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Ahsan S, Raabe EH, Haffner MC, Vaghasia A, Warren KE, Quezado M, Ballester LY, Nazarian J, Eberhart CG, Rodriguez FJ. Increased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and decreased 5-methylcytosine are indicators of global epigenetic dysregulation in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:59. [PMID: 24894482 PMCID: PMC4229804 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a malignant pediatric brain tumor associated with dismal outcome. Recent high-throughput molecular studies have shown a high frequency of mutations in histone-encoding genes (H3F3A and HIST1B) and distinctive epigenetic alterations in these tumors. Epigenetic alterations described in DIPG include global DNA hypomethylation. In addition to the generally repressive methylcytosine DNA alteration, 5-hydroxymethylation of cytosine (5hmC) is recognized as an epigenetic mark associated with active chromatin. We hypothesized that in addition to alterations in DNA methylation, that there would be changes in 5hmC. To test this hypothesis, we performed immunohistochemical studies to compare epigenetic alterations in DIPG to extrapontine adult and pediatric glioblastoma (GBM) and normal brain. A total of 124 tumors were scored for histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and 104 for 5hmC and 5-methylcytosine (5mC). An H-score was derived by multiplying intensity (0–2) by percentage of positive tumor nuclei (0-100%). Results We identified decreased H3K27me3 in the DIPG cohort compared to pediatric GBM (p < 0.01), adult GBM (p < 0.0001) and normal brain (p < 0.0001). H3K9me3 was not significantly different between tumor types. Global DNA methylation as measured by 5mC levels were significantly lower in DIPG compared to pediatric GBM (p < 0.001), adult GBM (p < 0.01), and normal brain (p < 0.01). Conversely, 5hmC levels were significantly higher in DIPG compared to pediatric GBM (p < 0.0001) and adult GBM (p < 0.0001). Additionally, in an independent set of DIPG tumor samples, TET1 and TET3 mRNAs were found to be overexpressed relative to matched normal brain. Conclusions Our findings extend the immunohistochemical study of epigenetic alterations in archival tissue to DIPG specimens. Low H3K27me3, decreased 5mC and increased 5hmC are characteristic of DIPG in comparison with extrapontine GBM. In DIPG, the relative imbalance of 5mC compared to 5hmC may represent an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2051-5960-2-59) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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652
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Zhang L, Chen LH, Wan H, Yang R, Wang Z, Feng J, Yang S, Jones S, Wang S, Zhou W, Zhu H, Killela PJ, Zhang J, Wu Z, Li G, Hao S, Wang Y, Webb JB, Friedman HS, Friedman AH, McLendon RE, He Y, Reitman ZJ, Bigner DD, Yan H. Exome sequencing identifies somatic gain-of-function PPM1D mutations in brainstem gliomas. Nat Genet 2014; 46:726-30. [PMID: 24880341 PMCID: PMC4073211 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhang
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. [2]
| | - Lee H Chen
- 1] Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2]
| | - Hong Wan
- 1] Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. [2]
| | - Rui Yang
- 1] Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2]
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jie Feng
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohua Yang
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. [2] Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. [3] Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Siân Jones
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sizhen Wang
- Beijing Pangenomics Technology, Co Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Weixin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Huishan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick J Killela
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Junting Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph B Webb
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henry S Friedman
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allan H Friedman
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yiping He
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary J Reitman
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darell D Bigner
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hai Yan
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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653
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Chromatin maintenance and dynamics in senescence: a spotlight on SAHF formation and the epigenome of senescent cells. Chromosoma 2014; 123:423-36. [PMID: 24861957 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-014-0469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a stable proliferation arrest characterized by profound changes in cellular morphology and metabolism as well as by extensive chromatin reorganization in the nucleus. One particular hallmark of chromatin changes during senescence is the formation of punctate DNA foci in DAPI-stained senescent cells that have been called senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF). While many advances have been made concerning our understanding of the effectors of senescence, how chromatin is reorganized and maintained in senescent cells has remained largely elusive. Because chromatin structure is inherently dynamic, senescent cells face the challenge of developing chromatin maintenance mechanisms in the absence of DNA replication in order to maintain the senescent phenotype. Here, we summarize and review recent findings shedding light on SAHF composition and formation via spatial repositioning of chromatin, with a specific focus on the role of lamin B1 for this process. In addition, we discuss the physiological implication of SAHF formation, the role of histone variants, and histone chaperones during senescence and also elaborate on the more general changes observed in the epigenome of the senescent cells.
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654
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Smith MA, Altekruse SF, Adamson PC, Reaman GH, Seibel NL. Declining childhood and adolescent cancer mortality. Cancer 2014; 120:2497-506. [PMID: 24853691 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate whether progress continues in identifying more effective treatments for children and adolescents with cancer, the authors examined both overall and disease-specific childhood cancer mortality rates for the United States, focusing on data from 2000 to 2010. METHODS Age-adjusted US mortality trends from 1975 to 2010 were estimated using joinpoint regression analysis. Analyses of annual percentage change (APC) were performed on the same diagnostic groupings for the period restricted to 2000 through 2010 for groupings ages <20 years, <15 years, and 15 to 19 years. RESULTS After a plateau in mortality rates during 1998 to 2002 (APC, 0.3%), the annual decline in childhood cancer mortality from 2002 to 2010 (APC, -2.4%) was similar to that observed from 1975 to 1998 (APC, -2.7%). Statistically significant declines in mortality rates from 2000 to 2010 were noted for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, neuroblastoma, central nervous system cancers, and gonadal cancers. From 2000 to 2010, the rates of decline in mortality for the group ages 15 to 19 years generally were equal to or greater than the rates of decline for the group ages birth to 14 years. Improvements in treatment since 1975 resulted >45,000 cancer deaths averted through 2010. CONCLUSIONS Cancer mortality for both children and adolescents declined from 2000 to 2010, with significant declines observed for multiple cancer types. However, greater than 1900 cancer deaths still occur each year among children and adolescents in the United States, and many survivors experience long-term effects that limit their quality of life. Continued research directed toward identifying more effective treatments that produce fewer long-term sequelae is critical to address these remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A Smith
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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655
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Bartels U, Wolff J, Gore L, Dunkel I, Gilheeney S, Allen J, Goldman S, Yalon M, Packer RJ, Korones DN, Smith A, Cohen K, Kuttesch J, Strother D, Baruchel S, Gammon J, Kowalski M, Bouffet E. Phase 2 study of safety and efficacy of nimotuzumab in pediatric patients with progressive diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1554-9. [PMID: 24847085 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) remains poor, with no drug proven to be effective. METHODS Patients with clinically and radiologically confirmed, centrally reviewed DIPG, who had failed standard first-line therapy were eligible for this multicenter phase II trial. The anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody, nimotuzumab (150 mg/m(2)), was administered intravenously once weekly from weeks 1 to 7 and once every 2 weeks from weeks 8 to 18. Response evaluation was based on clinical and MRI assessments. Patients with partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) were allowed to continue nimotuzumab. RESULTS Forty-four patients received at least one dose of nimotuzumab (male/female, 20/24; median age, 6.0 years; range, 3.0-17.0 years). All had received prior radiotherapy. Treatment was well tolerated. Eighteen children experienced serious adverse events (SAEs). The majority of SAEs were associated with disease progression. Nineteen patients completed 8 weeks (W8) of treatment: There were 2 PRs, 6 SDs, and 11 progressions. Five patients completed 18 weeks (W18) of treatment: 1 of 2 patients with PR at W8 remained in PR at W18, and 3 of 6 children with SD at W8 maintained SD at W18. Time to progression following initiation of nimotuzumab for the 4 patients with SD or better at W18 was 119, 157, 182 and 335 days, respectively. Median survival time was 3.2 months. Two patients lived 663 and 481 days from the start of nimotuzumab. CONCLUSIONS Modest activity of nimotuzumab in DIPG, which has been shown previously, was confirmed: A small subset of DIPG patients appeared to benefit from anti-EGFR antibody treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Bartels
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Johannes Wolff
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Lia Gore
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Ira Dunkel
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Stephen Gilheeney
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Jeffrey Allen
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Stewart Goldman
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Michal Yalon
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Roger J Packer
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - David N Korones
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Amy Smith
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Kenneth Cohen
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - John Kuttesch
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Douglas Strother
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Sylvain Baruchel
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Janet Gammon
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Mark Kowalski
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
| | - Eric Bouffet
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (U.B., S.B., J.G., E.B.); The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.W.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.D., S.G.); NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.A.); Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (S.G.); Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.Y.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (D.N.K.); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (A.S.); Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.C.); Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tenneessee (J.K.); Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.S.); YM Biosciences Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (M.K.)
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656
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Clinical Neuropathology practice news 2-2014: ATRX, a new candidate biomarker in gliomas. Clin Neuropathol 2014; 33:108-11. [PMID: 24559763 PMCID: PMC3967248 DOI: 10.5414/np300758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide molecular approaches have substantially elucidated molecular alterations and pathways involved in the oncogenesis of brain tumors. In gliomas, several molecular biomarkers including IDH mutation, 1p/19q co-deletion, and MGMT promotor methylation status have been introduced into neuropathological practice. Recently, mutations of the ATRX gene have been found in various subtypes and grades of gliomas and were shown to refine the prognosis of malignant gliomas in combination with IDH and 1p/19q status. Mutations of ATRX are associated with loss of nuclear ATRX protein expression, detectable by a commercially available antibody, thus turning ATRX into a promising prognostic candidate biomarker in the routine neuropathological setting.
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657
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Robison NJ, Kieran MW. Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: a reassessment. J Neurooncol 2014; 119:7-15. [PMID: 24792486 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a disease of childhood whose abysmal prognosis has remained unchanged for over 50 years. Biologic investigation has been stymied by lack of pretreatment tissue, as biopsy has been reserved for atypical cases. Recent advances in surgical and molecular-analytic techniques have increased the safety and potential utility of biopsy; brainstem biopsy has now been incorporated into several prospective clinical trials. These and other recent efforts have yielded new insights into DIPG molecular pathogenesis, and opened new avenues for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Robison
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 W Sunset Blvd, MS#54, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA,
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658
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Smith SE, Waller JC, Bingham IA, Jewett DM, Nsouli MS, Mackintosh JJ. A diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma roadmap: guiding research toward a cure. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:765-7. [PMID: 24481909 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Smith
- Parent and patient advocates. 2012 Participants of the Pediatric Cancer Nanocourse, Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239
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659
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Caretti V, Sewing ACP, Lagerweij T, Schellen P, Bugiani M, Jansen MHA, van Vuurden DG, Navis AC, Horsman I, Vandertop WP, Noske DP, Wesseling P, Kaspers GJL, Nazarian J, Vogel H, Hulleman E, Monje M, Wurdinger T. Human pontine glioma cells can induce murine tumors. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:897-909. [PMID: 24777482 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), with a median survival of only 9 months, is the leading cause of pediatric brain cancer mortality. Dearth of tumor tissue for research has limited progress in this disease until recently. New experimental models for DIPG research are now emerging. To develop preclinical models of DIPG, two different methods were adopted: cells obtained at autopsy (1) were directly xenografted orthotopically into the pons of immunodeficient mice without an intervening cell culture step or (2) were first cultured in vitro and, upon successful expansion, injected in vivo. Both strategies resulted in pontine tumors histopathologically similar to the original human DIPG tumors. However, following the direct transplantation method all tumors proved to be composed of murine and not of human cells. This is in contrast to the indirect method that included initial in vitro culture and resulted in xenografts comprising human cells. Of note, direct injection of cells obtained postmortem from the pons and frontal lobe of human brains not affected by cancer did not give rise to neoplasms. The murine pontine tumors exhibited an immunophenotype similar to human DIPG, but were also positive for microglia/macrophage markers, such as CD45, CD68 and CD11b. Serial orthotopic injection of these murine cells results in lethal tumors in recipient mice. Direct injection of human DIPG cells in vivo can give rise to malignant murine tumors. This represents an important caveat for xenotransplantation models of DIPG. In contrast, an initial in vitro culture step can allow establishment of human orthotopic xenografts. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon observed with direct xenotransplantation remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Caretti
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA,
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660
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Recurrent somatic mutations in ACVR1 in pediatric midline high-grade astrocytoma. Nat Genet 2014; 46:462-6. [PMID: 24705250 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric midline high-grade astrocytomas (mHGAs) are incurable with few treatment targets identified. Most tumors harbor mutations encoding p.Lys27Met in histone H3 variants. In 40 treatment-naive mHGAs, 39 analyzed by whole-exome sequencing, we find additional somatic mutations specific to tumor location. Gain-of-function mutations in ACVR1 occur in tumors of the pons in conjunction with histone H3.1 p.Lys27Met substitution, whereas FGFR1 mutations or fusions occur in thalamic tumors associated with histone H3.3 p.Lys27Met substitution. Hyperactivation of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-ACVR1 developmental pathway in mHGAs harboring ACVR1 mutations led to increased levels of phosphorylated SMAD1, SMAD5 and SMAD8 and upregulation of BMP downstream early-response genes in tumor cells. Global DNA methylation profiles were significantly associated with the p.Lys27Met alteration, regardless of the mutant histone H3 variant and irrespective of tumor location, supporting the role of this substitution in driving the epigenetic phenotype. This work considerably expands the number of potential treatment targets and further justifies pretreatment biopsy in pediatric mHGA as a means to orient therapeutic efforts in this disease.
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661
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Wu G, Diaz AK, Paugh BS, Rankin SL, Ju B, Li Y, Zhu X, Qu C, Chen X, Zhang J, Easton J, Edmonson M, Ma X, Lu C, Nagahawatte P, Hedlund E, Rusch M, Pounds S, Lin T, Onar-Thomas A, Huether R, Kriwacki R, Parker M, Gupta P, Becksfort J, Wei L, Mulder HL, Boggs K, Vadodaria B, Yergeau D, Russell JC, Ochoa K, Fulton RS, Fulton LL, Jones C, Boop FA, Broniscer A, Wetmore C, Gajjar A, Ding L, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Taylor MR, Downing JR, Ellison DW, Zhang J, Baker SJ. The genomic landscape of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and pediatric non-brainstem high-grade glioma. Nat Genet 2014; 46:444-450. [PMID: 24705251 PMCID: PMC4056452 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 779] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade glioma (HGG) is a devastating disease with a two-year survival of less than 20%1. We analyzed 127 pediatric HGGs, including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) and non-brainstem HGGs (NBS-HGGs) by whole genome, whole exome, and/or transcriptome sequencing. We identified recurrent somatic mutations in ACVR1 exclusively in DIPG (32%), in addition to the previously reported frequent somatic mutations in histone H3, TP53 and ATRX in both DIPG and NBS-HGGs2-5. Structural variants generating fusion genes were found in 47% of DIPGs and NBS-HGGs, with recurrent fusions involving the neurotrophin receptor genes NTRK1, 2, or 3 in 40% of NBS-HGGs in infants. Mutations targeting receptor tyrosine kinase/RAS/PI3K signaling, histone modification or chromatin remodeling, and cell cycle regulation were found in 68%, 73% and 59%, respectively, of pediatric HGGs, including DIPGs and NBS-HGGs. This comprehensive analysis provides insights into the unique and shared pathways driving pediatric HGG within and outside the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Alexander K Diaz
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Barbara S Paugh
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Sherri L Rankin
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Bensheng Ju
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Junyuan Zhang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - John Easton
- Department of Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Michael Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Charles Lu
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, 633108
| | - Panduka Nagahawatte
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Erin Hedlund
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Stanley Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Arzu Onar-Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Robert Huether
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Richard Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Jared Becksfort
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Lei Wei
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Heather L Mulder
- Department of Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Kristy Boggs
- Department of Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Bhavin Vadodaria
- Department of Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Donald Yergeau
- Department of Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Jake C Russell
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Kerri Ochoa
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, 633108
| | | | | | - Chris Jones
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK SM2 5NG.,Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK SM2 5NG
| | - Frederick A Boop
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Alberto Broniscer
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Cynthia Wetmore
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Li Ding
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, 633108
| | | | | | - Michael R Taylor
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
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662
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Genomic analysis of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas identifies three molecular subgroups and recurrent activating ACVR1 mutations. Nat Genet 2014; 46:451-6. [PMID: 24705254 PMCID: PMC3997489 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a fatal brain cancer that arises in the brainstem of children with no effective treatment and near 100% fatality. The failure of most therapies can be attributed to the delicate location of these tumors and choosing therapies based on assumptions that DIPGs are molecularly similar to adult disease. Recent studies have unraveled the unique genetic make-up of this brain cancer with nearly 80% harboring a K27M-H3.3 or K27M-H3.1 mutation. However, DIPGs are still thought of as one disease with limited understanding of the genetic drivers of these tumors. To understand what drives DIPGs we integrated whole-genome-sequencing with methylation, expression and copy-number profiling, discovering that DIPGs are three molecularly distinct subgroups (H3-K27M, Silent, MYCN) and uncovering a novel recurrent activating mutation in the activin receptor ACVR1, in 20% of DIPGs. Mutations in ACVR1 were constitutively activating, leading to SMAD phosphorylation and increased expression of downstream activin signaling targets ID1 and ID2. Our results highlight distinct molecular subgroups and novel therapeutic targets for this incurable pediatric cancer.
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663
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Haynes HR, Camelo-Piragua S, Kurian KM. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in adult and pediatric gliomas: toward personalized treatment. Front Oncol 2014; 4:47. [PMID: 24716189 PMCID: PMC3970023 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that both adult and pediatric glial tumor entities represent collections of neoplastic lesions, each with individual pathological molecular events and treatment responses. In this review, we discuss the current prognostic biomarkers validated for clinical use or with future clinical validity for gliomas. Accurate prognostication is crucial for managing patients as treatments may be associated with high morbidity and the benefits of high risk interventions must be judged by the treating clinicians. We also review biomarkers with predictive validity, which may become clinically relevant with the development of targeted therapies for adult and pediatric gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Haynes
- Department of Neuropathology, Frenchay Hospital , Bristol , UK
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664
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Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are associated with all aspects of cancer, from tumor initiation to cancer progression and metastasis. It is now well understood that both losses and gains of DNA methylation as well as altered chromatin organization contribute significantly to cancer-associated phenotypes. More recently, new sequencing technologies have allowed the identification of driver mutations in epigenetic regulators, providing a mechanistic link between the cancer epigenome and genetic alterations. Oncogenic activating mutations are now known to occur in a number of epigenetic modifiers (i.e. IDH1/2, EZH2, DNMT3A), pinpointing epigenetic pathways that are involved in tumorigenesis. Similarly, investigations into the role of inactivating mutations in chromatin modifiers (i.e. KDM6A, CREBBP/EP300, SMARCB1) implicate many of these genes as tumor suppressors. Intriguingly, a number of neoplasms are defined by a plethora of mutations in epigenetic regulators, including renal, bladder, and adenoid cystic carcinomas. Particularly striking is the discovery of frequent histone H3.3 mutations in pediatric glioma, a particularly aggressive neoplasm that has long remained poorly understood. Cancer epigenetics is a relatively new, promising frontier with much potential for improving cancer outcomes. Already, therapies such as 5-azacytidine and decitabine have proven that targeting epigenetic alterations in cancer can lead to tangible benefits. Understanding how genetic alterations give rise to the cancer epigenome will offer new possibilities for developing better prognostic and therapeutic strategies.
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665
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Every amino acid matters: essential contributions of histone variants to mammalian development and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2014; 15:259-71. [PMID: 24614311 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite a conserved role for histones as general DNA packaging agents, it is now clear that another key function of these proteins is to confer variations in chromatin structure to ensure dynamic patterns of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. The incorporation of histone variants is particularly important to this process. Recent knockdown and knockout studies in various cellular systems, as well as direct mutational evidence from human cancers, now suggest a crucial role for histone variant regulation in processes as diverse as differentiation and proliferation, meiosis and nuclear reprogramming. In this Review, we provide an overview of histone variants in the context of their unique functions during mammalian germ cell and embryonic development, and examine the consequences of aberrant histone variant regulation in human disease.
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666
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Bandopadhayay P, Bergthold G, Nguyen B, Schubert S, Gholamin S, Tang Y, Bolin S, Schumacher SE, Zeid R, Masoud S, Yu F, Vue N, Gibson WJ, Paolella BR, Mitra S, Cheshier S, Qi J, Liu KW, Wechsler-Reya R, Weiss WA, Swartling FJ, Kieran MW, Bradner JE, Beroukhim R, Cho YJ. BET bromodomain inhibition of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:912-25. [PMID: 24297863 PMCID: PMC4198154 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MYC-amplified medulloblastomas are highly lethal tumors. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) bromodomain inhibition has recently been shown to suppress MYC-associated transcriptional activity in other cancers. The compound JQ1 inhibits BET bromodomain-containing proteins, including BRD4. Here, we investigate BET bromodomain targeting for the treatment of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We evaluated the effects of genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of BET bromodomains on proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in established and newly generated patient- and genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM)-derived medulloblastoma cell lines and xenografts that harbored amplifications of MYC or MYCN. We also assessed the effect of JQ1 on MYC expression and global MYC-associated transcriptional activity. We assessed the in vivo efficacy of JQ1 in orthotopic xenografts established in immunocompromised mice. RESULTS Treatment of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma cells with JQ1 decreased cell viability associated with arrest at G1 and apoptosis. We observed downregulation of MYC expression and confirmed the inhibition of MYC-associated transcriptional targets. The exogenous expression of MYC from a retroviral promoter reduced the effect of JQ1 on cell viability, suggesting that attenuated levels of MYC contribute to the functional effects of JQ1. JQ1 significantly prolonged the survival of orthotopic xenograft models of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma (P < 0.001). Xenografts harvested from mice after five doses of JQ1 had reduced the expression of MYC mRNA and a reduced proliferative index. CONCLUSION JQ1 suppresses MYC expression and MYC-associated transcriptional activity in medulloblastomas, resulting in an overall decrease in medulloblastoma cell viability. These preclinical findings highlight the promise of BET bromodomain inhibitors as novel agents for MYC-amplified medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Guillaume Bergthold
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Simone Schubert
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Yujie Tang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sara Bolin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Steven E Schumacher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Rhamy Zeid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sabran Masoud
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Furong Yu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Nujsaubnusi Vue
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - William J Gibson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Brenton R Paolella
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Siddharta Mitra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Samuel Cheshier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kun-Wei Liu
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Center for Cancer Genome Characterization, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA USA
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667
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Diffusion-weighted MRI derived apparent diffusion coefficient identifies prognostically distinct subgroups of pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. J Neurooncol 2014; 117:175-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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668
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Sturm D, Bender S, Jones DT, Lichter P, Grill J, Becher O, Hawkins C, Majewski J, Jones C, Costello JF, Iavarone A, Aldape K, Brennan CW, Jabado N, Pfister SM. Paediatric and adult glioblastoma: multiform (epi)genomic culprits emerge. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:92-107. [PMID: 24457416 PMCID: PMC4003223 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have extended our understanding of the molecular biology that underlies adult glioblastoma over many years. By contrast, high-grade gliomas in children and adolescents have remained a relatively under-investigated disease. The latest large-scale genomic and epigenomic profiling studies have yielded an unprecedented abundance of novel data and provided deeper insights into gliomagenesis across all age groups, which has highlighted key distinctions but also some commonalities. As we are on the verge of dissecting glioblastomas into meaningful biological subgroups, this Review summarizes the hallmark genetic alterations that are associated with distinct epigenetic features and patient characteristics in both paediatric and adult disease, and examines the complex interplay between the glioblastoma genome and epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sturm
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bender
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T.W. Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacques Grill
- Brain Tumor Program, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Universite Paris Sud, 114 Rue Eduoard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Oren Becher
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 91001, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC, H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Chris Jones
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Joseph F. Costello
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, 2340 Sutter St., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0085, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cameron W. Brennan
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program and Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nada Jabado
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC, H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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669
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Dorris K, Sobo M, Onar-Thomas A, Panditharatna E, Stevenson CB, Gardner SL, Dewire MD, Pierson CR, Olshefski R, Rempel SA, Goldman S, Miles L, Fouladi M, Drissi R. Prognostic significance of telomere maintenance mechanisms in pediatric high-grade gliomas. J Neurooncol 2014; 117:67-76. [PMID: 24477622 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Children with high-grade glioma, including diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), have a poor prognosis despite multimodal therapy. Identifying novel therapeutic targets is critical to improve their outcome. We evaluated prognostic roles of telomere maintenance mechanisms in children with HGG, including DIPG. A multi-institutional retrospective study was conducted involving 50 flash-frozen HGG (35 non-brainstem; 15 DIPG) tumors from 45 children (30 non-brainstem; 15 DIPG). Telomerase activity, expression of hTERT mRNA (encoding telomerase catalytic component) and TERC (telomerase RNA template) and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism were assayed. Cox Proportional Hazard regression analyses assessed association of clinical and pathological variables, TERC and hTERT levels, telomerase activity, and ALT use with progression-free or overall survival (OS). High TERC and hTERT expression was detected in 13/28 non-brainstem HGG samples as compared to non-neoplastic controls. High TERC and hTERT expression was identified in 13/15 and 11/15 DIPG samples, respectively, compared to controls. Evidence of ALT was noted in 3/11 DIPG and 10/19 non-brainstem HGG specimens. ALT and telomerase use were identified in 4/19 non-brainstem HGG and 2/11 DIPG specimens. In multivariable analyses, increased TERC and hTERT levels were associated with worse OS in patients with non-brainstem HGG, after controlling for tumor grade or resection extent. Children with HGG and DIPG, have increased hTERT and TERC expression. In children with non-brainstem HGG, increased TERC and hTERT expression levels are associated with a worse OS, making telomerase a promising potential therapeutic target in pediatric HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Dorris
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC 7013, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
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670
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Kickingereder P, Willeit P, Simon T, Ruge MI. Diagnostic value and safety of stereotactic biopsy for brainstem tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 1480 cases. Neurosurgery 2014; 72:873-81; discussion 882; quiz 882. [PMID: 23426149 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31828bf445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The feasibility and safety of stereotactic biopsy for brainstem tumors (BSTs) are controversial. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported as the preferred diagnostic tool, histopathological analysis is frequently necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis. Recent advances in molecular characterization of brainstem gliomas-accounting for the majority of BSTs-have revealed several potential targets for molecular-based therapies. Hence, a molecular stereotactic biopsy that combines histopathological diagnosis with molecular-genetic analysis will become increasingly important for patients with BSTs. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis to determine the risks and benefits of stereotactic biopsy for BSTs. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, and the Web of Science yielded 3766 potentially eligible abstracts. Meta-analysis was conducted on 38 studies describing 1480 biopsy procedures for BSTs. Primary outcome measures were diagnostic success and procedure-related complications. Data were analyzed according to standard meta-analytic techniques. RESULTS The weighted average proportions across the analyzed studies were: 96.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 94.5%-97.6%) for diagnostic success, 7.8% (95% CI: 5.6%-10.2%) for overall morbidity, 1.7% (95% CI: 0.9%-2.7%) for permanent morbidity, and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.5%-1.4%) for mortality. Meta-regression revealed a significant correlation between diagnostic success rates and the number of biopsy procedures performed annually in each center (P = .011). Other factors did not affect the outcome measures. CONCLUSION Stereotactic biopsy of BSTs is safe. It allows exact histopathological diagnosis as a prerequisite for adequate treatment and opens new perspectives for the molecular characterization of these tumors as a crucial first step toward more individualized treatment concepts. ABBREVIATIONS : BST, brainstem tumorCI, confidence intervalD-BSG, diffuse brainstem gliomaHGG, high-grade gliomaLGG, low-grade gliomasTC, transcerebellarTF, transfrontal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kickingereder
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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671
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Aihara K, Mukasa A, Gotoh K, Saito K, Nagae G, Tsuji S, Tatsuno K, Yamamoto S, Takayanagi S, Narita Y, Shibui S, Aburatani H, Saito N. H3F3A K27M mutations in thalamic gliomas from young adult patients. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:140-6. [PMID: 24285547 PMCID: PMC3870821 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in H3F3A, which encodes histone H3.3, commonly occur in pediatric glioblastoma. Additionally, H3F3A K27M substitutions occur in gliomas that arise at midline locations (eg, pons, thalamus, spine); moreover, this substitution occurs mainly in tumors in children and adolescents. Here, we sought to determine the association between H3F3A mutations and adult thalamic glioma. METHODS Genomic H3F3A was sequenced from 20 separate thalamic gliomas. Additionally, for 14 of the 20 gliomas, 639 genes--including cancer-related genes and chromatin-modifier genes--were sequenced, and the Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip was used to examine DNA methylation across the genome. RESULTS Of the 20 tumors, 18 were high-grade thalamic gliomas, and of these 18, 11 were from patients under 50 years of age (median age, 38 y; range, 17-46), and 7 were from patients over 50 years of age. The H3F3A K27M mutation was present in 10 of the 11 (91%) younger patients and absent from all 7 older patients. Additionally, H3F3A K27M was not detected in the 2 diffuse astrocytomas. Further sequencing revealed recurrent mutations in TP53, ATRX, NF1, and EGFR. Gliomas with H3F3A K27M from pediatric or young adult patients had similar, characteristic DNA methylation profiles. In contrast, thalamic gliomas with wild-type H3F3A had DNA methylation profiles similar to those of hemispheric glioblastomas. CONCLUSION We found that high-grade thalamic gliomas from young adults, like those from children and adolescents, frequently had H3F3A K27M.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akitake Mukasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.M., K.S., S.T.*, N.S.); Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., K.G., G.N., S.T., K.T., S.Y., H.A.); Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (Y.N., S.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shunsaku Takayanagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.M., K.S., S.T.*, N.S.); Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., K.G., G.N., S.T., K.T., S.Y., H.A.); Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (Y.N., S.S.)
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672
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Schroeder KM, Hoeman CM, Becher OJ. Children are not just little adults: recent advances in understanding of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma biology. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:205-9. [PMID: 24192697 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a high-grade glioma that originates in the pons and is seen exclusively in children. Despite numerous efforts to improve treatment, DIPG remains incurable with 90% of children dying within 2 y of diagnosis, making it one of the leading causes of death in children with brain tumors. With the advent of new genomic tools, the genetic landscape of DIPG is slowly being unraveled. The most common genetic alterations include a K27M mutation in H3.3 or H3.1, which are found in up to 78% of DIPGs, whereas p53 mutations are found in up to 77%. Other recently discovered alterations include amplification of components of the receptor tyrosine kinase/Ras/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway, particularly platelet-derived growth factor receptor A. Recapitulating such alterations, genetically engineered DIPG preclinical models have been developed, and DIPG xenograft models have also been established. Both models have strengths and weaknesses but can help with the prioritization of novel agents for clinical trials for children with DIPG. As we move forward, it is important that we continue to study the complex and unique biology of DIPG and develop improved preclinical models to increase our understanding of DIPG pathogenesis, allowing translation into successful therapies in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oren J Becher
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina [2] Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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673
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Mueller S, Hashizume R, Yang X, Kolkowitz I, Olow AK, Phillips J, Smirnov I, Tom MW, Prados MD, James CD, Berger MS, Gupta N, Haas-Kogan DA. Targeting Wee1 for the treatment of pediatric high-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2013; 16:352-60. [PMID: 24305702 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the efficacy of the Wee1 inhibitor MK-1775 in combination with radiation for the treatment of pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGGs), including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs). METHODS Gene expression analysis was performed for 38 primary pediatric gliomas (3 grade I, 10 grade II, 11 grade III, 14 grade IV) and 8 normal brain samples using the Agilent 4 × 44 K array. Clonogenic survival assays were carried out in pediatric and adult HGG cell lines (n = 6) to assess radiosensitizing effects of MK-1775. DNA repair capacity was evaluated by measuring protein levels of γ-H2AX, a marker of double strand DNA breaks. In vivo activity of MK-1775 with radiation was assessed in 2 distinct orthotopic engraftment models of pediatric HGG, including 1 derived from a genetically engineered mouse carrying a BRAF(V600E) mutation, and 1 xenograft model in which tumor cells were derived from a patient's DIPG. RESULTS Wee1 is overexpressed in pediatric HGGs, with increasing expression positively correlated with malignancy (P = .007 for grade III + IV vs I + II) and markedly high expression in DIPG. Combination treatment of MK-1775 and radiation reduced clonogenic survival and increased expression of γ-H2AX to a greater extent than achieved by radiation alone. Finally, combined MK-1775 and radiation conferred greater survival benefit to mice bearing engrafted, orthotopic HGG and DIPG tumors, compared with treatment with radiation alone (BRAF(V600E) model P = .0061 and DIPG brainstem model P = .0163). CONCLUSION Our results highlight MK-1775 as a promising new therapeutic agent for use in combination with radiation for the treatment of pediatric HGGs, including DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mueller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.M., I.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.M., M.D.P., N.G.); Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (S.M., R.H., X.Y., A.K.O., J.P., M.W.T., C.D.J., M.S.B., N.G., D.A.H.-K.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.M., J.P., I.S., M.D.P., C.D.J., M.S.B., N.G., D.A.H.-K.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (D.A.H.-K.)
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674
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Saratsis AM, Kambhampati M, Snyder K, Yadavilli S, Devaney J, Harmon B, Hall J, Raabe EH, An P, Weingart M, Rood BR, Magge S, MacDonald TJ, Packer RJ, Nazarian J. Comparative multidimensional molecular analyses of pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma reveals distinct molecular subtypes. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 127:881-95. [PMID: 24297113 PMCID: PMC4028366 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a highly morbid form of pediatric brainstem glioma. Here, we present the first comprehensive protein, mRNA, and methylation profiles of fresh-frozen DIPG specimens (n = 14), normal brain tissue (n = 10), and other pediatric brain tumors (n = 17). Protein profiling identified 2,305 unique proteins indicating distinct DIPG protein expression patterns compared to other pediatric brain tumors. Western blot and immunohistochemistry validated upregulation of Clusterin (CLU), Elongation Factor 2 (EF2), and Talin-1 (TLN1) in DIPGs studied. Comparisons to mRNA expression profiles generated from tumor and adjacent normal brain tissue indicated two DIPG subgroups, characterized by upregulation of Myc (N-Myc) or Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. We validated upregulation of PTCH, a membrane receptor in the Hh signaling pathway, in a subgroup of DIPG specimens. DNA methylation analysis indicated global hypomethylation of DIPG compared to adjacent normal tissue specimens, with differential methylation of 24 genes involved in Hh and Myc pathways, correlating with protein and mRNA expression patterns. Sequencing analysis showed c.83A>T mutations in the H3F3A or HIST1H3B gene in 77 % of our DIPG cohort. Supervised analysis revealed a unique methylation pattern in mutated specimens compared to the wild-type DIPG samples. This study presents the first comprehensive multidimensional protein, mRNA, and methylation profiling of pediatric brain tumor specimens, detecting the presence of two subgroups within our DIPG cohort. This multidimensional analysis of DIPG provides increased analytical power to more fully explore molecular signatures of DIPGs, with implications for evaluating potential molecular subtypes and biomarker discovery for assessing response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Saratsis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington DC, 20007, USA
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA
| | - Madhuri Kambhampati
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA
| | - Kendall Snyder
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA
| | - Sridevi Yadavilli
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA
| | - Joe Devaney
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Brennan Harmon
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA
| | - Jordan Hall
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA
| | - Eric H. Raabe
- Division of Neuro-Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21287, USA
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21287, USA
| | - Ping An
- Division of Neuro-Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21287, USA
- Neurobiology Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, 110001, China
| | - Melanie Weingart
- Division of Neuro-Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21287, USA
| | - Brian R. Rood
- Division of Oncology, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA
| | - Suresh Magge
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA
| | - Tobey J. MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Roger J. Packer
- Division of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA
- Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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675
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Behjati S, Tarpey PS, Presneau N, Scheipl S, Pillay N, Van Loo P, Wedge DC, Cooke SL, Gundem G, Davies H, Nik-Zainal S, Martin S, McLaren S, Goodie V, Robinson B, Butler A, Teague JW, Halai D, Khatri B, Myklebost O, Baumhoer D, Jundt G, Hamoudi R, Tirabosco R, Amary MF, Futreal PA, Stratton MR, Campbell PJ, Flanagan AM. Distinct H3F3A and H3F3B driver mutations define chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor of bone. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1479-82. [PMID: 24162739 PMCID: PMC3839851 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is recognized that some mutated cancer genes contribute to the development of many cancer types, whereas others are cancer type specific. For genes that are mutated in multiple cancer classes, mutations are usually similar in the different affected cancer types. Here, however, we report exquisite tumor type specificity for different histone H3.3 driver alterations. In 73 of 77 cases of chondroblastoma (95%), we found p.Lys36Met alterations predominantly encoded in H3F3B, which is one of two genes for histone H3.3. In contrast, in 92% (49/53) of giant cell tumors of bone, we found histone H3.3 alterations exclusively in H3F3A, leading to p.Gly34Trp or, in one case, p.Gly34Leu alterations. The mutations were restricted to the stromal cell population and were not detected in osteoclasts or their precursors. In the context of previously reported H3F3A mutations encoding p.Lys27Met and p.Gly34Arg or p.Gly34Val alterations in childhood brain tumors, a remarkable picture of tumor type specificity for histone H3.3 driver alterations emerges, indicating that histone H3.3 residues, mutations and genes have distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Behjati
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY
| | - Patrick S Tarpey
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nadège Presneau
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Sarah Cannon / University College London Advanced Diagnostics Molecular Profiling Research Laboratories, Capper Street, London, WC1E 6JA, UK
| | - Susanne Scheipl
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Universitätsklinik für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie, Medizinische Universität, Graz, Austria
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David C Wedge
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Susanna L Cooke
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gunes Gundem
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Helen Davies
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sancha Martin
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stuart McLaren
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Victoria Goodie
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ben Robinson
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam Butler
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jon W Teague
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dina Halai
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Bhavisha Khatri
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Ola Myklebost
- Department of Tumour Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gernot Jundt
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Sarah Cannon / University College London Advanced Diagnostics Molecular Profiling Research Laboratories, Capper Street, London, WC1E 6JA, UK
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - M Fernanda Amary
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Michael R Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Sarah Cannon / University College London Advanced Diagnostics Molecular Profiling Research Laboratories, Capper Street, London, WC1E 6JA, UK
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
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676
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Bailey S, Howman A, Wheatley K, Wherton D, Boota N, Pizer B, Fisher D, Kearns P, Picton S, Saran F, Gibson M, Glaser A, Connolly D, Hargrave D. Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma treated with prolonged temozolomide and radiotherapy--results of a United Kingdom phase II trial (CNS 2007 04). Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3856-62. [PMID: 24011536 PMCID: PMC3853623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) has a dismal prognosis with no chemotherapy regimen so far resulting in any significant improvement over standard radiotherapy. In this trial, a prolonged regimen (21/28d) of temozolomide was studied with the aim of overcoming O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) mediated resistance. Forty-three patients with a defined clinico-radiological diagnosis of DIPG received radiotherapy and concomitant temozolomide (75 mg/m(2)) after which up to 12 courses of 21d of adjuvant temozolomide (75-100mg/m(2)) were given 4 weekly. The trial used a 2-stage design and passed interim analysis. At diagnosis median age was 8 years (2-20 years), 81% had cranial nerve abnormalities, 76% ataxia and 57% long tract signs. Median Karnofsky/Lansky score was 80 (10-100). Patients received a median of three courses of adjuvant temozolomide, five received all 12 courses and seven did not start adjuvant treatment. Three patients were withdrawn from study treatment due to haematological toxicity and 10 had a dose reduction. No other significant toxicity related to temozolomide was noted. Overall survival (OS) (95% confidence interval (CI)) was 56% (40%, 69%) at 9 months, 35% (21%, 49%) at 1 year and 17% (7%, 30%) at 2 years. Median survival was 9.5 months (range 7.5-11.4 months). There were five 2-year survivors with a median age of 13.6 years at diagnosis. This trial demonstrated no survival benefit of the addition of dose dense temozolomide, to standard radiotherapy in children with classical DIPG. However, a subgroup of adolescent DIPG patients did have a prolonged survival, which needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bailey
- Great North Childrens Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - A. Howman
- CRCTU, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - K. Wheatley
- CRCTU, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - D. Wherton
- CRCTU, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - N. Boota
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - B. Pizer
- Alder Hey Childrens Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D. Fisher
- Addenbroookes Hopsital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - P. Kearns
- CRCTU, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S. Picton
- Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - F. Saran
- Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, London, United Kingdom
| | - M. Gibson
- CRCTU, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A. Glaser
- Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - D. Hargrave
- Great Ormond Street Hospital For Sick Children, London, United Kingdom
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677
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Reyes-Botero G, Giry M, Mokhtari K, Labussière M, Idbaih A, Delattre JY, Laigle-Donadey F, Sanson M. Molecular analysis of diffuse intrinsic brainstem gliomas in adults. J Neurooncol 2013; 116:405-11. [PMID: 24242757 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic brainstem gliomas (DIBG) account for 1-2 % of adult gliomas. Their biological characteristics are scarcely understood and whether DIBG are biologically different from supratentorial gliomas remains to be established. We analyzed 17 DIBG samples for IDH1 R132H, alpha internexin, p53, and Ki67 expression, and, in a subset with sufficient DNA amount, for IDH1 and histone H3 mutational status, genomic profiling and MGMT promoter methylation status. A series of 738 adult supratentorial gliomas was used for comparison. Median age at diagnosis was 41 years (range 18.9-65.3 years). Median overall survival was 48.7 months (57 months for low-grade vs. 16 months for high-grade gliomas, p < 0.01). IDH1 sequencing revealed two mutations (IDH1 (R132G) , IDH1 (R132C) ) out of 7 DIBG whereas the R132H IDH1 enzyme was detected in 1/17 DIBG, suggesting that IDH1 mutations are mostly non R132H in DIBG (2/2), in contrast to supratentorial gliomas (31/313; p = 0.01). Mutations in histone genes H3F3A (encoding H3.3) and HIST1H3B (encoding H3.1) were found in 3/8 (37.5 %) of the DIBG (two H3F3A (K27M) and one HIST1H3B (K27M) ) versus 6/205 (2.9 %) of the supratentorial high-grade gliomas (four H3F3A (G34R) and two H3F3A (K27M) ) (p = 0.002). The CGH array showed a higher frequency of chromosome arm 1q gain, 9q gain and 11q loss in DIBG compared to the supratentorial high-grade gliomas, which had a less frequent chromosome 7 gain, and a less frequent chromosome 10 loss. No EGFR amplification was found. These data suggest that adult DIBG differ from adult supratentorial gliomas. In particular, histone genes (H3F3A (K27M) , HIST1H3B (K27M) ) mutations are frequent in adult DIBG whereas IDH1 (R132H) mutations are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Reyes-Botero
- Service de Neurologie 2, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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678
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Bender S, Tang Y, Lindroth AM, Hovestadt V, Jones DTW, Kool M, Zapatka M, Northcott PA, Sturm D, Wang W, Radlwimmer B, Højfeldt JW, Truffaux N, Castel D, Schubert S, Ryzhova M, Seker-Cin H, Gronych J, Johann PD, Stark S, Meyer J, Milde T, Schuhmann M, Ebinger M, Monoranu CM, Ponnuswami A, Chen S, Jones C, Witt O, Collins VP, von Deimling A, Jabado N, Puget S, Grill J, Helin K, Korshunov A, Lichter P, Monje M, Plass C, Cho YJ, Pfister SM. Reduced H3K27me3 and DNA hypomethylation are major drivers of gene expression in K27M mutant pediatric high-grade gliomas. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:660-72. [PMID: 24183680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two recurrent mutations, K27M and G34R/V, within histone variant H3.3 were recently identified in ∼50% of pHGGs. Both mutations define clinically and biologically distinct subgroups of pHGGs. Here, we provide further insight about the dominant-negative effect of K27M mutant H3.3, leading to a global reduction of the repressive histone mark H3K27me3. We demonstrate that this is caused by aberrant recruitment of the PRC2 complex to K27M mutant H3.3 and enzymatic inhibition of the H3K27me3-establishing methyltransferase EZH2. By performing chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing in primary pHGGs, we show that reduced H3K27me3 levels and DNA hypomethylation act in concert to activate gene expression in K27M mutant pHGGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bender
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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679
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Yuen BTK, Knoepfler PS. Histone H3.3 mutations: a variant path to cancer. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:567-74. [PMID: 24229707 PMCID: PMC3882088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A host of cancer types exhibit aberrant histone modifications. Recently, distinct and recurrent mutations in a specific histone variant, histone H3.3, have been implicated in a high proportion of malignant pediatric brain cancers. The presence of mutant H3.3 histone disrupts epigenetic posttranslational modifications near genes involved in cancer processes and in brain function. Here, we review possible mechanisms by which mutant H3.3 histones may act to promote tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we discuss how perturbations in normal H3.3 chromatin-related and epigenetic functions may more broadly contribute to the formation of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T K Yuen
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4303 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Genome Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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680
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Corpet A, Olbrich T, Gwerder M, Fink D, Stucki M. Dynamics of histone H3.3 deposition in proliferating and senescent cells reveals a DAXX-dependent targeting to PML-NBs important for pericentromeric heterochromatin organization. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:249-67. [PMID: 24200965 PMCID: PMC3906242 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest characterized by extensive chromatin reorganization. Here, we investigated the specific targeting and dynamics of histone H3 variants in human primary senescent cells. We show that newly synthesized epitope-tagged H3.3 is incorporated in senescent cells but does not accumulate in senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF). Instead, we observe that new H3.3 colocalizes with its specific histone chaperones within the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and is targeted to PML-NBs in a DAXX-dependent manner both in proliferating and senescent cells. We further show that overexpression of DAXX enhances targeting of H3.3 in large PML-NBs devoid of transcriptional activity and promotes the accumulation of HP1, independently of H3K9me3. Loss of H3.3 from pericentromeric heterochromatin upon DAXX or PML depletion suggests that the targeting of H3.3 to PML-NBs is implicated in pericentromeric heterochromatin organization. Together, our results underline the importance of the replication-independent chromatin assembly pathway for histone replacement in non-dividing senescent cells and establish PML-NBs as important regulatory sites for the incorporation of new H3.3 into chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Corpet
- Departement of Gynecology; University Hospital Zürich; Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Olbrich
- Departement of Gynecology; University Hospital Zürich; Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Gwerder
- Departement of Gynecology; University Hospital Zürich; Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fink
- Departement of Gynecology; University Hospital Zürich; Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Stucki
- Departement of Gynecology; University Hospital Zürich; Schlieren, Switzerland
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681
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682
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Esami citologico, istologico, immunoistochimico e genetico dei tumori del sistema nervoso centrale. Neurologia 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(13)66018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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683
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Barton KL, Misuraca K, Cordero F, Dobrikova E, Min HD, Gromeier M, Kirsch DG, Becher OJ. PD-0332991, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, significantly prolongs survival in a genetically engineered mouse model of brainstem glioma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77639. [PMID: 24098593 PMCID: PMC3788718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an incurable tumor that arises in the brainstem of children. To date there is not a single approved drug to effectively treat these tumors and thus novel therapies are desperately needed. Recent studies suggest that a significant fraction of these tumors contain alterations in cell cycle regulatory genes including amplification of the D-type cyclins and CDK4/6, and less commonly, loss of Ink4a-ARF leading to aberrant cell proliferation. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic approach of targeting the cyclin-CDK-Retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway in a genetically engineered PDGF-B-driven brainstem glioma (BSG) mouse model. We found that PD-0332991 (PD), a CDK4/6 inhibitor, induces cell-cycle arrest in our PDGF-B; Ink4a-ARF deficient model both in vitro and in vivo. By contrast, the PDGF-B; p53 deficient model was mostly resistant to treatment with PD. We noted that a 7-day treatment course with PD significantly prolonged survival by 12% in the PDGF-B; Ink4a-ARF deficient BSG model. Furthermore, a single dose of 10 Gy radiation therapy (RT) followed by 7 days of treatment with PD increased the survival by 19% in comparison to RT alone. These findings provide the rationale for evaluating PD in children with Ink4a-ARF deficient gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Barton
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine Misuraca
- Graduate Program in Molecular Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Francisco Cordero
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena Dobrikova
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hooney D. Min
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthias Gromeier
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David G. Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Oren J. Becher
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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684
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Weller M, Pfister SM, Wick W, Hegi ME, Reifenberger G, Stupp R. Molecular neuro-oncology in clinical practice: a new horizon. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14:e370-9. [PMID: 23896276 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary brain tumours are heterogeneous in histology, genetics, and outcome. Although WHO's classification of tumours of the CNS has greatly helped to standardise diagnostic criteria worldwide, it does not consider the substantial progress that has been made in the molecular classification of many brain tumours. Recent practice-changing clinical trials have defined a role for routine assessment of MGMT promoter methylation in glioblastomas in elderly people, and 1p and 19q codeletions in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumours. Moreover, large-scale molecular profiling approaches have identified new mutations in gliomas, affecting IDH1, IDH2, H3F3, ATRX, and CIC, which has allowed subclassification of gliomas into distinct molecular subgroups with characteristic features of age, localisation, and outcome. However, these molecular approaches cannot yet predict patients' benefit from therapeutic interventions. Similarly, transcriptome-based classification of medulloblastoma has delineated four variants that might now be candidate diseases in which to explore novel targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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685
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Lewis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & Epigenetics; The Rockefeller University; New York, NY USA
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686
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Wiestler B, Capper D, Holland-Letz T, Korshunov A, von Deimling A, Pfister SM, Platten M, Weller M, Wick W. ATRX loss refines the classification of anaplastic gliomas and identifies a subgroup of IDH mutant astrocytic tumors with better prognosis. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:443-51. [PMID: 23904111 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutation/loss of alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) expression has been described in anaplastic gliomas. The present study explored the role of ATRX status in the molecular classification of anaplastic gliomas and its impact on survival in the biomarker cohort of the NOA-04 anaplastic glioma trial. Patients (n = 133) of the NOA-04 trial were analyzed for ATRX expression using immunohistochemistry. ATRX status was correlated with age, histology, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), 1p/19q, alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) status, and the trial efficacy endpoints. Loss of ATRX expression was detected in 45 % of anaplastic astrocytomas (AA), 27 % of anaplastic oligoastrocytomas (AOA) and 10 % of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AO). It was mostly restricted to IDH mutant tumors and almost mutually exclusive with 1p/19q co-deletion. The ALT phenotype was significantly correlated with ATRX loss. ATRX and 1p/19q status were used to re-classify AOA: AOA harboring ATRX loss shared a similar clinical course with AA, whereas AOA carrying 1p/19q co-deletion shared a similar course with AO. Accordingly, in a Cox regression model including ATRX and 1p/19q status, histology was no longer significantly associated with time to treatment failure. Survival analysis showed a marked separation of IDH mutant astrocytic tumors into two groups based on ATRX status: tumors with ATRX loss had a significantly better prognosis (median time to treatment failure 55.6 vs. 31.8 months, p = 0.0168, log rank test). ATRX status helps better define the clinically and morphologically mixed group of AOA, since ATRX loss is a hallmark of astrocytic tumors. Furthermore, ATRX loss defines a subgroup of astrocytic tumors with a favorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Wiestler
- Department of Neurooncology, Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Disease, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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687
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Ballester LY, Wang Z, Shandilya S, Miettinen M, Burger PC, Eberhart CG, Rodriguez FJ, Raabe E, Nazarian J, Warren K, Quezado MM. Morphologic characteristics and immunohistochemical profile of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 37:1357-64. [PMID: 24076776 PMCID: PMC3787318 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318294e817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumors of the central nervous system are the second most common malignancy in children. In particular, diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) are aggressive tumors with poor prognosis and account for 10% to 25% of pediatric brain tumors. The majority of DIPGs are astrocytic, infiltrative, and localized to the pons. Studies have shown median survival times of less than a year, with 90% of children dying within 2 years. We built multitissue arrays with 24 postmortem DIPG samples and analyzed the morphology and expression of several proteins (p53, EGFR, GFAP, MIB1, BMI1, β-catenin, p16, Nanog, Nestin, OCT4, OLIG2, SOX2) with the goal of identifying potential treatment targets and improving our understanding of the biology of these tumors. The majority of DIPGs were high-grade gliomas (22), with 18 cases having features of glioblastoma (World Health Organization [WHO] grade IV) and 4 cases with high-grade features consistent with anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III). One case was low grade (WHO grade II), and 1 case showed intermediate features between a grade II and grade III glioma (low mitotic rate but increased cellularity and cell atypia), being difficult to grade precisely. The majority of the tumors were positive for GFAP (24/24), MIB1 (23/24), OLIG2 (22/24), p16 (20/24), p53 (20/24), SOX2 (19/24), EGFR (16/24), and BMI1 (9/24). Our results suggest that dysregulation of EGFR and p53 may play an important role in the development of DIPGs. The majority of DIPGs express stem cell markers such as SOX2 and OLIG2, consistent with a role for tumor stem cells in the origin and maintenance of these tumors. Targeted therapies against these proteins could be beneficial in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter C. Burger
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Charles G. Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Fausto J. Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric Raabe
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Children’s National Medical Center, Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Washington, DC
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688
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Jones DTW, Northcott PA, Kool M, Pfister SM. The role of chromatin remodeling in medulloblastoma. Brain Pathol 2013; 23:193-9. [PMID: 23432644 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The unexpectedly high frequency and universality of alterations to the chromatin machinery is one of the most striking themes emerging from the current deluge of cancer genomics data. Medulloblastoma (MB), a malignant pediatric brain tumor, is no exception to this trend, with a wealth of recent studies indicating multiple alterations at all levels of chromatin processing. MB is typically now regarded as being composed of four major molecular entities (WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4), which vary in their clinical and biological characteristics. Similarities and differences across these subgroups are also reflected in the specific chromatin modifiers that are found to be altered in each group, and each new cancer genome sequence or microarray profile is adding to this important knowledge base. These data are fundamentally changing our understanding of tumor developmental pathways, not just for MB but also for cancer as a whole. They also provide a new class of targets for the development of rational, personalized therapeutic approaches. The mechanisms by which these chromatin remodelers are dysregulated in MB, and the consequences both for future basic research and for translation to the clinic, will be examined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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689
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Fontebasso AM, Liu XY, Sturm D, Jabado N. Chromatin remodeling defects in pediatric and young adult glioblastoma: a tale of a variant histone 3 tail. Brain Pathol 2013; 23:210-6. [PMID: 23432647 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary brain tumors occur in 8 out of 100 000 people and are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Among brain tumors, high-grade astrocytomas (HGAs) including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are aggressive and are lethal human cancers. Despite decades of concerted therapeutic efforts, HGAs remain essentially incurable in adults and children. Recent discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of these tumors in children and young adults. Recurrent somatic driver mutations in the tail of histone 3 variant 3 (H3.3), leading to amino acid substitutions at key residues, namely lysine (K) 27 (K27M) and glycine 34 (G34R/G34V), were identified as a new molecular mechanism in pediatric GBM. These mutations represent the pediatric counterpart of the recurrent mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) identified in young adult gliomas and provide a much-needed new pathway that can be targeted for therapeutic development. This review will provide an overview of the potential role of these mutations in altering chromatin structure and affecting specific molecular pathways ultimately leading to gliomagenesis. The distinct changes in chromatin structure and the specific downstream events induced by each mutation need characterizing independently if progress is to be made in tackling this devastating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Fontebasso
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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690
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Gerges N, Fontebasso AM, Albrecht S, Faury D, Jabado N. Pediatric high-grade astrocytomas: a distinct neuro-oncological paradigm. Genome Med 2013; 5:66. [PMID: 23906214 PMCID: PMC3979088 DOI: 10.1186/gm470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. High-grade astrocytomas (HGAs), in particular, are lethal in children across all ages. Integrative genome-wide analyses of the tumor's genome, transcriptome and epigenome, using next-generation sequencing technologies and genome-wide DNA methylation arrays, have provided valuable breakthroughs in our understanding of the pathogenesis of HGAs across all ages. Recent profiling studies have provided insight into the epigenetic nature of gliomas in young adults and HGAs in children, particularly with the identification of recurrent gain-of-function driver mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 genes (IDH1/2) and the epigenetic influence of their oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, as well as mutations in the histone 3 variant 3 gene (H3F3A) and loss-of-function mutations in the histone 3 lysine 36 trimethyltransferase gene (SETD2). Mutations in H3F3A result in amino acid substitutions at residues thought to directly (K27M) or indirectly (G34R/V) affect histone post-translational modifications, suggesting they have the capacity to affect the epigenome in a profound manner. Here, we review recent genomic studies, and discuss evidence supporting the molecular characterization of pediatric HGAs to complement traditional approaches, such as histology of resected tumors. We also describe newly identified molecular mechanisms and discuss putative therapeutic approaches for HGAs specific to pediatrics, highlighting the necessity for the evolution of HGA disease management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Gerges
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3Z2Z3
| | - Adam M Fontebasso
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3Z2Z3
| | - Steffen Albrecht
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3H1P3
| | - Damien Faury
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3Z2Z3
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3Z2Z3 ; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3Z2Z3
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691
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Karremann M, Rausche U, Roth D, Kühn A, Pietsch T, Gielen GH, Warmuth-Metz M, Kortmann RD, Straeter R, Gnekow A, Wolff JEA, Kramm CM. Cerebellar location may predict an unfavourable prognosis in paediatric high-grade glioma. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:844-51. [PMID: 23868007 PMCID: PMC3749574 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: High-grade glioma (HGG) of the cerebellum accounts for only 5% of paediatric HGG. Since little is known about these tumours, the present study aimed at their further characterisation. Methods: Twenty-nine paediatric patients with centrally reviewed cerebellar HGG were identified from the HIT-GBM/HIT-HGG database. Clinical and epidemiological data were compared with those of 180 paediatric patients with cortical HGG. Results: Patients with cerebellar tumours were younger (median age of 7.6 vs 11.7 years, P=0.028), but both groups did not differ significantly with regard to gender, tumour predisposing syndromes, secondary HGG, primary metastasis, tumour grading, extent of tumour resection, chemotherapy regimen, or radiotherapy. Except for an increased incidence of anaplastic pilocytic astrocytoma (APA) in the cerebellar subset (20.7% vs 3.3% P<0.001), histological entities were similarly distributed in both groups. As expected, tumour grading had a prognostic relevance on survival. Compared with cortical HGG, overall survival in the cerebellar location was significantly worse (median overall survival: 0.92±0.02 vs 2.03±0.32 years; P=0.0064), and tumour location in the cerebellum had an independent poor prognostic significance as shown by Cox-regression analysis (P=0.019). Conclusion: High-grade glioma represents a group of tumours with an obviously site-specific heterogeneity associated with a worse survival in cerebellar location.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karremann
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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692
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Chan KM, Han J, Fang D, Gan H, Zhang Z. A lesson learned from the H3.3K27M mutation found in pediatric glioma: a new approach to the study of the function of histone modifications in vivo? Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2546-52. [PMID: 23907119 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in human. Recent studies on high-grade pediatric GBM have identified two recurrent mutations (K27M and G34R/V) in genes encoding histone H3 (H3F3A for H3.3 and HIST1H3B for H3.1). The two histone H3 mutations are mutually exclusive and give rise to tumors in different brain compartments. Recently, we and others have shown that the histone H3 K27M mutation specifically altered the di- and tri-methylation of endogenous histone H3 at Lys27. Genome-wide studies using ChIP-seq on H3.3K27M patient samples indicate a global reduction of H3K27me3 on chromatin. Remarkably, we also found a dramatic enrichment of H3K27me3 and EZH2 (the catalytic subunit H3K27 methyltransferase) at hundreds of gene loci in H3.3K27M patient cells. Here, we discuss potential mechanisms whereby H3K27me3 is enriched at chromatin loci in cells expressing the H3.3K27M mutation and report effects of Lys-to-Met mutations of other well-studied lysine residues of histone H3.1/H3.3 and H4 on the corresponding endogenous lysine methylation. We suggest that mutation(s) on histones may be found in a variety of human diseases, and the expression of mutant histones may help to address the function of histone lysine methylation and possibly other modifications in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Ming Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Epigenomic Developmental Program, Center of Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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693
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Les tumeurs gliales et glioneuronales de l'adulte et de l'enfant : principales altérations génétiques et classification histomoléculaire. Bull Cancer 2013; 100:715-26. [DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2013.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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694
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Chen P, Zhao J, Li G. Histone Variants in Development and Diseases. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:355-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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695
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Jones DTW, Hutter B, Jäger N, Korshunov A, Kool M, Warnatz HJ, Zichner T, Lambert SR, Ryzhova M, Quang DAK, Fontebasso AM, Stütz AM, Hutter S, Zuckermann M, Sturm D, Gronych J, Lasitschka B, Schmidt S, Seker-Cin H, Witt H, Sultan M, Ralser M, Northcott PA, Hovestadt V, Bender S, Pfaff E, Stark S, Faury D, Schwartzentruber J, Majewski J, Weber UD, Zapatka M, Raeder B, Schlesner M, Worth CL, Bartholomae CC, von Kalle C, Imbusch CD, Radomski S, Lawerenz C, van Sluis P, Koster J, Volckmann R, Versteeg R, Lehrach H, Monoranu C, Winkler B, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C, Milde T, Kulozik AE, Ebinger M, Schuhmann MU, Cho YJ, Pomeroy SL, von Deimling A, Witt O, Taylor MD, Wolf S, Karajannis MA, Eberhart CG, Scheurlen W, Hasselblatt M, Ligon KL, Kieran MW, Korbel JO, Yaspo ML, Brors B, Felsberg J, Reifenberger G, Collins VP, Jabado N, Eils R, Lichter P, Pfister SM. Recurrent somatic alterations of FGFR1 and NTRK2 in pilocytic astrocytoma. Nat Genet 2013; 45:927-32. [PMID: 23817572 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pilocytic astrocytoma, the most common childhood brain tumor, is typically associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway alterations. Surgically inaccessible midline tumors are therapeutically challenging, showing sustained tendency for progression and often becoming a chronic disease with substantial morbidities. Here we describe whole-genome sequencing of 96 pilocytic astrocytomas, with matched RNA sequencing (n = 73), conducted by the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) PedBrain Tumor Project. We identified recurrent activating mutations in FGFR1 and PTPN11 and new NTRK2 fusion genes in non-cerebellar tumors. New BRAF-activating changes were also observed. MAPK pathway alterations affected all tumors analyzed, with no other significant mutations identified, indicating that pilocytic astrocytoma is predominantly a single-pathway disease. Notably, we identified the same FGFR1 mutations in a subset of H3F3A-mutated pediatric glioblastoma with additional alterations in the NF1 gene. Our findings thus identify new potential therapeutic targets in distinct subsets of pilocytic astrocytoma and childhood glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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696
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Clinico-radiologic characteristics of long-term survivors of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. J Neurooncol 2013; 114:339-44. [PMID: 23813229 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is the deadliest central nervous system tumor in children. The survival of affected children has remained poor despite treatment with radiation therapy (RT) with or without chemotherapy. We reviewed the medical records of all surviving patients with DIPG treated at our institution between October 1, 1992 and May 31, 2011. Blinded central radiologic review of the magnetic resonance imaging at diagnosis of all surviving patients and 15 controls with DIPG was performed. All surviving patients underwent neurocognitive assessment during follow-up. Five (2.6 %) of 191 patients treated during the study period were surviving at a median of 9.3 years from their diagnosis (range 5.3-13.2 years). Two patients were younger than 3 years, one lacked signs of pontine cranial nerve involvement, and three had longer duration of symptoms at diagnosis. One patient had a radiologically atypical tumor and one had a tumor originating in the medulla. All five patients received RT. Chemotherapy was variable among these patients. Neurocognitive assessments were obtained after a median interval of 7.1 years. Three of four patients who underwent a detailed evaluation showed cognitive function in the borderline or mental retardation range. Two patients experienced disease progression at 8.8 and 13 years after diagnosis. A minority of children with DIPG experienced long-term survival with currently available therapies. These patients remained at high risk for tumor progression even after long follow-ups. Four of our long-term survivors had clinical and radiologic characteristics at diagnosis associated with improved outcome.
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697
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Lewis PW, Müller MM, Koletsky MS, Cordero F, Lin S, Banaszynski LA, Garcia BA, Muir TW, Becher OJ, Allis CD. Inhibition of PRC2 activity by a gain-of-function H3 mutation found in pediatric glioblastoma. Science 2013; 340:857-61. [PMID: 23539183 PMCID: PMC3951439 DOI: 10.1126/science.1232245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 954] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing of pediatric gliomas has identified missense mutations Lys27Met (K27M) and Gly34Arg/Val (G34R/V) in genes encoding histone H3.3 (H3F3A) and H3.1 (HIST3H1B). We report that human diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) containing the K27M mutation display significantly lower overall amounts of H3 with trimethylated lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and that histone H3K27M transgenes are sufficient to reduce the amounts of H3K27me3 in vitro and in vivo. We find that H3K27M inhibits the enzymatic activity of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 through interaction with the EZH2 subunit. In addition, transgenes containing lysine-to-methionine substitutions at other known methylated lysines (H3K9 and H3K36) are sufficient to cause specific reduction in methylation through inhibition of SET-domain enzymes. We propose that K-to-M substitutions may represent a mechanism to alter epigenetic states in a variety of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Lewis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Manuel M. Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Matthew S. Koletsky
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Francisco Cordero
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura A. Banaszynski
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tom W. Muir
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Oren J. Becher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - C. David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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698
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699
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Fontebasso AM, Schwartzentruber J, Khuong-Quang DA, Liu XY, Sturm D, Korshunov A, Jones DTW, Witt H, Kool M, Albrecht S, Fleming A, Hadjadj D, Busche S, Lepage P, Montpetit A, Staffa A, Gerges N, Zakrzewska M, Zakrzewski K, Liberski PP, Hauser P, Garami M, Klekner A, Bognar L, Zadeh G, Faury D, Pfister SM, Jabado N, Majewski J. Mutations in SETD2 and genes affecting histone H3K36 methylation target hemispheric high-grade gliomas. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:659-69. [PMID: 23417712 PMCID: PMC3631313 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent mutations affecting the histone H3.3 residues Lys27 or indirectly Lys36 are frequent drivers of pediatric high-grade gliomas (over 30% of HGGs). To identify additional driver mutations in HGGs, we investigated a cohort of 60 pediatric HGGs using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and compared them to 543 exomes from non-cancer control samples. We identified mutations in SETD2, a H3K36 trimethyltransferase, in 15% of pediatric HGGs, a result that was genome-wide significant (FDR = 0.029). Most SETD2 alterations were truncating mutations. Sequencing the gene in this cohort and another validation cohort (123 gliomas from all ages and grades) showed SETD2 mutations to be specific to high-grade tumors affecting 15% of pediatric HGGs (11/73) and 8% of adult HGGs (5/65) while no SETD2 mutations were identified in low-grade diffuse gliomas (0/45). Furthermore, SETD2 mutations were mutually exclusive with H3F3A mutations in HGGs (P = 0.0492) while they partly overlapped with IDH1 mutations (4/14), and SETD2-mutant tumors were found exclusively in the cerebral hemispheres (P = 0.0055). SETD2 is the only H3K36 trimethyltransferase in humans, and SETD2-mutant tumors showed a substantial decrease in H3K36me3 levels (P < 0.001), indicating that the mutations are loss-of-function. These data suggest that loss-of-function SETD2 mutations occur in older children and young adults and are specific to HGG of the cerebral cortex, similar to the H3.3 G34R/V and IDH mutations. Taken together, our results suggest that mutations disrupting the histone code at H3K36, including H3.3 G34R/V, IDH1 and/or SETD2 mutations, are central to the genesis of hemispheric HGGs in older children and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Fontebasso
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | | | - Dong-Anh Khuong-Quang
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Xiao-Yang Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Dominik Sturm
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T. W. Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Witt
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Albrecht
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Adam Fleming
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Djihad Hadjadj
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Stephan Busche
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Pierre Lepage
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | | | - Alfredo Staffa
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Noha Gerges
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Magdalena Zakrzewska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzystof Zakrzewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel P. Liberski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Peter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklos Garami
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Almos Klekner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Bognar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damien Faury
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nada Jabado
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
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700
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Bjerke L, Mackay A, Nandhabalan M, Burford A, Jury A, Popov S, Bax DA, Carvalho D, Taylor KR, Vinci M, Bajrami I, McGonnell IM, Lord CJ, Reis RM, Hargrave D, Ashworth A, Workman P, Jones C. Histone H3.3. mutations drive pediatric glioblastoma through upregulation of MYCN. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:512-9. [PMID: 23539269 PMCID: PMC3763966 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Children and young adults with glioblastoma (GBM) have a median survival rate of only 12 to 15 months, and these GBMs are clinically and biologically distinct from histologically similar cancers in older adults. They are defined by highly specific mutations in the gene encoding the histone H3.3 variant H3F3A , occurring either at or close to key residues marked by methylation for regulation of transcription—K27 and G34. Here, we show that the cerebral hemisphere-specific G34 mutation drives a distinct expression signature through differential genomic binding of the K36 trimethylation mark (H3K36me3). The transcriptional program induced recapitulates that of the developing forebrain, and involves numerous markers of stem-cell maintenance, cell-fate decisions, and self-renewal.Critically, H3F3A G34 mutations cause profound upregulation of MYCN , a potent oncogene that is causative of GBMs when expressed in the correct developmental context. This driving aberration is selectively targetable in this patient population through inhibiting kinases responsible for stabilization of the protein. SIGNIFICANCE We provide the mechanistic explanation for how the fi rst histone gene mutation inhuman disease biology acts to deliver MYCN, a potent tumorigenic initiator, into a stem-cell compartment of the developing forebrain, selectively giving rise to incurable cerebral hemispheric GBM. Using synthetic lethal approaches to these mutant tumor cells provides a rational way to develop novel and highly selective treatment strategies
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Bjerke
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alan Mackay
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Meera Nandhabalan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anna Burford
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alexa Jury
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sergey Popov
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Dorine A Bax
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Diana Carvalho
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- University of Coimbra, Portugal
- ICVS, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Kathryn R Taylor
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Maria Vinci
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Ilirjana Bajrami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher J Lord
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Rui M Reis
- ICVS, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alan Ashworth
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Paul Workman
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chris Jones
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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