601
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Cruz-Silva R, Romero-García J, Angulo-Sánchez JL, Ledezma-Pérez A, Arias-Marín E, Moggio I, Flores-Loyola E. Template-free enzymatic synthesis of electrically conducting polyaniline using soybean peroxidase. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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602
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de Geus M, Peeters J, Wolffs M, Hermans T, Palmans ARA, Koning CE, Heise A. Investigation of Factors Influencing the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0473871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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603
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Sha K, Qin L, Li D, Liu X, Wang J. Synthesis and characterization of diblock and triblock copolymer by enzymatic ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and ATRP of styrene. Polym Bull (Berl) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-005-0341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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604
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Ochiai H, Ohmae M, Kobayashi S. Enzymatic glycosidation of sugar oxazolines having a carboxylate group catalyzed by chitinase. Carbohydr Res 2005; 339:2769-88. [PMID: 15542086 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic glycosidation using sugar oxazolines 1-3 having a carboxylate group as glycosyl donors and compounds 4-6 as glycosyl acceptors was performed by employing a chitinase from Bacillus sp. as catalyst. All the glycosidations proceeded with full control in stereochemistry at the anomeric carbon of the donor and regio-selectivity of the acceptor. The N,N'-diacetyl-6'-O-carboxymethylchitobiose oxazoline derivative 1 was effectively glycosidated, under catalysis by the enzyme, with methyl N,N'-diacetyl-beta-chitobioside (4), pent-4-enyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (5), and methyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (6), affording in good yields the corresponding oligosaccharide derivatives having 6-O-carboxymethyl group at the nonreducing GlcNAc residue. The N,N'-diacetyl-6-O-carboxymethylchitobiose oxazoline derivative 2 was subjected to catalysis by the enzyme catalysis; however, no glycosidated products were produced through the reactions with 4, 5, and 6. Glycosidation reactions of the beta-d-glucosyluronic-(1-->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine oxazoline derivative 3 proceeded with each of the glycosyl acceptors, giving rise to the corresponding oligosaccharide derivative having a GlcA residue at their nonreducing termini in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ochiai
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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605
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Kulshrestha AS, Sahoo B, Gao W, Fu H, Gross RA. Lipase Catalysis. A Direct Route to Linear Aliphatic Copolyesters of Bis(hydroxymethyl)butyric Acid with Pendant Carboxylic Acid Groups. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0480291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur S. Kulshrestha
- NSF-I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Othmer Department of Chemical and Biological Science and Engineering, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York, 11201
| | - Bishwabhusan Sahoo
- NSF-I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Othmer Department of Chemical and Biological Science and Engineering, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York, 11201
| | - Wei Gao
- NSF-I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Othmer Department of Chemical and Biological Science and Engineering, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York, 11201
| | - Hongyong Fu
- NSF-I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Othmer Department of Chemical and Biological Science and Engineering, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York, 11201
| | - Richard A. Gross
- NSF-I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Othmer Department of Chemical and Biological Science and Engineering, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York, 11201
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606
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Takasu A, Bando T, Morimoto Y, Shibata Y, Hirabayashi T. Asymmetric Epoxidation of α-Olefins Having Neighboring Sugar Chiral Templates and Alternating Copolymerization with Dicarboxylic Anhydrides. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:1707-12. [PMID: 15877397 DOI: 10.1021/bm0491826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-substituted epoxides 5-8 were synthesized by asymmetric epoxidation (in CH(2)Cl(2)/water) of alpha-olefins having neighboring sugars (1-4) by use of an achiral oxidant (MCPBA), in which the sugar moiety acted as a chiral template. The diastereoselectivities depend on the methylene spacer between vinyl group and carbohydrate derivatives. The methylene spacer between sugar and vinyl groups influenced the diastereoselectvity. In the case of epoxidation of 4 at 27 degrees C for 24 h, the diastereoselectivity was the highest (99/1). Copolymerizations of 5-8 with succinic anhydride were attained at 100 degrees C for 72 h to give poly(ethylene succinate) having pendant carbohydrate [poly(SAn-alt-5), M(n) = 1.4 x 10(3); poly(SAn-alt-6), M(n) = 2.2 x10(3); poly(SAn-alt-7), M(n) = 2.9 x 10(3); poly(SAn-alt-8), M(n) = 1.8 x 10(3)]. The methylene spacer between sugar and epoxide has an effect on the reactivity of epoxide in copolymerization as well as the diastereoselectivity. Alternating copolymerization of 7 and glutaric anhydride gave a polyester of M(n) 4.2 x10(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takasu
- Department of Environmental Technology and Urban Planning, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
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607
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Ochiai H, Ohmae M, Mori T, Kobayashi S. Bottom-Up Synthesis of Hyaluronan and Its Derivatives via Enzymatic Polymerization: Direct Incorporation of an Amido Functional Group. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:1068-84. [PMID: 15762680 DOI: 10.1021/bm049280r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis of hyaluronan (HA) and its derivatives via the hyaluronidase-catalyzed polymerization of 2-substituted oxazoline derivative monomers designed as "transition-state analogue substrates". Polymerization of 2-methyl oxazoline monomer from N-acetylhyalobiuronate (GlcAbeta(1-->3)GlcNAc) effectively proceeded at pH 7.5 and 30 degrees C, giving rise to synthetic HA (natural type) in an optimal yield of 78% via ring-opening polyaddition under total control of regioselectivity and stereochemistry. Hyaluronidase catalysis enabled the polymerization of 2-ethyl, 2-n-propyl, and 2-vinyl monomers, affording the corresponding HA derivatives (unnatural type) with N-propionyl, N-butyryl, and N-acryloyl functional groups, respectively, at the C2 position of all glucosamine units in good yields. The 2-isopropyl oxazoline derivative provided the N-isobutyryl derivative of HA in low yields. Monomers of 2-phenyl and 2-isopropenyl oxazoline derivatives were not polymerized. The mechanism of the polymerization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ochiai
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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608
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Duxbury CJ, Wang W, de Geus M, Heise A, Howdle SM. Can Block Copolymers Be Synthesized by a Single-Step Chemoenzymatic Route in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide? J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:2384-5. [PMID: 15724980 DOI: 10.1021/ja042903o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the single-step one-pot synthesis of block copolymers by simultaneous enzymatic ring-opening polymerization and chemically catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide. Both catalyst systems function simultaneously under these conditions, providing a simple route to the formation of block copolymers of dissimilar monomers.
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609
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Fragrance release from the surface of branched poly (amide)s. Molecules 2005; 10:81-97. [PMID: 18007278 PMCID: PMC6147641 DOI: 10.3390/10010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are powerful tools in organic synthesis that are able to catalyse a wide variety of selective chemical transformations under mild and environmentally friendly conditions. Enzymes such as the lipases have also found applications in the synthesis and degradation of polymeric materials. However, the use of these natural catalysts in the synthesis and the post-synthetic modification of dendrimers and hyperbranched molecules is an application of chemistry yet to be explored extensively. In this study the use of two hydrolytic enzymes, a lipase from Candida cylindracea and a cutinase from Fusarium solani pisii, were investigated in the selective cleavage of ester groups situated on the peripheral layer of two families of branched polyamides. These branched polyamides were conjugated to simple fragrances citronellol and L-menthol via ester linkages. Hydrolysis of the ester linkage between the fragrances and the branched polyamide support was carried out in aqueous buffered systems at slightly basic pH values under the optimum operative conditions for the enzymes used. These preliminary qualitative investigations revealed that partial cleavage of the ester functionalities from the branched polyamide support had occurred. However, the ability of the enzymes to interact with the substrates decreased considerably as the branching density, the rigidity of the structure and the bulkiness of the polyamide-fragrance conjugates increased.
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610
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Hafrén J, Córdova A. Direct Organocatalytic Polymerization from Cellulose Fibers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200400470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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611
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Rajkhowa R, Varma IK, Albertsson AC, Edlund U. Enzyme-catalyzed copolymerization of oxiranes with dicarboxylic acid anhydrides. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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612
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Kurisawa M, Chung JE, Yang YY, Gao SJ, Uyama H. Injectable biodegradable hydrogels composed of hyaluronic acid–tyramine conjugates for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:4312-4. [PMID: 16113732 DOI: 10.1039/b506989k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sequential injection of hyaluronic acid-tyramine conjugates and enzymes forms biodegradable hydrogels in vivo by enzyme-induced oxidative coupling, offering high potential as a promising biomaterial for drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoichi Kurisawa
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #04-01 Singapore 138669.
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613
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Benson AM, Omrane K, Graves EM, Haas AL, Bryant E, Mandalaywala M, Mueller A. Synthesis of a low thrombogenic heart valve coating with horseradish peroxidase. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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614
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Srivastava RK, Albertsson AC. High-molecular-weight poly(1,5-dioxepan-2-one) via enzyme-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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615
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616
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Wang JL, Wang L, Dong CM. Synthesis, crystallization, and morphology of star-shaped poly(ɛ-caprolactone). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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617
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Kanazawa A, Okumura S, Suzuki M. Powder-to-powder polycondensation of natural saccharides. Facile preparation of highly branched polysaccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1746-50. [PMID: 15858659 DOI: 10.1039/b418723g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state polycondensation of a natural saccharide was found to take place in the presence of H3PO4(5 mol%) at 110 degrees C under a N2 flow, giving a highly branched polysaccharide (conv. 11-84%, Mw = 1400-19000, Mn = 1200-3700); the reaction mixture was powdery throughout the polymerization. Interestingly, alpha- and beta-anomers showed different polymerization behaviour; the former was polymerized more slowly, however, they gave comparable molecular weight polymers. The polysaccharide product was per-O-methylated and subjected to structure analyses. The acid-hydrolysis products, the partially O-methylated monosaccharides, suggested that the polysaccharide products have highly branched structures. MALDI-TOF mass analysis revealed that intramolecular glycosylation and acetal exchange reactions are involved in the polymerization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kanazawa
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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618
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Li J, Fukuoka T, He Y, Uyama H, Kobayashi S, Inoue Y. Thermal and crystallization behavior of hydrogen-bonded miscible blend of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and enzymatically polymerized polyphenol. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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619
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Xu P, Kaplan DL. Horseradish Peroxidase Catalyzed Polymerization of Tyrosine Derivatives for Nanoscale Surface Patterning. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-200035352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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620
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Kim YJ, Uyama H, Kobayashi S. Enzymatic Template Polymerization of Phenol in the Presence of Water-soluble Polymers in an Aqueous Medium. Polym J 2004. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.36.992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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621
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Miranda C, Escartí F, Lamarque L, García-España E, Navarro P, Latorre J, Lloret F, Jiménez H, Yunta M. CuIIand ZnIICoordination Chemistry of Pyrazole-Containing Polyamine Receptors − Influence of the Hydrocarbon Side Chain Length on the Metal Coordination. Eur J Inorg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200400671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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622
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van As BAC, Thomassen P, Kalra B, Gross RA, Meijer EW, Palmans ARA, Heise A. One-Pot Chemoenzymatic Cascade Polymerization under Kinetic Resolution Conditions. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma048827r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart A. C. van As
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, Polytechnic University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Thomassen
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, Polytechnic University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bhanu Kalra
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, Polytechnic University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A. Gross
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, Polytechnic University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, Polytechnic University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, Polytechnic University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Heise
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, Polytechnic University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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623
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Kumar R, Chen MH, Parmar VS, Samuelson LA, Kumar J, Nicolosi R, Yoganathan S, Watterson AC. Supramolecular assemblies based on copolymers of PEG600 and functionalized aromatic diesters for drug delivery applications. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:10640-4. [PMID: 15327322 DOI: 10.1021/ja039651w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic approach has been developed to synthesize poly(ethylene glycol)-based amphiphilic copolymers under mild reaction conditions that self-assemble in aqueous media to form polymeric nanomicelles in the range of 20-50 nm. The supramolecular organization of polymeric nanomicelles was studied by 1H NMR longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and light scattering techniques (static and dynamic). Interestingly, the enzyme novozyme-435 plays an important role in controlling the polymerization and distribution of polymer chains, which is critical for the formation of nanomicelles with unimodal distributions. The methodology developed is highly flexible as it allows the introduction of various functionalities in the polymeric nanomicelles. These self-organized nanomicelles are highly efficient drug delivery vehicles for hydrophobic and partially hydrophilic drugs, both transdermally and orally, as they have the ability to encapsulate guest molecules during self-organization. In vivo studies by encapsulating anti-inflammatory agents (aspirin and naproxen) in these polymeric nanomicelles and by applying topically resulted in significant reduction in inflammation. The % reduction in inflammation using polymeric nanomicelles containing aspirin and naproxen was 62 and 64%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Institute for Nano-Science and Engineering Technology and Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
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624
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Faijes M, Imai T, Bulone V, Planas A. In vitro synthesis of a crystalline (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-D-glucan by a mutated (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-D-glucanase from Bacillus. Biochem J 2004; 380:635-41. [PMID: 15038792 PMCID: PMC1224233 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligo- and poly-saccharides have a large number of important biological functions, and they occur in natural composite materials, such as plant cell walls, where they self-assemble during biosynthesis in a poorly understood manner. They can also be used for the formation of artificial composite materials with industrial applications. Fundamental and applied research in biology and nanobiotechnology would benefit from the possibility of synthesizing tailor-made oligo-/poly-saccharides. In the present paper, we demonstrate that such syntheses are possible using genetically modified glycoside hydrolases, i.e. glycosynthases. The ability of the endoglycosynthase derived from Bacillus (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-D-glucanase to catalyse self-condensation of sugar donors was exploited for the in vitro synthesis of a regular polysaccharide. The specificity of the enzyme allowed the polymerization of alpha-laminaribiosyl fluoride via the formation of (1-->4)-beta-linkages to yield a new linear crystalline (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-D-glucan with a repeating 4betaG3betaG unit. MS and methylation analyses indicated that the in vitro product consisted of a mixture of oligosaccharides, the one having a degree of polymerization of 12 being the most abundant. Morphological characterization revealed that the (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-D-glucan forms spherulites which are composed of platelet crystals. X-ray and electron diffraction analyses allowed the proposition of a putative crystallographic structure which corresponds to a monoclinic unit cell with a =0.834 nm, b =0.825 nm, c =2.04 nm and gamma=90.5 degrees. The dimensions of the ab plane are similar to those of cellulose I(beta), but the length of the c -axis is nearly twice that of cellulose I. It is proposed that four glucose residues are present in an extended conformation along the c -axis of the unit cell. The data presented show that glycosynthases represent promising enzymic systems for the synthesis of novel polysaccharides with specific and controlled structures, and for the analysis in vitro of the mechanisms of polymerization and crystallization of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Faijes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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625
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Fujioka M, Okada H, Kusaka Y, Nishiyama S, Noguchi H, Ishii S, Yoshida Y. Enzymatic Synthesis of Chitin- and Chitosan-graft-Aliphatic Polyesters. Macromol Rapid Commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200400288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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626
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Sakamoto J, Müllen K. Sugars within a Hydrophobic Scaffold: Glycodendrimers from Polyphenylenes. Org Lett 2004; 6:4277-80. [PMID: 15524462 DOI: 10.1021/ol048282l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new glycodendrimer type has been introduced that is designed on the basis of shape-persistent polyphenylene dendrimers. The sugar installation occurs not only on the dendrimer surface but also within the hydrophobic internal scaffold. The synthesis has been accomplished via both convergent and divergent routes by employing the Schmidt glycosylation and the Diels-Alder reaction. This new glycodendrimer has been found to exhibit water-solubility, while conserving hydrophobicity of the interior environment despite the incorporation of sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Sakamoto
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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627
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Tonami H, Uyama H, Kobayashi S. Oxidative Cross-Coupling between Phenolic Polymer and Phenol-Containing Cellulose: Synthesis of a New Class of Artificial Wood Polymers. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma049420p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tonami
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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628
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Ward G, Parales RE, Dosoretz CG. Biocatalytic synthesis of polycatechols from toxic aromatic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:4753-4757. [PMID: 15487783 DOI: 10.1021/es035458q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A process is described in which toxic aromatic compounds are converted by toluene dioxygenase and in turn toluene cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase to catechols which are further polymerized by peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation producing polycatechols. Three approaches for obtaining catechols were employed: (1) addition of halogenated aromatics to P. putida F1, resulting in the accumulation of halogenated catechols; (2) inhibition of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase of P. putida F1 by known aromatic and aliphatic inhibitors; and (3) overexpression of toluene dioxygenase and toluene cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase genes in E. coli JM109. The process is suitable for producing novel catechols that upon oxidation may yield polymers with unique properties, presenting a tool for producing tailor-made biopolymers. Formation of 3-chlorocatechol from chlorobenzene, 3,4-dichlorocatechol from 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and catechol from benzene and their subsequent oxidation and polymerization was demonstrated. Oxidation of catechol yielded polymers with molecular weights of up to 4000 Daltons. Their apparently high water solubility eliminates the need for water-miscible solvents. In aqueous solution oxidation of catechols was rapid, yet the presence of 20%, 30%, and 40% ethanol, resulted in a rate decrease of 31%, 95%, and 93%, respectively. The advantage is that significantly less peroxidase is required for performing the reactions if miscible solvents are not employed. Furthermore, water-soluble polymers may be desirable for many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Ward
- Division of Environmental, Water and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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629
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Watanabe O, Takeuchi K. Plastic Shape Material “Urushi-Nendo” Applying Lacquer Tree Paint. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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630
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Enzymatic polymerization to give poly(dihydroxynaphthalene)s and their photoluminescent aluminum complexes. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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631
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Mita N, Tawaki SI, Uyama H, Kobayashi S. Precise Structure Control of Enzymatically Synthesized Polyphenols. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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632
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Peeters J, Palmans ARA, Veld M, Scheijen F, Heise A, Meijer EW. Cascade Synthesis of Chiral Block Copolymers Combining Lipase Catalyzed Ring Opening Polymerization and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:1862-8. [PMID: 15360299 DOI: 10.1021/bm049794q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective polymerization of methyl-substituted epsilon-caprolactones using Novozym 435 as the catalyst was investigated. All substituted monomers could be polymerized except 6-methyl-epsilon-caprolactone (6-MeCL), which failed to propagate after ring opening. Interestingly, an odd-even effect in the enantiopreference of differently substituted monomers was observed. The combination of 4-methyl-epsilon-caprolactone with Novozym 435 showed good enantioselectivity also in bulk polymerization and resulted in enantiomerically enriched P((S)-4-MeCL) (eep up to 0.88). Subsequently, a novel initiator combining a primary alcohol to initiate the ring opening polymerization and a tertiary bromide to initiate atom transfer controlled radical polymerization (ATRP) was synthesized, and showed high initiator efficiencies (> 90%) in the ring opening polymerization of 4-methyl-epsilon-caprolactone in bulk. In addition, the enantioselectivity was retained (E = 11). By using Ni(PPh3)2Br2 as the ATRP catalyst, Novozym 435 could be effectively inhibited at the desired conversion of 4-methyl-epsilon-caprolactone, thus ensuring a high enantiomeric excess in the polymer backbone. At the same time, Ni(PPh3)2Br2 catalyzed the ATRP of methyl methacrylate resulting in the formation of P((S)-4-MeCL-b-MMA) block copolymers. By this combination of two inherently different polymerization reactions, chiral P((S)-4-MeCL-b-MMA) block copolymers can be conveniently obtained in one pot without intermediate workup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Peeters
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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633
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Persson PV, Schröder J, Wickholm K, Hedenström E, Iversen T. Selective Organocatalytic Ring-Opening Polymerization: A Versatile Route to Carbohydrate-Functionalized Poly(ε-caprolactones). Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma049562j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Valdemar Persson
- STFI, Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Box 5604, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden, and Chemistry, Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Jessica Schröder
- STFI, Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Box 5604, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden, and Chemistry, Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Kristina Wickholm
- STFI, Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Box 5604, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden, and Chemistry, Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Erik Hedenström
- STFI, Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Box 5604, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden, and Chemistry, Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Tommy Iversen
- STFI, Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Box 5604, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden, and Chemistry, Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
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634
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Fukuoka T, Uyama H, Kobayashi S. Effect of Phenolic Monomer Structure of Precursor Polymers in Oxidative Coupling of Enzymatically Synthesized Polyphenols. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035991q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokuma Fukuoka
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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635
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Tonami H, Uyama H, Nagahata R, Kobayashi S. Guaiacol Oxidation Products in the Enzyme-Activity Assay Reaction by Horseradish Peroxidase Catalysis. CHEM LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2004.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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636
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Sakamoto J, Kobayashi S. Enzymatic Synthesis of 3-O-Methylated Chitin Oligomers from New Derivatives of a Chitobiose Oxazoline. CHEM LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2004.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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637
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Ghan R, Shutava T, Patel A, John VT, Lvov Y. Enzyme-Catalyzed Polymerization of Phenols within Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035896h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Ghan
- Institute for Micromanufacturing and Chemistry Program, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Tatsiana Shutava
- Institute for Micromanufacturing and Chemistry Program, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Amish Patel
- Institute for Micromanufacturing and Chemistry Program, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Vijay T. John
- Institute for Micromanufacturing and Chemistry Program, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Yuri Lvov
- Institute for Micromanufacturing and Chemistry Program, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
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638
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Loeker FC, Duxbury CJ, Kumar R, Gao W, Gross RA, Howdle SM. Enzyme-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0349884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. Loeker
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Great Britain, and NSF-I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Christopher J. Duxbury
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Great Britain, and NSF-I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Great Britain, and NSF-I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Great Britain, and NSF-I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Richard A. Gross
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Great Britain, and NSF-I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Steven M. Howdle
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Great Britain, and NSF-I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
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639
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Wu X, Liu W, Nagarajan R, Kumar J, Samuelson LA, Cholli AL. Role of Temperature in Suppression of the Formation of Pummerer's Type Ketone in Enzymatic Polymerization of 4-Propylphenol: An in-Situ Variable Temperature 1H NMR Study. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma034931h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wu
- Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, and US Army RDECOM, Natick Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760
| | - Wei Liu
- Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, and US Army RDECOM, Natick Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760
| | - Ramaswamy Nagarajan
- Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, and US Army RDECOM, Natick Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, and US Army RDECOM, Natick Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760
| | - Lynne A. Samuelson
- Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, and US Army RDECOM, Natick Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760
| | - Ashok L. Cholli
- Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, and US Army RDECOM, Natick Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760
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640
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Kobayashi S, Fujikawa SI, Ohmae M. Enzymatic synthesis of chondroitin and its derivatives catalyzed by hyaluronidase. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 125:14357-69. [PMID: 14624584 DOI: 10.1021/ja036584x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic polymerization to provide synthetic chondroitin and its derivatives is reported here, the first example of such in vitro synthesis to date. N-Acetylchondrosine (GlcAbeta(1-->3)GalNAc) oxazoline (1a) and its derivatives (1b-1f) were designed and synthesized as novel transition state analogue substrate monomers for catalysis by hyaluronidase. Hyaluronidase is a hydrolysis enzyme of chondroitin that also catalyzes the formation of repeated glycosidic bonds in in vitro synthesis, rather than in the catabolic direction. Monomers of 2-methyl (1a), 2-ethyl (1b), and 2-vinyl (1f) oxazoline derivatives were polymerized using this enzyme, via ring-opening polyaddition with total control of regioselectivity and stereochemistry. These reactions provided the corresponding synthetic chondroitin (natural type; N-acetyl, 2a) and the derivatives (unnatural type) with N-propionyl (2b) and N-acryloyl (2f) functional groups at the C2 position of all the galactosamine units, in good yields. Monomers of 2-n-propyl (1c) and 2-isopropyl (1d) oxazoline derivatives were polymerized to produce 2c and 2d in low yield. The 2-phenyl oxazoline derivative (1e) did not afford any enzyme-catalyzed products. M(n) values of 2a and 2b reached 4800 and 4000, respectively. The M(n) value of 2a corresponds to that of the naturally occurring chondroitin. Thus, hyaluronidase catalysis allows the in vitro production of not only natural type but also the formation of unnatural type chondroitins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kobayashi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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641
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Miura Y, Wada N, Nishida Y, Mori H, Kobayashi K. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycoconjugate polymers starting from nonreducing disaccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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642
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Mahapatro A, Kumar A, Gross RA. Mild, Solvent-Free ω-Hydroxy Acid Polycondensations Catalyzed byCandidaantarcticaLipase B. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:62-8. [PMID: 14715009 DOI: 10.1021/bm0342382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase B (Novozyme-435) was studied for bulk polyesterifications of linear aliphatic hydroxyacids of variable chain length. The products formed were not fractionated by precipitation. The relative reactivity of the hydroxyacids was l6-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid approximately 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid approximately 10-hydroxydecanoic acid (DPavg congruent with 120, Mw/Mn <or = 1.5, 48 h, 90 degrees C) > 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (DPavg congruent with 80, Mw/Mn < or = 1.5, 48 h, 90 degrees C). Remarkable improvements in molecular-weight buildup resulted from leaving water in the reaction. By 4 h, without application of vacuum, the DPavg for 12- and 16-carbon hydroxyacids was about 90. In contrast, with identical substrates and water removal, the DPavg at 4 h was about 23. Large differences in the molecular-weight build up of 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid were observed for catalyst concentrations (%-by-wt relative to monomer) of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 10. Nevertheless, by 24 h, with 1% catalyst containing 0.1% lipase, poly(12-hydroxydodecanoic acid) with Mn 17 600 was formed. For 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid polymerization at 90 degrees C, the catalyst activity decreased by 7, 18, and 25% at reaction times of 4, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Furthermore, the retention of catalyst activity was invariable as a function of the substrates used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Mahapatro
- NSF I/UCR Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
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643
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Mahapatro A, Kumar A, Kalra B, Gross RA. Solvent-Free Adipic Acid/1,8-Octanediol Condensation Polymerizations Catalyzed by Candida antartica Lipase B. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma025796w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Mahapatro
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Ajay Kumar
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Bhanu Kalra
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Richard A. Gross
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
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644
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645
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Albertsson AC, Varma IK. Recent Developments in Ring Opening Polymerization of Lactones for Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:1466-86. [PMID: 14606869 DOI: 10.1021/bm034247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1181] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters prepared by ring-opening polymerization of lactones are now used worldwide as bioresorbable devices in surgery (orthopaedic devices, sutures, stents, tissue engineering, and adhesion barriers) and in pharmacology (control drug delivery). This review presents the various methods of the synthesis of polyesters and tailoring the properties by proper control of molecular weight, composition, and architecture so as to meet the stringent requirements of devices in the medical field. The effect of structure on properties and degradation has been discussed. The applications of these polymers in the biomedical field are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christine Albertsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, The Royal Institute of Technology, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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646
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Fukuoka T, Uyama H, Kobayashi S. Synthesis of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyphenols by Oxidative Coupling. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma034803t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokuma Fukuoka
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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647
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Kobayashi S, Itoh R, Morii H, Fujikawa SI, Kimura S, Ohmae M. Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans via enzymatic polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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648
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Panova AA, Kaplan DL. Mechanistic limitations in the synthesis of polyesters by lipase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 84:103-13. [PMID: 12910549 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipase-catalyzed polymerization of caprolactone (CL) in toluene with methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) and water as initiators was characterized in detail for mechanistic insight. (1)H NMR analysis of polycaprolactone chains (PCL), dicaprolactone, degree of esterification of MPEG, and fractions of PCL chains initiated by MPEG and water were used to follow the reactions. The data were analyzed with the kinetic scheme involving formation of the acylenzyme and its consequent reaction with MPEG, water, or PCL to yield the MPEG- or water-initiated PCL chains, or increase in PCL length. A limit for MPEG initiator esterification in lipase-catalyzed CL polymerization was observed and was explained by preferential reaction of PCL propagation over MPEG esterification at long reaction times and low MPEG concentrations. Slower monomer conversion in concentrated monomer solutions was explained by decreased partitioning of PCL between the solvent and the enzyme. This effect resulted in inhibition of the lipase by the reaction product, PCL chains, and/or insufficient diffusion of monomer to the enzyme active site. High monomer/initiators ratio in these solutions did not yield longer polymer chains due to decreased monomer conversion and the corresponding decrease in product yields; lower yields were also observed for chain initiation by MPEG and water. A shift in the reaction rate-limiting step from formation of acylenzyme in dilute CL solutions to its deacylation in concentrated CL solutions yielded higher PCL polydispersity due to increased initiation by water. Enhanced intramolecular cyclization was also observed. Endgroup composition of PCL chains was influenced by the concentration of monomer, ratio of initiators (MPEG and water), and reaction time, yielding PCL chains initiated exclusively by MPEG at "infinite reaction times."
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Panova
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Bioengineering Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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649
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Thiyagarajan M, Samuelson LA, Kumar J, Cholli AL. Helical conformational specificity of enzymatically synthesized water-soluble conducting polyaniline nanocomposites. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:11502-3. [PMID: 13129345 DOI: 10.1021/ja035414h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel template guided enzymatic approach has been developed to synthesize optically active conducting polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites in the presence of H2O2 as an oxidant, using (+) and (-) 10-camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) as a dopant and chiral inductor. The formation of chiral polyaniline in the nanocomposites was confirmed by circular dichroism (CD). Interestingly, the CD spectra of nanocomposites formed either with (+) or with (-) CSA show the enzyme itself plays a critical role in controlling the stereospecificity of the polyaniline (PANI) in the nanocomposite. The enzyme used for the polymerization of aniline in the nanocomposite was horseradish peroxidase (HRP). It was shown that this enzyme prefers a specific helical conformation, regardless of whether induced chirality in the complex CSA-aniline is from (+) or (-) CSA. UV-vis spectra show that the polyaniline is in the conducting form, and transmission electron micrographs (TEM) show that the nanocomposites are dispersed nicely with particle size dimensions in the range of 20-50 nm. Electron diffraction patterns of these chiral polymer nanocomposites suggest that these nanocomposites are in both crystalline and amorphous states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthiah Thiyagarajan
- Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
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650
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Ihara N, Tachibana Y, Chung JE, Kurisawa M, Uyama H, Kobayashi S. Antioxidant Polymer Particles. Enzymatic Immobilization of Catechin on Polymer Particles. CHEM LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2003.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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