651
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Bollaerts I, Veys L, Geeraerts E, Andries L, De Groef L, Buyens T, Salinas-Navarro M, Moons L, Van Hove I. Complementary research models and methods to study axonal regeneration in the vertebrate retinofugal system. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:545-567. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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652
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Roles of miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171157. [PMID: 29074557 PMCID: PMC5705777 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults across the world. The pathogenesis of DR is multifactorial and the molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) may be aberrantly expressed and may play vital roles in the development of DR. Amongst ncRNAs, miRNAs and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are known for their regulatory functions. Here, we summarize the functions and mechanisms of known aberrantly expressed miRNAs and lncRNAs in DR. Additionally, a novel lncRNA–mRNA–miRNA network is included in this review. We highlight original studies that provide detailed data about the mechanisms of miRNAs and lncRNAs, their applications as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers, and their potential therapeutic targets. In conclusion, this review will help us gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs and lncRNAs perform their functions in DR, and provide general strategies and directions for future research.
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653
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Conzen C, Albanna W, Weiss M, Kürten D, Vilser W, Kotliar K, Zäske C, Clusmann H, Schubert GA. Vasoconstriction and Impairment of Neurovascular Coupling after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: a Descriptive Analysis of Retinal Changes. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:284-293. [PMID: 29119370 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cerebral autoregulation and neurovascular coupling (NVC) contribute to delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Retinal vessel analysis (RVA) allows non-invasive assessment of vessel dimension and NVC hereby demonstrating a predictive value in the context of various neurovascular diseases. Using RVA as a translational approach, we aimed to assess the retinal vessels in patients with SAH. RVA was performed prospectively in 24 patients with acute SAH (group A: day 5-14), in 11 patients 3 months after ictus (group B: day 90 ± 35), and in 35 age-matched healthy controls (group C). Data was acquired using a Retinal Vessel Analyzer (Imedos Systems UG, Jena) for examination of retinal vessel dimension and NVC using flicker-light excitation. Diameter of retinal vessels-central retinal arteriolar and venular equivalent-was significantly reduced in the acute phase (p < 0.001) with gradual improvement in group B (p < 0.05). Arterial NVC of group A was significantly impaired with diminished dilatation (p < 0.001) and reduced area under the curve (p < 0.01) when compared to group C. Group B showed persistent prolonged latency of arterial dilation (p < 0.05). Venous NVC was significantly delayed after SAH compared to group C (A p < 0.001; B p < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first clinical study to document retinal vasoconstriction and impairment of NVC in patients with SAH. Using non-invasive RVA as a translational approach, characteristic patterns of compromise were detected for the arterial and venous compartment of the neurovascular unit in a time-dependent fashion. Recruitment will continue to facilitate a correlation analysis with clinical course and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Conzen
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Walid Albanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miriam Weiss
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Kürten
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Konstantin Kotliar
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Zäske
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Clusmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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654
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Malty RH, Aoki H, Kumar A, Phanse S, Amin S, Zhang Q, Minic Z, Goebels F, Musso G, Wu Z, Abou-Tok H, Meyer M, Deineko V, Kassir S, Sidhu V, Jessulat M, Scott NE, Xiong X, Vlasblom J, Prasad B, Foster LJ, Alberio T, Garavaglia B, Yu H, Bader GD, Nakamura K, Parkinson J, Babu M. A Map of Human Mitochondrial Protein Interactions Linked to Neurodegeneration Reveals New Mechanisms of Redox Homeostasis and NF-κB Signaling. Cell Syst 2017; 5:564-577.e12. [PMID: 29128334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial protein (MP) dysfunction has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders (NDs); however, the discovery of the molecular mechanisms underlying NDs has been impeded by the limited characterization of interactions governing MP function. Here, using mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis of 210 affinity-purified mitochondrial (mt) fractions isolated from 27 epitope-tagged human ND-linked MPs in HEK293 cells, we report a high-confidence MP network including 1,964 interactions among 772 proteins (>90% previously unreported). Nearly three-fourths of these interactions were confirmed in mouse brain and multiple human differentiated neuronal cell lines by primary antibody immunoprecipitation and MS, with many linked to NDs and autism. We show that the SOD1-PRDX5 interaction, critical for mt redox homeostasis, can be perturbed by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked SOD1 allelic variants and establish a functional role for ND-linked factors coupled with IκBɛ in NF-κB activation. Our results identify mechanisms for ND-linked MPs and expand the human mt interaction landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy H Malty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Aoki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Sadhna Phanse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Shahreen Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Qingzhou Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Zoran Minic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Florian Goebels
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Gabriel Musso
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhuoran Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Hosam Abou-Tok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Michael Meyer
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Viktor Deineko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Sandy Kassir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Vishaldeep Sidhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Matthew Jessulat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xuejian Xiong
- Hospital for Sick Children, 21-9830 PGCRL, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - James Vlasblom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Bhanu Prasad
- Department of Medicine, Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region, Regina, SK S4P 0W5, Canada
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tiziana Alberio
- Department of Science and High Technology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Via Alberto da Giussano 12, Busto Arsizio I-21052, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation C. Besta Neurological Institute, via L. Temolo, 4, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John Parkinson
- Hospital for Sick Children, 21-9830 PGCRL, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
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655
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Chan VTT, Tso THK, Tang F, Tham C, Mok V, Chen C, Wong TY, Cheung CY. Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29155753 DOI: 10.3791/56137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina offers a unique "window" to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) and shares prominent similarities with the brain in terms of embryological origin, anatomical features and physiological properties. The vascular and neuronal structure in the retina can now be visualized easily and non-invasively using retinal imaging techniques, including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and quantified semi-automatically using computer-assisted analysis programs. Studying the associations between vascular and neuronal changes in the retina and dementia could improve our understanding of dementia and, potentially, aid in diagnosis and risk assessment. This protocol aims to describe a method of quantifying and analyzing retinal vasculature and neuronal structure, which are potentially associated with dementia. This protocol also provides examples of retinal changes in subjects with dementia, and discusses technical issues and current limitations of retinal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor T T Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Tiffany H K Tso
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Fangyao Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Clement Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Vincent Mok
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System; Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore
| | - Tien Y Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre; Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore
| | - Carol Y Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong;
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656
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Hui F, Nguyen CTO, He Z, Vingrys AJ, Gurrell R, Fish RL, Bui BV. Retinal and Cortical Blood Flow Dynamics Following Systemic Blood-Neural Barrier Disruption. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:568. [PMID: 29075176 PMCID: PMC5643486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To consider whether imaging retinal vasculature may be used as a marker for cortical vessels, we compared fluorescein angiography flow dynamics before and after pharmacological disruption of blood-neural barriers. Sodium fluorescein (1%, 200 μl/kg) was intravenously delivered in anesthetized adult Long Evans rats (n = 44, brain = 18, retina = 26). In the brain cohort, a cranial window was created to allow direct visualization of surface cortical vessels. Video fluorescein angiography was captured using a rodent retinal camera at 30 frames/second and fluorescence intensity profiles were evaluated for the time to reach 50% brightness (half-rise), 50% decay (half-fall), and the plateau level of remnant fluorescence (offset, %). Cortical vessels fluoresced earlier (artery half-rise: 5.6 ± 0.2 s) and decayed faster (half-fall: 10.3 ± 0.2 s) compared to retinal vasculature. Cortical vessels also had a considerably higher offset, particularly in the capillaries/extravascular space (41.4 ± 2.7%) whereas pigment in the retina reduces such residual fluorescence. In a sub-cohort of animals, sodium deoxycholate (DOC, 0.06 M dissolved in sterile saline, 1 mL) was delivered intravenously to cause simultaneous disruption of the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers. A separate group received saline as vehicle control. Fluorescein angiography was re-measured at 6 and 24 h after drug infusion and evaluated by comparing flow dynamics to the upper quartile (75%) of the control group. Retinal vasculature was more sensitive to DOC-induced disruption with a higher fluorescence offset at 6 h (47.3 ± 10.6%). A delayed effect was seen in cortical vessels with a higher offset evident only at 24 h (65.6 ± 10.1%). Here we have developed a method to quantitatively compare fluorescein angiography dynamics in the retina and superficial cortical vessels. Our results show that systemic disruption of blood-neural barriers causes vascular leakage in both tissues but earlier in the retina suggesting that pharmacological blood-neural barrier disruption may be detected earlier in the eye than in cortical vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Hui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T. O. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Algis J. Vingrys
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel Gurrell
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Fish
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bang V. Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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657
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Turski GN, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Holz FG, Finger RP. [Retinal imaging of the macula and optic disc in neurodegenerative diseases]. Ophthalmologe 2017; 114:114-119. [PMID: 28004155 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-016-0412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to current demographic trends, the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia is expected to increase considerably. For potential new therapies it is important to identify patients at risk as early as possible. Currently, there is no population-based screening. Therefore, identification of biomarkers that will help screen the population at risk is urgently needed. Thus, a literature review on retinal pathology in neurodegenerative diseases was performed. METHODS PubMed was searched for studies published up to August 2016 using the following keywords: "mild cognitive impairment", "dementia", "eye", "ocular biomarkers", "OCT" and "OCT angiography". Relevant publications were selected and summarized qualitatively. RESULTS Multiple studies using noninvasive in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging showed nonspecific retinal pathological changes in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Pathological changes in macular volume, optic nerve fiber layer thickness and the ganglion cell complex were observed. However, based on available evidence, no ocular biomarkers for neurodegeneration which could be integrated in routine clinical diagnostics have been identified. CONCLUSION The potential use of OCT in the early diagnostic workup and monitoring of progression of neurodegenerative diseases needs to be further explored in longitudinal studies with large cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Turski
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland
| | | | - F G Holz
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland
| | - R P Finger
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland.
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658
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Mirzaei M, Gupta VB, Chick JM, Greco TM, Wu Y, Chitranshi N, Wall RV, Hone E, Deng L, Dheer Y, Abbasi M, Rezaeian M, Braidy N, You Y, Salekdeh GH, Haynes PA, Molloy MP, Martins R, Cristea IM, Gygi SP, Graham SL, Gupta VK. Age-related neurodegenerative disease associated pathways identified in retinal and vitreous proteome from human glaucoma eyes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12685. [PMID: 28978942 PMCID: PMC5627288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic disease that shares many similarities with other neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system. This study was designed to evaluate the association between glaucoma and other neurodegenerative disorders by investigating glaucoma-associated protein changes in the retina and vitreous humour. The multiplexed Tandem Mass Tag based proteomics (TMT-MS3) was carried out on retinal tissue and vitreous humour fluid collected from glaucoma patients and age-matched controls followed by functional pathway and protein network interaction analysis. About 5000 proteins were quantified from retinal tissue and vitreous fluid of glaucoma and control eyes. Of the differentially regulated proteins, 122 were found linked with pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Pathway analyses of differentially regulated proteins indicate defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation machinery. The classical complement pathway associated proteins were activated in the glaucoma samples suggesting an innate inflammatory response. The majority of common differentially regulated proteins in both tissues were members of functional protein networks associated brain changes in AD and other chronic degenerative conditions. Identification of previously reported and novel pathways in glaucoma that overlap with other CNS neurodegenerative disorders promises to provide renewed understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of age related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Veer B Gupta
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Joel M Chick
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd M Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yunqi Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roshana Vander Wall
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Liting Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yogita Dheer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mojdeh Abbasi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mahdie Rezaeian
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark P Molloy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph Martins
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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659
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Exposing primary rat retina cell cultures to γ-rays: An in vitro model for evaluating radiation responses. Exp Eye Res 2017; 166:21-28. [PMID: 28958589 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinal tissue can receive incidental γ-rays exposure during radiotherapy either of tumors of the eye and optic nerve or of head-and-neck tumors, and during medical diagnostic procedures. Healthy retina is therefore at risk of suffering radiation-related side effects and the knowledge of pathophysiological response of retinal cells to ionizing radiations could be useful to design possible strategies of prevention and management of radiotoxicity. In this study, we have exploited an in vitro model (primary rat retinal cell culture) to study an array of biological effects induced on retinal neurons by γ-rays. Most of the different cell types present in retinal tissue - either of the neuronal or glial lineages - are preserved in primary rat retinal cultures. Similar to the retina in situ, neuronal cells undergo in vitro a maturational development shown by the formation of polarized neuritic trees and operating synapses. Since 2 Gy is the incidental dose received by the healthy retina per fraction when the standard treatment is delivered to the brain, retina cell cultures have been exposed to 1 or 2 Gy of γ-rays at different level of neuronal differentiation in vitro: days in vitro (DIV)2 or DIV8. At DIV9, retinal cultures were analyzed in terms of viability, apoptosis and characterized by immunocytochemistry to identify alterations in neuronal differentiation. After irradiation at DIV2, MTT assay revealed an evident loss of cell viability and βIII-tubulin immunostaining highlighted a marked neuritic damage, indicating that survived neurons showed an impaired differentiation. Differentiated cultures (DIV8) appeared to be more resistant with respect to undifferentiated, DIV2 cultures, both in terms of cell viability and differentiation. Apoptosis evaluated with TUNEL assay showed that irradiation at both DIV2 and DIV8 induced a significant increase in the apoptotic rate. To further investigate the effects of γ-rays on retinal neurons, we evaluated the expression of synaptic proteins, such as SNAP25 and synaptophysin. WB and immunofluorescence analysis showed an altered expression of these proteins in particular when cultures were irradiated at DIV2. To evaluate the effect of γ-rays on photoreceptors, we studied the expression of rhodopsin in WB analysis and immunofluorescence. Our results confirm data from the literature that differentiated photoreceptors appear to be more resistant to irradiation respect to other retinal cell types present in cultures. The results obtained suggest that γ-rays exposure of primary retinal cultures may contribute to shed further light on the mechanisms involved in γ-radiation-induced neurodegeneration.
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660
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Dumitrascu OM, Okazaki EM, Cobb SH, Zarka MA, De Souza SA, Kumar G, O'Carroll CB. Amyloid-Beta-Related Angiitis with Distinctive Neuro-Ophthalmologic Features. Neuroophthalmology 2017; 42:237-241. [PMID: 30042795 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2017.1374982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta-related angiitis (ABRA) is a subtype of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation, with distinctive pathology and prognosis compared with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). On a spectrum of increasing severity, ABRA is considered to be in-between the less aggressive inflammatory-CAA and the more severe primary central nervous system (CNS) angiitis. Whereas retinal pathological changes were described in subjects with primary or secondary CNS angiitis, and non-inflammatory CAA, bilateral posterior pole superficial and peripapillary retinal hemorrhages have not been reported as initial signs in patients with pathology-confirmed ABRA, accompanying neurological spells and characteristic neuroimaging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin M Okazaki
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Steven H Cobb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Stephen A De Souza
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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661
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Vohra R, Gurubaran IS, Henriksen U, Bergersen LH, Rasmussen LJ, Desler C, Skytt DM, Kolko M. Disturbed mitochondrial function restricts glutamate uptake in the human Müller glia cell line, MIO-M1. Mitochondrion 2017; 36:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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662
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The Glymphatic Hypothesis of Glaucoma: A Unifying Concept Incorporating Vascular, Biomechanical, and Biochemical Aspects of the Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5123148. [PMID: 28948167 PMCID: PMC5602488 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5123148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of primary open-angle glaucoma is still largely unknown, although a joint contribution of vascular, biomechanical, and biochemical factors is widely acknowledged. Since glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, exploring its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is extremely important and challenging. Evidence from recent studies appears supportive of the hypothesis that a "glymphatic system" exists in the eye and optic nerve, analogous to the described "glymphatic system" in the brain. As discussed in the present paper, elucidation of a glymphatic clearance pathway in the eye could provide a new unifying hypothesis of glaucoma that can incorporate many aspects of the vascular, biomechanical, and biochemical theories of the disease. It should be stressed, however, that the few research data currently available cannot be considered as proof of the existence of an "ocular glymphatic system" and that much more studies are needed to validate this possibility. Even though nothing conclusive can yet be said, the recent reports suggesting a paravascular transport system in the eye and optic nerve are encouraging and, if confirmed, may offer new perspectives for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this devastating disorder.
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663
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Loh EHT, Ong YT, Venketasubramanian N, Hilal S, Thet N, Wong TY, Chen CPL, Cheung CYL. Repeatability and Reproducibility of Retinal Neuronal and Axonal Measures on Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Cognitive Impairment. Front Neurol 2017; 8:359. [PMID: 28861029 PMCID: PMC5559462 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With increasing interest in determining if measurement of retinal neuronal structure with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is useful in accessing neurodegenerative process in cognitive decline and development of dementia, it is important to evaluate whether the SD-OCT measurements are repeatable and reproducible in these patients. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with no change in global clinical dementia rating (CDR) score at 1-year follow-up were eligible to be included. Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) parameters were measured with SD-OCT at baseline, 6-month, and 1-year follow-up visits. At baseline, SD-OCT scans were repeated to access intra-visit repeatability of the SD-OCT measurement. SD-OCT measurement over three visits was used to access inter-visit reproducibility. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CoVs). Results We included 32 patients with stable AD and 29 patients with stable MCI in the final analysis. For GC-IPL measures, the average intra-visit ICC was 0.969 (range: 0.948–0.985), and CoV was 1.81% (range: 1.14–2.40); while the average inter-visit ICC was 0.968 (0.941–0.985), and CoV was 1.91% (range: 1.24–2.32). The average ICC and CoV of intra-visit RNFL measured were 0.965 (range: 0.937–0.986) and 2.32% (range: 1.34–2.90%), respectively. The average ICC and CoV of inter-visit RNFL measures were 0.927 (range: 0.845–0.961) and 3.83% (range: 2.71–5.25%), respectively. Conclusion Both GC-IPL and RNFL measurements had good intra-visit repeatability and inter-visit reproducibility over 1 year in elderly patients with no decline in cognitive function, suggesting that SD-OCT is a reliable tool to assess neurodegenerative process over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Hong-Teck Loh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ting Ong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Naing Thet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher P L Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carol Yim-Lui Cheung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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664
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Leinonen H, Tanila H. Vision in laboratory rodents-Tools to measure it and implications for behavioral research. Behav Brain Res 2017; 352:172-182. [PMID: 28760697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mice and rats are nocturnal mammals and their vision is specialized for detection of motion and contrast in dim light conditions. These species possess a large proportion of UV-sensitive cones in their retinas and the majority of their optic nerve axons target superior colliculus rather than visual cortex. Therefore, it was a widely held belief that laboratory rodents hardly utilize vision during day-time behavior. This dogma is being questioned as accumulating evidence suggests that laboratory rodents are able to perform complex visual functions, such as perceiving subjective contours, and that declined vision may affect their performance in many behavioral tasks. For instance, genetic engineering may have unexpected consequences on vision as mouse models of Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases have declined visual function. Rodent vision can be tested in numerous ways using operant training or reflex-based behavioral tasks, or alternatively using electrophysiological recordings. In this article, we will first provide a summary of visual system and explain its characteristics unique to rodents. Then, we present well-established techniques to test rodent vision, with an emphasis on pattern vision: visual water test, optomotor reflex test, pattern electroretinography and pattern visual evoked potentials. Finally, we highlight the importance of visual phenotyping in rodents. As the number of genetically engineered rodent models and volume of behavioral testing increase simultaneously, the possibility of visual dysfunctions needs to be addressed. Neglect in this matter potentially leads to crude biases in the field of neuroscience and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Leinonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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665
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Caglayan B, Caglayan AB, Beker MC, Yalcin E, Beker M, Kelestemur T, Sertel E, Ozturk G, Kilic U, Sahin F, Kilic E. Evidence that activation of P2X7R does not exacerbate neuronal death after optic nerve transection and focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Exp Neurol 2017; 296:23-31. [PMID: 28669743 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting data in the literature about the function of P2X7R in survival following ischemia necessitates the conductance of in-depth studies. To investigate the impacts of activation vs inhibition of the receptor on neuronal survival as well as the downstream signaling cascades, in addition to optic nerve transection (ONT), 30min and 90min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models were performed in mice. Intracellular calcium levels were assessed in primary cortical neuron cultures. Here, we show that P2X7R antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) decreased DNA fragmentation, infarct volume, brain swelling, neurological deficit scores and activation of microglial cells after focal cerebral ischemia. BBG also significantly increased the number of surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after ONT and the number of surviving neurons following MCAo. Importantly, receptor agonist BzATP resulted in increased activation of microglial cells and induced phosphorylation of ERK, AKT and JNK. These results indicated that inhibition of P2X7R with BBG promoted neuronal survival, not through the activation of survival kinase pathways, but possibly by improved intracellular Ca2+ overload and decreased the levels of Caspase 1, IL-1β and Bax proteins. On the other hand, BzATP-mediated increased number of activated microglia and increased survival kinase levels in addition to increased caspase-1 and IL-1β levels indicate the complex nature of the P2X7 receptor-mediated signaling in neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrak Caglayan
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey; Yeditepe University, Dept. of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet B Caglayan
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa C Beker
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Yalcin
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Beker
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Dept. of Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Kelestemur
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Sertel
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Ozturk
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulkan Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Yeditepe University, Dept. of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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666
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Schwitzer T, Schwan R, Bubl E, Lalanne L, Angioi-Duprez K, Laprevote V. Looking into the brain through the retinal ganglion cells in psychiatric disorders: A review of evidences. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 76:155-162. [PMID: 28336492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatry and neuroscience research need novel approaches to indirectly investigate brain function. As the retina is an anatomical and developmental extension of the central nervous system (CNS), changes in retinal function may reflect neurological dysfunctions in psychiatric disorders. The last and most integrated retinal relay before visual information transfer to the brain is the ganglion cell layer. Here, based on collected arguments, we argue that these cells offer a crucial site for indirectly investigating brain function. We describe the anatomical and physiological properties of these cells together with measurements of their functional properties named pattern electroretinogram (PERG). Based on ganglion cell dysfunctions measured with PERG in neurological disorders, we argue for the relevance of studying ganglion cell function in psychiatric research. We review studies that have evaluated ganglion cell function in psychiatric and addictive disorders and discuss how changes in PERG measurements could be functional markers of pathophysiological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwitzer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adulte du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; EA7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adulte du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; EA7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Maison des Addictions, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Emanuel Bubl
- Saarland University Medical Center, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Homburg, Germany
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Vincent Laprevote
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adulte du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; EA7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Maison des Addictions, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
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667
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Mendoza-Santiesteban CE, Gabilondo I, Palma JA, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Kaufmann H. The Retina in Multiple System Atrophy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2017; 8:206. [PMID: 28596752 PMCID: PMC5443142 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, adult-onset, rapidly progressive fatal synucleinopathy that primarily affects oligodendroglial cells in the brain. Patients with MSA only rarely have visual complaints, but recent studies of the retina using optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed atrophy of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and to a lesser extent the macular ganglion cell layer (GCL) complex. Methods We performed a literature review and meta-analysis according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines for studies published before January 2017, identified through PubMed and Google Scholar databases, which reported OCT-related outcomes in patients with MSA and controls. A random-effects model was constructed. Results The meta-analysis search strategy yielded 15 articles of which 7 met the inclusion criteria. The pooled difference in the average thickness of the RNFL was −5.48 μm (95% CI, −6.23 to −4.73; p < 0.0001), indicating significant thinning in patients with MSA. The pooled results showed significant thinning in all the specific RNFL quadrants, except in the temporal RNFL quadrant, where the thickness in MSA and controls was similar [pooled difference of 1.11 µm (95% CI, −4.03 to 6.26; p = 0.67)]. This pattern of retinal damage suggests that MSA patients have preferential loss of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the magnocellular pathway (M-cells), which are mainly located in the peripheral retina and are not essential for visual acuity. Visual acuity, on the other hand, relies mostly on macular ganglion cells projecting to the parvocellular pathway (P-cells) through the temporal portion of the RNFL, which are relatively spared in MSA patients. Conclusion The retinal damage in patients with MSA differs from that observed in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Patients with MSA have more relative preservation of temporal sector of the RNFL and less severe atrophy of the macular GCL complex. We hypothesize that in patients with MSA there is predominant damage of large myelinated optic nerve axons like those originating from the M-cells. These large axons may require higher support from oligodendrocytes. Conversely, in patients with PD, P-cells might be more affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iñigo Gabilondo
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Jose Alberto Palma
- Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Horacio Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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668
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Ma JH, Shen S, Wang JJ, He Z, Poon A, Li J, Qu J, Zhang SX. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Mitochondria-associated ER Membrane (MAM) in a Long-term Type 2 Diabetic Rodent Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2062. [PMID: 28522876 PMCID: PMC5437025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) plays a critical role in cellular energetics and calcium homeostasis; however, how MAM is affected under diabetic condition remains elusive. This study presented a comprehensive proteome profiling of isolated brain MAM from long-term type 2 diabetic mice vs. non-diabetic controls. MAM protein was extracted efficiently by a surfactant-aided precipitation/on-pellet digestion (SOD) method, and MAM proteome was quantified by an ion-current-based MS1 method combined with nanoLC-MS/MS. A total of 1,313 non-redundant proteins of MAM were identified, among which 144 proteins were found significantly altered by diabetes. In-depth IPA analysis identified multiple disease-relevant signaling pathways associated with the MAM proteome changes in diabetes, most significantly the unfolded protein response (UPR), p53, hypoxia-related transcription factors, and methyl CpG binding protein 2. Using immunofluorescence labeling we confirmed the activation of three UPR branches and increased ERp29 and calreticulin in diabetic retinas. Moreover, we found GRP75, a key MAM tethering protein, was drastically reduced by long-term diabetes. In vitro, acute high glucose treatment reduces ER-mitochondrial contact in retinal endothelial cells. This study provides first insight into the significant alterations in MAM proteome associated with activation of the UPR in diabetes, which may serve as novel benchmarks for the future studies of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacey Hongjie Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhanwen He
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amanda Poon
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Li
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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669
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Leinonen H, Keksa-Goldsteine V, Ragauskas S, Kohlmann P, Singh Y, Savchenko E, Puranen J, Malm T, Kalesnykas G, Koistinaho J, Tanila H, Kanninen KM. Retinal Degeneration In A Mouse Model Of CLN5 Disease Is Associated With Compromised Autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1597. [PMID: 28487519 PMCID: PMC5431647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Finnish variant of late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN5 disease) belongs to a family of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCLs) diseases. Vision loss is among the first clinical signs in childhood forms of NCLs. Mutations in CLN5 underlie CLN5 disease. The aim of this study was to characterize how the lack of normal functionality of the CLN5 protein affects the mouse retina. Scotopic electroretinography (ERG) showed a diminished c-wave amplitude in the CLN5 deficient mice already at 1 month of age, indicative of pathological events in the retinal pigmented epithelium. A- and b-waves showed progressive impairment later from 2 and 3 months of age onwards, respectively. Structural and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses showed preferential damage of photoreceptors, accumulation of autofluorescent storage material, apoptosis of photoreceptors, and strong inflammation in the CLN5 deficient mice retinas. Increased levels of autophagy-associated proteins Beclin-1 and P62, and increased LC3b-II/LC3b-I ratio, were detected by Western blotting from whole retinal extracts. Photopic ERG, visual evoked potentials, IHC and cell counting indicated relatively long surviving cone photoreceptors compared to rods. In conclusion, CLN5 deficient mice develop early vision loss that reflects the condition reported in clinical childhood forms of NCLs. The vision loss in CLN5 deficient mice is primarily caused by photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Leinonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Velta Keksa-Goldsteine
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Philip Kohlmann
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yajuvinder Singh
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Savchenko
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Giedrius Kalesnykas
- Experimentica Ltd., Kuopio, Finland
- Research and Development Centre for Ophthalmic Innovations (SILK), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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670
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Altered protein glycosylation predicts Alzheimer's disease and modulates its pathology in disease model Drosophila. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:159-171. [PMID: 28552182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are pathogenic oligomers and fibrils of misfolded amyloidogenic proteins (e.g., β-amyloid and hyper-phosphorylated tau in AD), which cause progressive loss of neurons in the brain and nervous system. Although deviations from normal protein glycosylation have been documented in AD, their role in disease pathology has been barely explored. Here our analysis of available expression data sets indicates that many glycosylation-related genes are differentially expressed in brains of AD patients compared with healthy controls. The robust differences found enabled us to predict the occurrence of AD with remarkable accuracy in a test cohort and identify a set of key genes whose expression determines this classification. We then studied in vivo the effect of reducing expression of homologs of 6 of these genes in transgenic Drosophila overexpressing human tau, a well-established invertebrate AD model. These experiments have led to the identification of glycosylation genes that may augment or ameliorate tauopathy phenotypes. Our results indicate that OstDelta, l(2)not and beta4GalT7 are tauopathy suppressors, whereas pgnat5 and CG33303 are enhancers, of tauopathy. These results suggest that specific alterations in protein glycosylation may play a causal role in AD etiology.
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671
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The role of the retina in visual hallucinations: A review of the literature and implications for psychosis. Neuropsychologia 2017; 99:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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672
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Lateral thinking - Interocular symmetry and asymmetry in neurovascular patterning, in health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 59:131-157. [PMID: 28457789 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
No biological system or structure is likely to be perfectly symmetrical, or have identical right and left forms. This review explores the evidence for eye and visual pathway asymmetry, in health and in disease, and attempts to provide guidance for those studying the structure and function of the visual system, where recognition of symmetry or asymmetry may be essential. The principal question with regards to asymmetry is not 'are the eyes the same?', for some degree of asymmetry is pervasive, but 'when are they importantly different?'. Knowing if right and left eyes are 'importantly different' could have significant consequences for deciding whether right or left eyes are included in an analysis or for examining the association between a phenotype and ocular parameter. The presence of significant asymmetry would also have important implications for the design of normative databases of retinal and optic nerve metrics. In this review, we highlight not only the universal presence of asymmetry, but provide evidence that some elements of the visual system are inherently more asymmetric than others, pointing to the need for improved normative data to explain sources of asymmetry and their impact on determining associations with genetic, environmental or health-related factors and ultimately in clinical practice.
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673
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Size-selective opening of the blood-brain barrier by targeting endothelial sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4531-4536. [PMID: 28396408 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618659114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) forms a selective barrier termed the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Disruption of the BBB may contribute to various CNS diseases. Conversely, the intact BBB restricts efficient penetration of CNS-targeted drugs. Here, we report the BBB-regulatory role of endothelial sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1, a G protein-coupled receptor known to promote the barrier function in peripheral vessels. Endothelial-specific S1pr1 knockout mice (S1pr1iECKO ) showed BBB breach for small-molecular-mass fluorescence tracers (<3 kDa), but not larger tracers (>10 kDa). Chronic BBB leakiness was associated with cognitive impairment, as assessed by the novel object recognition test, but not signs of brain inflammation. Brain microvessels of S1pr1iECKO mice showed altered subcellular distribution of tight junctional proteins. Pharmacological inhibition of S1P1 function led to transient BBB breach. These data suggest that brain endothelial S1P1 maintain the BBB by regulating the proper localization of tight junction proteins and raise the possibility that endothelial S1P1 inhibition may be a strategy for transient BBB opening and delivery of small molecules into the CNS.
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674
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Cairns EA, Toguri JT, Porter RF, Szczesniak AM, Kelly MEM. Seeing over the horizon - targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of ocular disease. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 27:253-65. [PMID: 26565550 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The observation that marijuana reduces intraocular pressure was made by Hepler and Frank in the 1970s. Since then, there has been a significant body of work investigating cannabinoids for their potential use as therapeutics. To date, no endocannabinoid system (ECS)-modulating drug has been approved for clinical use in the eye; however, recent advances in our understanding of the ECS, as well as new pharmacological tools, has renewed interest in the development of ocular ECS-based therapeutics. This review summarizes the current state-of-affairs for the use of ECS-modulating drugs for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular inflammatory and ischemic disease.
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675
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Aghaizu ND, Kruczek K, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Ali RR, Pearson RA. Pluripotent stem cells and their utility in treating photoreceptor degenerations. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 231:191-223. [PMID: 28554397 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration and inherited retinal degenerations represent the leading causes of blindness in industrialized countries. Despite different initiating causes, they share a common final pathophysiology, the loss of the light sensitive photoreceptors. Replacement by transplantation may offer a potential treatment strategy for both patient populations. The last decade has seen remarkable progress in our ability to generate retinal cell types, including photoreceptors, from a variety of murine and human pluripotent stem cell sources. Driven in large part by the requirement for renewable cell sources, stem cells have emerged not only as a promising source of replacement photoreceptors but also to provide in vitro systems with which to study retinal development and disease processes and to test therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamil Kruczek
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robin R Ali
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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676
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Méndez-Gómez JL, Rougier MB, Tellouck L, Korobelnik JF, Schweitzer C, Delyfer MN, Amieva H, Dartigues JF, Delcourt C, Helmer C. Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and the Evolution of Cognitive Performance in an Elderly Population. Front Neurol 2017; 8:93. [PMID: 28373855 PMCID: PMC5358525 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness is reduced in Alzheimer’s patients. However, whether it is associated with early evolution of cognitive function is unknown. Within 427 participants from the Three-City-Alienor longitudinal population-based cohort, we explored the relationship between peripapillary RNFL thicknesses and the evolution of cognitive performance. RNFL was assessed at baseline by spectral domain optical coherence tomography; cognitive performances were assessed at baseline and at 2 years, with the Mini–Mental State Examination, the Isaacs’ set test, and the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT). Multivariate linear mixed models were performed. The RNFL was not associated with initial cognitive performance. Nevertheless, a thicker RNFL was significantly associated with a better cognitive evolution over time in the free delayed recall (p = 0.0037) and free + cued delayed recall (p = 0.0043) scores of the FCSRT, particularly in the temporal, superotemporal, and inferotemporal segments. No associations were found with other cognitive tests. The RNFL was associated with changes in scores that assess episodic memory. RNFL thickness could reflect a higher risk of developing cognitive impairment over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Méndez-Gómez
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219 , Bordeaux , France
| | - Marie-Bénédicte Rougier
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; University Hospital, Ophthalmology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laury Tellouck
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; University Hospital, Ophthalmology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; University Hospital, Ophthalmology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cédric Schweitzer
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; University Hospital, Ophthalmology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Delyfer
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; University Hospital, Ophthalmology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Amieva
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219 , Bordeaux , France
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; University Hospital, Memory Consultation, CMRR, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219 , Bordeaux , France
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219 , Bordeaux , France
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677
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Wang R, Sun Q, Xia F, Chen Z, Wu J, Zhang Y, Xu J, Liu L. Methane rescues retinal ganglion cells and limits retinal mitochondrial dysfunction following optic nerve crush. Exp Eye Res 2017; 159:49-57. [PMID: 28336261 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Secondary degeneration is a common event in traumatic central nervous system disorders, which involves neuronal apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Exogenous methane exerts the therapeutic effects in many organ injury. Our study aims to investigate the potential neuroprotection of methane in a rat model of optic nerve crush (ONC). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to ONC and administrated intraperitoneally with methane-saturated or normal saline (10 ml/kg) once per day for one week after ONC. The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) density was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Fluoro-Gold retrogradely labeling. Visual function was evaluated by flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP). The retinal apoptosis was measured by terminal-deoxy-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and the expression of apoptosis-related factors, such as phosphorylated Bcl-2-associated death promoter (pBAD), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (pGSK-3β), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl-2 extra large (Bcl-xL). Retinal mitochondrial function was assessed by the mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, citrate synthase activity and ATP content. Methane treatment significantly improved the RGC loss and visual dysfunction following ONC. As expected, methane also remarkably inhibited the retinal neural apoptosis, such as the fewer TUNEL-positive cells in ganglion cell layer, accompanied by the up-regulations of anti-apoptotic factors (pGSK-3β, pBAD, Bcl-xL) and the down-regulation of pro-apoptotic factor (Bax). Furthermore, methane treatment suppressed up-regulations of critical mitochondrial components (PGC-1α, NRF1 and TFAM) mRNA and mtDNA copy number, as well as improved the reduction of functional mitochondria markers, including citrate synthase activity and ATP content, in retinas with ONC. Taken together, methane treatment promotes RGC survival and limits retinal mitochondrial dysfunction against ONC insult. Methane can be a potential neuroprotective agent for traumatic and glaucomatous neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinglei Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangzhou Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeli Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangchun Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuelu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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678
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Baumann B, Woehrer A, Ricken G, Augustin M, Mitter C, Pircher M, Kovacs GG, Hitzenberger CK. Visualization of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease by polarization-sensitive optical coherence microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43477. [PMID: 28262719 PMCID: PMC5337955 DOI: 10.1038/srep43477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is the deposition of extracellular senile plaques and vessel wall deposits composed of amyloid-beta (Aβ). In AD, degeneration of neurons is preceded by the formation of Aβ plaques, which show different morphological forms. Most of them are birefringent owing to the parallel arrangement of amyloid fibrils. Here, we present polarization sensitive optical coherence microscopy (PS-OCM) for imaging mature neuritic Aβ plaques based on their birefringent properties. Formalin-fixed, post-mortem brain samples of advanced stage AD patients were investigated. In several cortical brain regions, neuritic Aβ plaques were successfully visualized in tomographic and three-dimensional (3D) images. Cortical grey matter appeared polarization preserving, whereas neuritic plaques caused increased phase retardation. Consistent with the results from PS-OCM imaging, the 3D structure of senile Aβ plaques was computationally modelled for different illumination settings and plaque sizes. Furthermore, the birefringent properties of cortical and meningeal vessel walls in CAA were investigated in selected samples. Significantly increased birefringence was found in smaller vessels. Overall, these results provide evidence that PS-OCM is able to assess amyloidosis based on intrinsic birefringent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Baumann
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Ricken
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Augustin
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Mitter
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor G. Kovacs
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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679
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Beta-amyloid sequelae in the eye: a critical review on its diagnostic significance and clinical relevance in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:353-363. [PMID: 28093567 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. There is no test for its definitive diagnosis in routine clinical practice. Although phase III clinical trials have failed, only symptomatic treatment is currently available; a possible reason for these failed trials is that intervention commenced at an advanced stage of the disease. The hallmarks of an AD brain include plaques comprising of extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) protein aggregates and intracellular hyperphosphorylated neurofibrillary tangles of tau. Research into the preclinical diagnosis of AD has provided considerable evidence regarding early neuropathological changes using brain Aβ imaging and the cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, Aβ and tau. Both these approaches have limitations that are expensive, invasive or time consuming and thus preclude them from screening at-risk population. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of Aβ plaques in the eyes of AD subjects, which is positively associated with their brain Aβ burden. Thus ocular biomarkers point to a potential avenue for an earlier, relatively low-cost diagnosis in order for therapeutic interventions to be effective. Here we review the literature that spans the investigation for the presence of Aβ in aging eyes and the significance of its deposition in relation to AD pathology. We discuss clinical studies investigating in vivo imaging of Aβ in the eye and its association with brain Aβ burden and therapies that target ocular Aβ. Finally, we focus on the need to characterize AD-specific retinal Aβ to differentiate Aβ found in some eye diseases. Based on the current evidence, we conclude that integration of ocular biomarkers that can correctly predict brain Aβ burden would have an important role as a non-invasive, yet economical surrogate marker in the diagnostic process of AD.
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680
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Marchena M, Villarejo-Zori B, Zaldivar-Diez J, Palomo V, Gil C, Hernández-Sánchez C, Martínez A, de la Rosa EJ. Small molecules targeting glycogen synthase kinase 3 as potential drug candidates for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:522-526. [PMID: 28114834 PMCID: PMC6009897 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1265522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal dystrophy that courses with progressive degeneration of retinal tissue and loss of vision. Currently, RP is an unpreventable, incurable condition. We propose glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors as potential leads for retinal cell neuroprotection, since the retina is also a part of the central nervous system and GSK-3 inhibitors are potent neuroprotectant agents. Using a chemical genetic approach, diverse small molecules with different potency and binding mode to GSK-3 have been used to validate and confirm GSK-3 as a pharmacological target for RP. Moreover, this medicinal chemistry approach has provided new leads for the future disease-modifying treatment of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Marchena
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Josefa Zaldivar-Diez
- b Department of Chemical and Physical Biology , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Valle Palomo
- b Department of Chemical and Physical Biology , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- b Department of Chemical and Physical Biology , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Catalina Hernández-Sánchez
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- b Department of Chemical and Physical Biology , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Enrique J de la Rosa
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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681
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Ferrari L, Huang SC, Magnani G, Ambrosi A, Comi G, Leocani L. Optical Coherence Tomography Reveals Retinal Neuroaxonal Thinning in Frontotemporal Dementia as in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 56:1101-1107. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrari
- Department of Neurology and INSPE – Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Magnani
- Department of Neurology and INSPE – Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurology and INSPE – Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Department of Neurology and INSPE – Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele Milan, Italy
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682
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Cheung CYL, Ikram MK, Chen C, Wong TY. Imaging retina to study dementia and stroke. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 57:89-107. [PMID: 28057562 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With increase in life expectancy, the number of persons suffering from common age-related brain diseases, including neurodegenerative (e.g., dementia) and cerebrovascular (e.g., stroke) disease is expected to rise substantially. As current neuro-imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging may not be able to detect subtle subclinical changes (resolution <100-500 μm) in dementia and stroke, there is an urgent need for other complementary techniques to probe the pathophysiology of these diseases. The retina - due to its anatomical, embryological and physiological similarities with the brain - offers a unique and accessible "window" to study correlates and consequences of subclinical pathology in the brain. Retinal components such as the microvasculature and retinal ganglion cell axons can now be visualized non-invasively using different retinal imaging techniques e.g., ocular fundus photography and optical coherence tomography. Advances in retinal imaging may provide new and potentially important insights into cerebrovascular neurodegenerative processes in addition to what is currently possible with neuro-imaging. In this review, we present an overview of the current literature on the application of retinal imaging in the study of dementia and stroke. We discuss clinical implications of these studies, novel state-of-the-art retinal imaging techniques and future directions aimed at evaluating whether retinal imaging can be an additional investigation tool in the study of dementia and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Yim-Lui Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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683
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Zhang Y, Dodson KH, Fischer R, Wang R, Li D, Sappington RM, Xu YQ. Probing electrical signals in the retina via graphene-integrated microfluidic platforms. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19043-19049. [PMID: 27812594 PMCID: PMC5115917 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07290a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has attracted extensive attention in biological and biomedical fields due to its unique physical properties and excellent biocompatibility. We combine graphene field-effect transistors and scanning photocurrent microscopy with microfluidic platforms to investigate electrical signals in mouse retina. Remarkable photocurrent signals were detected from the graphene underneath the optic nerve head (ONH) of the retina, where the electrical activity from this region can modulate the carrier concentration of the graphene and induce local potential gradients. These built-in electrical potential gradients can efficiently separate photo-excited electron-hole pairs, leading to strong photocurrent responses in the graphene underneath the ONH. We also show that no significant photocurrent signal was observed in the graphene underneath either dehydrated or fixed retinal tissues, verifying that the photocurrent responses generated in the graphene underneath the ONH were indeed induced by the electrical activity in living retina. This method not only provides a way to investigate electrical processes in living retinal tissues, but also offers opportunities to study many other cellular systems involving cell-cell interactions through electrical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kirsten H. Dodson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel Fischer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Sappington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ya-Qiong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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684
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Cabrera DeBuc D, Somfai GM, Koller A. Retinal microvascular network alterations: potential biomarkers of cerebrovascular and neural diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H201-H212. [PMID: 27923786 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00201.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the conditions of retinal microvessels are indicators to a variety of cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and developmental diseases. Thus noninvasive visualization of the human retinal microcirculation offers an exceptional opportunity for the investigation of not only the retinal but also cerebral microvasculature. In this review, we show how the conditions of the retinal microvessels could be used to assess the conditions of brain microvessels because the microvascular network of the retina and brain share, in many aspects, standard features in development, morphology, function, and pathophysiology. Recent techniques and imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), allow more precise visualization of various layers of the retina and its microcirculation, providing a "microscope" to brain microvessels. We also review the potential role of retinal microvessels in the risk identification of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The association between vision problems and cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the possible role of retinal microvascular imaging biomarkers in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative screening, their potentials, and limitations, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cabrera DeBuc
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida;
| | - Gabor Mark Somfai
- Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Augenzentrum, Pallas Kliniken, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Akos Koller
- Institute of Natural Sciences, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary; and.,Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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685
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McGrory S, Cameron JR, Pellegrini E, Warren C, Doubal FN, Deary IJ, Dhillon B, Wardlaw JM, Trucco E, MacGillivray TJ. The application of retinal fundus camera imaging in dementia: A systematic review. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2016; 6:91-107. [PMID: 28229127 PMCID: PMC5312461 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The ease of imaging the retinal vasculature, and the evolving evidence suggesting this microvascular bed might reflect the cerebral microvasculature, presents an opportunity to investigate cerebrovascular disease and the contribution of microvascular disease to dementia with fundus camera imaging. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to assess the measurement of retinal properties in dementia using fundus imaging. Results Ten studies assessing retinal properties in dementia were included. Quantitative measurement revealed significant yet inconsistent pathologic changes in vessel caliber, tortuosity, and fractal dimension. Retinopathy was more prevalent in dementia. No association of age-related macular degeneration with dementia was reported. Discussion Inconsistent findings across studies provide tentative support for the application of fundus camera imaging as a means of identifying changes associated with dementia. The potential of fundus image analysis in differentiating between dementia subtypes should be investigated using larger well-characterized samples. Future work should focus on refining and standardizing methods and measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McGrory
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James R Cameron
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Enrico Pellegrini
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire Warren
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fergus N Doubal
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Baljean Dhillon
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emanuele Trucco
- VAMPIRE Project and Computer Vision and Image Processing Group School of Science and Engineering (Computing), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas J MacGillivray
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; VAMPIRE Project and Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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686
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Hart NJ, Koronyo Y, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Ocular indicators of Alzheimer's: exploring disease in the retina. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:767-787. [PMID: 27645291 PMCID: PMC5106496 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although historically perceived as a disorder confined to the brain, our understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has expanded to include extra-cerebral manifestation, with mounting evidence of abnormalities in the eye. Among ocular tissues, the retina, a developmental outgrowth of the brain, is marked by an array of pathologies in patients suffering from AD, including nerve fiber layer thinning, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and changes to vascular parameters. While the hallmark pathological signs of AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) comprising hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) protein, have long been described in the brain, identification of these characteristic biomarkers in the retina has only recently been reported. In particular, Aβ deposits were discovered in post-mortem retinas of advanced and early stage cases of AD, in stark contrast to non-AD controls. Subsequent studies have reported elevated Aβ42/40 peptides, morphologically diverse Aβ plaques, and pTau in the retina. In line with the above findings, animal model studies have reported retinal Aβ deposits and tauopathy, often correlated with local inflammation, retinal ganglion cell degeneration, and functional deficits. This review highlights the converging evidence that AD manifests in the eye, especially in the retina, which can be imaged directly and non-invasively. Visual dysfunction in AD patients, traditionally attributed to well-documented cerebral pathology, can now be reexamined as a direct outcome of retinal abnormalities. As we continue to study the disease in the brain, the emerging field of ocular AD warrants further investigation of how the retina may faithfully reflect the neurological disease. Indeed, detection of retinal AD pathology, particularly the early presenting amyloid biomarkers, using advanced high-resolution imaging techniques may allow large-scale screening and monitoring of at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav J Hart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 George Burns Rd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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687
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688
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Lagali PS, Medina CF, Zhao BYH, Yan K, Baker AN, Coupland SG, Tsilfidis C, Wallace VA, Picketts DJ. Retinal interneuron survival requires non-cell-autonomous Atrx activity. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4787-4803. [PMID: 28173139 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
ATRX is a chromatin remodeling protein that is mutated in several intellectual disability disorders including alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation, X-linked (ATR-X) syndrome. We previously reported the prevalence of ophthalmological defects in ATR-X syndrome patients, and accordingly we find morphological and functional visual abnormalities in a mouse model harboring a mutation occurring in ATR-X patients. The visual system abnormalities observed in these mice parallels the Atrx-null retinal phenotype characterized by interneuron defects and selective loss of amacrine and horizontal cells. The mechanisms that underlie selective neuronal vulnerability and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system upon Atrx mutation or deletion are unknown. To interrogate the cellular specificity of Atrx for its retinal neuroprotective functions, we employed a combination of temporal and lineage-restricted conditional ablation strategies to generate five different conditional knockout mouse models, and subsequently identified a non-cell-autonomous requirement for Atrx in bipolar cells for inhibitory interneuron survival in the retina. Atrx-deficient retinal bipolar cells exhibit functional, structural and molecular alterations consistent with impairments in neuronal activity and connectivity. Gene expression changes in the Atrx-null retina indicate defective synaptic structure and neuronal circuitry, suggest excitotoxic mechanisms of neurodegeneration, and demonstrate that common targets of ATRX in the forebrain and retina may contribute to similar neuropathological processes underlying cognitive impairment and visual dysfunction in ATR-X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Lagali
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Chantal F Medina
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Brandon Y H Zhao
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Keqin Yan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Adam N Baker
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Stuart G Coupland
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Catherine Tsilfidis
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Valerie A Wallace
- Vision Research Division, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8,,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada
| | - David J Picketts
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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689
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Minhas G, Sharma J, Khan N. Cellular Stress Response and Immune Signaling in Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Immunol 2016; 7:444. [PMID: 27822213 PMCID: PMC5075763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia–reperfusion injury is a well-known pathological hallmark associated with diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and other related retinopathies that ultimately can lead to visual impairment and vision loss. Retinal ischemia pathogenesis involves a cascade of detrimental events that include energy failure, excitotoxic damage, calcium imbalance, oxidative stress, and eventually cell death. Retina for a long time has been known to be an immune privileged site; however, recent investigations reveal that retina, as well as the central nervous system, elicits immunological responses during various stress cues. Stress condition, such as reperfusion of blood supply post-ischemia results in the sequestration of different immune cells, inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, etc., to the ischemic region, which in turn facilitates induction of inflammatory conditions in these tissues. The immunological activation during injury or stress per se is beneficial for repair and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, but whether the associated inflammation is good or bad, during ischemia–reperfusion injury, hitherto remains to be explored. Keeping all these notions in mind, the current review tries to address the immune response and host stress response mechanisms involved in ischemia–reperfusion injury with the focus on the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillipsie Minhas
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , Telangana, India
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , Telangana, India
| | - Nooruddin Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , Telangana, India
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690
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Murinello S, Moreno SK, Macauley MS, Sakimoto S, Westenskow PD, Friedlander M. Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27805590 DOI: 10.3791/54677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and they perform a variety of functions that support CNS homeostasis, including phagocytosis of damaged synapses or cells, debris, and/or invading pathogens. Impaired phagocytic function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Alzheimer's and age-related macular degeneration, where amyloid-β plaque and drusen accumulate, respectively. Despite its importance, microglial phagocytosis has been challenging to assess in vivo. Here, we describe a simple, yet robust, technique for precisely monitoring and quantifying the in vivo phagocytic potential of retinal microglia. Previous methods have relied on immunohistochemical staining and imaging techniques. Our method uses flow cytometry to measure microglial uptake of fluorescently labeled particles after intravitreal delivery to the eye in live rodents. This method replaces conventional practices that involve laborious tissue sectioning, immunostaining, and imaging, allowing for more precise quantification of microglia phagocytic function in just under six hours. This procedure can also be adapted to test how various compounds alter microglial phagocytosis in physiological settings. While this technique was developed in the eye, its use is not limited to vision research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Murinello
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute;
| | - Stacey K Moreno
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | | | - Susumu Sakimoto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Peter D Westenskow
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute; The Lowy Medical Research Institute
| | - Martin Friedlander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
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691
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Jones-Odeh E, Yonova-Doing E, Bloch E, Williams KM, Steves CJ, Hammond CJ. The correlation between cognitive performance and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness is largely explained by genetic factors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34116. [PMID: 27677702 PMCID: PMC5039707 DOI: 10.1038/srep34116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness has been associated with cognitive function but it is unclear whether RNFL thinning is secondary to cortical loss, or if the same disease process affects both. We explored whether there is phenotypic sharing between RNFL thickness and cognitive traits, and whether such sharing is due to genetic factors. Detailed eye and cognitive examination were performed on 1602 twins (mean age: 56.4 years; range: 18-89) from the TwinsUK cohort. Associations between RNFL thickness and ophthalmic, cognitive and other predictors were assessed using linear regression or analysis of variance models. Heritability analyses were performed using uni- and bivariate Cholesky decomposition models. RNFL was thinner with increase in myopia and with decrease in disc area (p < 0.001). A thicker RNFL was associated with better performance on mini mental state examination (MMSE, F(5,883) = 5.8, p < 0.001), and with faster reaction time (RT, β = -0.01; p = 0.01); independent of the effects of age, refractive error and disc area (p < 0.05). RNFL thickness was highly heritable (82%) but there was low phenotypic sharing between RNFL thickness and MMSE (5%, 95% CI: 0-10%) or RT (7%, 95% CI: 1-12%). This sharing, however, was mostly due to additive genetic effects (67% and 92% of the shared variance respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneh Jones-Odeh
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ekaterina Yonova-Doing
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Bloch
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claire J. Steves
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ophthalmology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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692
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Toguri JT, Caldwell M, Kelly MEM. Turning Down the Thermostat: Modulating the Endocannabinoid System in Ocular Inflammation and Pain. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:304. [PMID: 27695415 PMCID: PMC5024674 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has emerged as an important regulator of both physiological and pathological processes. Notably, this endogenous system plays a key role in the modulation of pain and inflammation in a number of tissues. The components of the ECS, including endocannabinoids, their cognate enzymes and cannabinoid receptors, are localized in the eye, and evidence indicates that ECS modulation plays a role in ocular disease states. Of these diseases, ocular inflammation presents a significant medical problem, given that current clinical treatments can be ineffective or are associated with intolerable side-effects. Furthermore, a prominent comorbidity of ocular inflammation is pain, including neuropathic pain, for which therapeutic options remain limited. Recent evidence supports the use of drugs targeting the ECS for the treatment of ocular inflammation and pain in animal models; however, the potential for therapeutic use of cannabinoid drugs in the eye has not been thoroughly investigated at this time. This review will highlight evidence from experimental studies identifying components of the ocular ECS and discuss the functional role of the ECS during different ocular inflammatory disease states, including uveitis and corneal keratitis. Candidate ECS targeted therapies will be discussed, drawing on experimental results obtained from both ocular and non-ocular tissue(s), together with their potential application for the treatment of ocular inflammation and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Toguri
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, HalifaxNS, Canada
| | - Meggie Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, HalifaxNS, Canada
| | - Melanie E. M. Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, HalifaxNS, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, HalifaxNS, Canada
- Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, HalifaxNS, Canada
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693
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Abstract
Assessing intracranial pressure (ICP) remains a cornerstone in neurosurgical care. Invasive techniques for monitoring ICP remain the gold standard. The need for a reliable, safe and reproducible technique to non-invasively assess ICP in the context of early screening and in the neurocritical care environment is obvious. Numerous techniques have been described with several novel advances. While none of the currently available techniques appear independently accurate enough to quantify raised ICP, there is some promising work being undertaken.
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694
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The retina as an early biomarker of neurodegeneration in a rotenone-induced model of Parkinson's disease: evidence for a neuroprotective effect of rosiglitazone in the eye and brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:86. [PMID: 27535749 PMCID: PMC4989531 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, affecting 1 % of the population over 65 years of age. Dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra and accumulation of Lewy bodies are the defining neuropathological hallmarks of the disease. Neuronal death and dysfunction have been reported in other central nervous system regions, including the retina. Symptoms of PD typically manifest only when more than 70 % of dopaminergic cells are lost, and the definitive diagnosis of PD can only be made histologically at post-mortem, with few biomarkers available. In this study, a rotenone-induced rodent model of PD was employed to investigate retinal manifestations in PD and their usefulness in assessing the efficacy of a novel therapeutic intervention with a liposomal formulation of the PPAR-γ (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) agonist rosiglitazone. Retinal assessment was performed using longitudinal in vivo imaging with DARC (detection of apoptosing retinal cells) and OCT (optical coherence tomography) technologies and revealed increased RGCs (Retinal Ganglion Cells) apoptosis and a transient swelling of the retinal layers at day 20 of the rotenone insult. Follow-up of this model demonstrated characteristic histological neurodegenerative changes in the substantia nigra and striatum by day 60, suggesting that retinal changes precede the “traditional” pathological manifestations of PD. The therapeutic effect of systemic administration of different formulations of rosiglitazone was then evaluated, both in the retina and the brain. Of all treatment regimen tested, sustained release administration of liposome-encapsulated rosiglitazone proved to be the most potent therapeutic strategy, as evidenced by its significant neuroprotective effect on retinal neurons at day 20, and on nigrostriatal neurons at day 60, provided convincing evidence for its potential as a treatment for PD. Our results demonstrate significant retinal changes occurring in this model of PD. We show that rosiglitazone can efficiently protect retinal neurons from the rotenone insult, and that systemic administration of liposome-encapsulated rosiglitazone has an enhanced neuroprotective effect on the retina and CNS (Central Nervous System). To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo evidence of RGCs loss and early retinal thickness alterations in a PD model. Together, these findings suggest that retinal changes may be a good surrogate biomarker for PD, which may be used to assess new treatments both experimentally and clinically.
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695
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Frezzotti P, Giorgio A, Toto F, De Leucio A, De Stefano N. Early changes of brain connectivity in primary open angle glaucoma. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4581-4596. [PMID: 27503699 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to assess in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, whether diffuse brain changes recently shown in advanced stage can be detected since the early stage. We used multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 57 patients with the three POAG stages and in 29 age-matched normal controls (NC). Voxelwise statistics was performed with nonparametric permutation testing. Compared with NC, disrupted anatomical connectivity (AC) was found in the whole POAG group along the visual pathway and in nonvisual white matter tracts (P < 0.001). Moreover, POAG patients showed decreased functional connectivity (FC) in the visual (P = 0.004) and working memory (P < 0.001) networks whereas an increase occurred in the default mode (P = 0.002) and subcortical (P < 0.001) networks. Altered AC and FC were already present in early POAG (n = 14) in both visual and nonvisual systems (P ≤ 0.01). Only severe POAG (n = 30) showed gray matter atrophy and this mapped on visual cortex (P < 0.001) and hippocampus (P < 0.001). Increasing POAG stage was associated with worsening AC in both visual and nonvisual pathway (P < 0.001), progressive atrophy in the hippocampus and frontal cortex (P < 0.003). Most of the structural and functional alterations within and outside the visual system showed correlation (P < 0.001 to 0.02) with computerized visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. In conclusion, the complex pathogenesis of POAG includes widespread damage of AC and altered FC within and beyond the visual system since the early disease stage. The association of brain MRI changes with measures of visual severity emphasizes the clinical relevance of our findings. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4581-4596, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Frezzotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Giorgio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Toto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Leucio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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696
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Neuroprotective hypothermia - Why keep your head cool during ischemia and reperfusion. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2521-2528. [PMID: 27475000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted temperature management (TTM) is the induced cooling of the entire body or specific organs to help prevent ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, as may occur during major surgery, cardiac resuscitation, traumatic brain injury and stroke. Ischemia and reperfusion induce neuronal damage by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative injury, ER stress, neuronal excitotoxicity, and a neuroinflammatory response, which may lead to activation of apoptosis pathways. SCOPE OF REVIEW The aim of the current review is to discuss TTM targets that convey neuroprotection and to identify potential novel pharmacological intervention strategies for the prevention of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS TTM precludes I/R injury by reducing glutamate release and oxidative stress and inhibiting release of pro-inflammatory factors and thereby counteracts mitochondrial induced apoptosis, neuronal excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. Moreover, TTM promotes regulation of the unfolded protein response and induces SUMOylation and the production of cold shock proteins. These advantageous effects of TTM seem to depend on the clinical setting, as well as type and extent of the injury. Therefore, future aims should be to refine hypothermia management in order to optimize TTM utilization and to search for pharmacological agents mimicking the cellular effects of TTM. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Bundling knowledge about TTM in the experimental, translational and clinical setting may result in better approaches for diminishing I/R damage. While application of TTM in the clinical setting has some disadvantages, targeting its putative protective pathways may be useful to prevent I/R injury and reduce neurological complications.
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697
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Koso H, Tsuhako A, Lai CY, Baba Y, Otsu M, Ueno K, Nagasaki M, Suzuki Y, Watanabe S. Conditional rod photoreceptor ablation reveals Sall1 as a microglial marker and regulator of microglial morphology in the retina. Glia 2016; 64:2005-24. [PMID: 27459098 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration has been shown to induce microglial activation and the infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages into the CNS, resulting in the coexistence of these two populations within the same lesion, though their distinct features remain elusive. To investigate the impact of rod photoreceptor degeneration on microglial activation, we generated a toxin-mediated genetic model of rod degeneration. Rod injury induced microglial proliferation and migration toward the photoreceptors. Bone marrow transplantation revealed the invasion of monocyte-derived macrophages into the retina, with microglia and the infiltrating macrophages showing distinct distribution patterns in the retina. By comparing the gene expression profiles of the activated microglia and infiltrating macrophages, we identified microglia-specific genes, including Ak1, Ctsf, Sall1, Phlda3, and Spns2. An analysis of Sall1gfp knock-in mice showed GFP expression in the microglia of developing and mature healthy retinas. DTA injury induced the expansion of Sall1gfp(+) microglia, whereas Ly6C(+) monocyte-derived macrophages were mostly Sall1gfp(-) , supporting the idea that Sall1 is exclusively expressed in microglia within the retinal phagocyte pool. We evaluated the contribution of microglia to the phagocyte pool in rd1 mutant retinas and found that Sall1gfp(+) microglia constituted the majority of phagocytes. A Sall1 deficiency did not affect microglial colonization of the retina and the cortex, but it did change their morphology from a ramified to a more amoeboid appearance. The morphological defects observed in Sall1-deficient microglia were not rescued by the presence of wild-type non-microglial cells, suggesting that Sall1 functions cell-autonomously in microglia. Taken together, our data indicate that Sall1 regulates microglial morphology during development. GLIA 2016;64:2005-2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Koso
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asano Tsuhako
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chen-Yi Lai
- Division of Stem Cell Processing and Stem Cell Bank, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Baba
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Otsu
- Division of Stem Cell Processing and Stem Cell Bank, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Ueno
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masao Nagasaki
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Sumiko Watanabe
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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698
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Ahl M, Avdic U, Skoug C, Ali I, Chugh D, Johansson UE, Ekdahl CT. Immune response in the eye following epileptic seizures. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:155. [PMID: 27346214 PMCID: PMC4922060 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epileptic seizures are associated with an immune response in the brain. However, it is not known whether it can extend to remote areas of the brain, such as the eyes. Hence, we investigated whether epileptic seizures induce inflammation in the retina. METHODS Adult rats underwent electrically induced temporal status epilepticus, and the eyes were studied 6 h, 1, and 7 weeks later with biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. An additional group of animals received CX3CR1 antibody intracerebroventricularly for 6 weeks after status epilepticus. RESULTS Biochemical analyses and immunohistochemistry revealed no increased cell death and unaltered expression of several immune-related cytokines and chemokines as well as no microglial activation, 6 h post-status epilepticus compared to non-stimulated controls. At 1 week, again, retinal cytoarchitecture appeared normal and there was no cell death or micro- or macroglial reaction, apart from a small decrease in interleukin-10. However, at 7 weeks, even if the cytoarchitecture remained normal and no ongoing cell death was detected, the numbers of microglia were increased ipsi- and contralateral to the epileptic focus. The microglia remained within the synaptic layers but often in clusters and with more processes extending into the outer nuclear layer. Morphological analyses revealed a decrease in surveying and an increase in activated microglia. In addition, increased levels of the chemokine KC/GRO and cytokine interleukin-1β were found. Furthermore, macroglial activation was noted in the inner retina. No alterations in numbers of phagocytic cells, infiltrating macrophages, or vascular pericytes were observed. Post-synaptic density-95 cluster intensity was reduced in the outer nuclear layer, reflecting seizure-induced synaptic changes without disrupted cytoarchitecture in areas with increased microglial activation. The retinal gliosis was decreased by a CX3CR1 immune modulation known to reduce gliosis within epileptic foci, suggesting a common immunological reaction. CONCLUSIONS Our results are the first evidence that epileptic seizures induce an immune response in the retina. It has a potential to become a novel non-invasive tool for detecting brain inflammation through the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Ahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Una Avdic
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Skoug
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Idrish Ali
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Deepti Chugh
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrica Englund Johansson
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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699
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Renin-angiotensin system as a potential therapeutic target in stroke and retinopathy: experimental and clinical evidence. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:221-38. [PMID: 26769658 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As our knowledge expands, it is now clear that the renin-angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) mediates functions other than regulating blood pressure (BP). The RAS plays a central role in the pathophysiology of different neurovascular unit disorders including stroke and retinopathy. Moreover, the beneficial actions of RAS modulation in brain and retina have been documented in experimental research, but not yet exploited clinically. The RAS is a complex system with distinct yet interconnected components. Understanding the different RAS components and their functions under brain and retinal pathological conditions is crucial to reap their benefits. The aim of the present review is to provide an experimental and clinical update on the role of RAS in the pathophysiology and treatment of stroke and retinopathy. Combining the evidence from both these disorders allows a unique opportunity to move both fields forward.
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700
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Long Noncoding RNA-Sox2OT Knockdown Alleviates Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell (RGC) injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:361-369. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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