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Li WW, Li VW, Casey R, Tsakayannis D, Kruger EA, Lee A, Sun YL, Bonar CA, Cornelius S. Clinical Trials of Angiogenesis-Based Therapies: Overview and New Guiding Principles. Angiogenesis 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9185-3_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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633
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Cardiovascular Gene Therapy. Gene Ther 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-03577-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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634
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Abstract
Peptide growth factors are involved in fundamental cellular processes relevant for cardiovascular physiology and pathology, namely, atherogenesis and angiogenesis. The modulation of growth factor-related signals represents a novel strategy for the treatment of cardiac and vascular disease. Experimental modulation of growth factor action has already provided a better understanding of cardiovascular biology and pathophysiology. In turn, the development of specific and powerful molecular tools is setting the stage for the exploration of their clinical potentials. Current strategies include the use of recombinant proteins, specific inhibitors of protein-protein interactions, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the generation and application of dominant-negative molecules, the development of antisense strategies, and a variety of different gene transfer approaches. Parallel avenues of research are heading toward the same goal, the specific suppression of potent pathogenic stimuli that induce and promote atherogenesis or the augmentation of beneficial ones such as induction of therapeutic angiogenesis. The successful application of one of these strategies seems to be in reach and will certainly be a milestone in molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Waltenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Cardiology), Ulm University Medical Center, Germany.
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635
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Islam KB, Blomberg P, Wikström K, Smith CI. An academic centre for gene therapy research with clinical grade manufacturing capability. Ann Med 1997; 29:579-83. [PMID: 9562528 DOI: 10.3109/07853899709007486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huddinge University Hospital is a major teaching hospital affiliated with the Karolinska Institute in Southern Stockholm. For the past few years several groups have been working there in different areas of gene therapy relating to cancer, genetic and infectious diseases. However, a facility to produce clinical grade material under good manufacturing practice was lacking. To this end, Huddinge University Hospital has taken the initiative to open a Gene Therapy Research Center in 1996. This facility, which is unique of its kind in Scandinavia, is located in the Novum Research Park, Huddinge, and is a part of the existing Clinical Research Center. The newly built centre will allow clinicians and researchers to develop and produce vectors (viral and nonviral) for clinical trials and do basic research to understand the mechanisms of diseases. Although the centre will primarily serve the academic institutions it will also extend its facilities to other investigators in this field. The production unit is run in collaboration with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Lund. On-going projects include production of plasmid vectors for prevention of postangioplasty restenosis, DNA vaccine for HIV-1, cationic liposome DNA complexes for cystic fibrosis and retroviral vectors for HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Islam
- Center for Gene Therapy Research, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
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636
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Laitinen M, Zachary I, Breier G, Pakkanen T, Häkkinen T, Luoma J, Abedi H, Risau W, Soma M, Laakso M, Martin JF, Ylä-Herttuala S. VEGF gene transfer reduces intimal thickening via increased production of nitric oxide in carotid arteries. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:1737-44. [PMID: 9358023 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.15-1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thickening of the arterial intima and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation remain major problems after vascular surgery and other types of vascular manipulations. We studied the effect of endothelial cell (EC)-specific vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transfer on the thickening of the intima using a silicone collar inserted around carotid arteries that acted both as the agent that caused intimal SMC growth and as a reservoir for the transfected gene. The model preserved EC integrity and permitted direct extravascular gene transfer without any intravascular manipulation. Compared to beta-galactosidase (lacZ)-transfected control arteries, plasmid/liposome-mediated VEGF gene transfer significantly reduced intimal thickening 1 week after the gene transfer. Administration to the experimental animals of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NAME abolished the difference in intimal thickening between VEGF and lacZ-transfected arteries. Furthermore, VEGF caused NO release from cultured human umbilical vein EC. It is concluded that extravascular VEGF gene transfer attenuates intimal growth and could be useful for the prevention of intimal thickening during vascular surgery. Our results further suggest that VEGF may reduce SMC proliferation via a mechanism that involves VEGF-induced NO production from the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laitinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland
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637
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and cancer account for the majority of adult disease in the developed world. This review focuses on current concepts in the study of angiogenesis (new vessel formation) as related to these conditions and highlights the role of vascular endothelial growth factor. Developments in therapeutic angiogenesis have raised the possibility that pharmacologic or gene-directed interventions, based on the ability of vascular endothelial growth factor to promote new vessel formation, may soon gain clinical application for the treatment of occlusive vascular disease. Similarly, the future treatment of malignant disease is likely to involve antiangiogenic agents that, in preliminary animal work, have demonstrated an efficacy that is not limited by adverse affects. Aside from these potential applications, current investigations have enhanced our understanding of mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerotic and malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Winlaw
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Molecular Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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638
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Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Mori F, Aiello LM, Bursell SE. Vascular endothelial growth factor and severity of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy mediate retinal hemodynamics in vivo: a potential role for vascular endothelial growth factor in the progression of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 124:433-46. [PMID: 9323935 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and retinopathy level on retinal hemodynamics in nondiabetic and diabetic rats and to evaluate retinal hemodynamics in nondiabetic and diabetic patients. METHODS Forty-eight diabetic and 22 nondiabetic patients had their diabetic retinopathy levels determined from fundus photographs according to Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Fluorescein angiograms were recorded from the left eye by video fluorescein angiography. Retinal blood flow was calculated from the digitized angiograms. Human recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor or vehicle alone was injected intravitreally into 13 nondiabetic and 11 diabetic rats. RESULTS Retinal blood flow decreased 33% in patients with ETDRS retinopathy level 10 compared with control patients (P = .001) and increased sequentially in more advanced stages of retinopathy, with a strong correlation between retinal blood flow and retinopathy level (r2 = 0.434, P = .001). In the diabetic rats, retinal blood flow was decreased 35.6% (P = .01). Vascular endothelial growth factor maximally increased retinal blood flow by 36.1% in nondiabetic rats after 25 minutes (P = .001) and by 73.7% in diabetic rats after only 5 minutes (P = .01) and caused a greater response in diabetic than in nondiabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS Retinal blood flow increases with advancing nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy in humans, and diabetes accentuates the vascular endothelial growth factor-induced increase in retinal blood flow and venous dilation in rats. Vascular endothelial growth factor may contribute to the changes in retinal hemodynamics and morphology observed in early diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Clermont
- Beetham Eye Institute, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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639
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Benjamin LE, Keshet E. Conditional switching of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in tumors: induction of endothelial cell shedding and regression of hemangioblastoma-like vessels by VEGF withdrawal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:8761-6. [PMID: 9238051 PMCID: PMC23118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.16.8761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that VEGF functions as a survival factor for newly formed vessels during developmental neovascularization, but is not required for maintenance of mature vessels. Reasoning that expanding tumors contain a significant fraction of newly formed and remodeling vessels, we examined whether abrupt withdrawal of VEGF will result in regression of preformed tumor vessels. Using a tetracycline-regulated VEGF expression system in xenografted C6 glioma cells, we showed that shutting off VEGF production leads to detachment of endothelial cells from the walls of preformed vessels and their subsequent death by apoptosis. Vascular collapse then leads to hemorrhages and extensive tumor necrosis. These results suggest that enforced withdrawal of vascular survival factors can be applied to target preformed tumor vasculature in established tumors. The system was also used to examine phenotypes resulting from over-expression of VEGF. When expression of the transfected VEGF cDNA was continuously "on," tumors became hyper-vascularized with abnormally large vessels, presumably arising from excessive fusions. Tumors were significantly less necrotic, suggesting that necrosis in these tumors is the result of insufficient angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Benjamin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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640
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Rosengart TK, Budenbender KT, Duenas M, Mack CA, Zhang QX, Isom OW. Therapeutic angiogenesis: a comparative study of the angiogenic potential of acidic fibroblast growth factor and heparin. J Vasc Surg 1997; 26:302-12. [PMID: 9279319 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(97)70193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is a potent mitogen for vascular and other mesenchymal cells in vitro that can induce angiogenesis in vivo. Although heparin has no mitogenic potential of its own, it is an important aFGF cofactor in vitro and may also be capable of stimulating angiogenesis. Because the development of a collateral vasculature in response to ischemia appears to be dependent on angiogenesis, we compared the abilities of aFGF with or without heparin and heparin alone to accelerate angiogenesis in a rat hind limb ischemia model. METHODS Daily subcutaneous injections of saline solution (1 ml), heparin (0.05 mg), or human recombinant aFGF with or without heparin (1 microgram aFGF, 0.05 mg heparin) were administered into the hind limb region distal to the point of unilateral femoral artery ligation in the rat for the 10 days immediately after vascular occlusion. Angiogenicity was determined by histologic assessment of treatment outcomes. RESULTS Histologic assessment of the number of vessels per microscopic field 10 days after vascular ligation in the fibrofatty tissues distal to the ligation point had the following results: saline solution, 10 +/- 4 vessels; heparin, 13 +/- 4 vessels (p < 0.05 vs saline solution); aFGF, 26 +/- 8 vessels; and aFGF/heparin 36 +/- 8 vessels (aFGF, aFGF/ heparin, p < 0.001 vs saline solution). Similar increases in vascularization were also noted in the skeletal muscle tissues distal to the vascular ligation point. Immunohistochemical analysis for the presence of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a marker for mitogenic activity, demonstrated corresponding increases in proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling for each of the treatment groups, expressed as a percentage of total vascular cell nuclei, as follows: saline solution, 7% +/- 2%; heparin, 21% +/- 8% (p < 0.05 vs saline solution); aFGF, 67% +/- 9%; and aFGF/heparin, 83% +/- 5% (aFGF, aFGF/heparin, p < 0.001 vs saline solution). CONCLUSIONS The increased vascularization and mitogenic activity demonstrated by these respective studies suggest that angiogenesis is significantly accelerated by the administration of heparin alone and is accelerated to a greater extent by the administration of aFGF with or without heparin. The aFGF/heparin regimen may represent an optimal means of augmenting collateral vessel growth to relieve ischemia in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Rosengart
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical College, NY 10021, USA
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641
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Tsurumi Y, Murohara T, Krasinski K, Chen D, Witzenbichler B, Kearney M, Couffinhal T, Isner JM. Reciprocal relation between VEGF and NO in the regulation of endothelial integrity. Nat Med 1997; 3:879-86. [PMID: 9256279 DOI: 10.1038/nm0897-879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Balloon angioplasty disrupts the protective endothelial lining of the arterial wall, rendering arteries susceptible to thrombosis and intimal thickening. We show here that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an endothelial cell mitogen, is upregulated in medial smooth muscle cells of the arterial wall in response to balloon injury. Both protein kinase C (PKC) and tyrosine kinase pp60src mediate augmented VEGF expression. In contrast, nitric oxide (NO) donors inhibit PKC-induced VEGF upregulation by interfering with binding of the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) to the VEGF promoter. Inhibition of VEGF promoter activation suggests that NO secreted by a restored endothelium functions as the negative feedback mechanism that downregulates VEGF expression to basal levels. Administration of a neutralizing VEGF antibody impaired reendothelialization following balloon injury performed in vivo. These findings establish a reciprocal relation between VEGF and NO in the endogenous regulation of endothelial integrity following arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsurumi
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), St. Elizabeth's Medical Center of Boston, Tufts University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02135, USA
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642
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Abedi H, Zachary I. Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment to new focal adhesions of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:15442-51. [PMID: 9182576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.24.15442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulated the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple components in confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) including bands of Mr 205,000, corresponding to the VEGF receptors Flt-1 and KDR, and Mr 145,000, 120,000, 97,000, and 65,000-70,000. VEGF caused a striking and transient increase in mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity and stimulated phospholipase C-gamma tyrosine phosphorylation, but it had no effect on phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase activity. VEGF caused a marked increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of p125 focal adhesion kinase (p125(FAK)), which was both rapid and concentration-dependent. VEGF produced similar effects on p125(FAK) in the endothelial cell line ECV.304. VEGF stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the 68-kDa focal adhesion-associated component, paxillin, with similar kinetics and concentration dependence to that for p125(FAK). Thrombin and the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, also increased p125(FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation in HUVECs. The effect of VEGF on p125(FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation was completely inhibited by the actin filament-disrupting agent cytochalasin D and was partially inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X. Inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway using a specific inhibitor of MAP kinase kinase had no effect on p125(FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation. VEGF stimulated migration and actin stress fiber formation in confluent HUVEC, and VEGF-induced p125(FAK)/paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation was accompanied by increased immunofluorescent staining of p125(FAK), paxillin, and phosphotyrosine in focal adhesions in confluent cultures of HUVECs. These findings identify p125(FAK) and paxillin as components in a VEGF-stimulated signaling pathway and suggest a novel mechanism for VEGF regulation of endothelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Abedi
- Cruciform Project and Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
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643
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new microvessels from parent microvessels, involves remodeling the basement membrane and interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) using degrading proteases produced by the endothelial cells (ECs) and other adjacent cells, and the synthesis of ECM molecules by these cells. Degraded ECM releases previously bound heparin-binding cytokines (and growth factors) which are able to act as ligands to high-affinity receptors on various target cells, including ECs. The EC carries receptors for a number of cytokines which are produced by neighboring cells or released from the ECM and which can either induce or suppress the angiogenic phenotype of the EC. ECs are able to synthesize and secrete cytokines with auto- and paracrine effects. Angiogenesis, which virtually never occurs physiologically in adult tissues (except in the ovary, the endometrium and the placenta), is essential in wound healing and inflammation. Angiogenesis is, in fact, strictly controlled by a redundancy of pro- and anti-angiogenic paracrine peptide molecules, some of which have recently been described. The expression and synthesis of two distinct anti-angiogenic factors is, for example, controlled by the p53 tumor suppressor gene. In certain hypoxic conditions, chronic inflammatory diseases and syndromes, angiogenesis is of pathogenic and prognostic significance. Angiogenesis is, moreover, essential for the growth and metastatic spread of solid tumors. This indicates the potential for developing new therapeutic strategies not only for tumors but also in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, liver cirrhosis and diabetic retinopathy. Moreover, the therapeutic induction of angiogenesis in ischemic tissues using recombinant cytokines is also promising for clinical application. In fact, the first successful human gene therapy for stimulating angiogenesis has recently been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Norrby
- Department of Pathology, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
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644
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hariawala
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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645
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Couffinhal T, Kearney M, Sullivan A, Silver M, Tsurumi Y, Isner JM. Histochemical staining following LacZ gene transfer underestimates transfection efficiency. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:929-34. [PMID: 9195215 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.8-929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of LacZ gene expression is conventionally inferred from blue staining that results from exposure of the transfected cells or tissue to the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal). Such histochemical staining reports not whether the gene product is present or absent, but where it is active. We investigated the hypothesis that identification of activity, as opposed to presence, of the enzyme underestimates gene expression following LacZ gene transfer. Under conditions optimized for in vitro histochemistry, up to 20% of cells stably transfected with nls-LacZ remained unstained by X-Gal. In contrast, immunostaining with a monoclonal or a polyclonal anti-beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) antibody positively stained 99% of the cell nuclei. Following in vivo transfection of naked DNA encoding for nls-LacZ, X-Gal staining disclosed 2.7 +/- 1.7 positive nuclei per LacZ-transfected animal, or a transfection efficiency of 0.015%. In contrast, immunohistochemical staining disclosed 118 +/- 32.7 positive nuclei per transfected animal, yielding a transfection efficiency of 0.64% (p < 0.0001 versus X-Gal staining). Thus, 42.9 times more positive cells were detected by antibody than X-Gal staining. Finally, LacZ gene expression following intramuscular gene transfer with an adenoviral vector was observed in 7.6% of skeletal muscle cells assessed with X-Gal; anti-beta-Gal antibody identified 21.8% of cells as being successfully transfected (p < 0.0001). Thus, X-Gal histochemistry following gene transfer of constructs encoding LacZ may underestimate the anatomic extent of gene expression. The superior sensitivity of immunostaining suggests that anti-beta-Gal antibody represents the preferred analytical tool for light microscopic evaluation of LacZ gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Couffinhal
- Department of Biomedical Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
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646
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Abstract
Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding the molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis, which like most other biological processes is the result of subtle and often complex interactions between molecules that have regulatory (eg, cytokines and their receptors) and effector (eg, extracellular matrix, integrins, and proteases) functions. The title of this review was chosen to reflect a recent trend in which knowledge acquired through a molecular/cell biological approach is being rapidly transferred to the clinical setting. As a result, by manipulating angiogenesis either positively or negatively, considerable therapeutic benefit can now be envisaged in physiological and pathological settings in which neovascularization is a prominent component.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Pepper
- Department of Morphology, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland.
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647
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Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, Silver M, van der Zee R, Li T, Witzenbichler B, Schatteman G, Isner JM. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 1997; 275:964-7. [PMID: 9020076 DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6232] [Impact Index Per Article: 230.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Putative endothelial cell (EC) progenitors or angioblasts were isolated from human peripheral blood by magnetic bead selection on the basis of cell surface antigen expression. In vitro, these cells differentiated into ECs. In animal models of ischemia, heterologous, homologous, and autologous EC progenitors incorporated into sites of active angiogenesis. These findings suggest that EC progenitors may be useful for augmenting collateral vessel growth to ischemic tissues (therapeutic angiogenesis) and for delivering anti- or pro-angiogenic agents, respectively, to sites of pathologic or utilitarian angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Flow Cytometry
- Hindlimb/blood supply
- Humans
- Ischemia/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/analysis
- Rabbits
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/analysis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Stem Cells/chemistry
- Stem Cells/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Asahara
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 736 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02135, USA
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648
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ferrara
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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649
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ware
- Vascular Biology Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussets 02215, USA
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650
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Magovern CJ, Mack CA, Zhang J, Rosengart TK, Isom OW, Crystal RG. Regional angiogenesis induced in nonischemic tissue by an adenoviral vector expressing vascular endothelial growth factor. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:215-27. [PMID: 9017425 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.2-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of a single administration of a replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad) vector encoding the cDNA for human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (AdCMV.VEGF) to induce neovascularization in vivo in normal tissue was evaluated in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Following administration of AdCMV.VEGF (10(9) pfu/50 microliters), maximal VEGF cDNA expression was observed at 2-5 days in the injected adipose tissue. No VEGF protein was detected at > or = 10 days in injected adipose tissue, and there was no increase in serum VEGF levels at any time. In vivo quantification of the number of blood vessels using 30x visualization of the adipose tissue demonstrated an increase in vessel number by 10 days, plateauing by 30 days with a 123% increase in vessel number compared to the control vector AdCMV.Null, despite the fact that no VEGF protein was detected after 5 days. Consistent with the in vivo data, histologic quantification of capillary number demonstrated an increase by day 5, reaching a 38% increase over AdCMV.Null by day 30. These observations demonstrate that an Ad vector carrying the VEGF cDNA is capable of inducing the growth of new blood vessels in a regional fashion in a relatively avascular, normal organ. This suggests in vivo Ad-mediated gene transfer may be useful for therapeutic angiogenesis in the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Magovern
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021, USA
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