651
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Vella LJ. The emerging role of exosomes in epithelial-mesenchymal-transition in cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:361. [PMID: 25566500 PMCID: PMC4271613 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis in cancer consists of multiple steps, including epithelial–mesenchymal-transition (EMT), which is characterized by the loss of epithelial-like characteristics and the gain of mesenchymal-like attributes including cell migration and invasion. It is clear that the tumor microenvironment can promote the metastatic cascade and that intercellular communication is necessary for this to occur. Exosomes are small membranous vesicles secreted by most cell types into the extracellular environment and they are important communicators in the tumor microenvironment. They promote angiogenesis, invasion, and proliferation in recipient cells to support tumor growth and a prometastatic phenotype. Although it is clear that exosomes contribute to cancer cell plasticity, experimental evidence to define exosome induced plasticity as EMT is only just coming to light. This review will discuss recent research on exosomal regulation of the EMT process in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jayne Vella
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Heidelberg, VIC , Australia ; The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health , Parkville, VIC , Australia
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652
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Gangoda L, Boukouris S, Liem M, Kalra H, Mathivanan S. Extracellular vesicles including exosomes are mediators of signal transduction: are they protective or pathogenic? Proteomics 2014; 15:260-71. [PMID: 25307053 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are signaling organelles that are released by many cell types and is highly conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Based on the mechanism of biogenesis, these membranous vesicles can be classified as exosomes, shedding microvesicles, and apoptotic blebs. It is becoming clearer that these EVs mediate signal transduction in both autocrine and paracrine fashion by the transfer of proteins and RNA. While the role of EVs including exosomes in pathogenesis is well established, very little is known about their function in normal physiological conditions. Recent evidences allude that EVs can mediate both protective and pathogenic effects depending on the precise state. In this review, we discuss the involvement of EVs as mediators of signal transduction in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, the role of EVs in mediating Wnt and PI3K signaling pathways is also discussed. Additional findings on the involvement of EVs in homeostasis and disease progression will promote a better biological understanding, advance future therapeutic, and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahiru Gangoda
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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653
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Exosomes as Hedgehog carriers in cytoneme-mediated transport and secretion. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5649. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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654
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Meseure D, Drak Alsibai K, Nicolas A. Pivotal role of pervasive neoplastic and stromal cells reprogramming in circulating tumor cells dissemination and metastatic colonization. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2014; 7:95-115. [PMID: 25523234 PMCID: PMC4275542 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-014-0158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between neoplastic cells and their microenvironment are crucial events in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Pervasive stromal reprogramming and remodeling that transform a normal to a tumorigenic microenvironment modify numerous stromal cells functions, status redox, oxidative stress, pH, ECM stiffness and energy metabolism. These environmental factors allow selection of more aggressive cancer cells that develop important adaptive strategies. Subpopulations of cancer cells acquire new properties associating plasticity, stem-like phenotype, unfolded protein response, metabolic reprogramming and autophagy, production of exosomes, survival to anoikis, invasion, immunosuppression and therapeutic resistance. Moreover, by inducing vascular transdifferentiation of cancer cells and recruiting endothelial cells and pericytes, the tumorigenic microenvironment induces development of tumor-associated vessels that allow invasive cells to gain access to the tumor vessels and to intravasate. Circulating cancer cells can survive in the blood stream by interacting with the intravascular microenvironment, extravasate through the microvasculature and interact with the metastatic microenvironment of target organs. In this review, we will focus on many recent paradigms involved in the field of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Meseure
- Platform of Investigative Pathology and Department of Biopathology, Curie Institute, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France,
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655
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Azmi AS, Bao B, Sarkar FH. Exosomes in cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance: a comprehensive review. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 32:623-42. [PMID: 23709120 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 845] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trafficking of biological material across membranes is an evolutionary conserved mechanism and is part of any normal cell homeostasis. Such transport is composed of active, passive, export through microparticles, and vesicular transport (exosomes) that collectively maintain proper compartmentalization of important micro- and macromolecules. In pathological states, such as cancer, aberrant activity of the export machinery results in expulsion of a number of key proteins and microRNAs resulting in their misexpression. Exosome-mediated expulsion of intracellular drugs could be another barrier in the proper action of most of the commonly used therapeutics, targeted agents, and their intracellular metabolites. Over the last decade, a number of studies have revealed that exosomes cross-talk and/or influence major tumor-related pathways, such as hypoxia-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stemness, angiogenesis, and metastasis involving many cell types within the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that exosome-secreted proteins can also propel fibroblast growth, resulting in desmoplastic reaction, a major barrier in effective cancer drug delivery. This comprehensive review highlights the advancements in the understanding of the biology of exosomes secretions and the consequence on cancer drug resistance. We propose that the successful combination of cancer treatments to tackle exosome-mediated drug resistance requires an interdisciplinary understanding of these cellular exclusion mechanisms, and how secreted biomolecules are involved in cellular cross-talk within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, HWCRC 740, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA,
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656
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Chang YH, Sun YH. Carrier of Wingless (Cow), a secreted heparan sulfate proteoglycan, promotes extracellular transport of Wingless. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111573. [PMID: 25360738 PMCID: PMC4216105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogens are signaling molecules that regulate growth and patterning during development by forming a gradient and activating different target genes at different concentrations. The extracellular distribution of morphogens is tightly regulated, with the Drosophila morphogen Wingless (Wg) relying on Dally-like (Dlp) and transcytosis for its distribution. However, in the absence of Dlp or endocytic activity, Wg can still move across cells along the apical (Ap) surface. We identified a novel secreted heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) that binds to Wg and promotes its extracellular distribution by increasing Wg mobility, which was thus named Carrier of Wg (Cow). Cow promotes the Ap transport of Wg, independent of Dlp and endocytosis, and this function addresses a previous gap in the understanding of Wg movement. This is the first example of a diffusible HSPG acting as a carrier to promote the extracellular movement of a morphogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Heng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi Henry Sun
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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657
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Yu J, Virshup D. Updating the Wnt pathways. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:e00142. [PMID: 25208913 PMCID: PMC4201215 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the three decades since the discovery of the Wnt1 proto-oncogene in virus-induced mouse mammary tumours, our understanding of the signalling pathways that are regulated by the Wnt proteins has progressively expanded. Wnts are involved in an complex signalling network that governs multiple biological processes and cross-talk with multiple additional signalling cascades, including the Notch, FGF (fibroblast growth factor), SHH (Sonic hedgehog), EGF (epidermal growth factor) and Hippo pathways. The Wnt signalling pathway also illustrates the link between abnormal regulation of the developmental processes and disease manifestation. Here we provide an overview of Wnt-regulated signalling cascades and highlight recent advances. We focus on new findings regarding the dedicated Wnt production and secretion pathway with potential therapeutic targets that might be beneficial for patients with Wnt-related diseases.
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Key Words
- adenomatous polyposis coli
- planar cell polarity (pcp)
- wnt
- apc, adenomatous polyposis coli
- bar, bin-amphiphysin-rvs
- cbp, creb (camp response element-binding)-binding protein
- cop, coat protein complex
- crd, cysteine-rich domain
- ctd, c-terminal domain
- ck1α, casein kinase 1 α
- er, endoplasmic reticulum fap, familial adenomatous polyposis
- fdh, focal dermal hypoplasia
- gsk3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- lef, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor
- lrp, lipoprotein receptor-related protein
- ntd, n-terminal domain
- pcp, planar cell polarity
- porcn, protein porcupine
- ror2, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2
- rspo, r-spondin
- sfrp, secreted frizzled-related protein
- snx-1, sorting nexin-1
- swim, wingless-interacting molecule
- tcf, t cell-specific factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- *Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - David M. Virshup
- *Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- †Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- §Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, U.S.A
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658
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Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C. Biogenesis, Secretion, and Intercellular Interactions of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:255-89. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3537] [Impact Index Per Article: 353.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Colombo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
- INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
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659
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Clevers H, Loh KM, Nusse R. Stem cell signaling. An integral program for tissue renewal and regeneration: Wnt signaling and stem cell control. Science 2014; 346:1248012. [PMID: 25278615 DOI: 10.1126/science.1248012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 950] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells fuel tissue development, renewal, and regeneration, and these activities are controlled by the local stem cell microenvironment, the "niche." Wnt signals emanating from the niche can act as self-renewal factors for stem cells in multiple mammalian tissues. Wnt proteins are lipid-modified, which constrains them to act as short-range cellular signals. The locality of Wnt signaling dictates that stem cells exiting the Wnt signaling domain differentiate, spatially delimiting the niche in certain tissues. In some instances, stem cells may act as or generate their own niche, enabling the self-organization of patterned tissues. In this Review, we discuss the various ways by which Wnt operates in stem cell control and, in doing so, identify an integral program for tissue renewal and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht and CancerGenomics.nl, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roel Nusse
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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660
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Brown JD, Bell N, Li V, Cantrell K. Quantitative pH assessment of small-volume samples using a universal pH indicator. Anal Biochem 2014; 462:29-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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661
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Maheshwari S, Singh AK, Arya RK, Pandey D, Singh A, Datta D. Exosomes: Emerging Players of Intercellular Communication in Tumor Microenvironment. Discoveries (Craiova) 2014; 2:e26. [PMID: 32309554 PMCID: PMC6941565 DOI: 10.15190/d.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Seminal discoveries have established the role of complex tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer progression; and later on also uncovered that vesiculation is an integral part of intercellular communication among various cell types in coordinating the tumor assembly in a dynamic manner. Exosomes are small membrane bound endosomal vesicles, which are classically known for their role in discarding cellular wastes; however, recent reports underlined their novel role in malignancy by their release from cells into the TME. Since then, the role of exosomes have been a subject of increasing interest, as exosome mediated intercellular communications offer a novel reciprocal relationship between cancer and stromal cells within the TME and modulate the fate and function of the recipient cells to finally shape the tumor progression. Exosomes are characterised by different features including size, content and mode of delivery; and its cargo delivers interesting bioactive components in the form of proteins, miRNAs or other molecules to the target cell. In the pursuit of further study of exosomes, it was found that with the help of its distinct bioactive components, exosomes specifically regulate tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis as well as drug resistance properties. In fact, it acts as a bridge between different signaling networks, present inside the spatially distant cells of the heterogeneous tumor population. In the current endeavour, we have highlighted the role of exosomes in modulating the intercellular crosstalk during tumor growth and progression, and proposed certain novel roles of exosomes to address the few enigmatic questions of cancer cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrankhla Maheshwari
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Arya
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Deepti Pandey
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Akhilesh Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
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662
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Acharya A, Brima W, Burugu S, Rege T. Prediction of Preeclampsia-Bench to Bedside. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16:491. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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663
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Feng Y, Huang W, Meng W, Jegga AG, Wang Y, Cai W, Kim HW, Pasha Z, Wen Z, Rao F, Modi RM, Yu X, Ashraf M. Heat shock improves Sca-1+ stem cell survival and directs ischemic cardiomyocytes toward a prosurvival phenotype via exosomal transfer: a critical role for HSF1/miR-34a/HSP70 pathway. Stem Cells 2014; 32:462-72. [PMID: 24123326 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is a promising intervention for ischemic heart diseases. However, the functional integrity of stem cells is impaired in an ischemic environment. Here, we report a novel finding that heat shock significantly improves Sca-1(+) stem cell survival in an ischemic environment by the regulation of the triangle: heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), HSF1/miR-34a, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Initially we prove that HSP70 is the key chaperone-mediating cytoprotective effect of heat shock in Sca-1(+) cells and then we establish miR-34a as a direct repressor of HSP70. We found that miR-34a was downregulated in heat shocked Sca-11 stem cells (HSSca-11 cells) [corrected]. Intriguingly, we demonstrate that the downregulation of miR-34a is attributed to HSF1-mediated epigenetic repression through histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) on miR-34a promoter. Moreover, we show that heat shock induces exosomal transfer of HSF1 from Sca-1(+) cells, which directs ischemic cardiomyocytes toward a prosurvival phenotype by epigenetic repression of miR-34a. In addition, our in vivo study demonstrates that transplantation of (HS) Sca-1(+) cells significantly reduces apoptosis, attenuates fibrosis, and improves global heart functions in ischemic myocardium. Hence, our study provides not only novel insights into the effects of heat shock on stem cell survival and paracrine behavior but also may have therapeutic values for stem cell therapy in ischemic heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Feng
- Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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664
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Menck K, Klemm F, Gross JC, Pukrop T, Wenzel D, Binder C. Induction and transport of Wnt 5a during macrophage-induced malignant invasion is mediated by two types of extracellular vesicles. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2057-66. [PMID: 24185202 PMCID: PMC3875769 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that macrophage (MΦ)-induced invasion of breast cancer cells requires upregulation of Wnt 5a in MΦ leading to activation of β-Catenin-independent Wnt signaling in the tumor cells. However, it remained unclear, how malignant cells induce Wnt 5a in MΦ and how it is transferred back to the cancer cells. Here we identify two types of extracellular particles as essential for this intercellular interaction in both directions. Plasma membrane-derived microvesicles (MV) as well as exosomes from breast cancer cells, although biologically distinct populations, both induce Wnt 5a in MΦ. In contrast, the particle-free supernatant and vesicles from benign cells, such as platelets, have no such effect. Induction is antagonized by the Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-1. Subsequently, Wnt 5a is shuttled via responding MΦ-MV and exosomes to the tumor cells enhancing their invasion. Wnt 5a export on both vesicle fractions depends at least partially on the cargo protein Evenness interrupted (Evi). Its knockdown leads to Wnt 5a depletion of both particle populations and reduced vesicle-mediated invasion. In conclusion, MV and exosomes are critical for MΦ-induced invasion of cancer cells since they are responsible for upregulation of MΦ-Wnt 5a as well as for its delivery to the recipient cells via a reciprocal loop. Although of different biogenesis, both populations share common features regarding function and Evi-dependent secretion of non-canonical Wnts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Menck
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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665
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Svegliati S, Marrone G, Pezone A, Spadoni T, Grieco A, Moroncini G, Grieco D, Vinciguerra M, Agnese S, Jüngel A, Distler O, Musti AM, Gabrielli A, Avvedimento EV. Oxidative DNA damage induces the ATM-mediated transcriptional suppression of the Wnt inhibitor WIF-1 in systemic sclerosis and fibrosis. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra84. [PMID: 25185156 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by extensive visceral organ and skin fibrosis. SSc patients have increased production of autoreactive antibodies and Wnt signaling activity. We found that expression of the gene encoding Wnt inhibitor factor 1 (WIF-1) was decreased in fibroblasts from SSc patient biopsies. WIF-1 deficiency in SSc patient cells correlated with increased abundance of the Wnt effector β-catenin and the production of collagen. Knocking down WIF-1 in normal fibroblasts increased Wnt signaling and collagen production. WIF-1 loss and DNA damage were induced in normal fibroblasts by either SSc patient immunoglobulins or oxidative DNA-damaging agents, such as ultraviolet light, hydrogen peroxide, or bleomycin. The DNA damage checkpoint kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) mediated WIF-1 silencing through the phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun, which in turn activated the expression of the gene encoding activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). ATF3 and c-Jun were recruited together with histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) to the WIF-1 promoter and inhibited WIF-1 expression. Preventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species or inhibiting the activation of ATM, c-Jun, or HDACs restored WIF-1 expression in cultured SSc patient cells. Trichostatin A, an HDAC inhibitor, prevented WIF-1 loss, β-catenin induction, and collagen accumulation in an experimental fibrosis model. Our findings suggest that oxidative DNA damage induced by SSc autoreactive antibodies enables Wnt activation that contributes to fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Svegliati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Clinica Medica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giusi Marrone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di napoli Federico II, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di napoli Federico II, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | - Tatiana Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Clinica Medica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonella Grieco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Clinica Medica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Moroncini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Clinica Medica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy. Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Ospedali Riuniti, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Domenico Grieco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di napoli Federico II, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Savina Agnese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di napoli Federico II, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | - Astrid Jüngel
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Musti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS) 87036, Italy
| | - Armando Gabrielli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Clinica Medica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy. Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Ospedali Riuniti, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Enrico V Avvedimento
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di napoli Federico II, 80132 Naples, Italy.
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666
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Galli LM, Szabo LA, Li L, Htaik YM, Onguka O, Burrus LW. Concentration-dependent effects of WNTLESS on WNT1/3A signaling. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1095-105. [PMID: 24866848 PMCID: PMC4140996 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WNTLESS (WLS) is a multi-transmembrane protein that transports Wnt ligands from the Golgi to the cell surface. Although WLS loss-of-function experiments in the developing central nervous system reveal phenotypes consistent with defects in WNT1 and WNT3A signaling, data from complementary gain-of-function experiments have not yet been reported. Here, we report the phenotypic consequences of WLS overexpression in cultured cells and in the developing chick spinal cord. RESULTS Overexpression of small amounts of WLS along with either WNT1 or WNT3A promotes the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in HEK293T cells, while overexpression of higher levels of WLS inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in these cells. Similarly, overexpressed WLS inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the developing spinal cord, as assessed by cell proliferation and specification. These effects appear to be Wnt-specific as overexpression of WLS inhibits the expression of FZD10, a target of β-catenin-dependent transcription. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that overexpression of WLS inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the spinal cord. As the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the spinal cord requires WNT1 or WNT3A, our results are consistent with a model in which the relative concentration of WLS to Wnt regulates WNT1/3A signaling in the developing spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Galli
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132
| | - Linda A. Szabo
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132
| | - Lydia Li
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132
| | - Yin Min Htaik
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132
| | - Laura W. Burrus
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132
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667
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Novel RNA markers in prostate cancer: functional considerations and clinical translation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:765207. [PMID: 25250334 PMCID: PMC4163430 DOI: 10.1155/2014/765207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The availability of ultra-high throughput DNA and RNA sequencing technologies in recent years has led to the identification of numerous novel transcripts, whose functions are unknown as yet. Evidence is accumulating that many of these molecules are deregulated in diseases, including prostate cancer, and potentially represent novel targets for diagnosis and therapy. In particular, functional genomic analysis of microRNA (miRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in cancer is likely to contribute insights into tumor development. Here, we compile recent efforts to catalog differential expression of miRNA and lncRNA in prostate cancer and to understand RNA function in tumor progression. We further highlight technologies for molecular characterization of noncoding RNAs and provide an overview of current activities to exploit them for the diagnosis and therapy of this complex tumor.
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668
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Corrigan L, Redhai S, Leiblich A, Fan SJ, Perera SMW, Patel R, Gandy C, Wainwright SM, Morris JF, Hamdy F, Goberdhan DCI, Wilson C. BMP-regulated exosomes from Drosophila male reproductive glands reprogram female behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:671-88. [PMID: 25154396 PMCID: PMC4151142 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201401072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Male Drosophila reproductive glands secrete exosomes in a BMP-dependent manner that fuse with sperm after mating and suppress female remating. Male reproductive glands secrete signals into seminal fluid to facilitate reproductive success. In Drosophila melanogaster, these signals are generated by a variety of seminal peptides, many produced by the accessory glands (AGs). One epithelial cell type in the adult male AGs, the secondary cell (SC), grows selectively in response to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. This signaling is involved in blocking the rapid remating of mated females, which contributes to the reproductive advantage of the first male to mate. In this paper, we show that SCs secrete exosomes, membrane-bound vesicles generated inside late endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs). After mating, exosomes fuse with sperm (as also seen in vitro for human prostate-derived exosomes and sperm) and interact with female reproductive tract epithelia. Exosome release was required to inhibit female remating behavior, suggesting that exosomes are downstream effectors of BMP signaling. Indeed, when BMP signaling was reduced in SCs, vesicles were still formed in MVBs but not secreted as exosomes. These results demonstrate a new function for the MVB–exosome pathway in the reproductive tract that appears to be conserved across evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Corrigan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - Siamak Redhai
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - Aaron Leiblich
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - Shih-Jung Fan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - Sumeth M W Perera
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - Rachel Patel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - Carina Gandy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - S Mark Wainwright
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - John F Morris
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - Freddie Hamdy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - Deborah C I Goberdhan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - Clive Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
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669
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Cai J, Wu G, Tan X, Han Y, Chen C, Li C, Wang N, Zou X, Chen X, Zhou F, He D, Zhou L, Jose PA, Zeng C. Transferred BCR/ABL DNA from K562 extracellular vesicles causes chronic myeloid leukemia in immunodeficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105200. [PMID: 25133686 PMCID: PMC4136837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that besides mRNAs and microRNAs, there are DNA fragments within extracellular vesicles (EVs). The BCR/ABL hybrid gene, involved in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), could be transferred from K562 EVs to neutrophils and decrease their phagocytic activity in vitro. Our present study provides evidence that BCR/ABL DNAs transferred from EVs have pathophysiological significance in vivo. Two months after injection of K562 EVs into the tail vein of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, they showed some characteristics of CML, e.g., feeble, febrile, and thin, with splenomegaly and neutrophilia but with reduced neutrophil phagocytic activity. These findings were also observed in immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice treated with K562 EVs; BCR/ABL mRNA and protein were found in their neutrophils. The administration of actinomycin D, an inhibitor of de novo mRNA synthesis, prevented the abnormalities caused by K562 EVs in NOD/SCID mice related to CML, including neutrophilia and bone marrow hyperplasia. As a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, imatinib blocked the activity of tyrosine kinases and the expression of phospho-Crkl, induced by the de novo BCR/ABL protein caused by K562 EVs bearing BCR/ABL DNA. Our current study shows the pathophysiological significance of transferred tumor gene from EVs in vivo, which may represent an important mechanism for tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Clinic of Health Service, Logistics Department, Air Force of Nanjing Area Command, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Gengze Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorong Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Chuanwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xinjian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Faying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Duofen He
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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670
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The role of Bro1- domain-containing protein Myopic in endosomal trafficking of Wnt/Wingless. Dev Biol 2014; 392:93-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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671
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Carotenuto M, De Antonellis P, Liguori L, Benvenuto G, Magliulo D, Alonzi A, Turino C, Attanasio C, Damiani V, Bello AM, Vitiello F, Pasquinelli R, Terracciano L, Federico A, Fusco A, Freeman J, Dale TC, Decraene C, Chiappetta G, Piantedosi F, Calabrese C, Zollo M. H-Prune through GSK-3β interaction sustains canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling enhancing cancer progression in NSCLC. Oncotarget 2014; 5:5736-49. [PMID: 25026278 PMCID: PMC4170634 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
H-Prune hydrolyzes short-chain polyphosphates (PPase activity) together with an hitherto cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE), the latest influencing different human cancers by its overexpression. H-Prune promotes cell migration in cooperation with glycogen synthase kinase-3 (Gsk-3β). Gsk-3β is a negative regulator of canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling. Here, we investigate the role of Gsk-3β/h-Prune complex in the regulation of WNT/β-catenin signaling, demonstrating the h-Prune capability to activate WNT signaling also in a paracrine manner, through Wnt3a secretion. In vivo study demonstrates that h-Prune silencing inhibits lung metastasis formation, increasing mouse survival. We assessed h-Prune levels in peripheral blood of lung cancer patients using ELISA assay, showing that h-Prune is an early diagnostic marker for lung cancer. Our study dissects out the mechanism of action of h-Prune in tumorigenic cells and also sheds light on the identification of a new therapeutic target in non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianeve Carotenuto
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università ‘Federico II’ di Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualino De Antonellis
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università ‘Federico II’ di Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Liguori
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università ‘Federico II’ di Naples, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Magliulo
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università ‘Federico II’ di Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alonzi
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università ‘Federico II’ di Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Turino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiotoraciche e Respiratorie, Clinica Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Attanasio
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università ‘Federico II’ di Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Damiani
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università ‘Federico II’ di Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bello
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università ‘Federico II’ di Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Vitiello
- Dipartimento di Pneumologia e Tisiologia, Day Hospital Pneumologia e Pneumoncologico, AORN Vincenzo Monaldi, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Pasquinelli
- Functional Genomic Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Division, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Federico
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Istituto Di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Istituto Di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Jamie Freeman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Trevor C. Dale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Charles Decraene
- Translational Research Dept, Institut Curie, Centre de recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Gennaro Chiappetta
- Functional Genomic Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Francovito Piantedosi
- Dipartimento di Pneumologia e Tisiologia, Day Hospital Pneumologia e Pneumoncologico, AORN Vincenzo Monaldi, Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiotoraciche e Respiratorie, Clinica Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università ‘Federico II’ di Naples, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera Federico II, DAI Medicina Trasfusional, Naples, Italy
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672
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Hagemann AIH, Kurz J, Kauffeld S, Chen Q, Reeves PM, Weber S, Schindler S, Davidson G, Kirchhausen T, Scholpp S. In vivo analysis of formation and endocytosis of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling complex in zebrafish embryos. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3970-82. [PMID: 25074807 PMCID: PMC4163645 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.148767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
After activation by Wnt/β-Catenin ligands, a multi-protein complex assembles at the clustering membrane-bound receptors and intracellular signal transducers into the so-called Lrp6-signalosome. However, the mechanism of signalosome formation and dissolution is yet not clear. Our imaging studies of live zebrafish embryos show that the signalosome is a highly dynamic structure. It is continuously assembled by Dvl2-mediated recruitment of the transducer complex to the activated receptors and partially disassembled by endocytosis. We find that, after internalization, the ligand-receptor complex and the transducer complex take separate routes. The Wnt–Fz–Lrp6 complex follows a Rab-positive endocytic path. However, when still bound to the transducer complex, Dvl2 forms intracellular aggregates. We show that this endocytic process is not only essential for ligand-receptor internalization but also for signaling. The μ2-subunit of the endocytic Clathrin adaptor Ap2 interacts with Dvl2 to maintain its stability during endocytosis. Blockage of Ap2μ2 function leads to Dvl2 degradation, inhibiton of signalosome formation at the plasma membrane and, consequently, reduction of signaling. We conclude that Ap2μ2-mediated endocytosis is important to maintain Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja I H Hagemann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), 76021 Karsruhe, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kurz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), 76021 Karsruhe, Germany
| | - Silke Kauffeld
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), 76021 Karsruhe, Germany
| | - Qing Chen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), 76021 Karsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick M Reeves
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Weber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), 76021 Karsruhe, Germany
| | - Simone Schindler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), 76021 Karsruhe, Germany
| | - Gary Davidson
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), 76021 Karsruhe, Germany
| | - Tomas Kirchhausen
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), 76021 Karsruhe, Germany
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673
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Chua CEL, Chan SN, Tang BL. Non-Cell Autonomous or Secretory Tumor Suppression. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1346-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle En Lin Chua
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University Health System; Singapore Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Shu Ning Chan
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University Health System; Singapore Singapore
| | - Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University Health System; Singapore Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
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674
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Kowal J, Tkach M, Théry C. Biogenesis and secretion of exosomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 29:116-25. [PMID: 24959705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1250] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although observed for several decades, the release of membrane-enclosed vesicles by cells into their surrounding environment has been the subject of increasing interest in the past few years, which led to the creation, in 2012, of a scientific society dedicated to the subject: the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. Convincing evidence that vesicles allow exchange of complex information fuelled this rise in interest. But it has also become clear that different types of secreted vesicles co-exist, with different intracellular origins and modes of formation, and thus probably different compositions and functions. Exosomes are one sub-type of secreted vesicles. They form inside eukaryotic cells in multivesicular compartments, and are secreted when these compartments fuse with the plasma membrane. Interestingly, different families of molecules have been shown to allow intracellular formation of exosomes and their subsequent secretion, which suggests that even among exosomes different sub-types exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kowal
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75248, France; INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Mercedes Tkach
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75248, France; INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75248, France; INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France; Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL*), Paris F-75005, France.
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675
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The emerging role of exosomes in Wnt secretion and transport. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 27:14-9. [PMID: 24791688 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular microvesicles that have an endosomal origin and are gaining increasing recognition for their important roles in mediating cell-cell communication. The content of exosomes includes a broad range of bioactive molecules, such as miRNA and signaling molecules that can mediate intercellular communication in various functional contexts. Recent studies have pointed to a critical role of exosomes in transmitting morphogen signaling during embryonic development and cancer progression. In this review we focus on recent progress that has revealed a role for exosomes in the secretion and processing of Wnt proteins, a family of morphogens with fundamental roles in homeostasis and cancer.
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676
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Yu J, Chia J, Canning C, Jones C, Bard F, Virshup D. WLS Retrograde Transport to the Endoplasmic Reticulum during Wnt Secretion. Dev Cell 2014; 29:277-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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677
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Ekström EJ, Bergenfelz C, von Bülow V, Serifler F, Carlemalm E, Jönsson G, Andersson T, Leandersson K. WNT5A induces release of exosomes containing pro-angiogenic and immunosuppressive factors from malignant melanoma cells. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:88. [PMID: 24766647 PMCID: PMC4022450 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wnt proteins are important for developmental processes and certain diseases. WNT5A is a non-canonical Wnt protein that previously has been shown to play a role in the progression of malignant melanoma. High expression of WNT5A in melanoma tumors correlates to formation of distant metastasis and poor prognosis. This has partly been described by the findings that WNT5A expression in melanoma cell lines increases migration and invasion. Methods Malignant melanoma cell lines were treated with rWNT5A or WNT5A siRNA, and mRNA versus protein levels of soluble mediators were measured using RT-PCR, cytokine bead array and ELISA. The induced signaling pathways were analyzed using inhibitors, Rho-GTPase pull down assays and western blot. Ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy was used to analyze microvesicles. Gene expression microarray data obtained from primary malignant melanomas was used to verify our data. Results We show that WNT5A signaling induces a Ca2+-dependent release of exosomes containing the immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic proteins IL-6, VEGF and MMP2 in melanoma cells. The process was independent of the transcriptional machinery and depletion of WNT5A reduced the levels of the exosome-derived proteins. The WNT5A induced exosomal secretion was neither affected by Tetanus toxin nor Brefeldin A, but was blocked by the calcium chelator Bapta, inhibited by a dominant negative version of the small Rho-GTPase Cdc42 and was accompanied by cytoskeletal reorganization. Co-cultures of melanoma/endothelial cells showed that depletion of WNT5A in melanoma cells decreased endothelial cell branching, while stimulation of endothelial cells with isolated rWNT5A-induced melanoma exosomes increased endothelial cell branching in vitro. Finally, gene expression data analysis of primary malignant melanomas revealed a correlation between WNT5A expression and the angiogenesis marker ESAM. Conclusions These data indicate that WNT5A has a broader function on tumor progression and metastatic spread than previously known; by inducing exosome-release of immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic factors that enhance the immunosuppressive and angiogenic capacity of the tumors thus rendering them more aggressive and more prone to metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karin Leandersson
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden.
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678
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Coxsackievirus B exits the host cell in shed microvesicles displaying autophagosomal markers. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004045. [PMID: 24722773 PMCID: PMC3983045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of the picornavirus family and enterovirus genus, causes viral myocarditis, aseptic meningitis, and pancreatitis in humans. We genetically engineered a unique molecular marker, “fluorescent timer” protein, within our infectious CVB3 clone and isolated a high-titer recombinant viral stock (Timer-CVB3) following transfection in HeLa cells. “Fluorescent timer” protein undergoes slow conversion of fluorescence from green to red over time, and Timer-CVB3 can be utilized to track virus infection and dissemination in real time. Upon infection with Timer-CVB3, HeLa cells, neural progenitor and stem cells (NPSCs), and C2C12 myoblast cells slowly changed fluorescence from green to red over 72 hours as determined by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometric analysis. The conversion of “fluorescent timer” protein in HeLa cells infected with Timer-CVB3 could be interrupted by fixation, suggesting that the fluorophore was stabilized by formaldehyde cross-linking reactions. Induction of a type I interferon response or ribavirin treatment reduced the progression of cell-to-cell virus spread in HeLa cells or NPSCs infected with Timer-CVB3. Time lapse photography of partially differentiated NPSCs infected with Timer-CVB3 revealed substantial intracellular membrane remodeling and the assembly of discrete virus replication organelles which changed fluorescence color in an asynchronous fashion within the cell. “Fluorescent timer” protein colocalized closely with viral 3A protein within virus replication organelles. Intriguingly, infection of partially differentiated NPSCs or C2C12 myoblast cells induced the release of abundant extracellular microvesicles (EMVs) containing matured “fluorescent timer” protein and infectious virus representing a novel route of virus dissemination. CVB3 virions were readily observed within purified EMVs by transmission electron microscopy, and infectious virus was identified within low-density isopycnic iodixanol gradient fractions consistent with membrane association. The preferential detection of the lipidated form of LC3 protein (LC3 II) in released EMVs harboring infectious virus suggests that the autophagy pathway plays a crucial role in microvesicle shedding and virus release, similar to a process previously described as autophagosome-mediated exit without lysis (AWOL) observed during poliovirus replication. Through the use of this novel recombinant virus which provides more dynamic information from static fluorescent images, we hope to gain a better understanding of CVB3 tropism, intracellular membrane reorganization, and virus-associated microvesicle dissemination within the host. Enteroviruses are significant human pathogens, causing myocarditis, aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. The mechanisms of enterovirus dissemination in the host and cell-to-cell spread may be critical factors influencing viral pathogenesis. Here, we have generated a recombinant coxsackievirus expressing “fluorescence timer” protein (Timer-CVB3) which assists in following the progression of infection within the host. Unexpectedly, we observed the shedding of microvesicles containing virus in partially-differentiated progenitor cells infected with Timer-CVB3. These extracellular microvesicles (EMVs) were released in high levels following cellular differentiation, and may play a role in virus dissemination. Timer-CVB3 will be a valuable tool in monitoring virus spread in the infected host.
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679
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Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized lipid vesicles released from cells. They are capable of transferring proteins, mRNA, and miRNA between cells and, therefore, represent a potential means of intercellular communication. Exosomes can be proangiogenic and may have cardioprotective properties. In contrast, their larger cousins, microvesicles, seem to have generally detrimental effects that are prothrombotic and proinflammatory. Exosomes are released from multivesicular bodies via an exocytic pathway and have the potential for cell-specific targeting. This normal process is hijacked during various pathological conditions, such as cancer, viral infection, and amyloidopathies. We assess the evidence for a role of exosomes and microvesicles in normal cardiovascular physiology, as well as during cardiovascular disease. In addition to offering a potential source of cardiovascular biomarkers, exosomes may offer a nonimmunogenic means of manipulating the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Yellon
- From Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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680
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Dovrat S, Caspi M, Zilberberg A, Lahav L, Firsow A, Gur H, Rosin-Arbesfeld R. 14-3-3 and β-catenin are secreted on extracellular vesicles to activate the oncogenic Wnt pathway. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:894-911. [PMID: 24721736 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the canonical Wnt signal transduction pathway is involved in a large number of human diseases. β-catenin, the key effector protein of the canonical Wnt pathway, functions in the nucleus with T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) to activate expression of Wnt target genes. Here we show that members of the 14-3-3 protein family bind disheveled-2 (Dvl-2) and glycogen synthase-3β (GSK-3β) to attenuate the interaction between GSK-3β and β-catenin. Importantly, 14-3-3 and β-catenin form "bleb-like" structures and are secreted via extracellular vesicles to induce Wnt signaling activity in target cells. Our data suggest a novel way of transducing the oncogenic Wnt signal in which β-catenin is regulated by 14-3-3ζ through the formation of "oncosomes" that contain both the 14-3-3 and β-catenin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Dovrat
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michal Caspi
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Alona Zilberberg
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Lital Lahav
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Anastasia Firsow
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hila Gur
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rina Rosin-Arbesfeld
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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681
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Kong SMY, Chan BKK, Park JS, Hill KJ, Aitken JB, Cottle L, Farghaian H, Cole AR, Lay PA, Sue CM, Cooper AA. Parkinson's disease-linked human PARK9/ATP13A2 maintains zinc homeostasis and promotes α-Synuclein externalization via exosomes. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2816-33. [PMID: 24603074 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein plays a central causative role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Increased expression of the P-type ATPase ion pump PARK9/ATP13A2 suppresses α-Synuclein toxicity in primary neurons. Our data indicate that ATP13A2 encodes a zinc pump; neurospheres from a compound heterozygous ATP13A2(-/-) patient and ATP13A2 knockdown cells are sensitive to zinc, whereas ATP13A2 over-expression in primary neurons confers zinc resistance. Reduced ATP13A2 expression significantly decreased vesicular zinc levels, indicating ATP13A2 facilitates transport of zinc into membrane-bound compartments or vesicles. Endogenous ATP13A2 localized to multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs), a late endosomal compartment located at the convergence point of the endosomal and autophagic pathways. Dysfunction in MVBs can cause a range of detrimental effects including lysosomal dysfunction and impaired delivery of endocytosed proteins/autophagy cargo to the lysosome, both of which have been observed in cells with reduced ATP13A2 function. MVBs also serve as the source of intra-luminal nanovesicles released extracellularly as exosomes that can contain a range of cargoes including α-Synuclein. Elevated ATP13A2 expression reduced intracellular α-Synuclein levels and increased α-Synuclein externalization in exosomes >3-fold whereas ATP13A2 knockdown decreased α-Synuclein externalization. An increased export of exosome-associated α-Synuclein may explain why surviving neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta in sporadic PD patients were observed to over-express ATP13A2. We propose ATP13A2's modulation of zinc levels in MVBs can regulate the biogenesis of exosomes capable of containing α-Synuclein. Our data indicate that ATP13A2 is the first PD-associated gene involved in exosome biogenesis and indicates a potential neuroprotective role of exosomes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Y Kong
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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682
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Record M. Intercellular communication by exosomes in placenta: a possible role in cell fusion? Placenta 2014; 35:297-302. [PMID: 24661568 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles released from viable cells and have attracted increasing interest due to their role in intercellular communication and biological functions. More recently exosomes have been shown to be released by trophoblasts and to carry molecules involved in placental physiology. This involves proteins such as fibronectin, syncytin, Wnt/βcatenin-related molecules, galectin-3, and HLA-G, but also bioactive lipids such as the immunosuppressive PGE2, the PPARγ ligand 15d-PGJ2, or microRNAs that appear as immunomodulators in pregnancy and are able to confer viral resistance. Exosome trafficking within the placental micro-environment potentially links these nanovesicles to the organization of the placental interface, fetal tolerance, viral protection, and possibly mother-fetus communication. Because of the presence of immunocompetent exosomes in breast-milk, they appear as an essential component in reproduction. Several aspects of the "exosome pathway" are described in the review, from general aspects related to their origin, their characteristics and their ability to vectorize material between cells, to more specific functions involved in placental physiology such as their putative role in triggering cell fusion required for syncytiotrophoblast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Record
- INSERM-UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team« Sterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovation in Oncology », BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, 20-24 Rue du Pont Saint-Pierre, Toulouse Cedex 31052, France; Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse, France.
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683
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Abstract
A decade ago, the (P)RR [(pro)renin receptor] was discovered and depicted as a potential activator of the tissue renin-angiotensin system. For this reason, the role of the (P)RR in cardiovascular diseases and diabetes has been particularly studied. However, the discovery of embryonic lethality after (P)RR gene deletion in mouse and zebrafish paved the way for additional roles of (P)RR in cell homoeostasis. Indeed, the (P)RR has been shown to associate with vacuolar H+-ATPase, hence its other name ATP6ap2. Developmental studies in Xenopus and Drosophila have revealed an essential role of this association to promote the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways, whereas studies with tissue-specific gene deletion have pointed out a role in autophagy. The present review aims to summarize recent findings on the cellular functions of (P)RR emerging from various mutated and transgenic animal models.
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684
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Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms relies on an intricate choreography of intercellular communication events that pattern the embryo and coordinate the formation of tissues and organs. It is therefore not surprising that developmental biology, especially using genetic model organisms, has contributed significantly to the discovery and functional dissection of the associated signal-transduction cascades. At the same time, biophysical, biochemical, and cell biological approaches have provided us with insights into the underlying cell biological machinery. Here we focus on how endocytic trafficking of signaling components (e.g., ligands or receptors) controls the generation, propagation, modulation, reception, and interpretation of developmental signals. A comprehensive enumeration of the links between endocytosis and signal transduction would exceed the limits of this review. We will instead use examples from different developmental pathways to conceptually illustrate the various functions provided by endocytic processes during key steps of intercellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bökel
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden and Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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685
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Populational equilibrium through exosome-mediated Wnt signaling in tumor progression of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2014; 123:2189-98. [PMID: 24563408 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-523886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are composed of phenotypically heterogeneous cell populations. The nongenomic mechanisms underlying transitions and interactions between cell populations are largely unknown. Here, we show that diffuse large B-cell lymphomas possess a self-organized infrastructure comprising side population (SP) and non-SP cells, where transitions between clonogenic states are modulated by exosome-mediated Wnt signaling. DNA methylation modulated SP-non-SP transitions and was correlated with the reciprocal expressions of Wnt signaling pathway agonist Wnt3a in SP cells and the antagonist secreted frizzled-related protein 4 in non-SP cells. Lymphoma SP cells exhibited autonomous clonogenicity and exported Wnt3a via exosomes to neighboring cells, thus modulating population equilibrium in the tumor.
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686
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Gajos-Michniewicz A, Duechler M, Czyz M. MiRNA in melanoma-derived exosomes. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:29-37. [PMID: 24513178 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, RNAs and viruses can be spread through exosomes, therefore transport utilizing these nanovesicles is of the great interest. MiRNAs are common exosomal constituents capable of influencing expression of a variety of target genes. MiRNA signatures of exosomes are unique in cancer patients and differ from those in normal controls. The knowledge about miRNA profiles of tumor-derived exosomes may contribute to better diagnosis, determination of tumor progression and response to treatment, as well as to the development of targeted therapies. We summarize the current knowledge with regard to miRNAs that are found in exosomes derived from tumors, particularly from melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Duechler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
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687
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Kwon SH, Liu KD, Mostov KE. Intercellular transfer of GPRC5B via exosomes drives HGF-mediated outward growth. Curr Biol 2014; 24:199-204. [PMID: 24412205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
How cells communicate during development and regeneration is a critical question. One mechanism of intercellular communication is via exosomes, extracellular vesicles that originate by the fusion of multivesicular endosomes with the plasma membrane [1-8]. To model exosome-based intercellular communication, we used Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell cysts grown in 3D gels of extracellular matrix, which form tubules in response to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). We report that GPRC5B, an orphan G protein coupled receptor, is in exosomes produced by HGF-treated cysts and released into the cyst lumen. Exosomal GPRC5B is taken up by nearby cells and together with HGF promotes extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and tubulogenesis, even under conditions where tubulogenesis would otherwise not occur. Recovery from injury, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), often recapitulates developmental processes. Here, we show that GPRC5B is elevated in urinary exosomes from patients with AKI. Our results elucidate how GPRC5B is carried by exosomes and augments HGF-induced morphogenesis. The unexpected role of exosomes in transporting GPRC5B between cells during morphogenesis and the ability of GPRC5B to predict the disease state of AKI elucidate a novel mechanism for intercellular communication during development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Keith E Mostov
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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688
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Dhamdhere GR, Fang MY, Jiang J, Lee K, Cheng D, Olveda RC, Liu B, Mulligan KA, Carlson JC, Ransom RC, Weis WI, Helms JA. Drugging a stem cell compartment using Wnt3a protein as a therapeutic. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83650. [PMID: 24400074 PMCID: PMC3882211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of Wnt proteins has long been recognized but challenges associated with in vivo stability and delivery have hindered their development as drug candidates. By exploiting the hydrophobic nature of the protein we provide evidence that exogenous Wnt3a can be delivered in vivo if it is associated with a lipid vesicle. Recombinant Wnt3a associates with the external surface of the lipid membrane; this association stabilizes the protein and leads to prolonged activation of the Wnt pathway in primary cells. We demonstrate the consequences of Wnt pathway activation in vivo using a bone marrow engraftment assay. These data provide validation for the development of WNT3A as a therapeutic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girija R. Dhamdhere
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Y. Fang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jie Jiang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Du Cheng
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca C. Olveda
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberley A. Mulligan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffery C. Carlson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan C. Ransom
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - William I. Weis
- Departments of Structural Biology and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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689
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Oberemkoм AV. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES: CLASSIFICATION, FUNCTIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2014. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech7.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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690
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Inhibition of late endosomal maturation restores Wnt secretion in Caenorhabditis elegans vps-29 retromer mutants. Cell Signal 2014; 26:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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691
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes and microvesicles are nanometer-sized vesicles released by cells to deliver lipids, cellular proteins, mRNAs, and noncoding RNAs, thereby facilitating intercellular communication without direct cell-to-cell contacts. Due to their nanoscale size, EVs have been visualized under microscopy in vitro. We here describe a strategy to label EVs with Gaussia luciferase for noninvasive bioluminescence imaging and monitoring of systemically administered EVs in vivo.
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692
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Ankarklev J, Hjelmqvist D, Mantel PY. Uncovering the Role of Erythrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Malaria: From Immune Regulation to Cell Communication. J Circ Biomark 2014. [DOI: 10.5772/58596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ankarklev
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daisy Hjelmqvist
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA
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693
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Liu R, Liu J, Ji X, Liu Y. Synthetic nucleic acids delivered by exosomes: a potential therapeutic for generelated metabolic brain diseases. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:551-62. [PMID: 24022398 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, are associated with genetic abnormalities. The search for more effective therapeutic approaches involving nucleic acids like interfering RNA, antisense oligonucleotides and mRNA has drawn much attention in the development of alternatives to virus-based gene therapy. Potentially, nucleic acids could not only specifically down-regulate and degrade misfolded proteins, but also relieve protein deficiencies by directing the translation of functional proteins. However, clinical applications have been stalled by the lack of proper delivery systems. Exosomes are nano-scale extracellular vesicles secreted by nearly all somatic cells. Recent work has revealed that exosomes play special roles in intercellular communication via the horizontal transfer of various RNAs among cells. Recently, the use of exosomes for the delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids to targeted cells has been demonstrated to be a practical approach. Here, we briefly review the general properties of exosomes and introduce three therapeutic nucleic acids. Based upon comparison with other delivery methods, exosomes are proposed as an ideal nucleic acid delivery system for metabolic brain disease therapy.
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694
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Single-cell imaging of Wnt palmitoylation by the acyltransferase porcupine. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 10:61-8. [PMID: 24292069 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Wnts are secreted palmitoylated glycoproteins that are important in embryonic development and human cancers. Here we report a method for imaging the palmitoylated form of Wnt proteins with subcellular resolution using clickable bioorthogonal fatty acids and in situ proximity ligation. Palmitoylated Wnt3a is visualized throughout the secretory pathway and trafficks to multivesicular bodies that act as export sites in secretory cells. We establish that glycosylation is not required for Wnt3a palmitoylation, which is necessary but not sufficient for Wnt3a secretion. Wnt3a is palmitoylated by fatty acids 13-16 carbons in length at Ser209 but not at Cys77, consistent with a slow turnover rate. We find that porcupine (PORCN) itself is palmitoylated, demonstrating what is to our knowledge the first example of palmitoylation of an MBOAT protein, and this modification partially regulates Wnt palmitoylation and signaling. Our data reveal the role of O-palmitoylation in Wnt signaling and suggest another layer of cellular control over PORCN function and Wnt secretion.
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695
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De Astis S, Corradini I, Morini R, Rodighiero S, Tomasoni R, Lenardi C, Verderio C, Milani P, Matteoli M. Nanostructured TiO2 surfaces promote polarized activation of microglia, but not astrocytes, toward a proinflammatory profile. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:10963-10974. [PMID: 24065287 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03534d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, has been implicated in the inflammatory responses underlying brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The classic activation state (M1) is characterized by high capacity to present antigens, high production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines. Classically activated cells act as potent effectors that drive the inflammatory response and may mediate detrimental effects on neural cells. The second phenotype (M2) is an alternative, apparently beneficial, activation state, more related to a fine tuning of inflammation, scavenging of debris, promotion of angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and repair. Specific environmental chemical signals are able to induce these different polarization states. We provide here evidence that nanostructured substrates are able, exclusively in virtue of their physical properties, to push microglia toward the proinflammatory activation phenotype, with an efficacy which reflects the graded nanoscale rugosity. The acquisition of a proinflammatory phenotype appears specific for microglia and not astrocytes, indicating that these two cell types, although sharing common innate immune responses, respond differently to external physical stimuli.
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696
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Luga V, Wrana JL. Tumor-stroma interaction: Revealing fibroblast-secreted exosomes as potent regulators of Wnt-planar cell polarity signaling in cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6843-7. [PMID: 24265274 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) regulate tumor progression, but their role in cancer metastasis remains largely unexplored. Exosomes are secreted microvesicles that are emerging as potent mediators of cell-cell communication that are of particular importance in tumor-stroma interactions. The Wnt-planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is the primary regulator of convergent extension cell movements during vertebrate development, but the role of this signaling pathway in cancer cell migration and metastasis has been unclear. Recently, we revealed that fibroblasts secrete exosomes that promote breast cancer cell (BCC) protrusive activity, motility, and metastasis by activating autocrine Wnt-PCP signaling in BCCs. Moreover, we showed that Wnt ligands produced by BCCs tether to fibroblast exosomes upon trafficking of exosomes in BCCs. These findings have several implications that motivate promising future research in the fields of tumor-stroma communication, exosome function, and Wnt-PCP signaling in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valbona Luga
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital; and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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697
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Shifrin DA, Demory Beckler M, Coffey RJ, Tyska MJ. Extracellular vesicles: communication, coercion, and conditioning. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1253-9. [PMID: 23630232 PMCID: PMC3639038 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-08-0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells communicate with neighboring cells and condition their local environment by secreting soluble factors into the extracellular space. These well-studied facets of cell biology are essential for the establishment and maintenance of physiological homeostasis. However, accumulating evidence has revealed that specific ligands, enzymes, and macromolecules are distributed into the extracellular space by virtue of their association with small vesicles, which are released by a variety of cell types. Although the biological significance of such vesicles was initially debated, purification and subsequent functional studies have shown that these extracellular vesicles are bioactive organelles carrying a wide range of protein and nucleic acid cargoes. In many cases these vesicles are laden with molecules that are involved in cell signaling, although other diverse functions are being revealed at a rapid pace. In this Perspective, we discuss recent developments in the understanding of the major pathways of extracellular vesicle biogenesis and how these vesicles contribute to the maintenance of physiological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Shifrin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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698
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Ju R, Zhuang ZW, Zhang J, Lanahan AA, Kyriakides T, Sessa WC, Simons M. Angiopoietin-2 secretion by endothelial cell exosomes: regulation by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and syndecan-4/syntenin pathways. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:510-9. [PMID: 24235146 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.506899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) is an extracellular protein and one of the principal ligands of Tie2 receptor that is involved in the regulation of vascular integrity, quiescence, and inflammation. The mode of secretion of Ang2 has never been established, however. Here, we provide evidence that Ang2 is secreted from endothelial cells via exosomes and that this process is inhibited by the PI3K/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling pathway, whereas it is positively regulated by the syndecan-4/syntenin pathway. Vascular defects in Akt1 null mice arise, in part, because of excessive Ang2 secretion and can be rescued by the syndecan-4 knock-out that reduces extracellular Ang2 levels. This novel mechanism connects three critical signaling pathways: angiopoietin/Tie2, PI3K/Akt/eNOS, and syndecan/syntenin, which play important roles in vascular growth and stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ju
- From the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
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699
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Bischoff M, Gradilla AC, Seijo I, Andrés G, Rodríguez-Navas C, González-Méndez L, Guerrero I. Cytonemes are required for the establishment of a normal Hedgehog morphogen gradient in Drosophila epithelia. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:1269-81. [PMID: 24121526 PMCID: PMC3840581 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signalling is important in development, stem cell biology and disease. In a variety of tissues, Hh acts as a morphogen to regulate growth and cell fate specification. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain morphogen movement, one of which is transport along filopodia-like protrusions called cytonemes. Here, we analyse the mechanism underlying Hh movement in the wing disc and the abdominal epidermis of Drosophila melanogaster. We show that, in both epithelia, cells generate cytonemes in regions of Hh signalling. These protrusions are actin-based and span several cell diameters. Various Hh signalling components localize to cytonemes, as well as to punctate structures that move along cytonemes and are probably exovesicles. Using in vivo imaging, we show that cytonemes are dynamic structures and that Hh gradient establishment correlates with cytoneme formation in space and time. Indeed, mutant conditions that affect cytoneme formation reduce both cytoneme length and Hh gradient length. Our results suggest that cytoneme-mediated Hh transport is the mechanistic basis for Hh gradient formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bischoff
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Ana-Citlali Gradilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Nicolas Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Seijo
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Nicolas Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Andrés
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Nicolas Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Navas
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Nicolas Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura González-Méndez
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Nicolas Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Guerrero
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Nicolas Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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700
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Frühbeis C, Fröhlich D, Kuo WP, Krämer-Albers EM. Extracellular vesicles as mediators of neuron-glia communication. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:182. [PMID: 24194697 PMCID: PMC3812991 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, glia cells maintain homeostasis, synthesize myelin, provide metabolic support, and participate in immune defense. The communication between glia and neurons is essential to synchronize these diverse functions with brain activity. Evidence is accumulating that secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and shedding microvesicles, are key players in intercellular signaling. The cells of the nervous system secrete EVs, which potentially carry protein and RNA cargo from one cell to another. After delivery, the cargo has the ability to modify the target cell phenotype. Here, we review the recent advances in understanding the role of EV secretion by astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Current work has demonstrated that oligodendrocytes transfer exosomes to neurons as a result of neurotransmitter signaling suggesting that these vesicles may mediate glial support of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Frühbeis
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz, Germany
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