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Borreca A, Mantovani C, Desiato G, Corradini I, Filipello F, Elia CA, D'Autilia F, Santamaria G, Garlanda C, Morini R, Pozzi D, Matteoli M. Loss of interleukin 1 signaling causes impairment of microglia- mediated synapse elimination and autistic-like behaviour in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:493-509. [PMID: 38307446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.01.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the hypothesis that elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases has gained popularity. IL-1 is one of the main cytokines found to be elevated in Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by defects in social communication and cognitive impairments. In this study, we demonstrate that mice lacking IL-1 signaling display autistic-like defects associated with an excessive number of synapses. We also show that microglia lacking IL-1 signaling at early neurodevelopmental stages are unable to properly perform the process of synapse engulfment and display excessive activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Notably, even the acute inhibition of IL-1R1 by IL-1Ra is sufficient to enhance mTOR signaling and reduce synaptosome phagocytosis in WT microglia. Finally, we demonstrate that rapamycin treatment rescues the defects in IL-1R deficient mice. These data unveil an exclusive role of microglial IL-1 in synapse refinement via mTOR signaling and indicate a novel mechanism possibly involved in neurodevelopmental disorders associated with defects in the IL-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Borreca
- Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Genni Desiato
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Corradini
- Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabia Filipello
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Adriana Elia
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Autilia
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Santamaria
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Morini
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Pozzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Rasile M, Lauranzano E, Faggiani E, Ravanelli MM, Colombo FS, Mirabella F, Corradini I, Malosio ML, Borreca A, Focchi E, Pozzi D, Giorgino T, Barajon I, Matteoli M. Maternal immune activation leads to defective brain blood vessels and intracerebral hemorrhages in male offspring. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113890. [PMID: 37183451 PMCID: PMC10183814 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
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3
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Rasile M, Lauranzano E, Faggiani E, Ravanelli MM, Colombo FS, Mirabella F, Corradini I, Malosio ML, Borreca A, Focchi E, Pozzi D, Giorgino T, Barajon I, Matteoli M. Maternal immune activation leads to defective brain-blood vessels and intracerebral hemorrhages in male offspring. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111192. [PMID: 36314682 PMCID: PMC9713716 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhages are recognized risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders and represent early biomarkers for cognitive dysfunction and mental disability, but the pathways leading to their occurrence are not well defined. We report that a single intrauterine exposure of the immunostimulant Poly I:C to pregnant mice at gestational day 9, which models a prenatal viral infection and the consequent maternal immune activation, induces the defective formation of brain vessels and causes intracerebral hemorrhagic events, specifically in male offspring. We demonstrate that maternal immune activation promotes the production of the TGF-β1 active form and the consequent enhancement of pSMAD1-5 in males' brain endothelial cells. TGF-β1, in combination with IL-1β, reduces the endothelial expression of CD146 and claudin-5, alters the endothelium-pericyte interplay resulting in low pericyte coverage, and increases hemorrhagic events in the adult offspring. By showing that exposure to Poly I:C at the beginning of fetal cerebral angiogenesis results in sex-specific alterations of brain vessels, we provide a mechanistic framework for the association between intragravidic infections and anomalies of the neural vasculature, which may contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rasile
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve EmanueleItaly,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzanoItaly
| | | | - Elisa Faggiani
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzanoItaly
| | - Margherita M Ravanelli
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve EmanueleItaly,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzanoItaly
| | | | - Filippo Mirabella
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve EmanueleItaly,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzanoItaly
| | - Irene Corradini
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzanoItaly,Institute of Neuroscience (IN‐CNR)National Research Council of ItalyMilanItaly
| | - Maria L Malosio
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzanoItaly,Institute of Neuroscience (IN‐CNR)National Research Council of ItalyMilanItaly
| | - Antonella Borreca
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzanoItaly,Institute of Neuroscience (IN‐CNR)National Research Council of ItalyMilanItaly
| | - Elisa Focchi
- Institute of Neuroscience (IN‐CNR)National Research Council of ItalyMilanItaly
| | - Davide Pozzi
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve EmanueleItaly,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzanoItaly
| | - Toni Giorgino
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF‐CNR)National Research Council of ItalyMilanItaly
| | - Isabella Barajon
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve EmanueleItaly,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzanoItaly
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve EmanueleItaly,Institute of Neuroscience (IN‐CNR)National Research Council of ItalyMilanItaly
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4
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Russo I, Gavello D, Menna E, Vandael D, Veglia C, Morello N, Corradini I, Focchi E, Alfieri A, Angelini C, Bianchi FT, Morellato A, Marcantoni A, Sassoè-Pognetto M, Ottaviani MM, Yekhlef L, Giustetto M, Taverna S, Carabelli V, Matteoli M, Carbone E, Turco E, Defilippi P. p140Cap Regulates GABAergic Synaptogenesis and Development of Hippocampal Inhibitory Circuits. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:91-105. [PMID: 29161354 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuronal scaffold protein p140Cap was investigated during hippocampal network formation. p140Cap is present in presynaptic GABAergic terminals and its genetic depletion results in a marked alteration of inhibitory synaptic activity. p140Cap-/- cultured neurons display higher frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) with no changes of their mean amplitude. Consistent with a potential presynaptic alteration of basal GABA release, p140Cap-/- neurons exhibit a larger synaptic vesicle readily releasable pool, without any variation of single GABAA receptor unitary currents and number of postsynaptic channels. Furthermore, p140Cap-/- neurons show a premature and enhanced network synchronization and appear more susceptible to 4-aminopyridine-induced seizures in vitro and to kainate-induced seizures in vivo. The hippocampus of p140Cap-/- mice showed a significant increase in the number of both inhibitory synapses and of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Specific deletion of p140Cap in forebrain interneurons resulted in increased susceptibility to in vitro epileptic events and increased inhibitory synaptogenesis, comparable to those observed in p140Cap-/- mice. Altogether, our data demonstrate that p140Cap finely tunes inhibitory synaptogenesis and GABAergic neurotransmission, thus regulating the establishment and maintenance of the proper hippocampal excitatory/inhibitory balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Russo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Gavello
- Department of Drug Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,NIS Centre of Excellence, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Milano, Italy.,Istituto Clinico Humanitas, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - David Vandael
- Department of Drug Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,NIS Centre of Excellence, Torino, Italy
| | - Carola Veglia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Noemi Morello
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Irene Corradini
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Milano, Italy.,Istituto Clinico Humanitas, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Alfieri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Costanza Angelini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Tommaso Bianchi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morellato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,NIS Centre of Excellence, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Sassoè-Pognetto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Latefa Yekhlef
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Taverna
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,NIS Centre of Excellence, Torino, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Milano, Italy.,Istituto Clinico Humanitas, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,NIS Centre of Excellence, Torino, Italy
| | - Emilia Turco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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5
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Bavo F, Pucci S, Fasoli F, Lammi C, Moretti M, Mucchietto V, Lattuada D, Viani P, De Palma C, Budriesi R, Corradini I, Dowell C, McIntosh JM, Clementi F, Bolchi C, Gotti C, Pallavicini M. Potent Antiglioblastoma Agents by Hybridizing the Onium-Alkyloxy-Stilbene Based Structures of an α7-nAChR, α9-nAChR Antagonist and of a Pro-Oxidant Mitocan. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10531-10544. [PMID: 30403486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adenocarcinoma and glioblastoma cell lines express α7- and α9α10-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), whose activation promotes tumor cell growth. On these cells, the triethylammoniumethyl ether of 4-stilbenol MG624, a known selective antagonist of α7 and α9α10 nAChRs, has antiproliferative activity. The structural analogy of MG624 with the mitocan RDM-4'BTPI, triphenylphosphoniumbutyl ether of pterostilbene, suggested us that molecular hybridization among their three substructures (stilbenoxy residue, alkylene linker, and terminal onium) and elongation of the alkylene linker might result in novel antitumor agents with higher potency and selectivity. We found that lengthening the ethylene bridge in the triethylammonium derivatives results in more potent and selective toxicity toward adenocarcinoma and glioblastoma cells, which was paralleled by increased α7 and α9α10 nAChR antagonism and improved ability of reducing mitochondrial ATP production. Elongation of the alkylene linker was advantageous also for the triphenylphosphonium derivatives resulting in a generalized enhancement of antitumor activity, associated with increased mitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bavo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Susanna Pucci
- Institute of Neuroscience , CNR , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy.,Hunimed University , Via Rita Levi-Montalcini 4 , 20090 Pieve Emanuele (MI) , Italy
| | - Francesca Fasoli
- Institute of Neuroscience , CNR , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Milena Moretti
- Institute of Neuroscience , CNR , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy
| | - Vanessa Mucchietto
- Institute of Neuroscience , CNR , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy
| | - Donatella Lattuada
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy
| | - Paola Viani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy
| | - Clara De Palma
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology , University Hospital "Luigi Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco , Via G. B. Grassi 74 , I-20157 Milano , Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6 , I-40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Irene Corradini
- Institute of Neuroscience , CNR , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy
| | - Cheryl Dowell
- Department of Biology , University of Utah , 257S.1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - J Michael McIntosh
- Department of Biology , University of Utah , 257S.1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States.,George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center , 500 Foothill Drive , Salt Lake City , Utah 84148 , United States.,Department of Psychiatry , University of Utah , 501 Chipeta Way , Salt Lake City , Utah 84108 , United States
| | - Francesco Clementi
- Institute of Neuroscience , CNR , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy
| | - Cristiano Bolchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- Institute of Neuroscience , CNR , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Vanvitelli 32 , I-20129 Milano , Italy
| | - Marco Pallavicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
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6
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Pozzi D, Corradini I, Matteoli M. The Control of Neuronal Calcium Homeostasis by SNAP-25 and its Impact on Neurotransmitter Release. Neuroscience 2018; 420:72-78. [PMID: 30476527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The process of neurotransmitter release is central to the control of cell-to-cell communication in brain. SNAP-25 is a component of the SNARE complex, which, together with syntaxin-1 and synaptobrevin, mediates synaptic vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. The genetic ablation of the protein or its proteolytic cleavage by botulinum neurotoxins results in a complete block of synaptic transmission. In the last years, several evidences have indicated that SNAP-25 also plays additional modulatory roles in neurotransmission through the control of voltage-gated calcium channels and presynaptic calcium ion concentration. Consistently, reduced levels of the protein affect presynaptic calcium homeostasis and result in pathologically enhanced glutamate exocytosis. The SNAP-25-dependent alterations of synaptic calcium dynamics may have direct impact on the development of neuropsychiatric disorders where the Snap-25 gene has been found to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pozzi
- Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milano, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Irene Corradini
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milano, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
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7
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Filipello F, Morini R, Corradini I, Zerbi V, Canzi A, Michalski B, Erreni M, Markicevic M, Starvaggi-Cucuzza C, Otero K, Piccio L, Cignarella F, Perrucci F, Tamborini M, Genua M, Rajendran L, Menna E, Vetrano S, Fahnestock M, Paolicelli RC, Matteoli M. The Microglial Innate Immune Receptor TREM2 Is Required for Synapse Elimination and Normal Brain Connectivity. Immunity 2018; 48:979-991.e8. [PMID: 29752066 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a microglial innate immune receptor associated with a lethal form of early, progressive dementia, Nasu-Hakola disease, and with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Microglial defects in phagocytosis of toxic aggregates or apoptotic membranes were proposed to be at the origin of the pathological processes in the presence of Trem2 inactivating mutations. Here, we show that TREM2 is essential for microglia-mediated synaptic refinement during the early stages of brain development. The absence of Trem2 resulted in impaired synapse elimination, accompanied by enhanced excitatory neurotransmission and reduced long-range functional connectivity. Trem2-/- mice displayed repetitive behavior and altered sociability. TREM2 protein levels were also negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms in humans affected by autism. These data unveil the role of TREM2 in neuronal circuit sculpting and provide the evidence for the receptor's involvement in neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Filipello
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele - Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Morini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Corradini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy; IN-CNR, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Valerio Zerbi
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, HEST, ETH Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alice Canzi
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele - Milan, Italy
| | - Bernadeta Michalski
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, HSC-4N80, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marco Erreni
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy
| | - Marija Markicevic
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, HEST, ETH Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Starvaggi-Cucuzza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy
| | - Karel Otero
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Acute Neurology and Pain, Biogen Inc., 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Fabio Perrucci
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Tamborini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Genua
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy; IN-CNR, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele - Milan, Italy
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, HSC-4N80, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rosa Chiara Paolicelli
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy; IN-CNR, 20129 Milano, Italy.
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8
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Corradini I, Focchi E, Rasile M, Morini R, Desiato G, Tomasoni R, Lizier M, Ghirardini E, Fesce R, Morone D, Barajon I, Antonucci F, Pozzi D, Matteoli M. Maternal Immune Activation Delays Excitatory-to-Inhibitory Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Switch in Offspring. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:680-691. [PMID: 29146047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between maternal infection and neurodevelopmental defects in progeny is well established, although the biological mechanisms and the pathogenic trajectories involved have not been defined. METHODS Pregnant dams were injected intraperitoneally at gestational day 9 with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Neuronal development was assessed by means of electrophysiological, optical, and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Prenatal exposure to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid causes an imbalanced expression of the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 and the K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2). This results in delayed gamma-aminobutyric acid switch and higher susceptibility to seizures, which endures up to adulthood. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments reveal increased binding of the repressor factor RE1-silencing transcription (also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor) to position 509 of the KCC2 promoter that leads to downregulation of KCC2 transcription in prenatally exposed offspring. Interleukin-1 receptor type I knockout mice, which display braked immune response and no brain cytokine elevation upon maternal immune activation, do not display KCC2/Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 imbalance when implanted in a wild-type dam and prenatally exposed. Notably, pretreatment of pregnant dams with magnesium sulfate is sufficient to prevent the early inflammatory state and the delay in excitatory-to-inhibitory switch associated to maternal immune activation. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that maternal immune activation hits a key neurodevelopmental process, the excitatory-to-inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid switch; defects in this switch have been unequivocally linked to diseases such as autism spectrum disorder or epilepsy. These data open the avenue for a safe pharmacological treatment that may prevent the neurodevelopmental defects caused by prenatal immune activation in a specific pregnancy time window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Corradini
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience - National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Focchi
- Institute of Neuroscience - National Research Council, Milan, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rasile
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy; Hunimed University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Morini
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Genni Desiato
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Romana Tomasoni
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Michela Lizier
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy; Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research - National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Elsa Ghirardini
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Fesce
- Hunimed University, Rozzano, Italy; Neuroscience Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche e Applicate, Insubria University, Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Diego Morone
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Flavia Antonucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Pozzi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy; Hunimed University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience - National Research Council, Milan, Italy.
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9
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Tomasoni R, Morini R, Lopez-Atalaya JP, Corradini I, Canzi A, Rasile M, Mantovani C, Pozzi D, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Menna E, Barco A, Matteoli M. Lack of IL-1R8 in neurons causes hyperactivation of IL-1 receptor pathway and induces MECP2-dependent synaptic defects. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28347403 PMCID: PMC5370184 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation modifies risk and/or severity of a variety of brain diseases through still elusive molecular mechanisms. Here we show that hyperactivation of the interleukin 1 pathway, through either ablation of the interleukin 1 receptor 8 (IL-1R8, also known as SIGIRR or Tir8) or activation of IL-1R, leads to up-regulation of the mTOR pathway and increased levels of the epigenetic regulator MeCP2, bringing to disruption of dendritic spine morphology, synaptic plasticity and plasticity-related gene expression. Genetic correction of MeCP2 levels in IL-1R8 KO neurons rescues the synaptic defects. Pharmacological inhibition of IL-1R activation by Anakinra corrects transcriptional changes, restores MeCP2 levels and spine plasticity and ameliorates cognitive defects in IL-1R8 KO mice. By linking for the first time neuronal MeCP2, a key player in brain development, to immune activation and demonstrating that synaptic defects can be pharmacologically reversed, these data open the possibility for novel treatments of neurological diseases through the immune system modulation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21735.001 Errors that occur while the brain is developing can lead to conditions such as autism and schizophrenia. They can also lead to rare disorders like Rett syndrome and MeCP2 duplication syndromes, which are characterized by severe cognitive and physical disabilities. Many people with these neurodevelopmental disorders have mutations in genes that encode proteins found at synapses, which are the junctions between neurons where the cells exchange information with one another. However, not everyone with these mutations develops a neurodevelopmental disorder, which indicates that other, non-genetic factors also play a part. One of the main non-genetic factors that can influence the risk and severity of neurodevelopmental disorders is inflammation of the brain. Inflammation is a normal part of the body’s immune response to threats such as invading microorganisms or tissue damage. However, abnormal activation of the immune system in early life can trigger excessive inflammation. This increases the risk of a neurodevelopmental disorder, but it is not clear exactly how it does so. Tomasoni et al. set out to test whether the missing link between inflammation and neurodevelopmental disorders might be damage to synapses. The experiments revealed that genetically modified mice with inflammation of the brain have abnormal synapses and are unable to learn properly. These mutant mice also have excessive levels of a protein that influences how synapses function called MeCP2, which is missing in the brains of people with Rett syndrome and abnormally increased in brains of patients affected by MeCP2 Duplication Syndrome. This is thus the first evidence that directly links inflammation of the brain to a synapse protein implicated in a disorder of brain development. Tomasoni et al. also found that a drug called anakinra – which is used to treat an inflammatory disease called rheumatoid arthritis – reduced levels of MeCP2 in the mutant mice and improved their performance in cognitive tasks. Together, these results raise the possibility that anti-inflammatory medications may be beneficial in the treatment of neurodevelopment disorders. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21735.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Tomasoni
- IRCCS Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.,Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Jose P Lopez-Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Alice Canzi
- IRCCS Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.,Hunimed University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Marco Rasile
- IRCCS Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.,Hunimed University, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Davide Pozzi
- IRCCS Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.,Hunimed University, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Angel Barco
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Alicante, Spain
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10
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Antonucci F, Corradini I, Fossati G, Tomasoni R, Menna E, Matteoli M. SNAP-25, a Known Presynaptic Protein with Emerging Postsynaptic Functions. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:7. [PMID: 27047369 PMCID: PMC4805587 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of synaptic specializations is their dependence on highly organized complexes of proteins that interact with each other. The loss or modification of key synaptic proteins directly affects the properties of such networks, ultimately impacting synaptic function. SNAP-25 is a component of the SNARE complex, which is central to synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and, by directly interacting with different calcium channels subunits, it negatively modulates neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels, thus regulating intracellular calcium dynamics. The SNAP-25 gene has been associated with distinct brain diseases, including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, indicating that the protein may act as a shared biological substrate among different "synaptopathies". The mechanisms by which alterations in SNAP-25 may concur to these psychiatric diseases are still undefined, although alterations in neurotransmitter release have been indicated as potential causative processes. This review summarizes recent work showing that SNAP-25 not only controls exo/endocytic processes at the presynaptic terminal, but also regulates postsynaptic receptor trafficking, spine morphogenesis, and plasticity, thus opening the possibility that SNAP-25 defects may contribute to psychiatric diseases by impacting not only presynaptic but also postsynaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Antonucci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Corradini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy; Istituto di Neuroscienze, Centro Nazionale RicercheMilan, Italy
| | - Giuliana Fossati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS Rozzano Rozzano, Italy
| | - Romana Tomasoni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS Rozzano Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Centro Nazionale RicercheMilan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS RozzanoRozzano, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Centro Nazionale RicercheMilan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS RozzanoRozzano, Italy
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11
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Tamborini M, Locatelli E, Rasile M, Monaco I, Rodighiero S, Corradini I, Franchini MC, Passoni L, Matteoli M. A Combined Approach Employing Chlorotoxin-Nanovectors and Low Dose Radiation To Reach Infiltrating Tumor Niches in Glioblastoma. ACS Nano 2016; 10:2509-2520. [PMID: 26745323 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of glioma, with life expectancy of around 2 years after diagnosis, due to recidivism and to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limiting the amount of drugs which reach the residual malignant cells, thus contributing to the failure of chemotherapies. To bypass the obstacles imposed by the BBB, we investigated the use of nanotechnologies combined with radiotherapy, as a potential therapeutic strategy for GBM. We used poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (PNP) conjugated to chlorotoxin (CTX), a peptide reported to bind selectively to glioma cells. Silver nanoparticles were entrapped inside the functionalized nanoparticles (Ag-PNP-CTX), to allow detection and quantification of the cellular uptake by confocal microscopy, both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments performed with different human glioblastoma cell lines showed higher cytoplasmic uptake of Ag-PNP-CTX, with respect to nonfunctionalized nanoparticles. In vivo experiments showed that Ag-NP-CTX efficiently targets the tumor, but are scarcely effective in crossing the blood brain barrier in the healthy brain, where dispersed metastatic cells are present. We show here that single whole brain X-ray irradiation, performed 20 h before nanoparticle injection, enhances the expression of the CTX targets, MMP-2 and ClC-3, and, through BBB permeabilization, potently increases the amount of internalized Ag-PNP-CTX even in dispersed cells, and generated an efficient antitumor synergistic effect able to inhibit in vivo tumor growth. Notably, the application of Ag-PNP-CTX to irradiated tumor cells decreases the extracellular activity of MMP-2. By targeting dispersed GBM cells and reducing MMP-2 activity, the combined use of CTX-nanovectors with radiotherapy may represent a promising therapeutic approach toward GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tamborini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Erica Locatelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Rasile
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Research Hospital , Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Monaco
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Irene Corradini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Comes Franchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Passoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Research Hospital , Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy
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12
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Fossati G, Morini R, Corradini I, Antonucci F, Trepte P, Edry E, Sharma V, Papale A, Pozzi D, Defilippi P, Meier JC, Brambilla R, Turco E, Rosenblum K, Wanker EE, Ziv NE, Menna E, Matteoli M. Reduced SNAP-25 increases PSD-95 mobility and impairs spine morphogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1425-36. [PMID: 25678324 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of synaptic function can lead to neuropsychiatric disorders collectively referred to as synaptopathies. The SNARE protein SNAP-25 is implicated in several brain pathologies and, indeed, brain areas of psychiatric patients often display reduced SNAP-25 expression. It has been recently found that acute downregulation of SNAP-25 in brain slices impairs long-term potentiation; however, the processes through which this occurs are still poorly defined. We show that in vivo acute downregulation of SNAP-25 in CA1 hippocampal region affects spine number. Consistently, hippocampal neurons from SNAP-25 heterozygous mice show reduced densities of dendritic spines and defective PSD-95 dynamics. Finally, we show that, in brain, SNAP-25 is part of a molecular complex including PSD-95 and p140Cap, with p140Cap being capable to bind to both SNAP-25 and PSD-95. These data demonstrate an unexpected role of SNAP-25 in controlling PSD-95 clustering and open the possibility that genetic reductions of the protein levels - as occurring in schizophrenia - may contribute to the pathology through an effect on postsynaptic function and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fossati
- 1] Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano 20129, Italy [2] Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy
| | - R Morini
- 1] Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano 20129, Italy [2] Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy
| | - I Corradini
- 1] Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano 20129, Italy [2] Istituto di Neuroscienze del CNR, Milano 20129, Italy
| | - F Antonucci
- 1] Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano 20129, Italy [2] Istituto di Neuroscienze del CNR, Milano 20129, Italy
| | - P Trepte
- Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - E Edry
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Center for Gene Manipulation in the Adult Brain (CGMB), Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
| | - V Sharma
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Center for Gene Manipulation in the Adult Brain (CGMB), Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Papale
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - D Pozzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy
| | - P Defilippi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10124, Italy
| | - J C Meier
- 1] RNA Editing and Hyperexcitability Disorders Helmholtz Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany [2] TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Division of Cell Biology and Cell Physiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - R Brambilla
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - E Turco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10124, Italy
| | - K Rosenblum
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Center for Gene Manipulation in the Adult Brain (CGMB), Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
| | - E E Wanker
- Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - N E Ziv
- Network Biology Labs and Faculty of Medicine, Technion, 33000 Haifa, Israel
| | - E Menna
- 1] Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy [2] Istituto di Neuroscienze del CNR, Milano 20129, Italy
| | - M Matteoli
- 1] Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano 20129, Italy [2] Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy
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13
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Braida D, Guerini FR, Ponzoni L, Corradini I, De Astis S, Pattini L, Bolognesi E, Benfante R, Fornasari D, Chiappedi M, Ghezzo A, Clerici M, Matteoli M, Sala M. Association between SNAP-25 gene polymorphisms and cognition in autism: functional consequences and potential therapeutic strategies. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e500. [PMID: 25629685 PMCID: PMC4312830 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) is involved in different neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Consistently, SNAP-25 polymorphisms in humans are associated with hyperactivity and/or with low cognitive scores. We analysed five SNAP-25 gene polymorphisms (rs363050, rs363039, rs363043, rs3746544 and rs1051312) in 46 autistic children trying to correlate them with Childhood Autism Rating Scale and electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities. The functional effects of rs363050 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on the gene transcriptional activity, by means of the luciferase reporter gene, were evaluated. To investigate the functional consequences that SNAP-25 reduction may have in children, the behaviour and EEG of SNAP-25(+/-) adolescent mice (SNAP-25(+/+)) were studied. Significant association of SNAP-25 polymorphism with decreasing cognitive scores was observed. Analysis of transcriptional activity revealed that SNP rs363050 encompasses a regulatory element, leading to protein expression decrease. Reduction of SNAP-25 levels in adolescent mice was associated with hyperactivity, cognitive and social impairment and an abnormal EEG, characterized by the occurrence of frequent spikes. Both EEG abnormalities and behavioural deficits were rescued by repeated exposure for 21 days to sodium salt valproate (VLP). A partial recovery of SNAP-25 expression content in SNAP-25(+/-) hippocampi was also observed by means of western blotting. A reduced expression of SNAP-25 is responsible for the cognitive deficits in children affected by autism spectrum disorders, as presumably occurring in the presence of rs363050(G) allele, and for behavioural and EEG alterations in adolescent mice. VLP treatment could result in novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Braida
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy,Fondazione IRCCS Don Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - L Ponzoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy,Fondazione Fratelli Confalonieri, Milan, Italy
| | | | - S De Astis
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - L Pattini
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - R Benfante
- CNR—Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - D Fornasari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy,CNR—Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M Chiappedi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Ghezzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Associazione Nazionale Famiglie di Persone con Disabilitá Affettiva e/o Relazionale (ANFFAS), Macerata, Italy
| | - M Clerici
- Fondazione IRCCS Don Gnocchi, Milan, Italy,Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Matteoli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - M Sala
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy,CNR—Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy,Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milan 20129, Italy. E-mail:
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14
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De Astis S, Corradini I, Morini R, Rodighiero S, Tomasoni R, Lenardi C, Verderio C, Milani P, Matteoli M. Nanostructured TiO2 surfaces promote polarized activation of microglia, but not astrocytes, toward a proinflammatory profile. Nanoscale 2013; 5:10963-10974. [PMID: 24065287 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03534d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, has been implicated in the inflammatory responses underlying brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The classic activation state (M1) is characterized by high capacity to present antigens, high production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines. Classically activated cells act as potent effectors that drive the inflammatory response and may mediate detrimental effects on neural cells. The second phenotype (M2) is an alternative, apparently beneficial, activation state, more related to a fine tuning of inflammation, scavenging of debris, promotion of angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and repair. Specific environmental chemical signals are able to induce these different polarization states. We provide here evidence that nanostructured substrates are able, exclusively in virtue of their physical properties, to push microglia toward the proinflammatory activation phenotype, with an efficacy which reflects the graded nanoscale rugosity. The acquisition of a proinflammatory phenotype appears specific for microglia and not astrocytes, indicating that these two cell types, although sharing common innate immune responses, respond differently to external physical stimuli.
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15
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Ricotti L, Fujie T, Vazão H, Ciofani G, Marotta R, Brescia R, Filippeschi C, Corradini I, Matteoli M, Mattoli V, Ferreira L, Menciassi A. Boron nitride nanotube-mediated stimulation of cell co-culture on micro-engineered hydrogels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71707. [PMID: 23977119 PMCID: PMC3743765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the effects of the combination of topographical, mechanical, chemical and intracellular electrical stimuli on a co-culture of fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells. The co-culture was anisotropically grown onto an engineered micro-grooved (10 µm-wide grooves) polyacrylamide substrate, showing a precisely tuned Young’s modulus (∼ 14 kPa) and a small thickness (∼ 12 µm). We enhanced the co-culture properties through intracellular stimulation produced by piezoelectric nanostructures (i.e., boron nitride nanotubes) activated by ultrasounds, thus exploiting the ability of boron nitride nanotubes to convert outer mechanical waves (such as ultrasounds) in intracellular electrical stimuli, by exploiting the direct piezoelectric effect. We demonstrated that nanotubes were internalized by muscle cells and localized in both early and late endosomes, while they were not internalized by the underneath fibroblast layer. Muscle cell differentiation benefited from the synergic combination of topographical, mechanical, chemical and nanoparticle-based stimuli, showing good myotube development and alignment towards a preferential direction, as well as high expression of genes encoding key proteins for muscle contraction (i.e., actin and myosin). We also clarified the possible role of fibroblasts in this process, highlighting their response to the above mentioned physical stimuli in terms of gene expression and cytokine production. Finally, calcium imaging-based experiments demonstrated a higher functionality of the stimulated co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ricotti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- WPI - Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Helena Vazão
- Biocant - Center of Biotechnology Innovation Center, Cantanhede, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Filippeschi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Corradini
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Biocant - Center of Biotechnology Innovation Center, Cantanhede, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arianna Menciassi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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16
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Verderio C, Muzio L, Turola E, Bergami A, Novellino L, Ruffini F, Riganti L, Corradini I, Francolini M, Garzetti L, Maiorino C, Servida F, Vercelli A, Rocca M, Dalla Libera D, Martinelli V, Comi G, Martino G, Matteoli M, Furlan R. Myeloid microvesicles are a marker and therapeutic target for neuroinflammation. Ann Neurol 2013; 72:610-24. [PMID: 23109155 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microvesicles (MVs) have been indicated as important mediators of intercellular communication and are emerging as new biomarkers of tissue damage. Our previous data indicate that reactive microglia/macrophages release MVs in vitro. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether MVs are released by microglia/macrophages in vivo and whether their number varies in brain inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Electron and fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to detect myeloid MVs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy controls, MS patients, and rodents affected by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. RESULTS Myeloid MVs were detected in CSF of healthy controls. In relapsing and remitting EAE mice, the concentration of myeloid MVs in the CSF was significantly increased and closely associated with disease course. Analysis of MVs in the CSF of 28 relapsing patients and 28 patients with clinical isolated syndrome from 2 independent cohorts revealed higher levels of myeloid MVs than in 13 age-matched controls, indicating a clinical value of MVs as a companion tool to capture disease activity. Myeloid MVs were found to spread inflammatory signals both in vitro and in vivo at the site of administration; mice impaired in MV shedding were protected from EAE, suggesting a pathogenic role for MVs in the disease. Finally, FTY720, the first approved oral MS drug, significantly reduced the amount of MVs in the CSF of EAE-treated mice. INTERPRETATION These findings identify myeloid MVs as a marker and therapeutic target of brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Verderio
- Italian National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Inverardi F, Chikhladze M, Donzelli A, Moroni RF, Regondi MC, Pennacchio P, Zucca I, Corradini I, Braida D, Sala M, Franceschetti S, Frassoni C. Cytoarchitectural, behavioural and neurophysiological dysfunctions in the BCNU-treated rat model of cortical dysplasia. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 37:150-62. [PMID: 23095101 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cortical dysplasias (CDs) include a spectrum of cerebral lesions resulting from cortical development abnormalities during embryogenesis that lead to cognitive disabilities and epilepsy. The experimental model of CD obtained by means of in utero administration of BCNU (1-3-bis-chloroethyl-nitrosurea) to pregnant rats on embryonic day 15 mimics the histopathological abnormalities observed in many patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavioural, electrophysiological and anatomical profile of BCNU-treated rats in order to determine whether cortical and hippocampal lesions can directly lead to cognitive dysfunction. The BCNU-treated rats showed impaired short-term working memory but intact long-term aversive memory, whereas their spontaneous motor activity and anxiety-like response were normal. The histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses, made after behavioural tests, revealed the disrupted integrity of neuronal populations and connecting fibres in hippocampus and prefrontal and entorhinal cortices, which are involved in memory processes. An electrophysiological evaluation of the CA1 region of in vitro hippocampal slices indicated a decrease in the efficiency of excitatory synaptic transmission and impaired paired pulse facilitation, but enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) associated with hyperexcitability in BCNU-treated rats compared with controls. The enhanced LTP, associated with hyperexcitability, may indicate a pathological distortion of long-term plasticity. These findings suggest that prenatal developmental insults at the time of peak cortical neurogenesis can induce anatomical abnormalities associated with severe impairment of spatial working memory in adult BCNU-treated rats and may help to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction that is often associated with epilepsy in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Inverardi
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy
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Corradini I, Donzelli A, Antonucci F, Welzl H, Loos M, Martucci R, De Astis S, Pattini L, Inverardi F, Wolfer D, Caleo M, Bozzi Y, Verderio C, Frassoni C, Braida D, Clerici M, Lipp HP, Sala M, Matteoli M. Epileptiform Activity and Cognitive Deficits in SNAP-25+/− Mice are Normalized by Antiepileptic Drugs. Cereb Cortex 2012; 24:364-76. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Nutritional support in critically ill neonatal foals is of great importance given their high metabolic rate and minimal stores of energy and protein. Nutrient requirements of healthy growing foals have been estimated based on daily milk intake; however, little is known about the resting energy expenditure (REE) of sick foals. OBJECTIVES To determine REE in critically ill neonatal foals (sepsis and/or hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy [HIE] and compare this with REE in control foals. METHODS Critically ill newborn foals admitted to the Fundació Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain from March 2009 to February 2011 were included in this study. Healthy neonatal foals and foals with nonsystemic conditions were used as controls. Oxygen consumption and CO2 production were measured with a respiratory monitor connected to a tight fitting facemask and REE (kcal/kg bwt/day) was calculated with the abbreviated Weir formula. Measurements were performed within 24 h of admission and repeatedly during hospitalisation. RESULTS Twenty-seven foals were included (16 critically ill foals and 11 controls) and a total of 47 measurements were performed. In the critically ill, REE was reduced (mean +/- s.e. 49.5 +/- 2.1 kcal/kg bwt/day) on admission relative to the controls. In surviving foals (n = 5), REE before hospital discharge was not different (68.4 +/- 7.0 kcal/kg bwt/day) from control foals (64.8 +/- 2.7 kcal/kg bwt/day). CONCLUSIONS REE was lower in critically ill foals upon admission (40-50 kcal/kg bwt/day) and normalised before hospital discharge (60-80 kcal/kg bwt/day). POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Critically ill neonatal foals tolerating enteral feeding would receive approximately their REE when given 10% of their bodyweight in mare's milk daily. For sick neonates unable to tolerate enteral nutrition, provision of 50 kcal/kg bwt/day would be a reasonable goal for parenteral nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jose-Cunilleras
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Departament de Medicina Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Condliffe SB, Corradini I, Pozzi D, Verderio C, Matteoli M. Endogenous SNAP-25 regulates native voltage-gated calcium channels in glutamatergic neurons. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24968-76. [PMID: 20522554 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.145813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its primary role as a fundamental component of the SNARE complex, SNAP-25 also modulates voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) in various overexpression systems. Although these studies suggest a potential negative regulatory role of SNAP-25 on VGCC activity, the effects of endogenous SNAP-25 on native VGCC function in neurons are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the VGCC properties of cultured glutamatergic and GABAergic rat hippocampal neurons. Glutamatergic currents were dominated by P/Q-type channels, whereas GABAergic cells had a dominant L-type component. Also, glutamatergic VGCC current densities were significantly lower with enhanced inactivation rates and shifts in the voltage dependence of activation and inactivation curves compared with GABAergic cells. Silencing endogenous SNAP-25 in glutamatergic neurons did not alter P/Q-type channel expression or localization but led to increased VGCC current density without changes in the VGCC subtype proportions. Isolation of the P/Q-type component indicated that increased current in the absence of SNAP-25 was correlated with a large depolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation. Overexpressing SNAP-25 in GABAergic neurons reduced current density without affecting the VGCC subtype proportion. Accordingly, VGCC current densities in glutamatergic neurons from Snap-25(+/-) mice were significantly elevated compared with wild type glutamatergic neurons. Overall, this study demonstrates that endogenous SNAP-25 negatively regulates native VGCCs in glutamatergic neurons which could have important implications for neurological diseases associated with altered SNAP-25 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Condliffe
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy.
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Grumelli C, Corradini I, Matteoli M, Verderio C. Intrinsic calcium dynamics control botulinum toxin A susceptibility in distinct neuronal populations. Cell Calcium 2010; 47:419-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa) is a plasma membrane protein that, together with syntaxin and the synaptic vesicle protein VAMP/synaptobrevin, forms the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) docking complex for regulated exocytosis. SNAP-25 also modulates different voltage-gated calcium channels, representing therefore a multifunctional protein that plays essential roles in neurotransmitter release at different steps. Recent genetic studies of human populations and of some mouse models implicate alterations in SNAP-25 gene structure, expression, and/or function in contributing directly to these distinct neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Corradini
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Terrin L, Dolcetti R, Corradini I, Indraccolo S, Dal Col J, Bertorelle R, Bonaldi L, Esposito G, De Rossi A. hTERT inhibits the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle and promotes the proliferation of primary B lymphocytes: implications for EBV-driven lymphomagenesis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:576-87. [PMID: 17417773 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transformation of primary B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) requires the establishment of a latent infection, the expression of several latent viral proteins and a sustained telomerase activity. We investigated the interplay between the activation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic rate-limiting component of the telomerase complex, and the expression of latent/lytic EBV genes during the establishment of a stably latent EBV infection of normal B lymphocytes. Cell cultures at early passages after EBV infection greatly differed in their timing of hTERT expression and telomerase activation. Induction of hTERT was dependent on the balance between latent and lytic EBV gene expression, being positively associated with a high ratio of latent/lytic isoforms of latent membrane protein 1, and negatively associated with the expression of BZLF1 gene, the main activator of the viral lytic cycle. In turn, hTERT expression was followed by a decrease in EBV lytic gene expression and virus production. Ectopic expression of hTERT in BZLF1-positive B cell cultures resulted in BZLF1 down-regulation, increased resistance to lytic cycle induction, and enhanced in vitro growth properties, whereas hTERT inhibition by siRNA triggered the activation of the EBV lytic cycle. These findings indicate that hTERT contributes by multiple mechanisms to the EBV-driven transformation of B lymphocytes and suggest that hTERT may constitute a therapeutic target for EBV-associated B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Terrin
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Section of Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Terrin L, Trentin L, Degan M, Corradini I, Bertorelle R, Carli P, Maschio N, Bo MD, Noventa F, Gattei V, Semenzato G, De Rossi A. Telomerase expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia predicts survival and delineates subgroups of patients with the same igVH mutation status and different outcome. Leukemia 2007; 21:965-72. [PMID: 17344921 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Activation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is essential for unlimited cell growth and plays a critical role in tumorigenesis. We investigated hTERT gene expression in 134 B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cases and evaluated its prognostic value with other prognostic markers (IgVH mutation status, CD38 and ZAP-70 expression). Real-time PCR assays to quantify either all hTERT transcripts (AT) or only the full length (FL) transcript encoding the functional protein were developed. hTERT-AT levels strongly correlated with hTERT-FT levels (r=0.743, P<0.0001); both inversely correlated with the percentage of IgVH mutation (P<0.005) and were significantly higher in unmutated than in mutated cases (P=0.004 and P=0.001, respectively). The hTERT values which best discriminated between the unmutated and mutated IgVH cases were 150 and 40 copies for hTERT-AT and hTERT-FL, respectively. Using these cut-off values, there was a significant difference in the survival of patients with high or low hTERT levels (P<0.0001). Unmutated cases with low hTERT levels had an overall survival close to mutated cases with high hTERT levels. Thus, this work identifies hTERT-RNA level as a new prognostic marker in B-CLL, and may be used to identify previously unrecognized patient groups with the same IgVH mutation status and different disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Terrin
- Section of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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