651
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Saengwimol D, Rojanaporn D, Chaitankar V, Chittavanich P, Aroonroch R, Boontawon T, Thammachote W, Jinawath N, Hongeng S, Kaewkhaw R. A three-dimensional organoid model recapitulates tumorigenic aspects and drug responses of advanced human retinoblastoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15664. [PMID: 30353124 PMCID: PMC6199308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent or recurrent retinoblastoma (RB) is associated with the presence of vitreous or/and subretinal seeds in advanced RB and represents a major cause of therapeutic failure. This necessitates the development of novel therapies and thus requires a model of advanced RB for testing candidate therapeutics. To this aim, we established and characterized a three-dimensional, self-organizing organoid model derived from chemotherapy-naïve tumors. The responses of organoids to drugs were determined and compared to relate organoid model to advanced RB, in terms of drug sensitivities. We found that organoids had histological features resembling retinal tumors and seeds and retained DNA copy-number alterations as well as gene and protein expression of the parental tissue. Cone signal circuitry (M/L+ cells) and glial tumor microenvironment (GFAP+ cells) were primarily present in organoids. Topotecan alone or the combined drug regimen of topotecan and melphalan effectively targeted proliferative tumor cones (RXRγ+ Ki67+) in organoids after 24-h drug exposure, blocking mitotic entry. In contrast, methotrexate showed the least efficacy against tumor cells. The drug responses of organoids were consistent with those of tumor cells in advanced disease. Patient-derived organoids enable the creation of a faithful model to use in examining novel therapeutics for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangporn Saengwimol
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangnate Rojanaporn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- Bioinformatics Computational Biology Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Pamorn Chittavanich
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rangsima Aroonroch
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tatpong Boontawon
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weerin Thammachote
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natini Jinawath
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rossukon Kaewkhaw
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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652
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät Chemie, Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 Dortmund 44221 Germany
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653
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Phelan MA, Lelkes PI, Swaroop A. Mini and customized low-cost bioreactors for optimized high-throughput generation of tissue organoids. Stem Cell Investig 2018; 5:33. [PMID: 30498744 PMCID: PMC6232071 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2018.09.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Phelan
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter I. Lelkes
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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654
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Zhang K, Fang H, Qin Y, Zhang L, Yin J. Functionalized Scaffold for in Situ Efficient Gene Transfection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Spheroids toward Chondrogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33993-34004. [PMID: 30207161 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroids possess enhanced chondrogenesis ability and limited fibrosis, exhibiting advantage toward hyaline-like cartilage regeneration. However, because of the limited cell surfaces in spheroid exposed to DNA/vector, it is difficult to realize efficient gene transfection, most of which highly rely on cell-substrate interaction. Here, we report a poly(l-glutamic acid)-based porous scaffold with tunable inner surfaces that can sequentially realize cell-scaffold attachment and detachment, as well as the followed in situ spheroid formation. The attachment and detachment of cells from scaffold is achieved by the capture and release of fibronectin (Fn) via reversible imine linkage between aromatic aldehyde groups of scaffold and amino groups of Fn. Together with N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan chloride condensing plasmid DNA encoding transforming growth factor-β1 (pDNA-TGF-β1), cell attachment realizes efficient surface-mediated gene transfection. Conversion of scaffold stiffness can affect the adhesion shape of cells. Stiffer scaffold reinforces the adhesion, leading to the amplification of peripheral focal adhesions and the promotion of cell spreading, as well as the promotion of gene transfection efficiency. After cellular detachment from the scaffold via lysine treatment, the subsequent spheroid formation with extensive cell-cell interaction up-regulates the corresponding protein expression with a prolonged term. With the induction effect of the expressed TGF-β1, significantly enhanced chondrogenesis of MSCs in spheroids is achieved at 10 d in vitro. Well-regenerated cartilage at 8 weeks in vivo indicates that the present gene transfection system is a platform that can be potentially applied toward cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunxi Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , PR China
| | - Haowei Fang
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , PR China
| | - Yechi Qin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , PR China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , PR China
| | - Jingbo Yin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , PR China
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655
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Lee KK, McCauley HA, Broda TR, Kofron MJ, Wells JM, Hong CI. Human stomach-on-a-chip with luminal flow and peristaltic-like motility. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3079-3085. [PMID: 30238091 PMCID: PMC6364752 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00910d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Current in vitro approaches and animal models have critical limitations for modeling human gastrointestinal diseases because they may not properly represent multicellular human primary tissues. Therefore, there is a need for model platforms that recapitulate human in vivo development, physiology, and disease processes to validate new therapeutics. One of the major steps toward this goal was the generation of three-dimensional (3D) human gastric organoids (hGOs) via the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The normal functions and diseases of the stomach occur in the luminal epithelium, however accessing the epithelium on the inside of organoids is challenging. We sought to develop a bioengineered platform to introduce luminal flow through hGOs to better model in vivo gastric functions. Here, we report an innovative microfluidic imaging platform housing hGOs with peristaltic luminal flow in vitro. This human stomach-on-a-chip allows robust, long-term, 3D growth of hGOs with the capacity for luminal delivery via a peristaltic pump. Organoids were cannulated and medium containing fluorescent dextran was delivered through the lumen using a peristaltic pump. This system also allowed us to rhythmically introduce stretch and contraction to the organoid, reminiscent of gastric motility. Our platform has the potential for long-term delivery of nutrients or pharmacological agents into the gastric lumen in vitro for the study of human gastric physiology, disease modeling, and drug screening, among other possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Kug Lee
- Computational and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
| | - Heather A. McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Taylor R. Broda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Matthew J. Kofron
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James M. Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christian I. Hong
- Computational and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
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656
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Abstract
Cerebral organoids are 3D stem cell-derived models that can be utilized to study the human brain. The current consensus is that cerebral organoids consist of cells derived from the neuroectodermal lineage. This limits their value and applicability, as mesodermal-derived microglia are important players in neural development and disease. Remarkably, here we show that microglia can innately develop within a cerebral organoid model and display their characteristic ramified morphology. The transcriptome and response to inflammatory stimulation of these organoid-grown microglia closely mimic the transcriptome and response of adult microglia acutely isolated from post mortem human brain tissue. In addition, organoid-grown microglia mediate phagocytosis and synaptic material is detected inside them. In all, our study characterizes a microglia-containing organoid model that represents a valuable tool for studying the interplay between microglia, macroglia, and neurons in human brain development and disease. Brain organoid models reported to date lack cells of mesodermal origin, such as microglia. Here, the authors demonstrate that mature microglia-like cells are generated within their cerebral organoid model, providing new avenues for studying human microglia in a three-dimensional brain environment.
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657
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Okano S, Abu-Elmagd K, Kish DD, Keslar K, Baldwin WM, Fairchild RL, Fujiki M, Khanna A, Osman M, Costa G, Fung J, Miller C, Kayashima H, Hashimoto K. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells increase and inhibit donor-reactive T cell responses to graft intestinal epithelium in intestinal transplant patients. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:2544-2558. [PMID: 29509288 PMCID: PMC6127002 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in immunosuppressive regimens have decreased acute cellular rejection (ACR) rates and improved intestinal and multivisceral transplant (ITx) recipient survival. We investigated the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in ITx. We identified MDSCs as CD33+ CD11b+ lineage(CD3/CD56/CD19)- HLA-DR-/low cells with 3 subsets, CD14- CD15- (e-MDSCs), CD14+ CD15- (M-MDSCs), and CD14- CD15+ (PMN-MDSCs), in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and mononuclear cells in the grafted intestinal mucosa. Total MDSC numbers increased in PBMCs after ITx; among MDSC subsets, M-MDSC numbers were maintained at a high level after 2 months post ITx. The MDSC numbers decreased in ITx recipients with ACR. MDSC numbers were positively correlated with serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels and the glucocorticoid administration index. IL-6 and methylprednisolone enhanced the differentiation of bone marrow cells to MDSCs in vitro. M-MDSCs and e-MDSCs expressed CCR1, -2, and -3; e-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs expressed CXCR2; and intestinal grafts expressed the corresponding chemokine ligands after ITx. Of note, the percentage of MDSCs among intestinal mucosal CD45+ cells increased after ITx. A novel in vitro assay demonstrated that MDSCs suppressed donor-reactive T cell-mediated destruction of donor intestinal epithelial organoids. Taken together, our results suggest that MDSCs accumulate in the recipient PBMCs and the grafted intestinal mucosa in ITx, and may regulate ACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Okano
- Transplant Center, Dept. General Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Dept. Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Address for correspondence: Shinji Okano M.D., Ph.D., Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, 2070 East 90th Street, NB3-30, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. Fax number: +1 216 444 3146, Telephone number: +1 216 444 1230, or
| | - Kareem Abu-Elmagd
- Transplant Center, Dept. General Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Danielle D Kish
- Dept. Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Karen Keslar
- Dept. Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - William M. Baldwin
- Dept. Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Dept. Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Masato Fujiki
- Transplant Center, Dept. General Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Ajai Khanna
- Transplant Center, Dept. General Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Mohammed Osman
- Transplant Center, Dept. General Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Guilherme Costa
- Transplant Center, Dept. General Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - John Fung
- Transplant Center, Dept. General Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Charles Miller
- Transplant Center, Dept. General Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Hiroto Kayashima
- Transplant Center, Dept. General Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Koji Hashimoto
- Transplant Center, Dept. General Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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658
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Anlaş AA, Nelson CM. Tissue mechanics regulates form, function, and dysfunction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 54:98-105. [PMID: 29890398 PMCID: PMC6214752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis encompasses the developmental processes that reorganize groups of cells into functional tissues and organs. The spatiotemporal patterning of individual cell behaviors is influenced by how cells perceive and respond to mechanical forces, and determines final tissue architecture. Here, we review recent work examining the physical mechanisms of tissue morphogenesis in vertebrate and invertebrate models, discuss how epithelial cells employ contractility to induce global changes that lead to tissue folding, and describe how tissue form itself regulates cell behavior. We then highlight novel tools to recapitulate these processes in engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alişya A Anlaş
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States.
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659
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Mierke CT, Sauer F, Grosser S, Puder S, Fischer T, Käs JA. The two faces of enhanced stroma: Stroma acts as a tumor promoter and a steric obstacle. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3831. [PMID: 29215759 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to genetic, morphological and biochemical alterations in cells, a key feature of the malignant progression of cancer is the stroma, including cancer cell motility as well as the emergence of metastases. Our current knowledge with regard to the biophysically driven experimental approaches of cancer progression indicates that mechanical aberrations are major contributors to the malignant progression of cancer. In particular, the mechanical probing of the stroma is of great interest. However, the impact of the tumor stroma on cellular motility, and hence the metastatic cascade leading to the malignant progression of cancer, is controversial as there are two different and opposing effects within the stroma. On the one hand, the stroma can promote and enhance the proliferation, survival and migration of cancer cells through mechanotransduction processes evoked by fiber alignment as a result of increased stroma rigidity. This enables all types of cancer to overcome restrictive biological capabilities. On the other hand, as a result of its structural constraints, the stroma acts as a steric obstacle for cancer cell motility in dense three-dimensional extracellular matrices, when the pore size is smaller than the cell's nucleus. The mechanical properties of the stroma, such as the tissue matrix stiffness and the entire architectural network of the stroma, are the major players in providing the optimal environment for cancer cell migration. Thus, biophysical methods determining the mechanical properties of the stroma, such as magnetic resonance elastography, are critical for the diagnosis and prediction of early cancer stages. Fibrogenesis and cancer are tightly connected, as there is an elevated risk of cancer on cystic fibrosis or, subsequently, cirrhosis. This also applies to the subsequent metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Sauer
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Soft Matter Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Grosser
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Soft Matter Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Puder
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Fischer
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef Alfons Käs
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Soft Matter Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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660
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Durbin MD, Cadar AG, Chun YW, Hong CC. Investigating pediatric disorders with induced pluripotent stem cells. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:499-508. [PMID: 30065271 PMCID: PMC6265074 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The study of disease pathophysiology has long relied on model systems, including animal models and cultured cells. In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka achieved a breakthrough by reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This revolutionary discovery provided new opportunities for disease modeling and therapeutic intervention. With established protocols, investigators can generate iPSC lines from patient blood, urine, and tissue samples. These iPSCs retain ability to differentiate into every human cell type. Advances in differentiation and organogenesis move cellular in vitro modeling to a multicellular model capable of recapitulating physiology and disease. Here, we discuss limitations of traditional animal and tissue culture models, as well as the application of iPSC models. We highlight various techniques, including reprogramming strategies, directed differentiation, tissue engineering, organoid developments, and genome editing. We extensively summarize current established iPSC disease models that utilize these techniques. Confluence of these technologies will advance our understanding of pediatric diseases and help usher in new personalized therapies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Durbin
- Department of Pediatrics – Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Adrian G. Cadar
- Departments of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Young W. Chun
- Department of Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine Division University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Charles C. Hong
- Department of Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine Division University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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661
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Zhang X, Li DY, Reilly MP. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs in cardiovascular diseases: Challenges and strategies for physiological studies and translation. Atherosclerosis 2018; 281:180-188. [PMID: 30316538 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are increasingly recognized as important mediators of many biological processes relevant to human pathophysiologies, including cardiovascular diseases. In vitro studies have provided important knowledge of cellular functions and mechanisms for an increasing number of lincRNAs. Dysregulated lncRNAs have been associated with cell fate programming and development, vascular diseases, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome, and cardiac pathological hypertrophy. However, functional interrogation of individual lincRNAs in physiological and disease states is largely limited. The complex nature of lincRNA actions and poor species conservation of human lincRNAs pose substantial challenges to physiological studies in animal model systems and in clinical translation. This review summarizes recent findings of specific lincRNA physiological studies, including MALAT1, MeXis, Lnc-DC and others, in the context of cardiovascular diseases, examines complex mechanisms of lincRNA actions, reviews in vivo research strategies to delineate lincRNA functions and highlights challenges and approaches for physiological studies of primate-specific lincRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Daniel Y Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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662
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Fligor CM, Langer KB, Sridhar A, Ren Y, Shields PK, Edler MC, Ohlemacher SK, Sluch VM, Zack DJ, Zhang C, Suter DM, Meyer JS. Three-Dimensional Retinal Organoids Facilitate the Investigation of Retinal Ganglion Cell Development, Organization and Neurite Outgrowth from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14520. [PMID: 30266927 PMCID: PMC6162218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal organoids are three-dimensional structures derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) which recapitulate the spatial and temporal differentiation of the retina, serving as effective in vitro models of retinal development. However, a lack of emphasis has been placed upon the development and organization of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) within retinal organoids. Thus, initial efforts were made to characterize RGC differentiation throughout early stages of organoid development, with a clearly defined RGC layer developing in a temporally-appropriate manner expressing a complement of RGC-associated markers. Beyond studies of RGC development, retinal organoids may also prove useful for cellular replacement in which extensive axonal outgrowth is necessary to reach post-synaptic targets. Organoid-derived RGCs could help to elucidate factors promoting axonal outgrowth, thereby identifying approaches to circumvent a formidable obstacle to RGC replacement. As such, additional efforts demonstrated significant enhancement of neurite outgrowth through modulation of both substrate composition and growth factor signaling. Additionally, organoid-derived RGCs exhibited diverse phenotypes, extending elaborate growth cones and expressing numerous guidance receptors. Collectively, these results establish retinal organoids as a valuable tool for studies of RGC development, and demonstrate the utility of organoid-derived RGCs as an effective platform to study factors influencing neurite outgrowth from organoid-derived RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse M Fligor
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kirstin B Langer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Akshayalakshmi Sridhar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yuan Ren
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Priya K Shields
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Michael C Edler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sarah K Ohlemacher
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Valentin M Sluch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Daniel M Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jason S Meyer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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663
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Kim H, Schaniel C. Modeling Hematological Diseases and Cancer With Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2243. [PMID: 30323816 PMCID: PMC6172418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) together with recent advances in genome editing, microphysiological systems, tissue engineering and xenograft models present new opportunities for the investigation of hematological diseases and cancer in a patient-specific context. Here we review the progress in the field and discuss the advantages, limitations, and challenges of iPSC-based malignancy modeling. We will also discuss the use of iPSCs and its derivatives as cellular sources for drug target identification, drug development and evaluation of pharmacological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huensuk Kim
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christoph Schaniel
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Mount Sinai Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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664
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van Hasselt JGC, Iyengar R. Systems Pharmacology: Defining the Interactions of Drug Combinations. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 59:21-40. [PMID: 30260737 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The majority of diseases are associated with alterations in multiple molecular pathways and complex interactions at the cellular and organ levels. Single-target monotherapies therefore have intrinsic limitations with respect to their maximum therapeutic benefits. The potential of combination drug therapies has received interest for the treatment of many diseases and is well established in some areas, such as oncology. Combination drug treatments may allow us to identify synergistic drug effects, reduce adverse drug reactions, and address variability in disease characteristics between patients. Identification of combination therapies remains challenging. We discuss current state-of-the-art systems pharmacology approaches to enable rational identification of combination therapies. These approaches, which include characterization of mechanisms of disease and drug action at a systems level, can enable understanding of drug interactions at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and organismal levels. Such multiscale understanding can enable precision medicine by promoting the rational development of combination therapy at the level of individual patients for many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Coen van Hasselt
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Systems Biology Center, Mount Sinai Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; .,Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 Leiden, Netherlands;
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Systems Biology Center, Mount Sinai Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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665
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Derricott H, Luu L, Fong WY, Hartley CS, Johnston LJ, Armstrong SD, Randle N, Duckworth CA, Campbell BJ, Wastling JM, Coombes JL. Developing a 3D intestinal epithelium model for livestock species. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:409-424. [PMID: 30259138 PMCID: PMC6373265 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro 3D culture of intestinal epithelium is a valuable resource in the study of its function. Organoid culture exploits stem cells' ability to regenerate and produce differentiated epithelium. Intestinal organoid models from rodent or human tissue are widely available whereas large animal models are not. Livestock enteric and zoonotic diseases elicit significant morbidity and mortality in animal and human populations. Therefore, livestock species-specific models may offer novel insights into host-pathogen interactions and disease responses. Bovine and porcine jejunum were obtained from an abattoir and their intestinal crypts isolated, suspended in Matrigel, cultured, cryopreserved and resuscitated. 'Rounding' of crypts occurred followed by budding and then enlargement of the organoids. Epithelial cells were characterised using immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy. Organoids were successfully infected with Toxoplasma gondii or Salmonella typhimurium. This 3D organoid model offers a long-term, renewable resource for investigating species-specific intestinal infections with a variety of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Derricott
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK.
| | - Lisa Luu
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Wai Yee Fong
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Catherine S Hartley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Luke J Johnston
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Nadine Randle
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Carrie A Duckworth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Barry J Campbell
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan M Wastling
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Janine L Coombes
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK.
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666
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Poli G, Sarchielli E, Guasti D, Benvenuti S, Ballerini L, Mazzanti B, Armignacco R, Cantini G, Lulli M, Chortis V, Arlt W, Romagnoli P, Vannelli GB, Mannelli M, Luconi M. Human fetal adrenal cells retain age-related stem- and endocrine-differentiation potential in culture. FASEB J 2018; 33:2263-2277. [PMID: 30247985 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801028rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal gland is a multiendocrine organ with a steroidogenic mesenchymal cortex and an inner catecholamine-producing medulla of neuroendocrine origin. After embryonic development, this plastic organ undergoes a functional postnatal remodeling. Elucidating these complex processes is pivotal for understanding the early bases of functional endocrine disorders and tumors affecting the mature gland. We developed an in vitro human adrenal cell model derived from fetal adrenal specimens at different gestational ages, consisting of neuroendocrine and cortical components and expressing the zona and functional markers of the original fetal organ. These cortical and neuroendocrine progenitor cells retain in vitro an intrinsic gestational-age-related differentiation and functional program. In vitro these cells spontaneously form 3-dimensional structure organoids with a structure similar to the fetal gland. The organoids show morphofunctional features and adrenal steroidogenic factor, steroid acute regulatory, cytochrome-P450-17A1, dosage-sensitive, sex-reversal, adrenal hypoplasia-critical region on chromosome X protein , NOTCH1, and nephroblastoma overexpressed/cysteine-rich protein 61/connective tissue growth factor/nephroblastoma overexpressed gene-3; stem (BMI1, nestin); and chromaffin (chromogranin A, tyrosine hydroxylase) markers similar to those of the populations of origin. This in vitro human adrenal system represents a unique but preliminar model for investigating the pathophysiological processes underlying physiologic adrenal remodeling and pathologic alterations involved in organ hypo- and hyperplasia and cancer.-Poli, G., Sarchielli, E., Guasti, D., Benvenuti, S., Ballerini, L., Mazzanti, B., Armignacco, R., Cantini, G., Lulli, M., Chortis, V., Arlt, W., Romagnoli, P., Vannelli, G. B., Mannelli, M., Luconi, M. Human fetal adrenal cells retain age-related stem- and endocrine-differentiation potential in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Poli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Sarchielli
- Histology and Embryology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Histology and Embryology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Susanna Benvenuti
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lara Ballerini
- Haematology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzanti
- Haematology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Armignacco
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Cantini
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Lulli
- General Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and
| | - Vasileios Chortis
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Romagnoli
- Histology and Embryology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella Barbara Vannelli
- Histology and Embryology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Mannelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michaela Luconi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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667
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Schukking M, Miranda HC, Trujillo CA, Negraes PD, Muotri AR. Direct Generation of Human Cortical Organoids from Primary Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1549-1556. [PMID: 30142987 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of variations in human neurodevelopment and cognition is limited by the availability of experimental models. While animal models only partially recapitulate the human brain development, genetics, and heterogeneity, human-induced pluripotent stem cells can provide an attractive experimental alternative. However, cellular reprogramming and further differentiation techniques are costly and time-consuming and therefore, studies using this approach are often limited to a small number of samples. In this study, we describe a rapid and cost-effective method to reprogram somatic cells and the direct generation of cortical organoids in a 96-well format. Our data are a proof-of-principle that a large cohort of samples can be generated for experimental assessment of the human neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Schukking
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, California.,2 Department of Stem Cell Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, California
| | - Helen C Miranda
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, California.,2 Department of Stem Cell Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, California
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, California.,2 Department of Stem Cell Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, California
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, California.,2 Department of Stem Cell Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, California
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, California.,2 Department of Stem Cell Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, California.,3 Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California.,4 Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
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668
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669
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Chen C, Okita Y, Watanabe Y, Abe F, Fikry MA, Ichikawa Y, Suzuki H, Shibuya A, Kato M. Glycoprotein nmb Is Exposed on the Surface of Dormant Breast Cancer Cells and Induces Stem Cell-like Properties. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6424-6435. [PMID: 30224376 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein nmb (GPNMB) is a type I transmembrane protein that contributes to the initiation and malignant progression of breast cancer through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although it is known that EMT is associated with not only cancer invasion but also acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, the function of GPNMB in this acquisition of CSC properties has yet to be elucidated. To address this issue, we utilized a three-dimensional (3D) sphere culture method to examine the correlation between GPNMB and CSC properties in breast cancer cells. Three-dimensional sphere cultures induced higher expression of CSC genes and EMT-inducing transcription factor (EMT-TF) genes than the 2D monolayer cultures. Three-dimensional culture also induced cell surface expression of GPNMB on limited numbers of cells in the spheres, whereas the 2D cultures did not. Therefore, we isolated cell surface-GPNMBhigh and -GPNMBlow cells from the spheres. Cell surface-GPNMBhigh cells expressed high levels of CSC genes and EMT-TF genes, had significantly higher sphere-forming frequencies than the cell surface-GPNMBlow cells, and showed no detectable levels of proliferation marker genes. Similar results were obtained from transplanted breast tumors. Furthermore, wild-type GPNMB, but not mutant GPNMB (YF), which lacks tumorigenic activity, induced CSC-like properties in breast epithelial cells. These findings suggest that GPNMB is exposed on the surface of dormant breast cancer cells and its activity contributes to the acquisition of stem cell-like properties.Significance: These findings suggest that cell surface expression of GPNMB could serve as a marker and promising therapeutic target of breast cancer cells with stem cell-like properties. Cancer Res; 78(22); 6424-35. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of General Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukari Okita
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. .,Division of Cell Dynamics, Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukihide Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumie Abe
- Laboratory of Immunology, Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Muhammad Ali Fikry
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yumu Ichikawa
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Laboratory of Immunology, Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Division of Cell Dynamics, Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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670
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In Vitro Models for Studying Transport Across Epithelial Tissue Barriers. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:1-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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671
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Van Vleet TR, Liguori MJ, Lynch JJ, Rao M, Warder S. Screening Strategies and Methods for Better Off-Target Liability Prediction and Identification of Small-Molecule Pharmaceuticals. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:1-24. [PMID: 30196745 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218799713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical discovery and development is a long and expensive process that, unfortunately, still results in a low success rate, with drug safety continuing to be a major impedance. Improved safety screening strategies and methods are needed to more effectively fill this critical gap. Recent advances in informatics are now making it possible to manage bigger data sets and integrate multiple sources of screening data in a manner that can potentially improve the selection of higher-quality drug candidates. Integrated screening paradigms have become the norm in Pharma, both in discovery screening and in the identification of off-target toxicity mechanisms during later-stage development. Furthermore, advances in computational methods are making in silico screens more relevant and suggest that they may represent a feasible option for augmenting the current screening paradigm. This paper outlines several fundamental methods of the current drug screening processes across Pharma and emerging techniques/technologies that promise to improve molecule selection. In addition, the authors discuss integrated screening strategies and provide examples of advanced screening paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry R Van Vleet
- 1 Department of Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, N Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Liguori
- 1 Department of Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, N Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James J Lynch
- 2 Department of Integrated Science and Technology, AbbVie, N Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohan Rao
- 1 Department of Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, N Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott Warder
- 3 Department of Target Enabling Science and Technology, AbbVie, N Chicago, IL, USA
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672
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Schöneberg J, Dambournet D, Liu TL, Forster R, Hockemeyer D, Betzig E, Drubin DG. 4D cell biology: big data image analytics and lattice light-sheet imaging reveal dynamics of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in stem cell-derived intestinal organoids. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2959-2968. [PMID: 30188768 PMCID: PMC6329908 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New methods in stem cell 3D organoid tissue culture, advanced imaging, and big data image analytics now allow tissue-scale 4D cell biology, but currently available analytical pipelines are inadequate for handing and analyzing the resulting gigabytes and terabytes of high-content imaging data. We expressed fluorescent protein fusions of clathrin and dynamin2 at endogenous levels in genome-edited human embryonic stem cells, which were differentiated into hESC-derived intestinal epithelial organoids. Lattice light-sheet imaging with adaptive optics (AO-LLSM) allowed us to image large volumes of these organoids (70 × 60 × 40 µm xyz) at 5.7 s/frame. We developed an open-source data analysis package termed pyLattice to process the resulting large (∼60 Gb) movie data sets and to track clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) events. CME tracks could be recorded from ∼35 cells at a time, resulting in ∼4000 processed tracks per movie. On the basis of their localization in the organoid, we classified CME tracks into apical, lateral, and basal events and found that CME dynamics is similar for all three classes, despite reported differences in membrane tension. pyLattice coupled with AO-LLSM makes possible quantitative high temporal and spatial resolution analysis of subcellular events within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daphné Dambournet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Tsung-Li Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Ryan Forster
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Dirk Hockemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Eric Betzig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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673
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Directing neuronal cell fate in vitro : Achievements and challenges. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:42-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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674
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Lai B, Feng B, Che M, Wang L, Cai S, Huang M, Gu H, Jiang B, Ling E, Li M, Zeng X, Zeng Y. A Modular Assembly of Spinal Cord-Like Tissue Allows Targeted Tissue Repair in the Transected Spinal Cord. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800261. [PMID: 30250785 PMCID: PMC6145267 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering-based neural construction holds promise in providing organoids with defined differentiation and therapeutic potentials. Here, a bioengineered transplantable spinal cord-like tissue (SCLT) is assembled in vitro by simulating the white matter and gray matter composition of the spinal cord using neural stem cell-based tissue engineering technique. Whether the organoid would execute targeted repair in injured spinal cord is evaluated. The integrated SCLT, assembled by white matter-like tissue (WMLT) module and gray matter-like tissue (GMLT) module, shares architectural, phenotypic, and functional similarities to the adult rat spinal cord. Organotypic coculturing with the dorsal root ganglion or muscle cells shows that the SCLT embraces spinal cord organogenesis potentials to establish connections with the targets, respectively. Transplantation of the SCLT into the transected spinal cord results in a significant motor function recovery of the paralyzed hind limbs in rats. Additionally, targeted spinal cord tissue repair is achieved by the modular design of SCLT, as evidenced by an increased remyelination in the WMLT area and an enlarged innervation in the GMLT area. More importantly, the pro-regeneration milieu facilitates the formation of a neuronal relay by the donor neurons, allowing the conduction of descending and ascending neural inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi‐Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat‐sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhou510080China
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantong226001China
| | - Bo Feng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat‐sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhou510080China
| | - Ming‐Tian Che
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat‐sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhou510080China
| | - Lai‐Jian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Song Cai
- Department of Human AnatomyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Meng‐Yao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Huai‐Yu Gu
- Department of Human AnatomyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Eng‐Ang Ling
- Department of AnatomyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117594Singapore
| | - Meng Li
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 4HQUK
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat‐sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhou510080China
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Institute of Spinal Cord InjurySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Yuan‐Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat‐sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhou510080China
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantong226001China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Institute of Spinal Cord InjurySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
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675
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Su J, Satchell SC, Shah RN, Wertheim JA. Kidney decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogels: Rheological characterization and human glomerular endothelial cell response to encapsulation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2448-2462. [PMID: 29664217 PMCID: PMC6376869 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels, highly-hydrated crosslinked polymer networks, closely mimic the microenvironment of native extracellular matrix (ECM) and thus present as ideal platforms for three-dimensional cell culture. Hydrogels derived from tissue- and organ-specific decellularized ECM (dECM) may retain bioactive signaling cues from the native tissue or organ that could in turn modulate cell-material interactions and response. In this study, we demonstrate that porcine kidney dECM can be processed to form hydrogels suitable for cell culture and encapsulation studies. Scanning electron micrographs of hydrogels demonstrated a fibrous ultrastructure with interconnected pores, and rheological analysis revealed rapid gelation times with shear moduli dependent upon the protein concentration of the hydrogels. Conditionally-immortalized human glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) cultured on top of or encapsulated within hydrogels exhibited high cell viability and proliferation over a one-week culture period. However, gene expression analysis of GEnCs encapsulated within kidney dECM hydrogels revealed significantly lower expression of several relevant genes of interest compared to those encapsulated within hydrogels composed of only purified collagen I. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A:2448-2462, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Simon C. Satchell
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ramille N. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason A. Wertheim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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676
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Jensen G, Morrill C, Huang Y. 3D tissue engineering, an emerging technique for pharmaceutical research. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:756-766. [PMID: 30258764 PMCID: PMC6148716 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and the tissue engineering model have shown promise in improving methods of drug delivery, drug action, and drug discovery in pharmaceutical research for the attenuation of the central nervous system inflammatory response. Such inflammation contributes to the lack of regenerative ability of neural cells, as well as the temporary and permanent loss of function associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. This review is focused specifically on the recent advances in the tissue engineering model made by altering scaffold biophysical and biochemical properties for use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. A portion of this article will also be spent on the review of recent progress made in extracellular matrix decellularization as a new and innovative scaffold for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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677
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Bissell MJ. Goodbye flat biology - time for the 3rd and the 4th dimensions. J Cell Sci 2018; 130:3-5. [PMID: 28043963 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.200550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mina J Bissell
- Distinguished Scientist, Division Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS 977-225A, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA .,Graduate Groups in Comparative Biochemistry, Endocrinology, Molecular Toxicology and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
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678
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Yu YJ, Kim YH, Na K, Min SY, Hwang OK, Park DK, Kim DY, Choi SH, Kamm RD, Chung S, Kim JA. Hydrogel-incorporating unit in a well: 3D cell culture for high-throughput analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2604-2613. [PMID: 30043033 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00525g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The microfluidic 3D cell culture system has been an attractive model because it mimics the tissue and disease model, thereby expanding our ability to control the local cellular microenvironment. However, these systems still have limited value as quantitative assay tools due to the difficulties associated with the manipulation and maintenance of microfluidic cells, and their lack of compatibility with the high-throughput screening (HTS) analysis system. In this study, we suggest a microchannel-free, 3D cell culture system that has a hydrogel-incorporating unit integrated with a multi-well plate (24- to 96-well plate), which can provide better reproducibility in biological experiments. This plate was devised considering the design constraints imposed by various cell biology applications as well as by high-throughput analysis where the physical dimensions of the micro-features in the hydrogel-incorporating units were altered. We also demonstrated that the developed plate is potentially applicable to a variety of quantitative biochemical assays for qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and microplate-reader-based assays, such as ELISA, viability assay, and high content-screening (HCS) as well as the co-culture for biological studies. Human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) that produce pathogenic Aβ species for modeling Alzheimer's disease (AD) were three-dimensionally cultured, and the efficacy of the inhibitors of Aβ production was assessed by ELISA in order to demonstrate the performance of this plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Jun Yu
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk 28119, Republic of Korea.
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679
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Abstract
A wide variety of organs are in a dynamic state, continuously undergoing renewal as a result of constant growth and differentiation. Stem cells are required during these dynamic events for continuous tissue maintenance within the organs. In a steady state of production and loss of cells within these tissues, new cells are constantly formed by differentiation from stem cells. Today, organoids derived from either adult stem cells or pluripotent stem cells can be grown to resemble various organs. As they are similar to their original organs, organoids hold great promise for use in medical research and the development of new treatments. Furthermore, they have already been utilized in the clinic, enabling personalized medicine for inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, I provide an update on current organoid technology and summarize the application of organoids in basic research, disease modeling, drug development, personalized treatment, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Takahashi
- Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Bioorganic Research Institute, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan;
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680
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Organotypic 3D Models of the Ovarian Cancer Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080265. [PMID: 30096959 PMCID: PMC6115826 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer progression involves multifaceted and variable tumor microenvironments (TMEs), from the in situ carcinoma in the fallopian tube or ovary to dissemination into the peritoneal cavity as single cells or spheroids and attachment to the mesothelial-lined surfaces of the omentum, bowel, and abdominal wall. The TME comprises the tumor vasculature and lymphatics (including endothelial cells and pericytes), in addition to mesothelial cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. When generating 3D models of the ovarian cancer TME, researchers must incorporate the most relevant stromal components depending on the TME in question (e.g., early or late disease). Such complexity cannot be captured by monolayer 2D culture systems. Moreover, immortalized stromal cell lines, such as mesothelial or fibroblast cell lines, do not always behave the same as primary cells whose response in functional assays may vary from donor to donor; 3D models with primary stromal cells may have more physiological relevance than those using stromal cell lines. In the current review, we discuss the latest developments in organotypic 3D models of the ovarian cancer early metastatic microenvironment. Organotypic culture models comprise two or more interacting cell types from a particular tissue. We focus on organotypic 3D models that include at least one type of primary stromal cell type in an ECM background, such as collagen or fibronectin, plus ovarian cancer cells. We provide an overview of the two most comprehensive current models—a 3D model of the omental mesothelium and a microfluidic model. We describe the cellular and non-cellular components of the models, the incorporation of mechanical forces, and how the models have been adapted and utilized in functional assays. Finally, we review a number of 3D models that do not incorporate primary stromal cells and summarize how integration of current models may be the next essential step in tackling the complexity of the different ovarian cancer TMEs.
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681
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Shparberg R, Vickers ER. Cell-based therapies and natural compounds for pain. AUST ENDOD J 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Shparberg
- Bosch Institute; Discipline of Physiology; School of Medical Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Edward R. Vickers
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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682
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Papadopoulos N, Lennartsson J. The PDGF/PDGFR pathway as a drug target. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 62:75-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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683
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de Ruiter JR, Wessels LFA, Jonkers J. Mouse models in the era of large human tumour sequencing studies. Open Biol 2018; 8:180080. [PMID: 30111589 PMCID: PMC6119864 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease in which cells progressively accumulate mutations disrupting their cellular processes. A fraction of these mutations drive tumourigenesis by affecting oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes, but many mutations are passengers with no clear contribution to tumour development. The advancement of DNA and RNA sequencing technologies has enabled in-depth analysis of thousands of human tumours from various tissues to perform systematic characterization of their (epi)genomes and transcriptomes in order to identify (epi)genetic changes associated with cancer. Combined with considerable progress in algorithmic development, this expansion in scale has resulted in the identification of many cancer-associated mutations, genes and pathways that are considered to be potential drivers of tumour development. However, it remains challenging to systematically identify drivers affected by complex genomic rearrangements and drivers residing in non-coding regions of the genome or in complex amplicons or deletions of copy-number driven tumours. Furthermore, functional characterization is challenging in the human context due to the lack of genetically tractable experimental model systems in which the effects of mutations can be studied in the context of their tumour microenvironment. In this respect, mouse models of human cancer provide unique opportunities for pinpointing novel driver genes and their detailed characterization. In this review, we provide an overview of approaches for complementing human studies with data from mouse models. We also discuss state-of-the-art technological developments for cancer gene discovery and validation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R de Ruiter
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L F A Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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684
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MTOR pathway in focal cortical dysplasia type 2: What do we know? Epilepsy Behav 2018; 85:157-163. [PMID: 29945038 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is the most commonly encountered developmental malformation that causes refractory epilepsy. Focal cortical dysplasia type 2 is one of the most usual neuropathological findings in tissues resected therapeutically from patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Unlike other types of FCD, it is characterized by laminar disorganization and dysplastic neurons, which compromise the organization of the six histologically known layers in the cortex; the morphology and/or cell location can also be altered. A comprehensive review about the pathogenesis of this disease is important because of the necessity to update the results reported over the past years. Here, we present an updated review through Pubmed about the mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) pathway in FCD type 2. A wide variety of aspects was covered in 44 articles related to molecular and cellular biology, including experiments in animal and human models. The first publications appeared in 2004, but there is still a lack of studies specifically for one type of FCD. With the advancement of techniques and greater access to molecular and cellular experiments, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and organoids, it is believed that the trend is increasing the number of publications contributing to the achievement of new discoveries.
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685
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Risbridger GP, Toivanen R, Taylor RA. Preclinical Models of Prostate Cancer: Patient-Derived Xenografts, Organoids, and Other Explant Models. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a030536. [PMID: 29311126 PMCID: PMC6071547 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a lethal disease. Preclinical cancer models that accurately represent the tumors of the patients they are intended to help are necessary to test potential therapeutic approaches and to better translate research discoveries. However, research in the prostate cancer field is hampered by the limited number of human cell lines and xenograft models, most of which do not recapitulate the human disease seen in the clinic today. This work reviews the recent advances in human patient-derived xenograft, organoid, and other explant models to address this need. In contrast to other tumor streams, the prostate cancer field is challenged by this approach, yet despite the limitations, patient-derived models remain an integral component of the preclinical testing pathway leading to better treatments for men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail P Risbridger
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Cancer Discovery Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Prostate Cancer Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Roxanne Toivanen
- Prostate Cancer Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics & Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Cancer Discovery Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Prostate Cancer Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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686
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Hickey JW, Kosmides AK, Schneck JP. Engineering Platforms for T Cell Modulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 341:277-362. [PMID: 30262034 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cells are crucial contributors to mounting an effective immune response and increasingly the focus of therapeutic interventions in cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity. Translation of current T cell immunotherapies has been hindered by off-target toxicities, limited efficacy, biological variability, and high costs. As T cell therapeutics continue to develop, the application of engineering concepts to control their delivery and presentation will be critical for their success. Here, we outline the engineer's toolbox and contextualize it with the biology of T cells. We focus on the design principles of T cell modulation platforms regarding size, shape, material, and ligand choice. Furthermore, we review how application of these design principles has already impacted T cell immunotherapies and our understanding of T cell biology. Recent, salient examples from protein engineering, synthetic particles, cellular and genetic engineering, and scaffolds and surfaces are provided to reinforce the importance of design considerations. Our aim is to provide a guide for immunologists, engineers, clinicians, and the pharmaceutical sector for the design of T cell-targeting platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Hickey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alyssa K Kosmides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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687
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Kaushik G, Ponnusamy MP, Batra SK. Concise Review: Current Status of Three-Dimensional Organoids as Preclinical Models. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1329-1340. [PMID: 29770526 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures use the property of some cells to self-organize in matrices and generate structures that can be programmed to represent an organ or a pathology. Organoid cultures are the 3D cultivation of source tissue (ranging from cells to tissue fragments) in a support matrix and specialized media that nearly resembles the physiological environment. Depending on the source tissue, growth factors, and inhibitors provided, organoids can be programmed to recapitulate the biology of a system and progression of pathology. Organoids are genetically stable, and genetically amenable, making them very suitable tools to study tissue homeostasis and cancer. In this Review, we focus on providing recent technical advances from published literature to efficiently use organoids as a tool for disease modeling and therapeutics. Also, we discuss stem cell biology principles used to generate multiple organoids and their characteristics, with a brief description of methodology. A major theme of this review is to expand organoid applications to the study disease progression and drug response in different cancers. We also discuss shortcomings, limitations, and advantages of developed 3D cultures, with the rationale behind the methodology. Stem Cells 2018;36:1329-1340.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kaushik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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688
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Ng SS, Saeb-Parsy K, Blackford SJI, Segal JM, Serra MP, Horcas-Lopez M, No DY, Mastoridis S, Jassem W, Frank CW, Cho NJ, Nakauchi H, Glenn JS, Rashid ST. Human iPS derived progenitors bioengineered into liver organoids using an inverted colloidal crystal poly (ethylene glycol) scaffold. Biomaterials 2018; 182:299-311. [PMID: 30149262 PMCID: PMC6131727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Generation of human organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers exciting possibilities for developmental biology, disease modelling and cell therapy. Significant advances towards those goals have been hampered by dependence on animal derived matrices (e.g. Matrigel), immortalized cell lines and resultant structures that are difficult to control or scale. To address these challenges, we aimed to develop a fully defined liver organoid platform using inverted colloid crystal (ICC) whose 3-dimensional mechanical properties could be engineered to recapitulate the extracellular niche sensed by hepatic progenitors during human development. iPSC derived hepatic progenitors (IH) formed organoids most optimally in ICC scaffolds constructed with 140 μm diameter pores coated with type I collagen in a two-step process mimicking liver bud formation. The resultant organoids were closer to adult tissue, compared to 2D and 3D controls, with respect to morphology, gene expression, protein secretion, drug metabolism and viral infection and could integrate, vascularise and function following implantation into livers of immune-deficient mice. Preliminary interrogation of the underpinning mechanisms highlighted the importance of TGFβ and hedgehog signalling pathways. The combination of functional relevance with tuneable mechanical properties leads us to propose this bioengineered platform to be ideally suited for a range of future mechanistic and clinical organoid related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Seng Ng
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and the Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel J I Blackford
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Joe M Segal
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Maria Paola Serra
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Marta Horcas-Lopez
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Da Yoon No
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sotiris Mastoridis
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Wayel Jassem
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Curtis W Frank
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nam Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Glenn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - S Tamir Rashid
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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689
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Tharp KM, Weaver VM. Modeling Tissue Polarity in Context. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3613-3628. [PMID: 30055167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polarity is critical for development and tissue-specific function. However, the acquisition and maintenance of tissue polarity is context dependent. Thus, cell and tissue polarity depend on cell adhesion which is regulated by the cytoskeleton and influenced by the biochemical composition of the extracellular microenvironment and modified by biomechanical cues within the tissue. These biomechanical cues include fluid flow induced shear stresses, cell-density and confinement-mediated compression, and cellular actomyosin tension intrinsic to the tissue or induced in response to morphogens or extracellular matrix stiffness. Here, we discuss how extracellular matrix stiffness and fluid flow influence cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and alter cytoskeletal organization to modulate cell and tissue polarity. We describe model systems that when combined with state of the art molecular screens and high-resolution imaging can be used to investigate how force modulates cell and tissue polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Tharp
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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690
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Chan CJ, Heisenberg CP, Hiiragi T. Coordination of Morphogenesis and Cell-Fate Specification in Development. Curr Biol 2018; 27:R1024-R1035. [PMID: 28950087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During animal development, cell-fate-specific changes in gene expression can modify the material properties of a tissue and drive tissue morphogenesis. While mechanistic insights into the genetic control of tissue-shaping events are beginning to emerge, how tissue morphogenesis and mechanics can reciprocally impact cell-fate specification remains relatively unexplored. Here we review recent findings reporting how multicellular morphogenetic events and their underlying mechanical forces can feed back into gene regulatory pathways to specify cell fate. We further discuss emerging techniques that allow for the direct measurement and manipulation of mechanical signals in vivo, offering unprecedented access to study mechanotransduction during development. Examination of the mechanical control of cell fate during tissue morphogenesis will pave the way to an integrated understanding of the design principles that underlie robust tissue patterning in embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii J Chan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Takashi Hiiragi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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691
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Yang Y, Workman S, Wilson M. The molecular pathways underlying early gonadal development. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 62:JME-17-0314. [PMID: 30042122 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The body of knowledge surrounding reproductive development spans the fields of genetics, anatomy, physiology and biomedicine, to build a comprehensive understanding of the later stages of reproductive development in humans and animal models. Despite this, there remains much to learn about the bi-potential progenitor structure that the ovary and testis arise from, known as the genital ridge (GR). This tissue forms relatively late in embryonic development and has the potential to form either the ovary or testis, which in turn produce hormones required for development of the rest of the reproductive tract. It is imperative that we understand the genetic networks underpinning GR development if we are to begin to understand abnormalities in the adult. This is particularly relevant in the contexts of disorders of sex development (DSDs) and infertility, two conditions that many individuals struggle with worldwide, with often no answers as to their aetiology. Here, we review what is known about the genetics of GR development. Investigating the genetic networks required for GR formation will not only contribute to our understanding of the genetic regulation of reproductive development, it may in turn open new avenues of investigation into reproductive abnormalities and later fertility issues in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Yang
- Y Yang, Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Megan Wilson
- M Wilson , Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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692
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Modena MM, Chawla K, Misun PM, Hierlemann A. Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1767-1784. [PMID: 29381325 PMCID: PMC5959007 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in microfabrication techniques in combination with organotypic cell and tissue models have enabled the realization of microphysiological systems capable of recapitulating aspects of human physiology in vitro with great fidelity. Concurrently, a number of analysis techniques has been developed to probe and characterize these model systems. However, many assays are still performed off-line, which severely compromises the possibility of obtaining real-time information from the samples under examination, and which also limits the use of these platforms in high-throughput analysis. In this review, we focus on sensing and actuation schemes that have already been established or offer great potential to provide in situ detection or manipulation of relevant cell or tissue samples in microphysiological platforms. We will first describe methods that can be integrated in a straightforward way and that offer potential multiplexing and/or parallelization of sensing and actuation functions. These methods include electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical biosensors, and the use of surface acoustic waves for manipulation and analysis of cells, tissue, and multicellular organisms. In the second part, we will describe two sensor approaches based on surface-plasmon resonance and mechanical resonators that have recently provided new characterization features for biological samples, although technological limitations for use in high-throughput applications still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ketki Chawla
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
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693
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Chen KG, Mallon BS, Park K, Robey PG, McKay RDG, Gottesman MM, Zheng W. Pluripotent Stem Cell Platforms for Drug Discovery. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:805-820. [PMID: 30006147 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their differentiated derivatives have led to recent proof-of-principle drug discoveries, defining a pathway to the implementation of hPSC-based drug discovery (hPDD). Current hPDD strategies, however, have inevitable conceptual biases and technological limitations, including the dimensionality of cell-culture methods, cell maturity and functionality, experimental variability, and data reproducibility. In this review, we dissect representative hPDD systems via analysis of hPSC-based 2D-monolayers, 3D culture, and organoids. We discuss mechanisms of drug discovery and drug repurposing, and roles of membrane drug transporters in tissue maturation and hPDD using the example of drugs that target various mutations of CFTR, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene, in patients with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Characterization Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Characterization Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kyeyoon Park
- NIH Stem Cell Characterization Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael M Gottesman
- The Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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694
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Fair KL, Colquhoun J, Hannan NRF. Intestinal organoids for modelling intestinal development and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170217. [PMID: 29786552 PMCID: PMC5974440 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent in developed countries. Immortalized cells and animal models have delivered important but limited insight into the mechanisms that initiate and propagate these diseases. Human-specific models of intestinal development and disease are desperately needed that can recapitulate structure and function of the gut in vitro Advances in pluripotent stem cells and primary tissue culture techniques have made it possible to culture intestinal epithelial cells in three dimensions that self-assemble to form 'intestinal organoids'. These organoids allow for new, human-specific models that can be used to gain insight into gastrointestinal disease and potentially deliver new therapies to treat them. Here we review current in vitro models of intestinal development and disease, considering where improvements could be made and potential future applications in the fields of developmental modelling, drug/toxicity testing and therapeutic uses.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Fair
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jennifer Colquhoun
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nicholas R F Hannan
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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695
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Spinelli JB, Haigis MC. The multifaceted contributions of mitochondria to cellular metabolism. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:745-754. [PMID: 29950572 PMCID: PMC6541229 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 855] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although classically appreciated for their role as the powerhouse of the cell, the metabolic functions of mitochondria reach far beyond bioenergetics. In this Review, we discuss how mitochondria catabolize nutrients for energy, generate biosynthetic precursors for macromolecules, compartmentalize metabolites for the maintenance of redox homeostasis and function as hubs for metabolic waste management. We address the importance of these roles in both normal physiology and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Spinelli
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcia C Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ludwig Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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696
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Carvalho MR, Maia FR, Vieira S, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Tuning Enzymatically Crosslinked Silk Fibroin Hydrogel Properties for the Development of a Colorectal Cancer Extravasation 3D Model on a Chip. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2018; 2:1700100. [PMID: 31565332 PMCID: PMC6607308 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201700100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are now the most promising tool to mimic in vivo like scenarios such as tumorigenesis and metastasis due to its ability to more closely mimic cell's natural microenvironment (such as 3D environment and continuous perfusion of nutrients). In this study, the ability of 2% and 3% enzymatically crosslinked silk fibroin hydrogels with different mechanical properties are tested in terms of colorectal cancer cell migration, under different microenvironments in a 3D dynamic model. Matrigel is used as control. Moreover, a comprehensive comparison between the traditional Boyden chamber assay and the 3D dynamic microfluidic model in terms of colorectal cancer cell migration is presented. The results show profound differences between the two used biomaterials and the two migration models, which are explored in terms of mechanical properties of the hydrogels as well as the intrinsic characteristics of the models. Moreover, the developed 3D dynamic model is validated by demonstrating that hVCAM-1 plays a major role in the extravasation process, influencing extravasation rate and traveled distance. Furthermore, the developed model enables precise visualization of cancer cell migration within a 3D matrix in response to microenvironmental cues, shedding light on the importance of biophysical properties in cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R. Carvalho
- 3B's Research Group – BiomaterialsBiodegradables and BiomimeticsUniversity of MinhoHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineAvepark4805‐017BarcoGuimarãesPortugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/GuimarãesPortugal
| | - Fátima Raquel Maia
- 3B's Research Group – BiomaterialsBiodegradables and BiomimeticsUniversity of MinhoHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineAvepark4805‐017BarcoGuimarãesPortugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/GuimarãesPortugal
| | - Sílvia Vieira
- 3B's Research Group – BiomaterialsBiodegradables and BiomimeticsUniversity of MinhoHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineAvepark4805‐017BarcoGuimarãesPortugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/GuimarãesPortugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group – BiomaterialsBiodegradables and BiomimeticsUniversity of MinhoHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineAvepark4805‐017BarcoGuimarãesPortugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/GuimarãesPortugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision MedicineHeadquarters at University of MinhoAvepark4805‐017BarcoGuimarãesPortugal
| | - Joaquim M. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group – BiomaterialsBiodegradables and BiomimeticsUniversity of MinhoHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineAvepark4805‐017BarcoGuimarãesPortugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/GuimarãesPortugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision MedicineHeadquarters at University of MinhoAvepark4805‐017BarcoGuimarãesPortugal
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697
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Challenges in Bio-fabrication of Organoid Cultures. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1107:53-71. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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698
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Tsai YH, Czerwinski M, Wu A, Dame MK, Attili D, Hill E, Colacino JA, Nowacki LM, Shroyer NF, Higgins PD, Kao JY, Spence JR. A Method for Cryogenic Preservation of Human Biopsy Specimens and Subsequent Organoid Culture. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:218-222.e7. [PMID: 30105282 PMCID: PMC6085494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael Czerwinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Angeline Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael K. Dame
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Durga Attili
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Evan Hill
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Justin A. Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lauren Marie Nowacki
- Division of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Division of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter D.R. Higgins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John Y. Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Corresponding author:
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699
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Svensson M, Chen P. Human Organotypic Respiratory Models. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018:29-54. [PMID: 29808337 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical research aiming to understand the molecular basis of human lung tissue development, homeostasis and disease, or to develop new therapies for human respiratory diseases, requires models that faithfully recapitulate the human condition. This has stimulated biologists and engineers to develop in vitro organotypic models mimicking human respiratory tissues. In this chapter, we provide examples of different types of model systems ranging from simple unicellular cultures to more complex multicellular systems. The models contain, in varying degree, cell types present in real tissue in combination with different extracellular matrix components that can critically affect cell phenotype and function. We also describe how organotypic respiratory models can be combined with human innate immune cells, to better recapitulate tissue inflammation, a key component in, for example, infectious diseases. These models have the potential to provide new insights into lung physiology, tissue infection and inflammation, disease mechanisms, as well as provide a platform for identification of novel targets and screening of candidate drugs in human lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Svensson
- F59, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Puran Chen
- F59, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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700
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Ravindranathan P, Pasham D, Balaji U, Cardenas J, Gu J, Toden S, Goel A. Mechanistic insights into anticancer properties of oligomeric proanthocyanidins from grape seeds in colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:767-777. [PMID: 29684110 PMCID: PMC5972632 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the anticancer properties of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) from grape seeds have been well recognized, the molecular mechanisms by which they exert anticancer effects are poorly understood. In this study, through comprehensive RNA-sequencing-based gene expression profiling in multiple colorectal cancer cell lines, we for the first time illuminate the genome-wide effects of OPCs from grape seeds in colorectal cancer. Our data revealed that OPCs affect several key cancer-associated genes. In particular, genes involved in cell cycle and DNA replication were most significantly and consistently altered by OPCs across multiple cell lines. Intriguingly, our in vivo experiments showed that OPCs were significantly more potent at decreasing xenograft tumor growth compared with the unfractionated grape seed extract (GSE) that includes the larger polymers of proanthocyanidins. These findings were further confirmed in colorectal cancer patient-derived organoids, wherein OPCs more potently inhibited the formation of organoids compared with GSE. Furthermore, we validated alteration of cell cycle and DNA replication-associated genes in cancer cell lines, mice xenografts as well as patient-derived organoids. Overall, this study provides an unbiased and comprehensive look at the mechanisms by which OPCs exert anticancer properties in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Ravindranathan
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Divya Pasham
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Uthra Balaji
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jacob Cardenas
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jinghua Gu
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shusuke Toden
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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