601
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Barker JN, Nickoloff BJ. Leukocyte-endothelium interactions in cutaneous inflammatory processes. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1992; 13:355-67. [PMID: 1411902 DOI: 10.1007/bf00200534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J N Barker
- Laboratory of Applied Dermatopathology, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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602
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Foster CA, Mandak B, Kromer E, Rot A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is chemotactic for human T lymphocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 657:397-404. [PMID: 1637095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb22785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Certain neuropeptides, such as CGRP, are associated with C-type nerve fibers in the skin and are known to be proinflammatory mediators. Because of their probable role in various cutaneous diseases, we investigated the effect of alpha- and beta-CGRP on human leukocyte migration in a 48-well microchemotaxis chamber using a 5-microns-pore filter. Elutriated peripheral blood leukocytes (enriched 80-90% for CD3+ and 10-20% for CD20+ lymphocytes) were added to the upper wells, and CGRP to the lower ones in a dose range of 10(-19)-10(-5) M; both were diluted in RPMI medium containing 0.05% fetal calf serum. The chamber was incubated at 37 degrees C for 2.5 hours, and the filter was washed and stained. The mean number of cells migrating through the filter was calculated for quadruplicate wells in each treatment group. Chemotactic activity was expressed as a migration index (MI = number of cells responding to CGRP/media control). Both alpha- and beta-CGRP were optimally chemotactic for leukocytes at approximately 50 pM, with a mean migration index of 11.5 for filter-adherent cells (n = 13 experiments); migration due to chemokinesis was minimal, as measured by checkerboard analysis. Almost all leukocytes that responded to CGRP were T cells (TCs), and the CD4 to CD8 ratio was similar to that of the input population; B cells were not observed. CGRP-induced migration appears to be a specific receptor-mediated event, as pretreating the cells with CGRP resulted in significant down-regulation of their chemotactic response to CGRP, but not to interleukin-1 alpha. Our data suggest that the release of CGRP from free nerve endings near the dermal-epidermal junction could influence cutaneous TC trafficking. As neuropeptides exacerbate (possibly initiate) the inflammatory process, they are likely to be important pharmacological targets in dermatological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Foster
- Department of Dermatology, Sandoz Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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603
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Friedland JS, Remick DG, Shattock R, Griffin GE. Secretion of interleukin-8 following phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human monocyte cell lines. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:1373-8. [PMID: 1601032 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality worldwide and incidence is increasing as a result of the AIDS epidemic. Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are important in the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TNF is involved in both granuloma formation and has direct anti-mycobacterial activity. This study investigated the secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 following phagocytosis of M. tuberculosis by a human monocytic cell line and by a more phenotypically mature macrophage-like cell line. M. tuberculosis is shown to be a more potent inducer of IL-8 but not of TNF than bacterial lipopolysaccharide in vitro in both cell types. IL-8 production is partly a consequence of accumulation of mRNA coding for this cytokine. Secretion of IL-8 is not a simple consequence of the phagocytic process but due to the specific interaction M. tuberculosis and the monocyte. IL-8 production was independent of TNF and of virulence of the strain of M. tuberculosis. IL-8 secretion following phagocytosis of M. tuberculosis suggests that this cytokine may be involved in granuloma formation in vivo, possibly acting, in part, as a T cell chemoattractant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Friedland
- Division of Communicable Diseases, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, Great Britain
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604
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Kuhns DB, DeCarlo E, Hawk DM, Gallin JI. Dynamics of the cellular and humoral components of the inflammatory response elicited in skin blisters in humans. J Clin Invest 1992; 89:1734-40. [PMID: 1601984 PMCID: PMC295861 DOI: 10.1172/jci115775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin blisters induced by suction on the forearm of normal volunteers provide a convenient model to study the inflammatory response in vivo in man. In our study, after removal of the roof of the blister, i.e., the epidermis, the exposed floor of the blister (dermal-epidermal interface) was bathed with 70% autologous serum using a multiwell skin chamber. Migration of leukocytes (90-95% neutrophils) into the chamber fluid was detectable within 3 h, and appeared to plateau at 16-24 h. Sampling of the dermal-epidermal interface revealed primarily mononuclear cells during the first 8 h of the inflammatory response; however, their prevalence at 24 h was greatly diminished due to neutrophil infiltration. Accompanying the cellular immune response was the accumulation of inflammatory mediators in the bathing medium. The accumulation of IFN-gamma reached a plateau within 3 h; significant accumulations of the complement fragment, C5a, and of leukotriene B4 were also detected at 3 h. The accumulation of C5a did not peak until 5 h, whereas leukotriene B4 continued to accumulate through 24 h. IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations were minimal at 3-8 h but dramatic by 24 h while IL-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were undetectable within 3-8 h, but markedly elevated by 24 h. There was little accumulation of IL-4 and no accumulation of IL-1 alpha or IL-2 during the 24-h period. The sequential appearance of mediators at an inflammatory focus suggests that a carefully regulated dynamic system is responsible for controlling the evolution of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Kuhns
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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605
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Lloyd AR, Oppenheim JJ. Poly's lament: the neglected role of the polymorphonuclear neutrophil in the afferent limb of the immune response. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1992; 13:169-72. [PMID: 1642755 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(92)90121-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) has traditionally been thought to participate in the inflammatory response only as an effector cell. However, recent data demonstrate that PMNs can synthesize and release cytokines, such as IL-1, TNF-alpha and IL-6, and hence modulate both T- and B-cell activities in the evolution of an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Lloyd
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
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606
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Lala A, Lindemann RA, Miyasaki KT. The differential effects of polymorphonuclear leukocyte secretion on human natural killer cell activity. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1992; 7:89-95. [PMID: 1528637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1992.tb00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the differential effects of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) secretion on human natural killer cells (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK) activity. Supernatant fluids from PMN stimulated by serum-opsonized zymosan (SOZ), n-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were incubated with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) for 1 d and 4 d. Supernates from unstimulated PMN and PMN induced by FMLP and IL-8 decreased NK and LAK cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion against K562 and M14 targets, respectively. Only the suppression caused by supernates from unstimulated PMN was ablated by incubation of PMN with indomethacin. Secretions from PMN stimulated by SOZ increased both NK and LAK cytotoxicity and induced PBL proliferation synergistically with IL-2. This enhancing factor was heat-labile, nondialyzable (MWCO 3500), and not blocked by anti-interferon-gamma. Anaerobic conditions did not influence the modulatory activity of PMN supernates, indicating that oxygen metabolites were not involved. We conclude that PMN release factors that modulate in vitro NK and LAK activities.
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607
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Sticherling M, Bornscheuer E, Schröder JM, Christophers E. Immunohistochemical studies on NAP-1/IL-8 in contact eczema and atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 1992; 284:82-5. [PMID: 1610217 DOI: 10.1007/bf00373374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neutrophil activating peptide NAP-1/IL-8 has in the past been shown to be secreted by diverse cell-types involved in inflammatory processes. Furthermore, potent biological effects on both neutrophilic granulocytes and lymphocytes enforce its role in inflammation. Recently, immunohistochemical studies using monoclonal anti-NAP-1/IL-8 antibodies have been performed on dermal inflammatory conditions like psoriasis vulgaris. These have demonstrated epidermal IL-8 immunoreactivity in a pattern inversely related to the degree of inflammatory infiltration. Based on these results, in the present study biopsies from patients with contact eczema as well as atopic dermatitis were examined. The same patterns of immunoreactivity were found with either homogeneous epidermal staining, focally negative staining or overall decreased or even absent staining. As in psoriasis, these patterns were related to the degree of inflammatory infiltration. These results prove NAP-1/IL-8 to be involved not only in psoriasis vulgaris, but more likely to be a marker of different inflammatory processes. Future work will have to examine the kinetics as well as stimuli causing these effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sticherling
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
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608
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Purification and structural analysis of a murine chemotactic cytokine (CP-10) with sequence homology to S100 proteins. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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609
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Haas J, Lipkow T, Mohamadzadeh M, Kolde G, Knop J. Induction of inflammatory cytokines in murine keratinocytes upon in vivo stimulation with contact sensitizers and tolerizing analogues. Exp Dermatol 1992; 1:76-83. [PMID: 1365308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1992.tb00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the role of keratinocytes (KCs) in the induction of contact sensitivity, we applied various contact sensitizers [2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), urushiol, 3-n-pentadecylcatechol (PDC), 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyloxazol-5-one (oxazolone)] and tolerizing compounds [2,4-dinitrothiocyanobenzene (DNTB), 5-methyl-3-n-pentadecyl-catechol (5-Me-PDC)] onto the earskin of non-sensitized Balb/c mice. In addition, we applied croton oil as a non-sensitizing, but stimulatory agent. Cytokine production was demonstrated by Northern blot hybridization of the total cellular RNA extracted from epidermal cells depleted by Langerhans cells and Thy 1+ dendritic cells using radiolabeled DNA probes encoding for the murine cytokines IL-1 alpha, -2, -3, -4, TNF alpha, IFN tau, GM-CSF and G-CSF. From all cytokines tested, TNF alpha and IL-1 alpha were markedly increased upon in vivo stimulation with contact sensitizers and also after application of croton oil. Both light and electron microscopic immunostaining with a polyclonal and monoclonal antibody demonstrated the presence of TNF alpha in the epidermis. This staining was most pronounced in KCs of the suprabasal epidermis upon application of contact sensitizers or croton oil, but not with tolerizing analogues. Using a functional assay significantly more TNF alpha was found in the supernatants of KCs treated in vitro with DNFB or LPS than with DNTB. GM-CSF was found in untreated epidermis as well as in stimulated cells. The results suggest that the sensitizing properties of contact sensitizers may partly be dependent on their ability to induce proinflammatory mediators. The induction and release of TNF alpha and IL-1 alpha in KCs by contact sensitizers may play an important role in the early response to immunogenic or inflammatory signals in vivo, whereby tolerance induction seems to be less dependent on these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haas
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of Mainz, FRG
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610
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Zachariae CO, Kaltoft K, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Human T lymphocytes and T-cell lines as target cells for lymphocyte chemotaxis. Arch Dermatol Res 1992; 284:77-81. [PMID: 1610216 DOI: 10.1007/bf00373373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have observed that freshly isolated T lymphocytes from healthy donors give a chemotactic response to complement C5a in 26 of 55 individuals and to epidermal lymphocyte chemotactic factor in 15 of 23 donors using 51chromium-labelled lymphocytes in a double-filter Boyden chamber system. The reason for a lack of demonstrable chemotaxis among some cell populations is unknown, but it makes donor selection important when studying lymphocyte chemotaxis. In order to obtain a standardized screening assay for T lymphocyte chemotactic activity, we investigated a number of T-cell lines or T-cell-related cell lines such as HuT78, Jurkat, MOLT4, K562 and 1301. We observed that HuT78, K562 and Jurkat showed chemotactic responses to a variety of mediators, whereas 1301 showed chemotaxis only towards C5a, and MOLT4 was completely negative. The HuT78 cell line, which is derived from a patient with Sézary's syndrome, exhibited the highest chemotactic capacity similar to freshly isolated T lymphocytes. The only difference was its chemotactic response towards stimulation with recombinant interleukin-1 alpha and beta, which did not induce chemotaxis in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes in the Boyden chamber assay. We conclude that HuT78 can be used in screening various inflammatory mediators for their potential T lymphocyte chemotactic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology, Marselisborg Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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611
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Iida M, Watanabe K, Tsurufuji M, Takaishi K, Iizuka Y, Tsurufuji S. Level of neutrophil chemotactic factor CINC/gro, a member of the interleukin-8 family, associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rats. Infect Immun 1992; 60:1268-72. [PMID: 1548055 PMCID: PMC256992 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.4.1268-1272.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC), which is a counterpart of human gro and belongs to the interleukin-8 family, has been quantified by a new sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into an air pouch performed by subcutaneous injection of air caused inflammation and severe neutrophil infiltration. After the LPS injection, changes in the concentration of CINC/gro, chemotactic activity, and the number of neutrophils in the air pouch exudate were determined. The chemotactic activity of neutrophils was augmented before practical neutrophil infiltration. More than half of the chemotactic activity was neutralized by the antisera. The time kinetics of the level of CINC/gro coincided with the changes in chemotactic activity. The maximal level of rat CINC/gro was 85 ng/ml, which is sufficient to cause neutrophil migration in vitro and in vivo as described previously. These data suggest that rat CINC/gro is a functional chemoattractant for neutrophils in LPS-induced inflammation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iida
- Institute of Cytosignal Research Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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612
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Hirasawa N, Watanabe M, Mue S, Watanabe K, Tsurufuji S, Ohuchi K. Induction of neutrophil infiltration by rat chemotactic cytokine (CINC) and its inhibition by dexamethasone in rats. Inflammation 1992; 16:187-96. [PMID: 1592490 DOI: 10.1007/bf00918958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In vivo effects of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemotactic factor (CINC) derived from rats on neutrophil infiltration were investigated using an air-pouch-type inflammation model in rats, and effects of dexamethasone on neutrophil infiltration induced by CINC was also examined in order to gain further insight into the mechanism of antiinflammatory activity of glucocorticoids. Injection of CINC into the air pouch made on the dorsum of rats induced a marked infiltration of neutrophils into the pouch fluid but not mononuclear cells and eosinophils during a 30-min interval after the injection. Maximum effect was induced at a dose of 1.4 micrograms/pouch. Treatment with dexamethasone 3 h before the injection of CINC suppressed the neutrophil infiltration in a dose-dependent manner, but no complete inhibition was observed. CINC injection into the air pouch of rats that had been sacrificed by bleeding in order to minimize neutrophil infiltration from blood stream also stimulated neutrophil infiltration into the pouch fluid when the carcass was incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min, but the number of infiltrated neutrophils was about 35% of CINC-induced neutrophil infiltration in intact rats. CINC-induced neutrophil infiltration in the carcass, which is supposed to be a reflection of neutrophil migration from extravascular space in subcutaneous tissues to pouch fluid, was not inhibited by dexamethasone treatment. Therefore, the inhibition of neutrophil infiltration by dexamethasone might be due to inhibition of the extravasation of peripheral neutrophils but not due to inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis from subcutaneous extravascular space to pouch fluid. These findings suggest that clinical effects of steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on neutrophil infiltration in inflammatory disease is partly due to inhibition of neutrophil extravasation induced by preformed neutrophil chemotactic factors in the inflammatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hirasawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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613
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Bührer C, Berlin C, Jablonski-Westrich D, Holzmann B, Thiele HG, Hamann A. Lymphocyte activation and regulation of three adhesion molecules with supposed function in homing: LECAM-1 (MEL-14 antigen), LPAM-1/2 (alpha 4-integrin) and CD44 (Pgp-1). Scand J Immunol 1992; 35:107-20. [PMID: 1370869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Directed migration of lymphocytes from blood into lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphatic tissue, also referred to as homing, is subject to change following activation. Lymphocyte migration into lymphoid organs in vivo and binding to high endothelial venules in vitro is largely suppressed after short-term stimulation with phorbol esters. The observed functional alterations were correlated with changes in the expression of three putative homing receptors, LECAM-1 (MEL-14 antigen), LPAM-1/2 (alpha 4-integrin) and the murine CD44 (Pgp-1, H-CAM, Hermes-antigen equivalent) upon different modes of cellular activation. Expression of LECAM-1 (gp90 MEL-14), a lymphocyte adhesion molecule implicated in targeting extravasation into lymph nodes, was found to be lost almost completely within minutes after protein kinase C activation. LECAM-1 re-expression occurred within less than 24 h. Rapid loss of LECAM-1 was also observed after calcium ionophores whereas anti-CD3 or concanavalin A elicited a gradual and heterogeneous loss of LECAM-1 becoming detectable after several hours only. A number of cytokines tested were not able to induce alterations in LECAM-1 expression. In contrast, expression of LPAM-1/2 (alpha 4-integrin) and CD44 (Pgp-1, H-CAM), two adhesion molecules supposed to direct extravasation into Peyer's patches, remained stable for hours after every stimulus tested; CD44 expression gradually increased 24 h after mitogenic activation, whereas a small reduction only was observed for the expression of the alpha 4-chain under certain conditions. Thus, reduced extravasation of lymphocytes into Peyer's patches after activation is not due to a decline in the surface density of LPAM-1/2 alpha-chain or CD44 whereas alterations in migration into lymph nodes parallel the expression of LECAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bührer
- Abt. f. Immunologie, Universitätskrankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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614
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Hirota K, Akahoshi T, Endo H, Kondo H, Kashiwazaki S. Production of interleukin 8 by cultured synovial cells in response to interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. Rheumatol Int 1992; 12:13-6. [PMID: 1598496 DOI: 10.1007/bf00246871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Both interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) stimulated the production of interleukin 8 (IL-8) by synovial cells in time and dose dependent manners. Enhanced chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in culture supernatants of synovial cells was neutralized with anti-IL-8 antibody, thus showing synovial cells to be capable of secreting IL-8 which may contribute to PMN accumulation in rheumatoid inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hirota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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615
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Mattoli S, Marini M, Fasoli A. Expression of the potent inflammatory cytokines, GM-CSF, IL6, and IL8, in bronchial epithelial cells of asthmatic patients. Chest 1992; 101:27S-29S. [PMID: 1311668 DOI: 10.1378/chest.101.3_supplement.27s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Mattoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
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616
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Barker
- Laboratory of Applied Dermatopathology, UMDS (Guy's Campus), Guy's Hospital, London, U.K
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617
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Fogh K, Larsen CG, Iversen L, Kragballe K. Interleukin-8 stimulates the formation of 15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid by human neutrophils in vitro. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1992; 35:227-31. [PMID: 1529797 DOI: 10.1007/bf01997504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), is a potent activator of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) functions including chemotaxis, superoxide anion production, and enzyme release and it is also chemotactic for lymphocytes. Additionally, it has recently been shown that IL-8 stimulates the formation of 5-lipoxygenase (LO) products of arachidonic acid (AA) by human PMNs. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether IL-8 also might affect the formation of 15-LO products from AA. Purified PMNs in phosphate buffered saline were preincubated with and without exogenous AA (10(-5)-10(-4) M) for 10 min. Then IL-8 was added in biologically relevant concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 ng/ml and incubation was carried out for 5 min at 37 degrees C. Lipids were then extracted from supernatants, and eicosanoids were determined by quantitative RP-HPLC. Compared with unstimulated cells, IL-8 resulted in a dose dependent increase in both LTB4 and 15-HETE (up to 125% and 40% at 100 ng/ml, respectively). This increase in eicosanoid formation required the presence of exogenous AA. These results indicate that IL-8 is both a potent stimulator of 5-LO activity and of 15-LO activity. LTB4 can induce both inflammation and contribute to hyperproliferation in the skin. 15-HETE in contrast has the ability to inhibit the effects induced by LTB4. Because IL-8 is able to stimulate both LTB4 and 15-HETE formation, the effect of IL-8 as a putative regulator of inflammatory processes may be dependent on the relative stimulation of 5-LO and 15-LO.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fogh
- Department of Dermatology, Marselisborg Hospital, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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618
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Elner VM, Scales W, Elner SG, Danforth J, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression and secretion by cytokine-stimulated human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 1992; 54:361-8. [PMID: 1381679 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(92)90048-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Retinal and choroidal inflammatory lesions are important causes of visual loss, but the mechanisms regulating intraocular inflammation remain poorly understood. By virtue of its position at the blood-retina barrier, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be critical to the initiation and propagation of ocular inflammation. Previously we showed that cytokine-stimulated RPE cells produce interleukin-8, a well-defined chemotactic factor for neutrophils and lymphocytes. In this study, we found that human RPE cells stimulated by human recombinant interleukin-1-beta (rIL-1 beta) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rTNF-alpha) produce interleukin-6 (IL-6). Using a plasmacytoma proliferation assay, significant levels of IL-6 were found in media of RPE cells stimulated with either rIL-1 beta or rTNF-alpha for 4 hr. Progressive accumulation of IL-6 in media overlying stimulated RPE cells occurred over the subsequent 20 hr. IL-1 beta was a significantly more potent stimulator of RPE IL-6 production than TNF-alpha, RPE IL-6 production in response to each of these cytokines was also dose-dependent over a range of 20 pg to 20 ng ml-1. Specific anti IL-6 antibody, but not control immunoglobulin, neutralized RPE-derived IL-6 activity in the plasmacytoma proliferation assays. RPE IL-6 mRNA levels were detectable 1 hr after cytokine stimulation, plateaued within 8 hr in 24-hr assays, and demonstrated dose-dependent kinetics in 6 hr assays. Lipopolysaccharide failed to induce RPE IL-6 mRNA expression or RPE IL-6 production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Elner
- Department of Ophthalmology (Kellogg Eye Center), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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619
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Sakamoto K, Masuda T, Mita S, Ishiko T, Nakashima Y, Arakawa H, Egami H, Harada S, Matsushima K, Ogawa M. Interleukin-8 is constitutively and commonly produced by various human carcinoma cell lines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY RESEARCH 1992; 22:216-9. [PMID: 1334734 DOI: 10.1007/bf02591427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the production of interleukin-8 and interleukin-6 by 30 human carcinoma cell lines. Serum levels of interleukin-8 were measured in 14 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Northern blotting. Furthermore, serum interleukin-8 was also investigated in a nude mouse bearing a tumor of the HuH7 hepatoma cell line producing interleukin-8. Of the 30 cell lines, 29 (96.7%) constitutively produced interleukin-8, and 19 of the 29 (65.5%) were high producers (> 1 ng/ml culture supernatant). Among the high producers, 4 cell lines released both interleukin-8 and interleukin-6. Interleukin-6 was constitutively produced by 17 of the 30 (56.7%) cell lines, 4 of which (23.5%) were high producers (> 1 ng/ml). By Northern blot analysis, mRNAs of interleukin-8 and interleukin-6 were detected in producing cell lines. Of 14 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma 4 (28.5%) showed increased levels of serum interleukin-8. Furthermore, inoculation of the HuH7 hepatoma cell line which produced the highest amount of interleukin-8 into a nude mouse resulted in tumor production accompanied by an elevated level of human interleukin-8 (646 pg/ml) in the peripheral blood. Thus, interleukin-8 is constitutively and commonly produced by various carcinoma cell lines. The production of interleukin-8 by carcinoma cells may be related to the elevation of serum interleukin-8 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Finally, these cell lines may be valuable for studying the relationship between interleukin-8 and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakamoto
- Department of Surgery II, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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620
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Brasch J, Burgard J, Sterry W. Common Pathogenetic Pathways in Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:166-70. [PMID: 1370676 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12555804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite their different pathogeneses, allergic and irritant contact dermatitis show a remarkable similarity with respect to clinical appearance, histology, and immunohistology. To further analyze this apparent contradiction, our study was designed to meticulously compare cellular infiltrates in irritant and allergic patch-test reactions by immunostaining with a broad panel of monoclonal antibodies. For this purpose, skin biopsies from allergic and irritant patch-test reactions of similar inflammatory degree were obtained from the same probands. We found that after 72 h both types of reaction were characterized by an identical dermal infiltrate consisting mainly of memory T cells, many of which were activated, and macrophages. Dermal and epidermal Langerhans cell density and HLA--DR expression of keratinocytes were also virtually identical. Our results show that antigen recognition by specific memory T cells as well as irritants can finally induce the same pattern of inflammation, including activation of T cells obviously independent of exogenous antigen.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD1
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- CD2 Antigens
- CD3 Complex
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD5 Antigens
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Cell Count
- Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis
- Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology
- Dermatitis, Contact/diagnosis
- Dermatitis, Contact/etiology
- Female
- Humans
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Immunologic/analysis
- Skin Tests
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brasch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, FRG
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621
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Watanabe K, Suematsu M, Iida M, Takaishi K, Iizuka Y, Suzuki H, Suzuki M, Tsuchiya M, Tsurufuji S. Effect of rat CINC/gro, a member of the interleukin-8 family, on leukocytes in microcirculation of the rat mesentery. Exp Mol Pathol 1992; 56:60-9. [PMID: 1547869 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(92)90023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rat cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) is a member of the IL-8 family, and its human counterpart is gro/MGSA but not IL-8. We ascertained that chemically synthesized CINC was comparable to native CINC/gro with regard to chemotactic activity for rat neutrophils and studied the effect of synthesized CINC/gro on circulating leukocytes in microvascular vessels of rat mesentery. Exposure of rat mesentery to 10(-8)M authentic CINC/gro induced neutrophil adherence to and extravasation from postcapillary venules (PCVs) but not from capillaries or arterioles. CINC/gro concentrations as low as 10(-10) M were effective in causing neutrophil adherence. Neutrophils adhered to thin PCVs (mean diameter, approximately 25 microns) after exposure to CINC/gro for 15 min. The mean diameters of the PCV with adherence of neutrophils after exposure to CINC/gro for 30 and 60 min were 37 and 43 microns, respectively. The diameters of PCV with extravasation of neutrophils also increased in a time-dependent manner. The starting position of adherence of neutrophils was approximately 25-50 microns away from the upper junction of two vessels and remained virtually unchanged during exposure to CINC/gro for 60 min. However, the distance from the start to the end of neutrophil adherence increased in a time-dependent manner. The effect of CINC/gro on adherence and extravasation of leukocytes was neutrophil specific since other leukocytes such as lymphocytes and monocytes were not identified among the adherent and extravasated leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Watanabe
- Institute of Cytosignal Research, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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622
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Abstract
The migration of lymphocytes through extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential feature of the infiltration process. In the course of their extravasation into poorly perfused neoplastic lesions, lymphocytes often encounter regions of acidified ECM. This study was designed to determine whether lymphocyte adherence and motility in ECM are influenced by ambient pH. Murine splenic lymphocytes, activated by culture with high-titer IL-2, were allowed to migrate into three-dimensional gels of Type I collagen, a major component of interstitial stroma, or into Matrigel, a basement membrane model. After 18 hr at pH 7.1, the leading cell front traveled a mean distance of approx 475 microM into Type I collagen gel. Approx 50% of the cells remained nonadherent, 25% adhered to the gel surface, and 25% were motile (penetrated beneath the surface). At pH 6.7, the leading-front distance increased significantly, by a factor of 1.4X, but there was little change in the proportion of cells exhibiting nonadherence, surface adherence, or motility. The relative motilities of CD3+ and AsGM1+ subsets were also unaltered. It therefore appears that acidification of collagen matrix increases the locomotory activity of motile lymphocytes, but causes little recruitment of nonmotile lymphocytes into the motile pool. Similar results were obtained in experiments with Matrigel. The increased motility observed at pH 6.7 did not reflect breakdown or relaxation of matrix lattices, as measured by the passive diffusion of latex beads of defined diameter. Preincubation of lymphocytes at pH 6.7 did not alter their subsequent motility in pH 7.1 gels. The findings establish ambient pH as a microenvironmental variable which can influence lymphocyte migration through ECM. The weak acidity characteristic of certain tumor microenvironments may be a factor which encourages lymphocyte infiltration through tissue matrix. Treatments which alter intratumor pH could potentially be used to manipulate the infiltration process for immunotherapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ratner
- Department of Immunology, Michigan Cancer Foundation, Detroit 48201-1379
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623
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Germany
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624
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Abstract
Neutrophil accumulation in the epidermis is a histologic characteristic of psoriasis. We addressed the question: What is the major protein-like chemotactic principle responsible for neutrophil accumulation? Purification of proteinaceous neutrophil chemoattractants from extracts obtained from psoriatic scales by multistep high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) yielded three biochemically distinct polypeptides with potent neutrophil chemotactic activity. Aminoterminal amino acid sequence analysis of the quantitatively major neutrophil attractant revealed the sequence ELRXQXIKTYSK, which is identical to that of a 69 residue form of neutrophil-activating peptide-1/interleukin 8 (NAP-1/IL-8). The second major attractant showed the sequence XXVATELRXQXL . . ., which is identical to that of the gene product of the oncogene "gro" as well as "melanoma growth stimulatory activity, MGSA," whereas the third and minor neutrophil chemotaxin has an NH2-terminal sequence identical with NAP-1/IL-8. Estimation of NAP-1/IL-8-related proteins and gro/MGSA by HPLC combined with bioassay revealed a mean of 3.3 +/- 1.7 ng NAP-1/IL-8-related proteins (n = 11) and 3.2 +/- 1.9 ng gro/MGSA (n = 11) per 1 mg psoriatic scales. In normal heel callus (n = 8), these neutrophil attractants were found at concentrations below 0.02 +/- 0.01 ng/mg. The finding of more than 150-times increased amounts of both NAP-1/IL-8 and gro/MGSA in lesional psoriasis material suggest that these mitogenic as well as neutrophil- and lymphocyte-chemotactic compounds may play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Germany
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625
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Whiteley LO, Maheswaran SK, Weiss DJ, Ames TR, Kannan MS. Pasteurella haemolytica A1 and bovine respiratory disease: pathogenesis. Vet Med (Auckl) 1992; 6:11-22. [PMID: 1548621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The severe fibrinonecrotic pneumonia associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis usually results from colonization of the lower respiratory tract by Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1(A1). Despite recent research efforts, the authors lack a detailed understanding of the interactions and host response to P. haemolytica in the respiratory tract. The authors hypothesize that management and environmental stress factors or viral infection alters the upper respiratory tract (URT) epithelium allowing P. haemolytica to colonize the epithelium. Once the URT is colonized, large numbers of organisms enter the lung where they interact with alveolar macrophages. Endotoxin, released from the bacteria, crosses the alveolar wall where it activates pulmonary intravascular macrophages, endothelium, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, complement, and Hageman factor leading to complex interactions of cells and mediators. It is the progression of this inflammatory response with neutrophil influx that is ultimately responsible for the pulmonary injury. Leukotoxin is a major virulence factor of P. haemolytica that allows it to survive by destroying phagocytic cells. At subcytolytic concentrations it may also enhance the inflammatory response by activating cells to produce mediators and release reactive oxygen metabolites and proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Whiteley
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
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626
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Abstract
In the last decade a number of proteinaceous inflammatory mediators have been structurally characterized. Two of these mediators, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and Interleukin 1 alpha and beta (IL-1), have pleiotropic properties. Both cytokines are now known to be potent inducers of a number of cell-selective chemotactic cytokines, which belong to a novel superfamily of structurally related low-molecular-weight proteins. One of the most prominent members is termed "IL-8" and represents a neutrophil-selective attractant, whereas another one called "monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1)" is a monocyte-selective chemotaxin. Other members seem to be selective chemotaxins for other leukocyte types and subsets. These chemotactic cytokines are produced by a variety of different cells under appropriate stimulation conditions. Large amounts of IL-8 have been detected in scales of psoriatic lesions and may be of importance in explaining predominant neutrophil infiltration in psoriatic lesions. Regulation of gene expression and/or release of these chemotactic cytokines may occur by IL-1 receptor antagonists or soluble TNF-alpha-receptors. So far, natural antagonists to these chemotactic cytokines have not been described; however, pharmacological inhibition of its gene expression and/or release is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
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627
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Anttila HS, Reitamo S, Erkko P, Ceska M, Moser B, Baggiolini M. Interleukin-8 immunoreactivity in the skin of healthy subjects and patients with palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:96-101. [PMID: 1728643 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12495817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that neutrophil-activating peptide 1/interleukin-8 (IL-8) is present in psoriatic scales and to a lesser extent in normal human epidermis. A panel of monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera raised against IL-8 was used to localize IL-8 with immunoperoxidase techniques in non-lesional and lesional skin of patients with psoriasis and palmo-plantar pustulosis (PPP), and in corresponding sites from healthy subjects. Intracellular IL-8 immunoreactivity was found in all epidermal cell layers in biopsies of healthy subjects and in non-lesional and lesional skin in both PPP and psoriasis. The most intense immunolabeling was regularly found in the basal cell layer. Intercellular epidermal IL-8 immunolabeling was regularly detected in lesional biopsies in PPP and psoriasis, but not in healthy subjects or non-lesional skin in PPP and psoriasis. No intercellular immunolabeling was detected after successful treatment of lesional skin. The majority of cells along the eccrine sweat glands, dermal mononuclear cell infiltrates, and endothelial cells were IL-8 immunoreactive in all biopsies studied. The present study suggests that IL-8, its precursor form, or, alternatively, a degradation product is present in normal human epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Anttila
- Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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628
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Peichl P, Ceska M, Broell H, Effenberger F, Lindley IJ. Human neutrophil activating peptide/interleukin 8 acts as an autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51:19-22. [PMID: 1540031 PMCID: PMC1004611 DOI: 10.1136/ard.51.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil activating peptide/interleukin 8 (NAP-1/IL-8) has been shown to activate neutrophils to degranulate in vitro and to be a potent chemotactic agonist for neutrophils and lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. It may therefore be a mediator of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Levels of NAP-1/IL-8 were low or undetectable in serum samples from 53 patients with RA. Circulating levels of antibodies to NAP-1/IL-8 showed a strong correlation with the level of quantified C reactive protein and with the number of arthritic joints. These autoantibodies, in a similar manner to quantified C reactive protein, correlated with disease activity and are associated with a lack of clinical improvement when the patient is treated with systemic steroids. This observation indicates an important role for interleukin 8 and its autoantibodies in the inflammatory processes of RA, and may provide a clinically useful marker for the diagnosis of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Peichl
- Sandoz Forschungsinstitut, Vienna, Austria
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629
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Standiford TJ, Kunkel SL, Rolfe MW, Evanoff HL, Allen RM, Strieter RM. Regulation of human alveolar macrophage- and blood monocyte-derived interleukin-8 by prostaglandin E2 and dexamethasone. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 6:75-81. [PMID: 1728298 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/6.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are important immune effector cells that play a fundamental role in cellular immunity. In addition to their antigen-presenting and phagocytic activities, monocytes/macrophages produce a vast array of regulatory and chemotactic cytokines. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a potent neutrophil-activating and chemotactic peptide, is produced in large quantities by mononuclear phagocytes and may be an important mediator of local and systemic inflammatory events. In this investigation, we describe the effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and dexamethasone (Dex) on IL-8 mRNA and protein expression from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) and alveolar macrophages (AM). We demonstrate the dose-dependent suppression of IL-8 from LPS-stimulated PBM by PGE2. Treatment of stimulated PBM with 10(-6) M PGE2 resulted in maximal inhibition, causing 60% suppression of both IL-8 mRNA and extracellular protein levels. In contrast, PGE2 (10(-6) to 10(-8) M) did not significantly alter IL-8 mRNA or protein expression from LPS-treated AM. Treatment of LPS-stimulated PBM and AM with Dex (10(-6) to 10(-8) M) resulted in 75% decline in IL-8 mRNA and extracellular protein from either cell population. Pretreatment of PBM with PGE2 or Dex 1 or 2 h before LPS stimulation caused a significant suppression of steady-state IL-8 mRNA levels; however, administration of either of these modulators 1 or 2 h after LPS stimulation failed to have an inhibitory effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Standiford
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0360
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630
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Schmouder RL, Strieter RM, Wiggins RC, Chensue SW, Kunkel SL. In vitro and in vivo interleukin-8 production in human renal cortical epithelia. Kidney Int 1992; 41:191-8. [PMID: 1593855 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1992.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The signals resulting in leukocytes infiltrating the tubulointerstitial compartment during renal inflammatory disease are not well understood. A recently described cytokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8), has been demonstrated to be chemotactic for lymphocytes and neutrophils at picomolar and nanomolar concentrations, respectively. Cytokeratin positive, renal cortical epithelial cells (RCEC) with tubular attributes were cultured from kidney tissue from six human subjects. We report that these human renal cortical epithelial cells in primary cell culture respond to either IL-1 beta, TNF or LPS in both a time- and dose-dependent manner by expressing IL-8 mRNA and secreting antigenic IL-8 peptide. In addition, RCEC were found to be strongly positive for cell-associated antigenic IL-8 peptide by immunostaining after 24 hour incubation with IL-1 beta, TNF and LPS. To ascertain whether IL-8 was present in renal disease associated with infiltrating leukocytes, we performed immunohistochemistry on renal biopsy specimens from patients with acute allograft rejection. Both proximal and distal tubular epithelial cells were found to be strongly positive for cell-associated antigenic IL-8. These findings suggest that the human renal tubule epithelial cell may actively participate in acute inflammatory processes in the kidney, including allograft rejection, by effecting and directing leukocyte chemotaxis via the production of IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Schmouder
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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631
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Ozaki T, Hayashi H, Tani K, Ogushi F, Yasuoka S, Ogura T. Neutrophil chemotactic factors in the respiratory tract of patients with chronic airway diseases or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1992; 145:85-91. [PMID: 1309969 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/145.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to clarify the contributions of specific neutrophil chemotactic factors (NCF) in neutrophil accumulation in the human respiratory tract associated with various diseases. The activity and characteristics of the NCF in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and culture media of alveolar macrophages obtained from normal volunteers, control patients, patients with chronic airway diseases (CAD) and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) were examined. The BAL fluid from normal volunteers contained NCF comparable with the chemotactic factors interleukin-8 (IL-8) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Analysis of the biochemical characteristics of NCF released from alveolar macrophages suggests that they are derived from alveolar macrophages. The NCF activities in BAL fluids from patients with CAD and IPF were higher than those in BAL fluids from normal volunteers and control patients. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that several kinds of NCF, including those derived from the complement component C5 and alveolar macrophages, were present in the BAL fluid from patients with CAD and respiratory infections. The especially marked increase of C5-derived NCF indicate their importance in neutrophil accumulation in the respiratory tract of patients with CAD. Alveolar macrophages released different types of NCF after different lengths of culture periods (4 h and 24 h). Alveolar macrophages from patients with IPF released larger amounts of NCF than alveolar macrophages from normal volunteers, indicating the importance of alveolar-macrophage-derived NCF as well as C5-derived NCF in neutrophil accumulation in the respiratory tract of patients with IPF. These results suggest that various types of NCF increase in response to different disease states of the respiratory tract and serve to regulate the accumulation of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ozaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Japan
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632
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rappolee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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633
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634
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Standiford TJ, Kunkel SL, Kasahara K, Milia MJ, Rolfe MW, Strieter RM. Interleukin-8 gene expression from human alveolar macrophages: the role of adherence. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 5:579-85. [PMID: 1958385 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/5.6.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human alveolar macrophage (AM) is an important immune effector cell of the lung, as this cell possesses potent antimicrobial activities and has the ability to present antigen. In addition, the Am can secrete a number of regulatory and chemotactic cytokines in response to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli. In this study, we demonstrate that the adherence of AM to plastic or cellular substrates is an important activation event leading to the gene expression of novel chemotactic cytokine interleukin (IL)-8. The culturing of AM on plastic induced the time-dependent accumulation of IL-8 mRNA. In addition, adherence of these cells induced the gene expression of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-1 beta. This adherence phenomenon was not specific to plastic, as AM cultured on collagen- or fibronectin-coated plates also expressed IL-8 mRNA upon adherence. The adherence of Am resulted in the induction of de novo IL-8 mRNA synthesis, as this mRNA accumulation was completely abrogated by actinomycin D. Adherence-induced IL-8 mRNA expression was not altered by cycloheximide, suggesting that de novo or ongoing protein synthesis was not required for induction of IL-8 message. Adherence of AM to plastic not only upregulated IL-8 mRNA levels but also induced the production of extracellular IL-8 immunoreactive protein. Both adherent and nonadherent AM treated with lipopolysaccharide generated substantial amounts of IL-8 mRNA. Adherence and lipopolysaccharide, however, acted in a synergistic fashion to dramatically augment the production of extracellular IL-8 from these cells. Our findings would suggest that AM adherence is an important macrophage-activating event that may play a critical role in the modulation of lung inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Standiford
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0360
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635
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Bignold LP, Rogers SD, Siaw TM, Bahnisch J. Inhibition of chemotaxis of neutrophil leukocytes to interleukin-8 by endotoxins of various bacteria. Infect Immun 1991; 59:4255-8. [PMID: 1937782 PMCID: PMC259025 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.11.4255-4258.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of endotoxins from various bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhosa, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) on chemotaxis of neutrophil leukocytes to formyl peptide and interleukin-8 were tested in an improved chemotaxis assay involving a "sparse-pore" polycarbonate (Nuclepore) membrane in a Boyden-type chamber. The possible chemotactic activity of the endotoxins themselves were tested by the same technique. In addition, the effects of these substances on random motility of neutrophils were tested with a corresponding assay involving similar chambers fitted with membranes of standard pore density. Possible activation of the complement system of serum by each endotoxin was tested with sheep erythrocyte assays and the maximum endotoxin concentration (100 micrograms/ml) used in the chemotaxis and motility assays. All endotoxins inhibited chemotaxis of neutrophils to interleukin-8. No endotoxin affected chemotaxis to formyl peptide or was itself chemotactic for neutrophils. Endotoxin of S. flexneri inhibited random motility of neutrophils, while the others had no such effect. Endotoxins of K. pneumoniae and of P. aeruginosa produced moderate and marked inhibition, respectively, of total complement, as measured by hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes, without affecting the levels of C3c and C4 in these assays. Endotoxins of the other bacteria had no demonstrable effect in any of these assays of complement activation. These results suggest that chemotaxis to interleukin-8 may be mediated by cellular mechanisms different from those involved in chemotaxis to formyl peptide. Furthermore, the presence of these endotoxins could be significant for the suppression of neutrophil accumulation in inflammatory lesions mediated by interleukin-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Bignold
- Department of Pathology, University of Adelaide, South Australia
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636
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Khanna N, Agnihotri M, Mathur A, Chaturvedi UC. Neutrophil chemotactic factor produced by Japanese encephalitis virus stimulated macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 86:299-303. [PMID: 1657465 PMCID: PMC1554131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of neutrophil leucocytosis in cases of Japanese encephalitis is not known. We here report that during Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in mice the splenic macrophages secrete a chemotactic factor that attracts the neutrophils. The peak activity of macrophage derived factor (MDF) was observed on day 7 following infection. The MDF acted in a dose-dependent manner. This chemoattractant was purified by low pressure liquid chromatography and gave a single band of 10 kD on silver stained polyacrylamide gel. The MDF was found to be heat resistant and sensitive to prolonged incubation with proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Khanna
- Postgraduate Department of Microbiology, K. G. Medical College, Lucknow, India
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637
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Rolfe MW, Kunkel SL, Standiford TJ, Chensue SW, Allen RM, Evanoff HL, Phan SH, Strieter RM. Pulmonary fibroblast expression of interleukin-8: a model for alveolar macrophage-derived cytokine networking. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 5:493-501. [PMID: 1931078 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/5.5.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary fibroblast's (PF) unique location allows it to communicate in a bidirectional fashion between the vascular compartment and alveolar airspace, placing it in a strategic position for the elicitation of inflammatory leukocytes into the lung. In this study, we demonstrate that PF may contribute to pulmonary inflammation through the production of a potent neutrophil chemotactic factor, interleukin (IL)-8. PF-derived IL-8 expression was dependent upon stimulation by either tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or IL-1 but not lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both TNF and IL-1 stimulation of PF resulted in a time- and dose-dependent expression of steady-state levels of mRNA, antigen, and specific chemotactic activity consistent with IL-8. Because it was apparent that cytokine networking may exist in the lung between alveolar macrophage (AM)-derived cytokines and the production of PF-derived IL-8, we next examined an in vitro model of cellular communication within the lung. We determined that LPS-stimulated AM-conditioned media induced significant levels of PF-derived IL-8 mRNA, which was inhibited by preincubation with specific neutralizing TNF and IL-1 beta antibodies. Furthermore, when AM were directly co-cultured with PF and stimulated with LPS, the kinetic analysis of PF-derived antigenic expression of IL-8 was shifted toward the right. This suggested that PF-derived IL-8 expression in co-culture was first dependent upon activation of the AM by LPS and subsequent elaboration of macrophage inflammatory mediators. These data provide evidence that cytokine networking between AM and PF may be operative in the lung, culminating in the generation of IL-8 and elicitation of inflammatory leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Rolfe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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638
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Huber AR, Kunkel SL, Todd RF, Weiss SJ. Regulation of transendothelial neutrophil migration by endogenous interleukin-8. Science 1991; 254:99-102. [PMID: 1718038 DOI: 10.1126/science.1718038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Movement of neutrophils from the bloodstream to inflamed tissue depends on the activation of both the neutrophil and the endothelial cell. Endothelial cells lining the postcapillary venule respond to proinflammatory mediators by expressing adhesion molecules and synthesizing a variety of neutrophil-activating factors. Endothelial cell production of a 77-amino acid variant of interleukin-8 (IL-8) was found to be a requirement for the invasion of neutrophils through a vessel wall model. IL-8 secreted by cytokine- or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated endothelial cells induced the rapid shedding of neutrophil lectin adhesion molecule-1, the up-regulation of leukocyte beta 2 integrins, and the attachment and transmigration of the neutrophils. Thus, endogenous endothelial IL-8 regulates transvenular traffic during acute inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Huber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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639
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Shalaby MR, Halgunset J, Haugen OA, Aarset H, Aarden L, Waage A, Matsushima K, Kvithyll H, Boraschi D, Lamvik J. Cytokine-associated tissue injury and lethality in mice: a comparative study. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1991; 61:69-82. [PMID: 1959240 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-1229(06)80008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study was performed to examine the lethal effects of several cytokines injected into mice sensitized with actinomycin D (Act-D). Consistent with published data, human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) (0.2-5 micrograms) caused the death of the animals within 8-12 hr after injection. Human interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) (0.6-6 micrograms) known to be induced by TNF-alpha did not show any lethal effects, indicating that TNF-alpha-associated lethality is not mediated by IL-6 or IL-8. Human tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-beta) (also called lymphotoxin), which shares structural and functional properties with TNF-alpha, was as potent as TNF-alpha in its lethal effects. Murine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) (0.04-5 micrograms) was also tested and showed no lethal effects in this model. In addition, a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 163-171 of IL-1 beta, and which has been shown to lack the inflammatory effects of IL-1 beta, also caused no lethality among Act-D sensitized mice. The pretreatment of mice with IL-6, IL-8, or IFN-gamma had no protective effects on TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta-induced lethality in contrast to the protection observed by a pretreatment with TNF-alpha/IL-1 beta themselves or with endotoxin. Histopathologic data showed that severe tissue injury in vital organs is associated with the rapid lethality among sensitized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Shalaby
- Institute of Cancer Research, University of Trondheim, Norway
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640
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Darbonne WC, Rice GC, Mohler MA, Apple T, Hébert CA, Valente AJ, Baker JB. Red blood cells are a sink for interleukin 8, a leukocyte chemotaxin. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:1362-9. [PMID: 1918386 PMCID: PMC295607 DOI: 10.1172/jci115442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-8 (also known as neutrophil-activating peptide 1) is recognized as a potent effector of neutrophil functions. Several different cell types that contact blood, namely T lymphocytes, monocytes, and endothelial cells, secrete this polypeptide following stimulation by cytokines, or lipopolysaccharide. Here we show that when IL-8 is added to blood it rapidly partitions from the plasma fluid to the blood cells and that erythrocytes account for the vast majority of this binding. Analysis of 125I-IL-8 binding [( ala-IL-8]77 form) to human red cells indicates a single, 5 nM Kd affinity class of binding sites, present at approximately 2,000 per red cell representing approximately 15 nmol of red cell IL-8 binding sites per liter of blood. These sites are protease sensitive. Their binding of IL-8 is rapidly reversible and does not result in receptor internalization, although bound IL-8 is resistant to extraction by pH 3 buffer at 5 degrees C. 125I-IL-8 binding to red cells was not inhibited by epidermal growth factor or interleukin 1, but was inhibited by monocyte chemotactic peptide-1, which is not a neutrophil chemotaxin, but is a member of the same family of polypeptides as IL-8. FACS analysis of IL-8-mediated mobilization of Ca2+ in neutrophils indicates that the IL-8 bound to red cells is incapable of stimulating neutrophils. Thus, red cell absorption of IL-8 may function to limit stimulation of leukocytes by IL-8 released into blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Darbonne
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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641
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Curtis JL, Byrd PK, Warnock ML, Kaltreider HB. Requirement of CD4-positive T cells for cellular recruitment to the lungs of mice in response to a particulate intratracheal antigen. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:1244-54. [PMID: 1680880 PMCID: PMC295593 DOI: 10.1172/jci115428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether CD4+ T cells participate in the recruitment of other lymphocyte subsets to the lungs, we examined pulmonary immune responses in C57BL/6 mice treated in vivo with the MAb GK1.5, either intact (which depletes CD4+ cells) or as F(ab')2 fragments (which block CD4 molecules). After intratracheal challenge with sheep erythrocytes, antigen-primed mice treated with intact GK1.5 had marked decreases in lymphocytes and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and minimal parenchymal inflammation, compared to primed mice treated with an isotype-matched irrelevant antibody or with no antibody. At 7 d after challenge, flow cytometric analysis showed that numbers of Thy 1.2+ and B220+ cells, but not of CD8+ cells, were markedly decreased in lavage fluid of CD4-depleted mice. Similar suppression of the pulmonary immune response to intratracheal challenge was found in primed mice injected repeatedly with F(ab')2 fragments of GK1.5, which did not deplete CD4+ T cells, and in athymic mice. These findings indicate that, in response to a single intratracheal antigen challenge, recruitment to the lungs of leukocytes other than CD8+ T cells depends largely on CD4+ T cells, possibly because of signals requiring T cell activation via interactions with antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Curtis
- Respiratory Care Section, San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, California
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642
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Abbott F, Ryan JJ, Ceska M, Matsushima K, Sarraf CE, Rees AJ. Interleukin-1 beta stimulates human mesangial cells to synthesize and release interleukins-6 and -8. Kidney Int 1991; 40:597-605. [PMID: 1745007 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1991.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have been reported to stimulate human mesangial cells (HMC) to proliferate and synthesize eicosanoids. We have examined whether they also induce HMC to release cytokines. In this study we show that both IL-1 and TNF stimulate HMC to release IL-6 and IL-8. Cycling and quiescent HMC were stimulated with various concentrations of either recombinant IL-1 beta or TNF for 1 to 24 hours. IL-1 beta at doses as low as 6 pg/ml stimulated mesangial cells to synthesize mRNA for both IL-6 and IL-8 as assessed by Northern analysis; mRNA for tubulin remained constant, which demonstrated a specific increase in mRNA. Secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 into the culture medium increased (4.5 to 18 ng/ml and 4 to 40 ng/ml, respectively) measured by ELISAs. TNF had similar effects but only in high concentrations (greater than 100 ng/ml). IL-1 beta did not stimulate cells to proliferate, as measured by 3H thymidine incorporation. TNF caused proliferation but only in concentrations over 100 ng/ml. We conclude that IL-1 beta is a potent stimulator of human mesangial cell production of IL-6 and IL-8, both of which may influence injury in nephritis. TNF also stimulates mesangial cells but only in pharmacological doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abbott
- Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, England, United Kingdom
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643
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Nakamura H, Yoshimura K, Jaffe H, Crystal R. Interleukin-8 gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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644
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Zachariae CO, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Matsushima K. Expression and secretion of leukocyte chemotactic cytokines by normal human melanocytes and melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 97:593-9. [PMID: 1875058 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12481934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of human melanocytes and melanoma cells to produce IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) was investigated. Melanocytes expressed mRNA for IL-8 and MCAF, when stimulated with either IL-1 alpha or TNF alpha, but not when stimulated with IL-6, IFN gamma, or LPS alone. IL-8 and MCAF could be induced in a dose-dependent fashion with doses as low as 0.1 ng/ml TNF alpha and 0.5 ng/ml IL-1 alpha. IL-8 and MCAF mRNA were rapidly expressed and peaked between 2 and 4 h for IL-8 and between 4 and 8 h for MCAF. This correlated well with the accumulation of IL-8 antigen as measured by a radioimmunoassay. Supernatants from melanocyte cultures stimulated with either IL-1 alpha or TNF alpha and separated on a heparin-Sepharose column became positive for neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activity in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. When IFN gamma was added to melanocyte cultures stimulated with suboptimal doses of TNF alpha there was a synergistic increase in secreted IL-8 protein and monocyte chemotactic activity. These data provide further evidence for the possible role of melanocytes in the initiation of an inflammatory reaction. Three different malignant melanoma cell lines stimulated with either TNF alpha or IL-1 alpha expressed IL-8 mRNA, but not mRNA for MCAF. The IL-8 mRNA signal corresponded well with the amount of secreted IL-8 protein. These data suggest that IL-8 and MCAF may play a role in growth regulation and spreading of melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Zachariae
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
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645
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Roche
- Department of Pathology, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, U.K
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646
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Kristensen MS, Paludan K, Larsen CG, Zachariae CO, Deleuran BW, Jensen PK, Jørgensen P, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Quantitative determination of IL-1 alpha-induced IL-8 mRNA levels in cultured human keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and monocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 97:506-10. [PMID: 1875050 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12481543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the leukocyte chemotactic cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8) in psoriatic scales and in epidermal tissue overlying allergic patch test reactions suggests a role for this cytokine in certain inflammatory skin diseases. IL-8 can be produced by several cell types present in the skin. Their relative potentials for IL-8 expression has, however, not yet been studied, due to the lack of convenient methods for quantitative comparison of specific mRNA amounts in different cell types. Using a new method for quantification, we compared specific IL-8 mRNA amounts in cultures of keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and monocytes, stimulated with interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha). Endothelial cells produced very high, fibroblasts and monocytes intermediate, and keratinocytes low amounts of IL-8 mRNA. We also studied the time course of IL-8 mRNA levels in the four cell types following IL-1 alpha stimulation, and found a clear difference both in onset and stability of the response. We discuss the different strength of the response at different time points in the cell types analyzed in relation to their possible role in regulation of the normal response to stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kristensen
- Department of Dermatology, Marselisborg Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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647
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Peichl P, Ceska M, Effenberger F, Haberhauer G, Broell H, Lindley IJ. Presence of NAP-1/IL-8 in synovial fluids indicates a possible pathogenic role in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Immunol 1991; 34:333-9. [PMID: 1882189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synovial fluid in affected joints of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients contains many cells, in numbers strongly correlated with the severity of disease. As the disease worsens and the cell count increases, the polymorphonuclear leucocyte becomes the predominant cell type. Although the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) have no direct neutrophil-attractant activity, they are both potent inducers of interleukin 8 (IL-8) in a variety of cell types. Chemotactic attraction of neutrophils is a major activity of IL-8. Examination of a number of synovial fluids showed that significant levels of IL-8 are present in a high proportion of RA cases (10 out of 17), at concentrations directly related to the number of cells in the joint, and to circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The cytokine is present only at background levels in other diseases accompanied by arthritic manifestations, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and induced arthritis. The progressive joint destruction seen in all cases where high IL-8 levels were measured, coupled with the neutrophil-rich cell count and the strong correlation between concentration of IL-8 and both serum CRP and cellular influx into the joint, is strongly suggestive of a pathogenic role for IL-8 in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Peichl
- Sandoz Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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648
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Wang JM, Sica A, Peri G, Walter S, Padura IM, Libby P, Ceska M, Lindley I, Colotta F, Mantovani A. Expression of monocyte chemotactic protein and interleukin-8 by cytokine-activated human vascular smooth muscle cells. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS : A JOURNAL OF VASCULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 11:1166-74. [PMID: 1911703 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.11.5.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the capacity of human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to produce a cytokine chemotactic for monocytes (monocyte chemotactic protein [MCP]) and by way of comparison, a related polypeptide activator of neutrophils (known as interleukin-8 [IL-8] or neutrophil activating protein-1 [NAP-1]. On exposure to IL-1, SMCs released high levels of chemotactic activity for monocytes, which could be removed by absorption with anti-MCP antibodies. MCP production by activated SMCs was comparable to that of IL-1-stimulated umbilical vein endothelial cells. Activated SMCs released appreciable levels of IL-8, as determined by a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but little chemotactic activity for neutrophils. IL-1-treated SMCs expressed high levels of both MCP and IL-8 mRNA transcripts, as assessed by Northern blot analysis. Tumor necrosis factor and bacterial lipopolysaccharide but not IL-6 also induced MCP and IL-8 gene expression in SMCs. Nuclear runoff analysis revealed that IL-1 augmented transcription of the MCP and IL-8 genes. The capacity of SMCs to produce a cytokine (MCP) that recruits and activates circulating mononuclear phagocytes may be of considerable importance in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases (e.g., vasculitis and atherosclerosis) that are characterized by monocyte infiltration of the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wang
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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649
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Farber HW, Beer DJ. Restricted secretion of a T-lymphocyte chemotactic cytokine by serotonin-stimulated cultured aortic endothelial cells. Circ Res 1991; 69:257-65. [PMID: 1860174 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.69.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of biologically active molecules produced by vascular endothelium suggests that the endothelial cell is an active participant in numerous physiological responses, including those of the immune system. In fact, the accumulation of T lymphocytes at extralymphatic inflammatory foci represents a series of interactions between lymphocytes and vascular endothelial cells. These interactions, however, may be modulated by other factors, such as vasoactive amines. In the current study, we report that serotonin-stimulated cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) secrete a T-lymphocyte chemotactic cytokine (endothelial cell-derived lymphocyte chemotactic activity [ED-LCA]). Supernatants from BAECs incubated with 10(-7)-10(-4) M serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) enhanced T-cell migration, which peaked at 10(-5) M 5-HT (235 +/- 18% control migration). ED-LCA was not stored in an active form in BAECs; its secretion occurred within 60 minutes of exposure to 5-HT and was blocked by two different 5-HT2 receptor antagonists. ED-LCA was not secreted after exposure of BAECs to histamine or angiotensin II, nor was it secreted by either 5-HT-stimulated bovine pulmonary arterial or human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Physicochemical characterization of ED-LCA demonstrated that it was a trypsin-sensitive protein with an apparent molecular mass of 13-15 kDa. Preparative isoelectric focusing demonstrated pIs of 6.0 and 7.5. When applied to a molecular sieve column, the chemotactic activity corresponding to these pIs eluted in the region of 13-15 kDa. Further investigation demonstrated that partially purified ED-LCA was specific for CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subsets and did not enhance the migration of neutrophils or monocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Farber
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118
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650
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Watanabe K, Koizumi F, Kurashige Y, Tsurufuji S, Nakagawa H. Rat CINC, a member of the interleukin-8 family, is a neutrophil-specific chemoattractant in vivo. Exp Mol Pathol 1991; 55:30-7. [PMID: 1884768 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(91)90016-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rat cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) is a member of the IL-8 family and its human counterpart is MGSA/gro. Rat neutrophil responses in vitro to rat CINC, human IL-8, and human MGSA/gro were studied. CINC concentrations as low as 1 nM induced apparent chemotaxis of rat neutrophils, but human IL-8 and MGSA/gro required concentrations one or two orders higher than that of CINC to attract neutrophils. These data indicate that human IL-8 and MGSA/gro cannot sufficiently substitute for rat counterparts such as CINC in rats. Therefore, the effect of rat CINC on rats was studied. Intradermally injected 10(-10)-10(-7) M CINC dose-dependently caused infiltration of neutrophils. Significant migration of neutrophils appeared by 30 min, and maximum infiltration was observed around 1-2 hr after the injection. CINC induced quick and transient neutrophil accumulation without lymphocyte and monocyte migration or edema formation. CINC, a member of the IL-8 family but a counterpart of human MGSA/gro-related proteins, is a specific neutrophil chemoattractant and can be distinguished from IL-8, which is a chemotactic factor for lymphocytes and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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