601
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Sanberg PR, Park DH, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Cruz E, Hossne NA, Buffolo E, Willing AE. Monocyte transplantation for neural and cardiovascular ischemia repair. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:553-63. [PMID: 19754667 PMCID: PMC3823455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization is an integral process of inflammatory reactions and subsequent repair cascades in tissue injury. Monocytes/macrophages play a key role in the inflammatory process including angiogenesis as well as the defence mechanisms by exerting microbicidal and immunomodulatory activity. Current studies have demonstrated that recruited monocytes/macrophages aid in regulating angiogenesis in ischemic tissue, tumours and chronic inflammation. In terms of neovascularization followed by tissue regeneration, monocytes/macrophages should be highly attractive for cell-based therapy compared to any other stem cells due to their considerable advantages: non-oncogenic, non-teratogenic, multiple secretary functions including pro-angiogenic and growth factors, straightforward cell harvesting procedure and non-existent ethical controversy. In addition to adult origins such as bone marrow or peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood (UCB) can be a potential source for autologous or allogeneic monocytes/macrophages. Especially, UCB monocytes should be considered as the first candidate owing to their feasibility, low immune rejection and multiple characteristic advantages such as their anti-inflammatory properties by virtue of their unique immune and inflammatory immaturity, and their pro-angiogenic ability. In this review, we present general characteristics and potential of monocytes/macrophages for cell-based therapy, especially focusing on neovascularization and UCB-derived monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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602
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Abstract
Cancer-related inflammation is a key component of the tumor microenvironment. A report in this issue of Cancer Cell now indicates that tumor-associated neutrophils in lung cancer can polarize to either "N1" or "N2" phenotype that inhibits or promotes cancer development, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humantas IRCCS and Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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603
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Fridlender ZG, Sun J, Kim S, Kapoor V, Cheng G, Ling L, Worthen GS, Albelda SM. Polarization of tumor-associated neutrophil phenotype by TGF-beta: "N1" versus "N2" TAN. Cancer Cell 2009. [PMID: 19732719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.06.017.pmid:19732719;pmcid:pmc2754404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
TGF-beta blockade significantly slows tumor growth through many mechanisms, including activation of CD8(+) T cells and macrophages. Here, we show that TGF-beta blockade also increases neutrophil-attracting chemokines, resulting in an influx of CD11b(+)/Ly6G(+) tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) that are hypersegmented, more cytotoxic to tumor cells, and express higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, following TGF-beta blockade, depletion of these neutrophils significantly blunts antitumor effects of treatment and reduces CD8(+) T cell activation. In contrast, in control tumors, neutrophil depletion decreases tumor growth and results in more activated CD8(+) T cells intratumorally. Together, these data suggest that TGF-beta within the tumor microenvironment induces a population of TAN with a protumor phenotype. TGF-beta blockade results in the recruitment and activation of TANs with an antitumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi G Fridlender
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, 1016B ARC, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
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604
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Fridlender ZG, Sun J, Kim S, Kapoor V, Cheng G, Ling L, Worthen GS, Albelda SM. Polarization of tumor-associated neutrophil phenotype by TGF-beta: "N1" versus "N2" TAN. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:183-94. [PMID: 19732719 PMCID: PMC2754404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2323] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta blockade significantly slows tumor growth through many mechanisms, including activation of CD8(+) T cells and macrophages. Here, we show that TGF-beta blockade also increases neutrophil-attracting chemokines, resulting in an influx of CD11b(+)/Ly6G(+) tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) that are hypersegmented, more cytotoxic to tumor cells, and express higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, following TGF-beta blockade, depletion of these neutrophils significantly blunts antitumor effects of treatment and reduces CD8(+) T cell activation. In contrast, in control tumors, neutrophil depletion decreases tumor growth and results in more activated CD8(+) T cells intratumorally. Together, these data suggest that TGF-beta within the tumor microenvironment induces a population of TAN with a protumor phenotype. TGF-beta blockade results in the recruitment and activation of TANs with an antitumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi G Fridlender
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, 1016B ARC, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
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605
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Staton CA, Brown NJ, Reed MWR. Current status and future prospects for anti-angiogenic therapies in cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:961-79. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903196737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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606
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Abstract
A large number of clinical studies are being conducted to assess the effects of angiogenesis inhibitors in the treatment of patients who have metastatic melanoma. It has become increasingly clear that a therapeutic approach that combines angiogenesis inhibitors with cytotoxic agents or other treatment modalities is more likely to result in a clinical benefit for patients rather than antiangiogenesis treatments alone. However, a targeted treatment approach with antiangiogenic agents needs to be based on an in-depth understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in melanoma tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Marneros
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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607
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Gao D, Mittal V. The role of bone-marrow-derived cells in tumor growth, metastasis initiation and progression. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:333-43. [PMID: 19665928 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence from murine models suggests that tumor-specific endocrine factors systemically stimulate the quiescent bone marrow (BM) compartment, resulting in the expansion, mobilization and recruitment of BM progenitor cells. Discrete subsets of tumor-instigated BM-derived progenitor cells support tumor progression and metastasis by regulating angiogenesis, inflammation and immune suppression. Notably, clinical studies have begun to reveal that increased BM recruitment in tumors is associated with poor prognosis. Thus, the BM-derived tumor microenvironment is an attractive therapeutic target, and drugs targeting the components of the microenvironment are currently in clinical trials. Here, we focus on recent advances and emerging concepts regarding the intriguing role of BM-derived cells in tumor growth, metastasis initiation and progression, and we discuss future directions in the context of novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingcheng Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lehman Brothers Lung Cancer Research Center, 1300 York Avenue, 525 East 68th street, New York, New York 10065, USA
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608
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Timmermans F, Plum J, Yöder MC, Ingram DA, Vandekerckhove B, Case J. Endothelial progenitor cells: identity defined? J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:87-102. [PMID: 19067770 PMCID: PMC3823038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, researchers have gained important insights on the role of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells in adult neovascularization. A subset of BM-derived cells, called endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), has been of particular interest, as these cells were suggested to home to sites of neovascularization and neoendothelialization and differentiate into endothelial cells (ECs) in situ, a process referred to as postnatal vasculogenesis. Therefore, EPCs were proposed as a potential regenerative tool for treating human vascular disease and a possible target to restrict vessel growth in tumour pathology. However, conflicting results have been reported in the field, and the identification, characterization, and exact role of EPCs in vascular biology is still a subject of much discussion. The focus of this review is on the controversial issues in the field of EPCs which are related to the lack of a unique EPC marker, identification challenges related to the paucity of EPCs in the circulation, and the important phenotypical and functional overlap between EPCs, haematopoietic cells and mature ECs. We also discuss our recent findings on the origin of endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs), showing that this in vitro defined EC population does not originate from circulating CD133+ cells or CD45+ haematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Timmermans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ghent, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan, Ghent, Belgium
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609
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Ardi VC, Van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G, Schweighofer B, Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Neutrophil MMP-9 proenzyme, unencumbered by TIMP-1, undergoes efficient activation in vivo and catalytically induces angiogenesis via a basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2)/FGFR-2 pathway. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25854-66. [PMID: 19608737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.033472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and catalytic requirements for neutrophil MMP-9 proenzyme (proMMP-9) to induce angiogenesis were investigated using a quantitative angiogenesis model based on grafting of collagen onplants onto the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. Both physiological activation of neutrophil proMMP-9 and proteolytic activity of the generated MMP-9 enzyme were critically dependent on the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-free status of the zymogen. The presence of an intact active site and hemopexin domain were required for full angiogenesis-inducing activity of the MMP-9 enzyme. Timed additions of TIMP-1 to the onplants containing TIMP-free neutrophil proMMP-9 indicated that in vivo activation of the zymogen occurred during the first 24 h after grafting. Within the onplant tissue, MMP-9 activation was accompanied by proteolytic modifications of fibrillar collagen and an influx of host proteins, the rate of which depended on the TIMP-free status of the zymogen. By quantifying the levels of host angiogenic factors, we demonstrated that basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) was a major cytokine becoming bioavailable in the onplant tissue undergoing a neutrophil proMMP-9-mediated angiogenic switch. Inhibition of angiogenesis with specific function-blocking antibodies further indicated an involvement of a FGF-2/FGFR-2 pathway in neutrophil proMMP-9-induced angiogenesis. The enhanced angiogenesis catalyzed by neutrophil MMP-9 appears to evoke also a localized, low threshold level vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGFR-2 pathway, likely functioning in the formation and/or stabilization of blood vessels. That neutrophil proMMP-9, unencumbered by TIMP-1, directly mediates FGF-2-dependent angiogenesis was also demonstrated in our quantitative mouse angiogenesis model employing subcutaneous collagen implants, thus implicating the novel TIMP-free MMP-9/FGF-2/FGFR-2 pathway in proMMP-9-induced angiogenesis in a mammalian setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C Ardi
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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610
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Caruso RA, Bonanno A, Finocchiaro G, Cavaliere R, Gitto G, Plutino FM, Quattrocchi E, Cuppari MC, Fabiano V, Basile G. Ultrastructural Observations on Inflammatory Angiogenesis in Gastric Carcinomas with Massive Neutrophil Infiltration. Ultrastruct Pathol 2009; 33:1-5. [DOI: 10.1080/01913120802636696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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611
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Roland CL, Dineen SP, Lynn KD, Sullivan LA, Dellinger MT, Sadegh L, Sullivan JP, Shames DS, Brekken RA. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor reduces angiogenesis and modulates immune cell infiltration of orthotopic breast cancer xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1761-71. [PMID: 19567820 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a primary stimulant of angiogenesis and is a macrophage chemotactic protein. Inhibition of VEGF is beneficial in combination with chemotherapy for some breast cancer patients. However, the mechanism by which inhibition of VEGF affects tumor growth seems to involve more than its effect on endothelial cells. In general, increased immune cell infiltration into breast tumors confers a worse prognosis. We have shown previously that 2C3, a mouse monoclonal antibody that prevents VEGF from binding to VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), decreases tumor growth, angiogenesis, and macrophage infiltration into pancreatic tumors and therefore hypothesized that r84, a fully human IgG that phenocopies 2C3, would similarly affect breast tumor growth and immune cell infiltration. In this study, we show that anti-VEGF therapy with bevacizumab, 2C3, or r84 inhibits the growth of established orthotopic MDA-MB-231 breast tumors in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, reduces tumor microvessel density, limits the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages, but is associated with elevated numbers of tumor-associated neutrophils. In addition, we found that treatment with r84 reduced the number of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) double-positive cells in the tumor compared with tumors from control-treated animals. These results show that selective inhibition of VEGFR2 with an anti-VEGF antibody is sufficient for effective blockade of the protumorigenic activity of VEGF in breast cancer xenografts. These findings further define the complex molecular interactions in the tumor microenvironment and provide a translational tool that may be relevant to the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Roland
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
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612
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Abstract
Both innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the mechanisms of endothelial cell proliferation, migration and activation, through the production and release of a large spectrum of pro-angiogenic mediators. These may create the specific microenvironment that favours an increased rate of tissue vascularization. In this review, we will focus on the immune cell component of the angiogenic process in inflammation and tumour growth. As angiogenesis is the result of a net balance between the activities exerted by positive and negative regulators, we will also provide information on some antiangiogenic properties of immune cells that may be utilized for a potential pharmacological use as antiangiogenic agents in inflammation as well as in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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613
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Eikesdal HP, Kalluri R. Drug resistance associated with antiangiogenesis therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:310-7. [PMID: 19524042 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neovascularization is one of the hallmarks associated with tumor growth. In the recent years, a number of angiogenesis inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in cancer patients. However, the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy is in most cases short-lasting, with likely drug resistance developing within a few months. It is becoming clear also that there are a subset of malignant tumors that are inherently resistant to angiogenesis inhibition. The knowledge regarding resistance mechanisms towards angiogenesis inhibitors is still evolving and here we propose some theories and in some cases provide experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Petter Eikesdal
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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614
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Hosoi F, Izumi H, Kawahara A, Murakami Y, Kinoshita H, Kage M, Nishio K, Kohno K, Kuwano M, Ono M. N-myc downstream regulated gene 1/Cap43 suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis of pancreatic cancer through attenuation of inhibitor of kappaB kinase beta expression. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4983-91. [PMID: 19491262 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1)/Cap43 expression is a predictive marker of good prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer as we reported previously. In this study, NDRG1/Cap43 decreased the expression of various chemoattractants, including CXC chemokines for inflammatory cells, and the recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils with suppression of both angiogenesis and growth in mouse xenograft models. We further found that NDRG1/Cap43 induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling attenuation through marked decreases in inhibitor of kappaB kinase (IKK) beta expression and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. Decreased IKKbeta expression in cells overexpressing NDRG1/Cap43 resulted in reduction of both nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 and their binding to the NF-kappaB motif. The introduction of an exogenous IKKbeta gene restored NDRG1/Cap43-suppressed expression of melanoma growth-stimulating activity alpha/CXCL1, epithelial-derived neutrophil activating protein-78/CXCL5, interleukin-8/CXCL8 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A, accompanied by increased phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha in NDRG1/Cap43-expressing cells. In patients with pancreatic cancer, NDRG1/Cap43 expression levels were also inversely correlated with the number of infiltrating macrophages in the tumor stroma. This study suggests a novel mechanism by which NDRG1/Cap43 modulates tumor angiogenesis/growth and infiltration of macrophages/neutrophils through attenuation of NF-kappaB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihito Hosoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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615
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Tazzyman S, Lewis CE, Murdoch C. Neutrophils: key mediators of tumour angiogenesis. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:222-31. [PMID: 19563607 PMCID: PMC2697547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well known that most malignant tumours contain a significant amount of leucocytic infiltrates the presence of which has, on many occasions, been linked to poor patient prognosis. These leucocyte populations are recruited to tumours by chemotactic factors released by either viable or necrotic tumour cells, or by cells within the tumour stroma. In recent times, most studies have analysed the role that tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) have on tumour progression. However, there is now increasing evidence to show that neutrophils also actively participate in this process. Whilst there are some data to suggest that neutrophil-derived factors can promote genetic mutations leading to tumourigenesis, or secrete factors that promote tumour cell proliferation; there is now substantial evidence to show that neutrophils, like TAM, significantly affect tumour angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss the likely mechanisms by which neutrophils are recruited into the tumour and then elaborate on how these cells may induce tumour vascularization by the secretion of powerful pro-angiogenic factors. We also discuss possible future chemotherapeutic strategies that are aimed at limiting tumour angiogenesis by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Tazzyman
- Tumour Targeting Group, Academic Unit of Pathology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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616
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Baeriswyl V, Christofori G. The angiogenic switch in carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:329-37. [PMID: 19482086 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coined in the late eighties, the term "angiogenic switch" refers to a time-restricted event during tumor progression where the balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors tilts towards a pro-angiogenic outcome, resulting in the transition from dormant avascularized hyperplasia to outgrowing vascularized tumor and eventually to malignant tumor progression. The molecular players and mechanisms underlying the angiogenic switch have been intensely investigated. In particular, a large number of pro-angiogenic factors and angiogenic inhibitors activated and repressed, respectively, in their activities during the angiogenic switch have been identified and characterized. Part of this research has lead to the development of various pro- and anti-angiogenic therapies that are currently tested in clinical trials or are already in clinical use. More recently, transgenic mouse models of cancer have been instrumental in revealing that inflammatory responses within the tumor microenvironment are critically contributing to the onset of tumor angiogenesis. These mouse models closely recapitulate multistage carcinogenesis in cancer patients and represent reliable tools to study the molecular and cellular players implicated in the onset and maintenance of tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, they also offer the opportunity to assess the efficacy of novel anti-angiogenic cancer therapies and the nature of developing resistance mechanisms. These experiments have provided first important concepts to improve anti-angiogenic therapy and thus directly contribute to their translation to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Baeriswyl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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617
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Petrelli A, Valabrega G. Multitarget drugs: the present and the future of cancer therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10:589-600. [PMID: 19284362 DOI: 10.1517/14656560902781907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Target therapies for the treatment of human cancers have revolutionized the concept of oncological medicine. This type of therapeutic approach is directed to the inhibition of molecular targets that play a pivotal role in tumor progression -- such as tyrosine kinase receptors (TKIs) controlling cell proliferation and survival -- mainly by means of compounds able to block their activity. In the beginning, the aim of target therapies was specifically to hit a single molecule expressed in neoplastic cells. Now the prevailing idea is that inhibiting both cancer cells and cells of the stroma supporting the tumor would gain better results in fighting the disease. Therefore, the single-target therapy is fading in favor of a multitarget approach and the new generation of TKIs is selected on the basis of their ability simultaneously to target different molecules. This review summarizes the molecular basis of multitarget therapies and the most relevant results obtained in different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Petrelli
- University of Turin Medical School, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Division of Molecular Oncology, Candiolo (Torino), Italy.
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618
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Gao D, Nolan D, McDonnell K, Vahdat L, Benezra R, Altorki N, Mittal V. Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells contribute to the angiogenic switch in tumor growth and metastatic progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:33-40. [PMID: 19460418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to angiogenesis-mediated growth of certain tumors in mice and human. EPCs regulate the angiogenic switch via paracrine secretion of proangiogenic growth factors and by direct luminal incorporation into sprouting nascent vessels. While the contributions of EPCs to neovessel formation in spontaneous and transplanted tumors and to the metastatic transition have been reported to be relatively low, remarkably, specific EPC ablation in vivo has resulted in severe angiogenesis inhibition and impaired primary and metastatic tumor growth. The existence of a BM reservoir of EPCs, and the selective involvement of EPCs in neovascularization, have attracted considerable interest because these cells represent novel target for therapeutic intervention. In addition, EPCs are also being used as pharmacodynamic surrogate markers for monitoring cancer progression, as well as for optimizing efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapies in the clinic. This review will focus primarily on recent advances and emerging concepts in the field of EPC biology and discuss ongoing debates involving the role of EPCs in tumor neovascularization. For detailed information on the in vitro characterization of EPCs contribution to non-tumor pathologies, the reader is directed towards several excellent reviews and publications [F. Bertolini, Y. Shaked, P. Mancuso and R.S. Kerbel, Nat. Rev., Cancer 6 (2006) 835-845. [1]] [J.M. Hill, T. Finkel and A.A. Quyyumi, Vox Sang. 87 Suppl 2 (2004) 31-37. [2]] [A.Y. Khakoo and T. Finkel, Annu. Rev. Med. 56 (2005) 79-101. [3]] [H.G. Kopp, C.A. Ramos and S. Rafii, Curr. Opin. Hematol. 13 (2006) 175-181. [4]; K.K. Hirschi, D.A. Ingram and M.C. Yoder, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28 (2008) 1584-1595. [5]; F. Timmermans, J. Plum, M.C. Yoder, D.A. Ingram, B. Vandekerckhove and J. Case, J. Cell. Mol. Med. 13 (2009) 87-102. [6]] and reviews by Bertolini, Voest and Yoder in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingcheng Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lehman Brothers Lung Cancer Research Center, Cornell University Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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619
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Tang HS, Feng YJ, Yao LQ. Angiogenesis, Vasculogenesis, and Vasculogenic Mimicry in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:605-10. [DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181a389e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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620
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Vanherberghen M, Day MJ, Delvaux F, Gabriel A, Clercx C, Peeters D. An immunohistochemical study of the inflammatory infiltrate associated with nasal carcinoma in dogs and cats. J Comp Pathol 2009; 141:17-26. [PMID: 19362315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to characterize the inflammatory infiltrate associated with nasal carcinoma in dogs and cats and to determine whether this differed between the two species or with different types of carcinoma. Sections from fixed tissue biopsy samples of intranasal carcinoma from 31 dogs and six cats were labelled immunohistochemically to detect expression of the T-lymphocyte marker CD3, class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC II), the myelomonocytic antigen MAC387 and immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA and IgM within the cytoplasm of plasma cells. All canine carcinomas were heavily infiltrated by MAC387(+) neutrophils, with smaller numbers of MAC387(+) macrophages. T cells were particularly prominent in the infiltrate associated with transitional carcinoma, and in such tumours were frequently mixed with MHC II(+) cells having macrophage or dendritic cell morphology. IgG(+) and IgA(+) plasma cells were detected at the peripheral margins of all types of canine carcinoma. In contrast, feline intranasal carcinoma was invariably associated with a marked infiltration of CD3(+) T cells. The feline tumour infiltrates contained sparse neutrophils and macrophages and few IgG(+) and IgA(+) plasma cells. These findings suggest that qualitatively different immune responses are induced in response to specific types of canine intranasal carcinoma, and that the canine and feline immune response to these neoplasms is also distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vanherberghen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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621
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Ahn GO, Brown JM. Influence of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells on the tumor response to radiotherapy: experimental models and clinical perspectives. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:970-6. [PMID: 19270527 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.7.8075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we highlight some of recent studies underscoring the importance of the tumor microenvironment, especially the role of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells, in restoring tumor growth after irradiation. Myeloid cells are hematopoietic cells that give rise to monocytes and macrophages in the peripheral blood and tissues. These cells have been shown to be proangiogenic in tumors promoting tumor growth. We also discuss our previously unpublished results on the effect of irradiation on the tumor vasculature including pericyte and basement membrane coverage to the endothelium of tumor blood vessels. We summarize the clinical significance of these studies including the use of MMP-9 inhibitors, administering white blood cell boosters, or planning safety margin of tumor volumes, in order to improve overall clinical benefits in cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-One Ahn
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford, California, USA
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622
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Abstract
Metastasis is a multistage process that requires cancer cells to escape from the primary tumour, survive in the circulation, seed at distant sites and grow. Each of these processes involves rate-limiting steps that are influenced by non-malignant cells of the tumour microenvironment. Many of these cells are derived from the bone marrow, particularly the myeloid lineage, and are recruited by cancer cells to enhance their survival, growth, invasion and dissemination. This Review describes experimental data demonstrating the role of the microenvironment in metastasis, identifies areas for future research and suggests possible new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A. Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Pollard
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women’s Health, Center for the Study of Reproductive Biology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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623
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Zhong C, Qu X, Tan M, Meng YG, Ferrara N. Characterization and Regulation of Bv8 in Human Blood Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2675-84. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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624
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The last decade has seen a paradigm change in that tumor stroma contributes to malignant tumor progression in a manner comparable to genetic and epigenetic changes within cancer cells. This review summarizes recent novel insights into how inflammatory conditions stimulate the formation and expansion of blood and lymphatic vessels within tumors and, thus, allow tumors to grow, to gain invasive capabilities, and to finally seed metastasis in distant organs. RECENT FINDINGS Different cancer types have a highly defined microenvironment, which is composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts, blood vessel and lymphatic endothelial cells, pericytes, and a heterogeneous infiltrate of cells of the immune system. In addition to the local stimulation of tumor angiogenesis and tumor lymphangiogenesis, cytokines released by the primary tumor and by the immune cell infiltrate also instruct bone marrow-derived cells to colonize distant organs and to prepare these sites for future metastasis. SUMMARY Inflammatory reactions coinciding with carcinogenesis can be visualized by the presence of specific bone marrow-derived, inflammatory cells in patients' peripheral blood. Recent findings suggest that such inflammatory fingerprints may better define the inflammatory nature of the primary malignancy and, thus, allow the design of therapeutic strategies targeting the protumorigenic immune cell stroma compartment.
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625
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Tumor-associated macrophages: effectors of angiogenesis and tumor progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:11-8. [PMID: 19269310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a prominent inflammatory cell population in many tumor types residing in both perivascular and avascular, hypoxic regions of these tissues. Analysis of TAMs in human tumor biopsies has shown that they express a variety of tumor-promoting factors and evidence from transgenic murine tumor models has provided unequivocal evidence for the importance of these cells in driving angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, immunosuppression, and metastasis. This review will summarize the mechanisms by which monocytes are recruited into tumors, their myriad, tumor-promoting functions within tumors, and the influence of the tumor microenvironment in driving these activities. We also discuss recent attempts to both target/destroy TAMs and exploit them as delivery vehicles for anti-cancer gene therapy.
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626
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Sinnamon MJ, Carter KJ, Fingleton B, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to intestinal tumourigenesis in the adenomatous polyposis coli multiple intestinal neoplasia mouse. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 89:466-75. [PMID: 19134056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2008.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of 23 extracellular proteases that are best known for their collective ability to degrade all components of the extracellular matrix. We previously demonstrated that genetic ablation of MMP-7 reduced tumour multiplicity in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice possessing a genetic alteration in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC). These mice, commonly referred to as APC-Min mice, are a frequently used model of early intestinal tumourigenesis. To examine further the role of MMPs in intestinal tumour development, we generated APC-Min mice genetically deficient in MMP-2, -9, -12 or -19. Genetic ablation of MMP-2, -12 or -19 did not affect multiplicity or size of intestinal tumours when crossed into the APC-Min system. However, MMP-9 deficient animals developed 40% fewer tumours than littermate controls, although tumour size distribution remained unaffected. Intestinal adenomas from MMP-9 deficient mice demonstrated a 50% decrease in proliferating cells compared with control tissues, with no difference in apoptosis. To determine the cellular origin of MMP-9 in these tumours, immunofluorescent co-staining with markers for different leucocyte lineages was used to demonstrate that intratumoural MMP-9 is largely a product of neutrophils. These studies extend the potential targets for chemoprevention of intestinal adenomas to MMP-9 in addition to MMP-7 and exclude MMP-2,-12,-19 as attractive targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Sinnamon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6840, USA
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627
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Role of endothelial progenitors and other bone marrow-derived cells in the development of the tumor vasculature. Angiogenesis 2009; 12:159-64. [PMID: 19221886 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-009-9135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the importance of bone marrow-derived cells for blood vessel formation (neovascularization) in tumors, which can occur in two mechanisms: angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Angiogenesis results from proliferation and sprouting of existing blood vessels close to the tumor, while vasculogenesis is believed to arise from recruitment of circulating cells, largely derived from the bone marrow, and de novo clonal formation of blood vessels from these cells. Although bone marrow-derived cells are crucial for neovascularization, current evidence suggests a promotional role of these cells on the existing blood vessels rather than de novo neovascularization in tumors. This is believed to be due to the highly proangiogenic features of these cells. The bone marrow-derived cells are heterogeneous, consisting of many different cell types including endothelial progenitor cells, myeloid cells, lymphocytes, and mesenchymal cells. These cells are highly orchestrated under the influence of the specific tumor microenvironment, which varies depending on the tumor type, thereby tightly regulating neovascularization in the tumors. In this review, we highlight some of the recent findings on each of these cell types by outlining some of the essential proangiogenic cytokines that these cells secrete to promote tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenesis.
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628
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Cataisson C, Ohman R, Patel G, Pearson A, Tsien M, Jay S, Wright L, Hennings H, Yuspa SH. Inducible cutaneous inflammation reveals a protumorigenic role for keratinocyte CXCR2 in skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2009; 69:319-28. [PMID: 19118017 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice that overexpress PKCalpha in the epidermis (K5-PKCalpha mice) exhibit acute CXCR2-mediated intraepidermal neutrophilic inflammation and a strong epidermal hyperplasia in response to application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). We now show that hyperplasia is independent of infiltrating neutrophils. Furthermore, when K5-PKCalpha mice were initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and promoted with a low dose of TPA, 58% of K5-PKCalpha mice developed skin papillomas that progressed to carcinoma, whereas wild-type mice did not develop tumors. We confirmed that CXCR2 is expressed by keratinocytes and showed that transformation by oncogenic ras (a hallmark of DMBA initiation) or TPA exposure induced all CXCR2 ligands. Ras induction of CXCR2 ligands was mediated by autocrine activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and nuclear factor-kappaB, and potentiated by PKCalpha. Oncogenic ras also induced CXCR2 ligands in keratinocytes genetically ablated for CXCR2. However, ras transformed CXCR2 null keratinocytes formed only small skin tumors in orthotopic skin grafts to CXCR2 intact hosts, whereas transformed wild-type keratinocytes produced large tumors. In vitro, CXCR2 was essential for CXCR2 ligand-stimulated migration of ras-transformed keratinocytes and for ligand activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt pathways. Both migration and activation of ERK and Akt were restored by CXCR2 reconstitution of CXCR2 null keratinocytes. Thus, activation of CXCR2 on ras-transformed keratinocytes has both promigratory and protumorigenic functions. The up-regulation of CXCR2 ligands after initiation by oncogenic ras and promotion with TPA in the mouse skin model provides a mechanism to stimulate migration by both autocrine and paracrine pathways and contribute to tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Cataisson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
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629
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Wu Y, Li YY, Matsushima K, Baba T, Mukaida N. CCL3-CCR5 axis regulates intratumoral accumulation of leukocytes and fibroblasts and promotes angiogenesis in murine lung metastasis process. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:6384-93. [PMID: 18941229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis proceeds through interaction between cancer cells and resident cells such as leukocytes and fibroblasts. An i.v. injection of a mouse renal cell carcinoma, Renca, into wild-type mice resulted in multiple metastasis foci in lungs and was associated with intratumoral accumulation of macrophages, granulocytes, and fibroblasts. A chemokine, CCL3, was detected in infiltrating cells and, to a lesser degree, tumor cells, together with an infiltration of leukocytes expressing CCR5, a specific receptor for CCL3. A deficiency of the CCL3 or CCR5 gene markedly reduced the number of metastasis foci in the lung, and the analysis using bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that both bone marrow- and non-bone marrow-derived cells contributed to metastasis formation. CCL3- and CCR5-deficient mice exhibited a reduction in intratumoral accumulation of macrophages, granulocytes, and fibroblasts. Moreover, intratumoral neovascularization, an indispensable process for metastasis, was attenuated in these gene-deficient mice. Intrapulmonary expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was enhanced in wild-type mice, and the increases were markedly diminished in CCL3- and CCR5-deficient mice. Furthermore, MMP-9 protein was detected in macrophages and granulocytes, the cells that also express CCR5 and in vitro stimulation by CCL3-induced macrophages to express MMP-9. Intratumoral fibroblasts expressed CCR5 and HGF protein. In vitro CCL3 stimulated fibroblasts to express HGF. Collectively, the CCL3-CCR5 axis appears to regulate intratumoral trafficking of leukocytes and fibroblasts, as well as MMP-9 and HGF expression, and as a consequence to accelerate neovascularization and subsequent metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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630
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Evaluation of the prognostic value of systemic inflammation and socioeconomic deprivation in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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631
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632
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Fischer C, Mazzone M, Jonckx B, Carmeliet P. FLT1 and its ligands VEGFB and PlGF: drug targets for anti-angiogenic therapy? Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:942-56. [PMID: 19029957 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Less than 5 years ago, it was still not clear whether anti-angiogenic drugs would prove successful in the clinic. After numerous patients with cancer or age-related macular degeneration have been treated with these drugs, they have now become part of the standard range of therapeutic tools. Despite this milestone, anti-angiogenic therapy still faces a number of clinical hurdles, such as improving efficacy, avoiding escape and resistance, and minimizing toxicity. Hopefully, other agents with complementary mechanisms, such as those that target placental growth factor, will offer novel opportunities for improved treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fischer
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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633
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Dunk C, Smith S, Hazan A, Whittle W, Jones RL. Promotion of angiogenesis by human endometrial lymphocytes. Immunol Invest 2008; 37:583-610. [PMID: 18716939 DOI: 10.1080/08820130802191466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human endometrium is a unique tissue that undergoes dramatic monthly remodeling during the menstrual cycle in preparation for an implanting conceptus. This remodeling involves sequential proliferation and differentiation of endometrial stromal and epithelial cells, coupled with extensive angiogenesis and infiltration of a specific specialized immune cell subset. Increasing evidence points to an essential role for these maternal leukocytes in stimulating the endometrial angiogenesis, and we propose that they also play a key role in the decidual vascular transformation. Aberrant endometrial angiogenesis, decidualisation and vascular transformation is thought to underlie many pathologies of pregnancy, from infertility to the development of preeclampsia and Intra Uterine Growth Restriction. In this chapter we review the cellular processes associated with each stage of endometrial and decidual transformation, detailing the role of the immune cell populations and the angiogenic and chemotactic factors secreted by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dunk
- Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's and Infants Health, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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634
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Shojaei F, Ferrara N. Role of the microenvironment in tumor growth and in refractoriness/resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies. Drug Resist Updat 2008; 11:219-30. [PMID: 18948057 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical for growth of many tumor types and the development of anti-angiogenic agents opened a new era in cancer therapy. However, similar to other anti-cancer therapies, inherent/acquired resistance to anti-angiogenic drugs may occur in cancer patients leading to disease recurrence. Recent studies in several experimental models suggest that both tumor and non-tumor (stromal) cell types may be involved in the reduced responsiveness to the treatments. The current review focuses on the role of stromal cells in tumor growth and in refractoriness to anti-VEGF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Shojaei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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635
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Aicher A, Kollet O, Heeschen C, Liebner S, Urbich C, Ihling C, Orlandi A, Lapidot T, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. The Wnt Antagonist Dickkopf-1 Mobilizes Vasculogenic Progenitor Cells via Activation of the Bone Marrow Endosteal Stem Cell Niche. Circ Res 2008; 103:796-803. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.172718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic mobilization of vasculogenic progenitor cells is a novel strategy to enhance neovascularization for tissue repair. Prototypical mobilizing agents such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilize vasculogenic progenitor cells from the bone marrow concomitantly with inflammatory cells. In the bone marrow, mobilization is regulated in the stem cell niche, in which endosteal cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts play a key role. Because Wnt signaling regulates endosteal cells, we examined whether the Wnt signaling antagonist Dickkopf (Dkk)-1 is involved in the mobilization of vasculogenic progenitor cells. Using TOP-GAL transgenic mice to determine activation of β-catenin, we demonstrate that Dkk-1 regulates endosteal cells in the bone marrow stem cell niche and subsequently mobilizes vasculogenic and hematopoietic progenitors cells without concomitant mobilization of inflammatory neutrophils. The mobilization of vasculogenic progenitors required the presence of functionally active osteoclasts, as demonstrated in PTPε-deficient mice with defective osteoclast function. Mechanistically, Dkk-1 induced the osteoclast differentiation factor RANKL, which subsequently stimulated the release of the major bone-resorbing protease cathepsin K. Eventually, the Dkk-1–induced mobilization of bone marrow–derived vasculogenic progenitors enhanced neovascularization in Matrigel plugs. Thus, these data show that Dkk-1 is a mobilizer of vasculogenic progenitors but not of inflammatory cells, which could be of great clinical importance to enhance regenerative cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Aicher
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Orit Kollet
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christopher Heeschen
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebner
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen Urbich
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Ihling
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alessia Orlandi
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tsvee Lapidot
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Zeiher
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine III (A.A., C.H., C.U., A.O., A.M.Z., S.D.) and Neurology (S.L.), J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science (O.K., T.L.), Department of Immunology, Rehovot, Israel; and Pathology Associates (C.I.), Frankfurt, Germany
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636
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Egeblad M, Ewald AJ, Askautrud HA, Truitt ML, Welm BE, Bainbridge E, Peeters G, Krummel MF, Werb Z. Visualizing stromal cell dynamics in different tumor microenvironments by spinning disk confocal microscopy. Dis Model Mech 2008; 1:155-67; discussion 165. [PMID: 19048079 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment consists of stromal cells and extracellular factors that evolve in parallel with carcinoma cells. To gain insights into the activities of stromal cell populations, we developed and applied multicolor imaging techniques to analyze the behavior of these cells within different tumor microenvironments in the same live mouse. We found that regulatory T-lymphocytes (Tregs) migrated in proximity to blood vessels. Dendritic-like cells, myeloid cells and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts all exhibited higher motility in the microenvironment at the tumor periphery than within the tumor mass. Since oxygen levels differ between tumor microenvironments, we tested if acute hypoxia could account for the differences in cell migration. Direct visualization revealed that Tregs ceased migration under acute systemic hypoxia, whereas myeloid cells continued migrating. In the same mouse and microenvironment, we experimentally subdivided the myeloid cell population and revealed that uptake of fluorescent dextran defined a low-motility subpopulation expressing markers of tumor-promoting, alternatively activated macrophages. In contrast, fluorescent anti-Gr1 antibodies marked myeloid cells patrolling inside tumor vessels and in the stroma. Our techniques allow real-time combinatorial analysis of cell populations based on spatial location, gene expression, behavior and cell surface molecules within intact tumors. The techniques are not limited to investigations in cancer, but could give new insights into cell behavior more broadly in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikala Egeblad
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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637
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Martin MD, Carter KJ, Jean-Philippe SR, Chang M, Mobashery S, Thiolloy S, Lynch CC, Matrisian LM, Fingleton B. Effect of ablation or inhibition of stromal matrix metalloproteinase-9 on lung metastasis in a breast cancer model is dependent on genetic background. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6251-9. [PMID: 18676849 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of enzymes with a myriad of functions. Lately, we have come to realize that broad-spectrum inhibition of these enzymes, as was tried unsuccessfully in multiple phase III trials in cancer patients, is likely unwise given the protumorigenic and antitumorigenic functions of various family members. Here, we used the multistage mammary tumor model MMTV-PyVT to investigate roles for either MMP7 or MMP9 in tumor progression. We found no effect of genetic ablation of MMP7 or MMP9 on the multifocal tumors that developed in the mammary glands. Lack of MMP7 also had no effect on the development of lung metastases, suggesting that MMP7 is irrelevant in this model. In contrast, MMP9 deficiency was associated with an 80% decrease in lung tumor burden. The predominant cellular source of MMP9 was myeloid cells, with neutrophils being the largest contributor in tumor-bearing lungs. Experimental metastasis assays corroborated the role of host-derived MMP9 in lung metastasis and also facilitated determination of a time frame most relevant for the MMP9-mediated effect. The lung tumors from MMP9-deficient mice showed decreased angiogenesis. Surprisingly, the antimetastatic outcome of MMP9 ablation seemed to be dependent on strain. Only mice that had genetic background derived from C57BL/6 showed reduced metastasis, whereas mice fully of the FVB/N background showed no significant effect. These strain-specific responses were also observed in a study using a highly selective pharmacologic inhibitor of MMP9 and thus suggest that responses to MMP inhibition are controlled by genetic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Martin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6840, USA
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638
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Miller R, Cirulli V, Diaferia GR, Ninniri S, Hardiman G, Torbett BE, Benezra R, Crisa L. Switching-on survival and repair response programs in islet transplants by bone marrow-derived vasculogenic cells. Diabetes 2008; 57:2402-12. [PMID: 18519801 PMCID: PMC2518491 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular progenitors of bone marrow origin participate to neovascularization at sites of wound healing and transplantation. We hypothesized that the biological purpose of this bone marrow-derived vascular component is to contribute angiogenic and survival functions distinct from those provided by the local tissue-derived vasculature. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AND RESULTS To address this hypothesis, we investigated the functional impact of bone marrow-derived vascular cells on pancreatic islets engraftment using bone marrow-reconstituted Id1(+/-)Id3(-/-) mice, a model of bone marrow-derived vasculogenesis. We show that, in this model, bone marrow-derived vasculogenic cells primarily contribute to the formation of new blood vessels within islet transplants. In contrast, graft revascularization in a wild-type background occurs by tissue-derived blood vessels only. Using these distinct transplant models in which bone marrow-and tissue-derived vasculature are virtually mutually exclusive, we demonstrate that bone marrow-derived vasculogenic cells exhibit enhanced angiogenic functions and support prompt activation of islets survival pathways, which significantly impact on islets engraftment and function. Moreover, gene profiling of vascular and inflammatory cells of the grafts demonstrate that neovascularization by bone marrow-derived cells is accompanied by the activation of a genetic program uniquely tuned to downregulate harmful inflammatory responses and to promote tissue repair. CONCLUSIONS These studies uncover the biological significance of bone marrow-derived vasculogenic cells in the response to injury during transplantation. Enhancing the contribution of bone marrow-derived vasculogenic cells to transplantation sites may help to overcome both limited angiogenic responses of the adult tissue-derived vasculature and untoward effects of inflammation on transplant engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Miller
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Vincenzo Cirulli
- Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Genomics Microarray Facility, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Giuseppe R. Diaferia
- Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Genomics Microarray Facility, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Stefania Ninniri
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Department of Medicine, Biomedical Genomics Microarray Facility, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Laura Crisa
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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639
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Zhang Z, Cherryholmes G, Shively JE. Neutrophil secondary necrosis is induced by LL-37 derived from cathelicidin. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:780-8. [PMID: 18524973 PMCID: PMC2516901 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0208086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils represent the most common granulocyte subtype present in blood. The short half-life of circulating neutrophils is regulated by spontaneous apoptosis, and tissue infiltrating neutrophils die by apoptosis and secondary necrosis. The mechanism of neutrophil apoptosis has been the subject of many studies; however, the mechanism of neutrophil secondary necrosis is less clear. Human cathelicidin cationic peptide 18, proteolytically processed to its active form, LL-37, is secreted by neutrophils and epithelial cells and shown to have effects in addition to bacterial lysis. We demonstrate here that LL-37 affects neutrophil lifespan by the pathway of secondary necrosis, rapidly converting annexin V-positive (AV(+)), propidium iodide-negative (PI(-); apoptotic) cells into PI(+) (necrotic) cells with the release of IL-8, IL-1R antagonist, ATP, and intact granules. The effects of LL-37 on apoptotic neutrophils are neither energy-dependent nor affected by pretreatment with G-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and LPS and are partially inhibited by human serum. Moreover, LL-37 decreases CXCR2 expression of AV(-)PI(-) (live) neutrophils, suggesting an effect on the neutrophil response to its chemotactic factors, including IL-8. Thus, the lifespan and inflammatory functions of neutrophils are directly affected by LL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhang
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500E Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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640
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Hawinkels LJ, Zuidwijk K, Verspaget HW, de Jonge-Muller ES, Duijn WV, Ferreira V, Fontijn RD, David G, Hommes DW, Lamers CB, Sier CF. VEGF release by MMP-9 mediated heparan sulphate cleavage induces colorectal cancer angiogenesis. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:1904-13. [PMID: 18691882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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641
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Shojaei F, Ferrara N. Refractoriness to antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment: role of myeloid cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5501-4. [PMID: 18632597 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD11b+Gr1+ cells, which include neutrophils, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, have been shown to contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Recently, we found that accumulation of CD11b+Gr1+ in tumors renders them refractory to angiogenic blockade by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies. This effect was traced to a pathway of CD11b+Gr1+-mediated angiogenesis that is, at least in part, driven by the secreted protein Bv8, which is up-regulated by the important myeloid growth factor granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Thus, G-CSF may promote tumor angiogenesis through a Bv8-dependent pathway that bypasses VEGF and renders tumors refractory to anti-VEGF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Shojaei
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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642
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Murdoch C, Muthana M, Coffelt SB, Lewis CE. The role of myeloid cells in the promotion of tumour angiogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:618-31. [PMID: 18633355 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1199] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of various transgenic mouse models and analysis of human tumour biopsies has shown that bone marrow-derived myeloid cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells and dendritic cells, have an important role in regulating the formation and maintenance of blood vessels in tumours. In this Review the evidence for each of these cell types driving tumour angiogenesis is outlined, along with the mechanisms regulating their recruitment and activation by the tumour microenvironment. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of recent findings that specific myeloid cell populations modulate the responses of tumours to agents such as chemotherapy and some anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Murdoch
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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643
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Hoon Rhee S, Im E, Pothoulakis C. Toll-like receptor 5 engagement modulates tumor development and growth in a mouse xenograft model of human colon cancer. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:518-28. [PMID: 18538140 PMCID: PMC2667819 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent signaling was proposed as immunotherapeutic targets against invading pathogens and tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated whether TLR5-dependent signaling modulates colonic tumor development in mouse xenograft model of human colon cancer. METHODS The expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) or TLR5 was stably knocked down in human colon cancer cells (DLD-1). Nude mice were subcutaneously implanted with MyD88-knocked down (KD), TLR5-KD, or control cells (n = 16) to examine the pathophysiology of tumor xenografts. Protein microarray assessed the differential expression of cytokines in these tumors. Leukocyte infiltration and tumor angiogenesis were assessed by immunohistochemistry with antibodies against neutrophil (Gr-1, 7/4) or macrophage-specific antigens (CD68, F4-80) and the vascular endothelial cell marker CD31, respectively. Tumor xenografts from DLD-1 cells were treated with flagellin (5.0 microg/kg, 1 injection/every 2 days for 3 weeks), and tumor regression and histopathology were examined. RESULTS Lack of MyD88 or TLR5 expression dramatically enhanced tumor growth and inhibited tumor necrosis in mouse xenografts of human colon cancer. In contrast, TLR5 activation by peritumoral flagellin treatment substantially increased tumor necrosis, leading to significant tumor regression. Tumors from MyD88-KD or TLR5-KD cells revealed the reduced production of neutrophil attracting chemokines (epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide-78, macrophage-inflammatory protein alpha, and interleukin-8). Consequently, neutrophil infiltration was dramatically diminished in MyD88- or TLR5-KD xenografts, whereas tumor-associated macrophage infiltration or angiogenesis was not changed. CONCLUSIONS TLR5 engagement by flagellin mediates innate immunity and elicits potent antitumor activity, indicating that TLR5-dependent signaling could be a potential immunotherapeutic target to modulate colonic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Rhee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Eunok Im
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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644
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Shojaei F, Zhong C, Wu X, Yu L, Ferrara N. Role of myeloid cells in tumor angiogenesis and growth. Trends Cell Biol 2008; 18:372-8. [PMID: 18614368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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645
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Verdoni AM, Smith RS, Ikeda A, Ikeda S. Defects in actin dynamics lead to an autoinflammatory condition through the upregulation of CXCL5. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2701. [PMID: 18628996 PMCID: PMC2442876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Destrin (DSTN) is a member of the ADF/cofilin family of proteins and is an important regulator of actin dynamics. The primary function of destrin is to depolymerize filamentous actin into its monomeric form and promote filament severing. While progress has been made in understanding the biochemical functions of the ADF/cofilin proteins, the study of an animal model for cells deficient for DSTN provides an opportunity to investigate the physiological processes regulated by proper actin dynamics in vivo. A spontaneous mouse mutant, corneal disease 1(corn1), is deficient for DSTN, which causes epithelial hyperproliferation and neovascularization in the cornea. Dstn(corn1) mice exhibit an actin dynamics defect in the cornea as evidenced by the formation of actin stress fibers in the epithelial cells. Previously, we observed a significant infiltration of leukocytes into the cornea of Dstn(corn1) mice as well as the upregulation of proinflammatory molecules. In this study, we sought to characterize this inflammatory condition and explore the physiological mechanism through which a loss of Dstn function leads to inflammation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Through immunofluorescent analyses, we observed a significant recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to the Dstn(corn1) cornea, demonstrating that the innate immune system is spontaneously activated in this mutant. The inflammatory chemokine, CXCL5, was ectopically expressed in the corneal epithelial cells of Dstn(corn1) mice, and targeting of the receptor for this chemokine inhibited neutrophil recruitment. An inflammatory reaction was not observed in the cornea of allelic mutant strain, Dstn(corn1-2J), which has a milder defect in actin dynamics in the corneal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that severe defects in actin dynamics lead to an autoinflammatory condition that is mediated by the expression of CXC chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Verdoni
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Smith
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Akihiro Ikeda
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sakae Ikeda
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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646
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Belotti D, Calcagno C, Garofalo A, Caronia D, Riccardi E, Giavazzi R, Taraboletti G. Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates organ-specific host matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and ovarian cancer invasion. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:525-34. [PMID: 18403633 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) regulate each other, contributing to tumor progression. We have previously reported that MMP9 induces the release of tumor VEGF, promoting ascites formation in human ovarian carcinoma xenografts. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tumor-derived VEGF regulated the expression of gelatinase by the stroma, influencing the invasive properties of ovarian tumors. Tumor variants derived from 1A9 human ovarian carcinoma, stably expressing VEGF(121) in the sense (1A9-VS-1) and antisense orientations (1A9-VAS-3), were used. In vivo, zymographic analysis of tumors from 1A9-VS-1 implanted in the peritoneal cavity of nude mice showed higher levels of gelatinases, particularly murine MMP9, indicating that VEGF stimulates host expression of the matrix-degrading enzyme. Murine MMP9 expression was also high in the ovaries of mice bearing 1A9-VS-1 tumors. The effect on host MMP9 activity was organ-specific. The levels of host pro-MMP9 in ovaries correlated with the plasma levels of tumor VEGF and with the selective invasion of the ovaries. Induction of host MMP9 expression in tumors and ovaries was independent of the site of tumor growth as it was seen in mice carrying both intraperitoneal and subcutaneous tumors. The anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab (Avastin) inhibited MMP9 expression and tumor invasion in the ovaries of mice bearing 1A9-VS-1 tumors. These findings point to a complex cross-talk between VEGF and MMPs in the progression of ovarian tumor and suggest the possibility of using VEGF inhibitors to affect MMP-dependent tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Belotti
- Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
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647
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Müller-Hermelink N, Braumüller H, Pichler B, Wieder T, Mailhammer R, Schaak K, Ghoreschi K, Yazdi A, Haubner R, Sander CA, Mocikat R, Schwaiger M, Förster I, Huss R, Weber WA, Kneilling M, Röcken M. TNFR1 signaling and IFN-gamma signaling determine whether T cells induce tumor dormancy or promote multistage carcinogenesis. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:507-18. [PMID: 18538734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses may arrest tumor growth by inducing tumor dormancy. The mechanisms leading to either tumor dormancy or promotion of multistage carcinogenesis by adaptive immunity are poorly characterized. Analyzing T antigen (Tag)-induced multistage carcinogenesis in pancreatic islets, we show that Tag-specific CD4+ T cells home selectively into the tumor microenvironment around the islets, where they either arrest or promote transition of dysplastic islets into islet carcinomas. Through combined TNFR1 signaling and IFN-gamma signaling, Tag-specific CD4+ T cells induce antiangiogenic chemokines and prevent alpha(v)beta(3) integrin expression, tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, and multistage carcinogenesis, without destroying Tag-expressing islet cells. In the absence of either TNFR1 signaling or IFN-gamma signaling, the same T cells paradoxically promote angiogenesis and multistage carcinogenesis. Thus, tumor-specific T cells can directly survey multistage carcinogenesis through cytokine signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/metabolism
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Insulinoma/blood supply
- Insulinoma/genetics
- Insulinoma/immunology
- Insulinoma/metabolism
- Insulinoma/pathology
- Insulinoma/therapy
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Time Factors
- Whole-Body Irradiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Müller-Hermelink
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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648
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Small AR, Neagu A, Amyot F, Sackett D, Chernomordik V, Gandjbakhche A. Spatial distribution of VEGF isoforms and chemotactic signals in the vicinity of a tumor. J Theor Biol 2008; 252:593-607. [PMID: 18395755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Small
- Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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649
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Tessem JS, Jensen JN, Pelli H, Dai XM, Zong XH, Stanley ER, Jensen J, DeGregori J. Critical roles for macrophages in islet angiogenesis and maintenance during pancreatic degeneration. Diabetes 2008; 57:1605-17. [PMID: 18375440 PMCID: PMC2575065 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic pancreatitis, characterized by pancreatic exocrine tissue destruction with initial maintenance of islets, eventually leads to insulin-dependent diabetes in most patients. Mice deficient for the transcription factors E2F1 and E2F2 suffer from a chronic pancreatitis-like syndrome and become diabetic. Surprisingly, onset of diabetes can be prevented through bone marrow transplantation. The goal of the described studies was to determine the hematopoietic cell type responsible for maintaining islets and the associated mechanism of this protection. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Mouse models of acute and chronic pancreatitis, together with mice genetically deficient for macrophage production, were used to determine roles for macrophages in islet angiogenesis and maintenance. RESULTS We demonstrate that macrophages are essential for preventing endocrine cell loss and diabetes. Macrophages expressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 migrate to the deteriorating pancreas. E2f1/E2f2 mutant mice transplanted with wild-type, but not macrophage-deficient colony stimulating factor 1 receptor mutant (Csf1r(-/-)), bone marrow exhibit increased angiogenesis and proliferation within islets, coinciding with increased islet mass. A similar macrophage dependency for islet and islet vasculature maintenance is observed during caerulein-induced pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that macrophages promote islet angiogenesis and protect against islet loss during exocrine degeneration, could explain why most patients with chronic pancreatitis develop diabetes, and suggest an avenue for preventing pancreatitis-associated diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S. Tessem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Program in Molecular Biology, Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jan N. Jensen
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 1775 N. Ursula St., Room 4306D, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045-6511
| | - Hanna Pelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Program in Molecular Biology, Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Xu-Ming Dai
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y., U.S.A., 10461
| | - Xiao-Hua Zong
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y., U.S.A., 10461
| | - E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y., U.S.A., 10461
| | - Jan Jensen
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 1775 N. Ursula St., Room 4306D, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045-6511
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Program in Molecular Biology, Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- Corresponding author: James DeGregori; phone: 303-724-3230; fax: 303-724-3215, E-mail:
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650
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Plasticity in tumor-promoting inflammation: impairment of macrophage recruitment evokes a compensatory neutrophil response. Neoplasia 2008; 10:329-40. [PMID: 18392134 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in the K14-HPV/E(2) mouse model of cervical carcinogenesis demonstrated that infiltrating macrophages are the major source of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a metalloprotease important for tumor angiogenesis and progression. We observed increased expression of the macrophage chemoattractant, CCL2, and its receptor, CCR2, concomitant with macrophage influx and MMP-9 expression. To study the role of CCL2-CCR2 signaling in cervical tumorigenesis, we generated CCR2-deficient K14-HPV/E(2) mice. Cervixes of CCR2-null mice contained significantly fewer macrophages. Surprisingly, there was only a modest delay in time to progression from dysplasia to carcinoma in the CCR2-deficient mice, and no difference in end-stage tumor incidence or burden. Moreover, there was an unexpected persistence of MMP-9 activity, associated with increased abundance of MMP-9(+) neutrophils in tumors from CCR2-null mice. In vitro bioassays revealed that macrophages produce soluble factor(s) that can suppress neutrophil dynamics, as evidenced by reduced chemotaxis in response to CXCL8, and impaired invasion into three-dimensional tumor masses grown in vitro. Our data suggest a mechanism whereby CCL2 attracts proangiogenic CCR2(+) macrophages with the ancillary capability to limit infiltration by neutrophils. If such tumor-promoting macrophages are suppressed, MMP-9(+) neutrophils are then recruited, providing alternative paracrine support for tumor angiogenesis and progression.
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