601
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Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Mintz A, Delbono O. Pericytes at the intersection between tissue regeneration and pathology. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:81-93. [PMID: 25236972 PMCID: PMC4200531 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular multipotent cells, pericytes, contribute to the generation and repair of various tissues in response to injury. They are heterogeneous in their morphology, distribution, origin and markers, and elucidating their molecular and cellular differences may inform novel treatments for disorders in which tissue regeneration is either impaired or excessive. Moreover, these discoveries offer novel cellular targets for therapeutic approaches to many diseases. This review discusses recent studies that support the concept that pericyte subtypes play a distinctive role in myogenesis, neurogenesis, adipogenesis, fibrogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
- Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Maria Laura Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
- Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
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602
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603
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Abstract
Fibrosis, with resultant loss of organ function, is the endpoint of many diseases. Despite this, no effective anti-fibrotic therapies exist. The myofibroblast is the key cell driving fibrosis but its origins remain controversial. A growing body of work provides strong evidence that the pericyte, a perivascular cell present throughout the microvasculature, is a major myofibroblast precursor in multiple tissues. This review summarizes the principle experimental and clinical evidence underpinning this conclusion and outlines strategies for targeting pericyte transdifferentiation during fibrogenesis. Successful targeting of pro-fibrogenic pericytes has the potential to halt or even reverse fibrosis and thus reduce the enormous worldwide healthcare burden that currently exists as a result of fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Greenhalgh
- From the MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - K P Conroy
- From the MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - N C Henderson
- From the MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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604
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Bonnans C, Chou J, Werb Z. Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:786-801. [PMID: 25415508 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3904.remodelling] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic structure that is present in all tissues and continuously undergoes controlled remodelling. This process involves quantitative and qualitative changes in the ECM, mediated by specific enzymes that are responsible for ECM degradation, such as metalloproteinases. The ECM interacts with cells to regulate diverse functions, including proliferation, migration and differentiation. ECM remodelling is crucial for regulating the morphogenesis of the intestine and lungs, as well as of the mammary and submandibular glands. Dysregulation of ECM composition, structure, stiffness and abundance contributes to several pathological conditions, such as fibrosis and invasive cancer. A better understanding of how the ECM regulates organ structure and function and of how ECM remodelling affects disease progression will contribute to the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bonnans
- 1] Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA. [2] Oncology Department, INSERM U661, Functional Genomic Institute, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan Chou
- 1] Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
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605
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating condition with a poor prognosis and few treatment options. However, recent research into this condition has led to considerable insights into the pathophysiology of the disease, resulting in the identification of potential biomarkers to aid diagnosis and stratification of patients and the development of novel therapies. In this review we will discuss the recent developments in this field and review how this knowledge has been translated into clinical trials and a paradigm shift in our approach to patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisli Jenkins
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanda Goodwin
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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606
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Aberrant elastin remodeling in the lungs of O2-exposed newborn mice; primarily results from perturbed interaction between integrins and elastin. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:589-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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607
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Kramann R, Schneider RK, DiRocco DP, Machado F, Fleig S, Bondzie PA, Henderson JM, Ebert BL, Humphreys BD. Perivascular Gli1+ progenitors are key contributors to injury-induced organ fibrosis. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 16:51-66. [PMID: 25465115 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reside in the perivascular niche of many organs, including kidney, lung, liver, and heart, although their roles in these tissues are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Gli1 marks perivascular MSC-like cells that substantially contribute to organ fibrosis. In vitro, Gli1(+) cells express typical MSC markers, exhibit trilineage differentiation capacity, and possess colony-forming activity, despite constituting a small fraction of the platelet-derived growth factor-β (PDGFRβ)(+) cell population. Genetic lineage tracing analysis demonstrates that tissue-resident, but not circulating, Gli1(+) cells proliferate after kidney, lung, liver, or heart injury to generate myofibroblasts. Genetic ablation of these cells substantially ameliorates kidney and heart fibrosis and preserves ejection fraction in a model of induced heart failure. These findings implicate perivascular Gli1(+) MSC-like cells as a major cellular origin of organ fibrosis and demonstrate that these cells may be a relevant therapeutic target to prevent solid organ dysfunction after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology and Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Derek P DiRocco
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Flavia Machado
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susanne Fleig
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip A Bondzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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608
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Adams J, Anderson EC, Blackham EE, Chiu YWR, Clarke T, Eccles N, Gill LA, Haye JJ, Haywood HT, Hoenig CR, Kausas M, Le J, Russell HL, Smedley C, Tipping WJ, Tongue T, Wood CC, Yeung J, Rowedder JE, Fray MJ, McInally T, Macdonald SJF. Structure Activity Relationships of αv Integrin Antagonists for Pulmonary Fibrosis by Variation in Aryl Substituents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1207-12. [PMID: 25408832 DOI: 10.1021/ml5002079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of αvβ6 is emerging as a potential treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis based on strong target validation. Starting from an αvβ3 antagonist lead and through simple variation in the nature and position of the aryl substituent, the discovery of compounds with improved αvβ6 activity is described. The compounds also have physicochemical properties commensurate with oral bioavailability and are high quality starting points for a drug discovery program. Compounds 33S and 43E1 are pan αv antagonists having ca. 100 nM potency against αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6, and αvβ8 in cell adhesion assays. Detailed structure activity relationships with these integrins are described which also reveal substituents providing partial selectivity (defined as at least a 0.7 log difference in pIC50 values between the integrins in question) for αvβ3 and αvβ5.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Adams
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Edward C. Anderson
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Emma E. Blackham
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Yin Wa Ryan Chiu
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Thomas Clarke
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Natasha Eccles
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Luke A. Gill
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Joshua J. Haye
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Harvey T. Haywood
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Christian R. Hoenig
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Marius Kausas
- GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage SG1
2NY, U.K
| | - Joelle Le
- GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage SG1
2NY, U.K
| | - Hannah L. Russell
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Christopher Smedley
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - William J. Tipping
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Tom Tongue
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Charlotte C. Wood
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jason Yeung
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - James E. Rowedder
- GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage SG1
2NY, U.K
| | - M. Jonathan Fray
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Thomas McInally
- University
of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Simon J. F. Macdonald
- GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage SG1
2NY, U.K
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609
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Hoshida Y, Fuchs BC, Bardeesy N, Baumert TF, Chung RT. Pathogenesis and prevention of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2014; 61:S79-90. [PMID: 25443348 PMCID: PMC4435677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major aetiologic agents that causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by generating an inflammatory, fibrogenic, and carcinogenic tissue microenvironment in the liver. HCV-induced HCC is a rational target for cancer preventive intervention because of the clear-cut high-risk condition, cirrhosis, associated with high cancer incidence (1% to 7% per year). Studies have elucidated direct and indirect carcinogenic effects of HCV, which have in turn led to the identification of candidate HCC chemoprevention targets. Selective molecular targeted agents may enable personalized strategies for HCC chemoprevention. In addition, multiple experimental and epidemiological studies suggest the potential value of generic drugs or dietary supplements targeting inflammation, oxidant stress, or metabolic derangements as possible HCC chemopreventive agents. While the successful use of highly effective direct-acting antiviral agents will make important inroads into reducing long-term HCC risk, there will remain an important role for HCC chemoprevention even after viral cure, given the persistence of HCC risk in persons with advanced HCV fibrosis, as shown in recent studies. The successful development of cancer preventive therapies will be more challenging compared to cancer therapeutics because of the requirement for larger and longer clinical trials and the need for a safer toxicity profile given its use as a preventive agent. Molecular biomarkers to selectively identify high-risk population could help mitigate these challenges. Genome-wide, unbiased molecular characterization, high-throughput drug/gene screening, experimental model-based functional analysis, and systems-level in silico modelling are expected to complement each other to facilitate discovery of new HCC chemoprevention targets and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States.
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- INSERM Unité 1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, and Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States.
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610
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Klingberg F, Chow ML, Koehler A, Boo S, Buscemi L, Quinn TM, Costell M, Alman BA, Genot E, Hinz B. Prestress in the extracellular matrix sensitizes latent TGF-β1 for activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 207:283-97. [PMID: 25332161 PMCID: PMC4210443 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201402006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A mild strain induced by matrix remodeling mechanically primes latent TGF-β1 for its subsequent activation and release in response to contractile forces. Integrin-mediated force application induces a conformational change in latent TGF-β1 that leads to the release of the active form of the growth factor from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Mechanical activation of TGF-β1 is currently understood as an acute process that depends on the contractile force of cells. However, we show that ECM remodeling, preceding the activation step, mechanically primes latent TGF-β1 akin to loading a mechanical spring. Cell-based assays and unique strain devices were used to produce a cell-derived ECM of controlled organization and prestrain. Mechanically conditioned ECM served as a substrate to measure the efficacy of TGF-β1 activation after cell contraction or direct force application using magnetic microbeads. The release of active TGF-β1 was always higher from prestrained ECM as compared with unorganized and/or relaxed ECM. The finding that ECM prestrain regulates the bioavailability of TGF-β1 is important to understand the context of diseases that involve excessive ECM remodeling, such as fibrosis or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Klingberg
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Melissa L Chow
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Anne Koehler
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Stellar Boo
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Lara Buscemi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Quinn
- Soft Tissue Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - Mercedes Costell
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of València, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Genot
- Centre Cardiothoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
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611
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Marriott S, Baskir RS, Gaskill C, Menon S, Carrier EJ, Williams J, Talati M, Helm K, Alford CE, Kropski JA, Loyd J, Wheeler L, Johnson J, Austin E, Nozik-Grayck E, Meyrick B, West JD, Klemm DJ, Majka SM. ABCG2pos lung mesenchymal stem cells are a novel pericyte subpopulation that contributes to fibrotic remodeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C684-98. [PMID: 25122876 PMCID: PMC4200000 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00114.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genesis of myofibroblasts is obligatory for the development of pathology in many adult lung diseases. Adult lung tissue contains a population of perivascular ABCG2(pos) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that are precursors of myofibroblasts and distinct from NG2 pericytes. We hypothesized that these MSC participate in deleterious remodeling associated with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and associated hypertension (PH). To test this hypothesis, resident lung MSC were quantified in lung samples from control subjects and PF patients. ABCG2(pos) cell numbers were decreased in human PF and interstitial lung disease compared with control samples. Genetic labeling of lung MSC in mice enabled determination of terminal lineage and localization of ABCG2 cells following intratracheal administration of bleomycin to elicit fibrotic lung injury. Fourteen days following bleomycin injury enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-labeled lung MSC-derived cells were increased in number and localized to interstitial areas of fibrotic and microvessel remodeling. Finally, gene expression analysis was evaluated to define the response of MSC to bleomycin injury in vivo using ABCG2(pos) MSC isolated during the inflammatory phase postinjury and in vitro bleomycin or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-treated cells. MSC responded to bleomycin treatment in vivo with a profibrotic gene program that was not recapitulated in vitro with bleomycin treatment. However, TGF-β1 treatment induced the appearance of a profibrotic myofibroblast phenotype in vitro. Additionally, when exposed to the profibrotic stimulus, TGF-β1, ABCG2, and NG2 pericytes demonstrated distinct responses. Our data highlight ABCG2(pos) lung MSC as a novel cell population that contributes to detrimental myofibroblast-mediated remodeling during PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shennea Marriott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Rubin S Baskir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Christa Gaskill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Swapna Menon
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute Kochi and AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Kerala, India
| | - Erica J Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Janice Williams
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Electron Microscopy-Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Megha Talati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Karen Helm
- Cancer Center Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Catherine E Alford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - James Loyd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Lisa Wheeler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Joyce Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Department of Pediatrics or Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Barbara Meyrick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - James D West
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse; Vanderbilt Pulmonary Circulation Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dwight J Klemm
- Department of Pediatrics or Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Susan M Majka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse; Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Pulmonary Circulation Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse;
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612
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Iwakiri Y, Shah V, Rockey DC. Vascular pathobiology in chronic liver disease and cirrhosis - current status and future directions. J Hepatol 2014; 61:912-24. [PMID: 24911462 PMCID: PMC4346093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is associated with remarkable alterations in the intra- and extrahepatic vasculature. Because of these changes, the fields of liver vasculature and portal hypertension have recently become closely integrated within the broader vascular biology discipline. As developments in vascular biology have evolved, a deeper understanding of vascular processes has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of the dynamic vascular changes associated with portal hypertension and chronic liver disease. In this context, hepatic vascular cells, such as sinusoidal endothelial cells and pericyte-like hepatic stellate cells, are closely associated with one another, where they have paracrine and autocrine effects on each other and themselves. These cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Further, a variety of signaling pathways have recently come to light. These include growth factor pathways involving cytokines such as transforming growth factor β, platelet derived growth factor, and others as well as a variety of vasoactive peptides and other molecules. An early and consistent feature of liver injury is the development of an increase in intra-hepatic resistance; this is associated with changes in hepatic vascular cells and their signaling pathway that cause portal hypertension. A critical concept is that this process aggregates signals to the extrahepatic circulation, causing derangement in this system's cells and signaling pathways, which ultimately leads to the collateral vessel formation and arterial vasodilation in the splanchnic and systemic circulation, which by virtue of the hydraulic derivation of Ohm's law (pressure = resistance × flow), worsens portal hypertension. This review provides a detailed review of the current status and future direction of the basic biology of portal hypertension with a focus on the physiology, pathophysiology, and signaling of cells within the liver, as well as those in the mesenteric vascular circulation. Translational implications of recent research and the future directions that it points to are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Iwakiri
- The Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Vijay Shah
- The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Don C Rockey
- The Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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613
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Sauerbruch T, Trebicka J. Future therapy of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis - a guess. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:95. [PMID: 25374673 PMCID: PMC4191223 DOI: 10.12703/p6-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In patients with chronic liver disease, portal hypertension is driven by progressive fibrosis and intrahepatic vasoconstriction. Interruption of the initiating and perpetuating etiology—mostly leading to necroinflammation—is possible for several underlying causes, such as autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and most recently hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Thus, in the long run, lifestyle-related liver damage due to chronic alcoholism or morbid obesity will remain the main factor leading to portal hypertension. Both causes are probably more easily countered by socioeconomic measures than by individual approaches. If chronic liver injury supporting fibrogenesis and portal hypertension cannot be interrupted, a wide variety of tools are available to modulate and reduce intrahepatic resistance and therewith portal hypertension. Many of these have been evaluated in animal models. Also, some well-established drugs, which are used in humans for other indications (for example, statins), are promising if applied early and concomitantly to standard therapy. In the future, more individually tailored strategies must also be considered in line with the spectrum of portal hypertensive complications and risk factors defined by high-throughput analysis of the patient’s genome, transcriptome, metabolome, or microbiome.
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614
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Abstract
Portal fibroblasts are a minor population in the normal liver, found in the periportal mesenchyme surrounding the bile ducts. While many researchers have hypothesized that they are an important myofibroblast precursor population in biliary fibrosis, responsible for matrix deposition in early fibrosis and for recruiting hepatic stellate cells, the role of portal fibroblasts relative to hepatic stellate cells is controversial. Several papers published in the past year have addressed this point and have identified other potential roles for portal fibroblasts in biliary fibrosis. The goal of this review is to critically assess these recent studies, to highlight gaps in our knowledge of portal fibroblasts, and to suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Wells
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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615
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Expression of mediators of purinergic signaling in human liver cell lines. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:631-8. [PMID: 25194703 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling regulates a diverse and biologically relevant group of processes in the liver. However, progress of research into functions regulated by purinergic signals in the liver has been hampered by the complexity of systems probed. Specifically, there are multiple liver cell subpopulations relevant to hepatic functions, and many of these have been effectively modeled in human cell lines. Furthermore, there are more than 20 genes relevant to purinergic signaling, each of which has distinct functions. Hence, we felt the need to categorize genes relevant to purinergic signaling in the best characterized human cell line models of liver cell subpopulations. Therefore, we investigated the expression of adenosine receptor, P2X receptor, P2Y receptor, and ecto-nucleotidase genes via RT-PCR in the following cell lines: LX-2, hTERT, FH11, HepG2, Huh7, H69, and MzChA-1. We believe that our findings will provide an excellent resource to investigators seeking to define functions of purinergic signals in liver physiology and liver disease pathogenesis.
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616
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Chung CG, James AW, Asatrian G, Chang L, Nguyen A, Le K, Bayani G, Lee R, Stoker D, Zhang X, Ting K, Péault B, Soo C. Human perivascular stem cell-based bone graft substitute induces rat spinal fusion. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1231-41. [PMID: 25154782 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because of its abundance and accessibility. We have previously defined a population of native MSCs termed perivascular stem cells (PSCs), purified from diverse human tissues, including adipose tissue. Human PSCs (hPSCs) are a bipartite cell population composed of pericytes (CD146+CD34-CD45-) and adventitial cells (CD146-CD34+CD45-), isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and with properties identical to those of culture identified MSCs. Our previous studies showed that hPSCs exhibit improved bone formation compared with a sample-matched unpurified population (termed stromal vascular fraction); however, it is not known whether hPSCs would be efficacious in a spinal fusion model. To investigate, we evaluated the osteogenic potential of freshly sorted hPSCs without culture expansion and differentiation in a rat model of posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion. We compared increasing dosages of implanted hPSCs to assess for dose-dependent efficacy. All hPSC treatment groups induced successful spinal fusion, assessed by manual palpation and microcomputed tomography. Computerized biomechanical simulation (finite element analysis) further demonstrated bone fusion with hPSC treatment. Histological analyses showed robust endochondral ossification in hPSC-treated samples. Finally, we confirmed that implanted hPSCs indeed differentiated into osteoblasts and osteocytes; however, the majority of the new bone formation was of host origin. These results suggest that implanted hPSCs positively regulate bone formation via direct and paracrine mechanisms. In summary, hPSCs are a readily available MSC population that effectively forms bone without requirements for culture or predifferentiation. Thus, hPSC-based products show promise for future efforts in clinical bone regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon G Chung
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron W James
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Asatrian
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Le Chang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Khoi Le
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Bayani
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Lee
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Stoker
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kang Ting
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Péault
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chia Soo
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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617
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Kumar P, Smith T, Rahman K, Mells JE, Thorn NE, Saxena NK, Anania FA. Adiponectin modulates focal adhesion disassembly in activated hepatic stellate cells: implication for reversing hepatic fibrosis. FASEB J 2014; 28:5172-83. [PMID: 25154876 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-253229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence indicates that adiponectin possesses antifibrogenic activity in inhibiting liver fibrosis. Therapeutic strategies, however, are limited by adiponectin quaternary structure and effective concentrations in circulation. Here we postulate a novel molecular mechanism, whereby adiponectin targets focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity and disrupts key features of the fibrogenic response. Adiponectin-null (Ad(-/-)) mice and wild-type littermates were exposed to either saline or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 6 wk. CCl4-gavaged mice were also injected with attenuated adenoviral adiponectin (Ad-Adn) or Ad-LacZ for 2 wk. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were treated with or without adiponectin to elucidate signal transduction mechanisms. In vivo delivery of Ad-Adn markedly attenuates CCl4-induced expression of key integrin proteins and markers of HSC activation: αv, β3, β1, α2(I) collagen, and α-smooth muscle actin. Confocal experiments of liver tissues demonstrated that adiponectin delivery also suppressed vinculin and p-FAK activity in activated HSCs. In vitro, adiponectin induced dephosphorylation of FAK, mediated by a physical association with activated tyrosine phosphatase, Shp2. Conversely, Shp2 knockdown by siRNA significantly attenuated adiponectin-induced FAK deactivation, and expression of TIMP1 and α2(I) collagen was abolished in the presence of adiponectin and si-FAK. Finally, we documented that either adiponectin or the synthetic peptide with adiponectin properties, ADP355, suppressed p-FAK in synthetic matrices with stiffness measurements of 9 and 15 kPa, assessed by immunofluorescent imaging and quantitation. The in vivo and in vitro data presented indicate that disassembly of focal adhesion complexes in HSCs is pivotal for hepatic fibrosis therapy, now that small adiponectin-like peptides are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and
| | - Tekla Smith
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and
| | - Khalidur Rahman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and
| | - Jamie E Mells
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and
| | - Natalie E Thorn
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and
| | - Neeraj K Saxena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank A Anania
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and
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618
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has long been implicated in fibrotic diseases, including the multisystem fibrotic disease systemic sclerosis (SSc). Expression of TGF-β-regulated genes in fibrotic skin and lungs of patients with SSc correlates with disease activity, which points to this cytokine as the central mediator of pathogenesis. Patients with SSc often develop pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a particularly lethal complication caused by vascular dysfunction. Several genetic diseases with vascular features related to SSc, such as familial PAH and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, are caused by mutations in the TGF-β-sensing ALK-1 signalling pathway. These observations suggest that increased TGF-β signalling causes both vascular and fibrotic features of SSc. The question of how latent TGF-β becomes activated in local SSc tissues is, therefore, central to the understanding of SSc. Both TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 can be activated by integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8, whose upregulation in bronchial epithelial cells can activate TGF-β in SSc lungs. Other αv integrins, thrombospondin-1 or altered TGF-β sequestration by matrix proteins might be important in other target tissues. How the immune system triggers this process remains unclear, although links between inflammation and TGF-β activation are emerging. Together, these observations provide an increasingly secure framework for understanding TGF-β in SSc pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lafyatis
- Boston University School of Medicine, E5 Arthritis Centre, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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619
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Schaub JR, Malato Y, Gormond C, Willenbring H. Evidence against a stem cell origin of new hepatocytes in a common mouse model of chronic liver injury. Cell Rep 2014; 8:933-9. [PMID: 25131204 PMCID: PMC4376310 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes provide most liver functions, but they can also proliferate and regenerate the liver after injury. However, under some liver injury conditions, particularly chronic liver injury where hepatocyte proliferation is impaired, liver stem cells (LSCs) are thought to replenish lost hepatocytes. Conflicting results have been reported about the identity of LSCs and their contribution to liver regeneration. To address this uncertainty, we followed candidate LSC populations by genetic fate tracing in adult mice with chronic liver injury due to a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet. In contrast to previous studies, we failed to detect hepatocytes derived from biliary epithelial cells or mesenchymal liver cells beyond a negligible frequency. In fact, we failed to detect hepatocytes that were not derived from pre-existing hepatocytes. In conclusion, our findings argue against LSCs, or other nonhepatocyte cell types, providing a backup system for hepatocyte regeneration in this common mouse model of chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R Schaub
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yann Malato
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Coralie Gormond
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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620
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Forbes SJ, Rosenthal N. Preparing the ground for tissue regeneration: from mechanism to therapy. Nat Med 2014; 20:857-69. [PMID: 25100531 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases confer tissue and organ damage that reduce quality of life and are largely refractory to therapy. Although stem cells hold promise for treating degenerative diseases by 'seeding' injured tissues, the regenerative capacity of stem cells is influenced by regulatory networks orchestrated by local immune responses to tissue damage, with macrophages being a central component of the injury response and coordinator of tissue repair. Recent research has turned to how cellular and signaling components of the local stromal microenvironment (the 'soil' to the stem cells' seed), such as local inflammatory reactions, contribute to successful tissue regeneration. This Review discusses the basic principles of tissue regeneration and the central role locally acting components may play in the process. Application of seed-and-soil concepts to regenerative medicine strengthens prospects for developing cell-based therapies or for promotion of endogenous repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- 1] National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. [2] Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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621
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Abstract
Hepatic myofibroblasts are activated in response to chronic liver injury of any etiology to produce a fibrous scar. Despite extensive studies, the origin of myofibroblasts in different types of fibrotic liver diseases is unresolved. To identify distinct populations of myofibroblasts and quantify their contribution to hepatic fibrosis of two different etiologies, collagen-α1(I)-GFP mice were subjected to hepatotoxic (carbon tetrachloride; CCl4) or cholestatic (bile duct ligation; BDL) liver injury. All myofibroblasts were purified by flow cytometry of GFP(+) cells and then different subsets identified by phenotyping. Liver resident activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) and activated portal fibroblasts (aPFs) are the major source (>95%) of fibrogenic myofibroblasts in these models of liver fibrosis in mice. As previously reported using other methodologies, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major source of myofibroblasts (>87%) in CCl4 liver injury. However, aPFs are a major source of myofibroblasts in cholestatic liver injury, contributing >70% of myofibroblasts at the onset of injury (5 d BDL). The relative contribution of aPFs decreases with progressive injury, as HSCs become activated and contribute to the myofibroblast population (14 and 20 d BDL). Unlike aHSCs, aPFs respond to stimulation with taurocholic acid and IL-25 by induction of collagen-α1(I) and IL-13, respectively. Furthermore, BDL-activated PFs express high levels of collagen type I and provide stimulatory signals to HSCs. Gene expression analysis identified several novel markers of aPFs, including a mesothelial-specific marker mesothelin. PFs may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver fibrosis and, therefore, serve as an attractive target for antifibrotic therapy.
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622
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Nagaraja V, Denton CP, Khanna D. Old medications and new targeted therapies in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 54:1944-53. [PMID: 25065013 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SSc is a multiorgan disease with significant morbidity that is associated with poor health-related quality of life. Treatment of this condition is often organ based and non-curative. However, there are newer, potentially disease-modifying therapies available to treat certain aspects of the disease. This review focuses on old and new therapies in the management of SSc in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Nagaraja
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA and
| | | | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA and
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623
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Wells RG. The portal fibroblast: not just a poor man's stellate cell. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:41-7. [PMID: 24814904 PMCID: PMC4090086 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Portal fibroblasts, the resident fibroblasts of the portal tract, are found in the mesenchyme surrounding the bile ducts. Their roles in liver homeostasis and response to injury are undefined and controversial. Although portal fibroblasts almost certainly give rise to myofibroblasts during the development of biliary fibrosis, recent lineage tracing studies suggest that their contribution to fibrogenesis is limited compared with that of hepatic stellate cells. Other functions of portal fibroblasts include participation in the peribiliary stem cell niche, regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation, and deposition of specific matrix proteins. Portal fibroblasts synthesize elastin and other components of microfibrils; these may serve structural roles, providing stability to ducts and the vasculature under conditions of increased ductal pressure, or could regulate the bioavailability of the fibrogenic transforming growth factor β in response to injury. Viewing portal fibroblasts in the context of fibroblast populations throughout the body and studying their niche-specific roles in matrix deposition and epithelial regulation could yield new insights into their contributions in the normal and injured liver. Understanding the functions of portal fibroblasts will require us to view them as more than just an alternative to hepatic stellate cells in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Wells
- Departments of Medicine (GI) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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624
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Elpek G&O. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis: An update. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7260-7276. [PMID: 24966597 PMCID: PMC4064072 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been considerable recent advances towards a better understanding of the complex cellular and molecular network underlying liver fibrogenesis. Recent data indicate that the termination of fibrogenic processes and the restoration of deficient fibrolytic pathways may allow the reversal of advanced fibrosis and even cirrhosis. Therefore, efforts have been made to better clarify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are involved in liver fibrosis. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) remains a central event in fibrosis, complemented by other sources of matrix-producing cells, including portal fibroblasts, fibrocytes and bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts. These cells converge in a complex interaction with neighboring cells to provoke scarring in response to persistent injury. Defining the interaction of different cell types, revealing the effects of cytokines on these cells and characterizing the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in activated HSCs will enable the discovery of new therapeutic targets. Moreover, the characterization of different pathways associated with different etiologies aid in the development of disease-specific therapies. This article outlines recent advances regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in liver fibrosis that may be translated into future therapies. The pathogenesis of liver fibrosis associated with alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and viral hepatitis are also discussed to emphasize the various mechanisms involved in liver fibrosis.
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625
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Agarwal SK. Integrins and cadherins as therapeutic targets in fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:131. [PMID: 24917820 PMCID: PMC4042084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins into tissues leading to scar formation, disruption of normal tissue architecture and organ failure. Despite the large clinical impact of fibrosis, treatment options are limited. Adhesion molecules, in particular αvβ6 and α3β1 integrins and cadherin-11, have been demonstrated to be important mediators of tissue fibrosis. These data are reviewed here and provide the foundation for these molecules to be potential therapeutic targets for patients with fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Agarwal
- Section of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
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626
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Hara M, Kirita A, Kondo W, Matsuura T, Nagatsuma K, Dohmae N, Ogawa S, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Friedman SL, Rifkin DB, Kojima S. LAP degradation product reflects plasma kallikrein-dependent TGF-β activation in patients with hepatic fibrosis. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:221. [PMID: 24877031 PMCID: PMC4033717 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Byproducts of cytokine activation are sometimes useful as surrogate biomarkers for monitoring cytokine generation in patients. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. TGF-β is produced as part of an inactive latent complex, in which the cytokine is trapped by its propeptide, the latency-associated protein (LAP). Therefore, to exert its biological activity, TGF-β must be released from the latent complex. Several proteases activate latent TGF-β by cutting LAP. We previously reported that Camostat Mesilate, a broad spectrum protease inhibitor, which is especially potent at inhibiting plasma kallikrein (PLK), prevented liver fibrosis in the porcine serum-induced liver fibrosis model in rats. We suggested that PLK may work as an activator of latent TGF-β during the pathogenesis of liver diseases in the animal models. However, it remained to be elucidated whether this activation mechanism also functions in fibrotic liver in patients. Here, we report that PLK cleaves LAP between R58 and L59 residues. We have produced monoclonal antibodies against two degradation products of LAP (LAP-DP) by PLK, and we have used these specific antibodies to immunostain LAP-DP in liver tissues from both fibrotic animals and patients. The N-terminal side LAP-DP ending at R58 (R58 LAP-DP) was detected in liver tissues, while the C-terminal side LAP-DP beginning at L59 (L59 LAP-DP) was not detectable. The R58 LAP-DP was seen mostly in α-smooth muscle actin-positive activated stellate cells. These data suggest for the first time that the occurrence of a PLK-dependent TGF-β activation reaction in patients and indicates that the LAP-DP may be useful as a surrogate marker reflecting PLK-dependent TGF-β activation in fibrotic liver both in animal models and in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Hara
- Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0918 Japan
| | - Akiko Kirita
- Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0918 Japan
| | - Wakako Kondo
- Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0918 Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003 Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagatsuma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003 Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Team, Chemical Biology Core Facility, Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0918 Japan
| | - Shinji Ogawa
- St. Louis Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Chesterfield, MO 63166 U.S.A
| | - Shinobu Imajoh-Ohmi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 U.S.A
| | - Daniel B Rifkin
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 U.S.A
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0918 Japan
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627
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Lee CM, Park JW, Cho WK, Zhou Y, Han B, Yoon PO, Chae J, Elias JA, Lee CG. Modifiers of TGF-β1 effector function as novel therapeutic targets of pulmonary fibrosis. Korean J Intern Med 2014; 29:281-90. [PMID: 24851060 PMCID: PMC4028515 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2014.29.3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal progressive disease with no effective therapy. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 has long been regarded as a central mediator of tissue fibrosis that involves multiple organs including skin, liver, kidney, and lung. Thus, TGF-β1 and its signaling pathways have been attractive therapeutic targets for the development of antifibrotic drugs. However, the essential biological functions of TGF-β1 in maintaining normal immune and cellular homeostasis significantly limit the effectiveness of TGF-β1-directed therapeutic approaches. Thus, targeting downstream mediators or signaling molecules of TGF-β1 could be an alternative approach that selectively inhibits TGF-β1-stimulated fibrotic tissue response while preserving major physiological function of TGF-β1. Recent studies from our laboratory revealed that TGF-β1 crosstalk with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling by induction of amphiregulin, a ligand of EGFR, plays a critical role in the development or progression of pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, chitotriosidase, a true chitinase in humans, has been identified to have modulating capacity of TGF-β1 signaling as a new biomarker and therapeutic target of scleroderma-associated pulmonary fibrosis. These newly identified modifiers of TGF-β1 effector function significantly enhance the effectiveness and flexibility in targeting pulmonary fibrosis in which TGF-β1 plays a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Min Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jin Wook Park
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jack A Elias
- Dean of Medicine and Biological Science, Brown University, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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628
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Liver fibrosis and repair: immune regulation of wound healing in a solid organ. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:181-94. [PMID: 24566915 DOI: 10.1038/nri3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 908] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a highly conserved and co-ordinated protective response to tissue injury. The interaction of multiple pathways, molecules and systems determines whether fibrosis is self-limiting and homeostatic, or whether it is uncontrolled and excessive. Immune cells have been identified as key players in this fibrotic cascade, with the capacity to exert either injury-inducing or repair-promoting effects. A multi-organ approach was recently suggested to identify the core and regulatory pathways in fibrosis, with the aim of integrating the wealth of information emerging from basic fibrosis research. In this Review, we focus on recent advances in liver fibrosis research as a paradigm for wound healing in solid organs and the role of the immune system in regulating and balancing this response.
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629
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Tsou PS, Haak AJ, Khanna D, Neubig RR. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 8. Current and future drug targets in fibrosis: focus on Rho GTPase-regulated gene transcription. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C2-13. [PMID: 24740541 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00060.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis occurs with excessive extracellular matrix deposition from myofibroblasts, resulting in tissue scarring and inflammation. It is driven by multiple mediators, such as the G protein-coupled receptor ligands lysophosphatidic acid and endothelin, as well as signaling by transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, and integrins. Fibrosis contributes to 45% of deaths in the developed world. As current therapeutic options for tissue fibrosis are limited and organ transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage disease, there is an imminent need for efficacious antifibrotic therapies. This review discusses the various molecular pathways involved in fibrosis. It highlights the Rho GTPase signaling pathway and its downstream gene transcription output through myocardin-related transcription factor and serum response factor as a convergence point for targeting this complex set of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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630
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Riquelme C, Acuña MJ, Torrejón J, Rebolledo D, Cabrera D, Santos RA, Brandan E. ACE2 is augmented in dystrophic skeletal muscle and plays a role in decreasing associated fibrosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93449. [PMID: 24695436 PMCID: PMC3973684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited neuromuscular disease and is characterized by absence of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin, muscle wasting, and fibrosis. We previously demonstrated that systemic infusion or oral administration of angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), a peptide with opposing effects to angiotensin II, normalized skeletal muscle architecture, decreased local fibrosis, and improved muscle function in mdx mice, a dystrophic model for DMD. In this study, we investigated the presence, activity, and localization of ACE2, the enzyme responsible for Ang-(1-7) production, in wild type (wt) and mdx skeletal muscle and in a model of induced chronic damage in wt mice. All dystrophic muscles studied showed higher ACE2 activity than wt muscle. Immunolocalization studies indicated that ACE2 was localized mainly at the sarcolemma and, to a lesser extent, associated with interstitial cells. Similar results were observed in the model of chronic damage in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of ACE2 overexpression in mdx TA muscle using an adenovirus containing human ACE2 sequence and showed that expression of ACE2 reduced the fibrosis associated with TA dystrophic muscles. Moreover, we observed fewer inflammatory cells infiltrating the mdx muscle. Finally, mdx gastrocnemius muscles from mice infused with Ang-(1-7), which decreases fibrosis, contain less ACE2 associated with the muscle. This is the first evidence supporting ACE2 as an important therapeutic target to improve the dystrophic skeletal muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Riquelme
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Acuña
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Torrejón
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Rebolledo
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Robson A. Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, INCT Nanobio-far, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Enrique Brandan
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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631
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Sarrazy V, Koehler A, Chow ML, Zimina E, Li CX, Kato H, Caldarone CA, Hinz B. Integrins αvβ5 and αvβ3 promote latent TGF-β1 activation by human cardiac fibroblast contraction. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:407-17. [PMID: 24639195 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Pathological tissue remodelling by myofibroblast contraction is a hallmark of cardiac fibrosis. Myofibroblasts differentiate from cardiac fibroblasts under the action of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), which is secreted into the extracellular matrix as a large latent complex. Integrin-mediated traction forces activate TGF-β1 by inducing a conformational change in the latent complex. The mesenchymal integrins αvβ5 and αvβ3 are expressed in the heart, but their role in the activation of TGF-β1 remains elusive. Here, we test whether targeting αvβ5 and αvβ3 integrins reduces latent TGF-β1 activation by cardiac fibroblasts with the goal to prevent the formation of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-expressing cardiac myofibroblasts and their contribution to fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a porcine model of induced right ventricular fibrosis and pro-fibrotic culture conditions, we show that integrins αvβ5 and αvβ3 are up-regulated in myofibroblast-enriched fibrotic lesions and differentiated cultured human cardiac myofibroblasts. Both integrins autonomously contribute to latent TGF-β1 activation and myofibroblast differentiation, as demonstrated by function-blocking peptides and antibodies. Acute blocking of both integrins leads to significantly reduced TGF-β1 activation by cardiac fibroblast contraction and loss of α-SMA expression, which is restored by adding active TGF-β1. Manipulating integrin protein levels in overexpression and shRNA experiments reveals that both integrins can compensate for each other with respect to TGF-β1 activation and induction of α-SMA expression. CONCLUSIONS Integrins αvβ5 and αvβ3 both control myofibroblast differentiation by activating latent TGF-β1. Pharmacological targeting of mesenchymal integrins is a possible strategy to selectively block TGF-β1 activation by cardiac myofibroblasts and progression of fibrosis in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sarrazy
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Anne Koehler
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Melissa L Chow
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Elena Zimina
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Chen X Li
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Hideyuki Kato
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Labatt Family Heart Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher A Caldarone
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Labatt Family Heart Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
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632
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Sheldrake HM, Patterson LH. Strategies to inhibit tumor associated integrin receptors: rationale for dual and multi-antagonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6301-15. [PMID: 24568695 DOI: 10.1021/jm5000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The integrins are a family of 24 heterodimeric transmembrane cell surface receptors. Involvement in cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, motility, and proliferation identifies integrins as therapeutic targets in cancer and associated conditions: thrombosis, angiogenesis, and osteoporosis. The most reported strategy for drug development is synthesis of an agent that is highly selective for a single integrin receptor. However, the ability of cancer cells to change their integrin repertoire in response to drug treatment renders this approach vulnerable to the development of resistance and paradoxical promotion of tumor growth. Here, we review progress toward development of antagonists targeting two or more members of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) binding integrins, notably αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6, αvβ8, α5β1, and αIIbβ3, as anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Sheldrake
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford , Bradford, BD7 1DP, U.K
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633
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Williams MJ, Clouston AD, Forbes SJ. Links between hepatic fibrosis, ductular reaction, and progenitor cell expansion. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:349-56. [PMID: 24315991 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between cells and their extracellular matrix have been shown to be crucial in a wide range of biological processes, including the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Ductular reactions containing both hepatic progenitor cells and extracellular matrix are seen in response to acute severe and chronic liver injury. Understanding the molecular mechanisms whereby cell-matrix interactions regulate liver regeneration may allow novel strategies to enhance this process. Both the ductular reaction in humans and hepatic progenitor cells in rodent models are closely associated with collagen and laminin, although there is still debate about cause and effect. Recent studies have shown a requirement for matrix remodeling by matrix metalloproteinases for the proliferation of hepatic progenitor cells and suggested defined roles for specific matrix components. Understanding the interactions between progenitor cells and matrix is critical for the development of novel regenerative and antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Williams
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew D Clouston
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
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634
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Activation of latent TGFβ by αvβ 1 integrin: of potential importance in myofibroblast activation in fibrosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2014; 8:171-2. [PMID: 24458847 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-014-0221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated activation of latent TGF-β1 is intimately involved with tissue repair and fibrosis in all organs. Previously, it was shown that the integrin β1 subunit was required for activation of latent TGF-β1 and skin fibrosis. A recent study by Henderson and colleagues (Nature Medicine 19,1617-1624, 2013) used three different in vivo models of fibrosis to show that integrin αv subunit was required for fibrogenesis. Through a process of elimination, the authors conclude that in vivo, the little-studied αvβ1 could be the major integrin responsible for TGF-β activation by myofibroblasts. Thus targeting this integrin might be a useful therapy for fibrosis.
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635
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Sakata K, Eda S, Lee ES, Hara M, Imoto M, Kojima S. Neovessel formation promotes liver fibrosis via providing latent transforming growth factor-β. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:950-6. [PMID: 24361885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic fibrosis and angiogenesis occur in parallel during the progression of liver disease. Fibrosis promotes angiogenesis via inducing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from the activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In turn, increased neovessel formation causes fibrosis, although the underlying molecular mechanism remains undetermined. In the current study, we aimed to address a role of endothelial cells (ECs) as a source of latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, the precursor of the most fibrogenic cytokine TGF-β. METHODS After recombinant VEGF was administered to mice via the tail vein, hepatic angiogenesis and fibrogenesis were evaluated using immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses in addition to investigation of TGF-β activation using primary cultured HSCs and liver sinusoidal ECs (LSECs). RESULTS In addition to increased hepatic levels of CD31 expression, VEGF-treated mice showed increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, hepatic contents of hydroxyproline, and latency associated protein degradation products, which reflects cell surface activation of TGF-β via plasma kallikrein (PLK). Liberating the PLK-urokinase plasminogen activator receptor complex from the HSC surface by cleaving a tethering phosphatidylinositol linker with its specific phospholipase C inhibited the activating latent TGF-β present in LSEC conditioned medium and subsequent HSC activation. CONCLUSION Neovessel formation (angiogenesis) accelerates liver fibrosis at least in part via provision of latent TGF-β that activated on the surface of HSCs by PLK, thereby resultant active TGF-β stimulates the activation of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sakata
- Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan; Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Satoshi Eda
- Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Eun-Seo Lee
- Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Hara
- Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaya Imoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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636
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637
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Abstract
The cytokine TGF-β plays an integral role in regulating immune responses. TGF-β has pleiotropic effects on adaptive immunity, especially in the regulation of effector and regulatory CD4(+) T cell responses. Many immune and nonimmune cells can produce TGF-β, but it is always produced as an inactive complex that must be activated to exert functional effects. Thus, activation of latent TGF-β provides a crucial layer of regulation that controls TGF-β function. In this review, we highlight some of the important functional roles for TGF-β in immunity, focusing on its context-specific roles in either dampening or promoting T cell responses. We also describe how activation of TGF-β controls its function in the immune system, with a focus on the key roles for members of the integrin family in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Travis
- Manchester Collaborative Center for Inflammation Research
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