651
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Fraser DJ, Weir LK, Bernatchez L, Hansen MM, Taylor EB. Extent and scale of local adaptation in salmonid fishes: review and meta-analysis. Heredity (Edinb) 2011; 106:404-20. [PMID: 21224881 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
What is the extent and scale of local adaptation (LA)? How quickly does LA arise? And what is its underlying molecular basis? Our review and meta-analysis on salmonid fishes estimates the frequency of LA to be ∼55-70%, with local populations having a 1.2 times average fitness advantage relative to foreign populations or to their performance in new environments. Salmonid LA is evident at a variety of spatial scales (for example, few km to>1000 km) and can manifest itself quickly (6-30 generations). As the geographic scale between populations increases, LA is generally more frequent and stronger. Yet the extent of LA in salmonids does not appear to differ from that in other assessed taxa. Moreover, the frequency with which foreign salmonid populations outperform local populations (∼23-35%) suggests that drift, gene flow and plasticity often limit or mediate LA. The relatively few studies based on candidate gene and genomewide analyses have identified footprints of selection at both small and large geographical scales, likely reflecting the specific functional properties of loci and the associated selection regimes (for example, local niche partitioning, pathogens, parasites, photoperiodicity and seasonal timing). The molecular basis of LA in salmonids is still largely unknown, but differential expression at the same few genes is implicated in the convergent evolution of certain phenotypes. Collectively, future research will benefit from an integration of classical and molecular approaches to understand: (i) species differences and how they originate, (ii) variation in adaptation across scales, life stages, population sizes and environmental gradients, and (iii) evolutionary responses to human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Fraser
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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652
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Abstract
Local adaptation in the sea was regarded historically as a rare phenomenon that was limited to a handful of species with exceptionally low dispersal potential. However, a growing body of experimental studies indicates that adaptive differentiation occurs in numerous marine invertebrates in response to selection imposed by strong gradients (and more complex mosaics) of abiotic and biotic conditions. Moreover, a surprisingly high proportion of the marine invertebrates known or suspected of exhibiting local adaptation are species with planktonic dispersal. Adaptive divergence among populations can occur over a range of spatial scales, including those that are fine-grained (i.e., meters to kilometers), reflecting a balance between scales of gene flow and selection. Addressing the causes and consequences of adaptive genetic differentiation among invertebrate populations promises to advance community ecology, climate change research, and the effective management of marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sanford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, California 94923, USA.
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653
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Affiliation(s)
- X Thibert-Plante
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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654
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Sgrò CM, Lowe AJ, Hoffmann AA. Building evolutionary resilience for conserving biodiversity under climate change. Evol Appl 2010; 4:326-37. [PMID: 25567976 PMCID: PMC3352557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution occurs rapidly and is an ongoing process in our environments. Evolutionary principles need to be built into conservation efforts, particularly given the stressful conditions organisms are increasingly likely to experience because of climate change and ongoing habitat fragmentation. The concept of evolutionary resilience is a way of emphasizing evolutionary processes in conservation and landscape planning. From an evolutionary perspective, landscapes need to allow in situ selection and capture high levels of genetic variation essential for responding to the direct and indirect effects of climate change. We summarize ideas that need to be considered in planning for evolutionary resilience and suggest how they might be incorporated into policy and management to ensure that resilience is maintained in the face of environmental degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Sgrò
- Centre for Environmental Stress & Adaptation Research (CESAR) and Australian Centre for Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lowe
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity (ACEBB), School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Adelaide North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia ; Department for Environment and Heritage, State Herbarium of South Australia North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Environmental Stress & Adaptation Research (CESAR), The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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655
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Vogt C, Hess M, Nowak C, Diogo JB, Oehlmann J, Oetken M. Effects of cadmium on life-cycle parameters in a multi-generation study with Chironomus riparius following a pre-exposure of populations to two different tributyltin concentrations for several generations. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1174-1182. [PMID: 20490657 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
So far only a few studies have been performed to assess the effects of dynamic pollutant exposure on life-history parameters of invertebrates. In a previous multi-generation approach with the midge Chironomus riparius we tested if a chronic tributyltin pre-exposure alters the ability of a population to cope with subsequent cadmium stress. In the experiment two separate chironomid populations were exposed via sediments to different TBT-concentrations (4.46 and 8.93 μg Sn/kg dw) for several generations, followed by subsequent cadmium exposure (1.2 mg Cd/kg dw) for three generations. While the TBT-exposure to 4.46 μg Sn/kg dw had only small effects on the development and reproduction of C. riparius the higher TBT-concentration of 8.93 μg Sn/kg dw led to negative effects on life-history traits. Therefore, a higher adverse effect of the higher TBT-concentration and thus a higher susceptibility to other stressors could be assumed. Within, this paper only the results of the second stressor experiment were presented; clear effects of Cd on development and reproduction of C. riparius were determined independent of the pre-exposure scenario. While no differences in Cd-sensitivity were found between the population without pre-exposure to TBT and the population pre-exposed to the low TBT-concentration (4.46 μg Sn/kg dw), the pre-exposure of midges to the higher TBT-concentration (8.93 μg Sn/kg dw) resulted in a significantly higher susceptibility to subsequent Cd-stress. These results document that the exposure history may influence the reaction to altered chemical stress. Our findings are relevant to understand and predict the evolutionary fate of populations in rapidly changing, human-impacted environments. However, the fact that chemical-induced reduced genetic diversity, which is not necessarily linked to genetic adaptation, leads to a reduced fitness under altered stress conditions, is to our knowledge a novel finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vogt
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Siesmayerstrasse 70, 60323, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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656
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Leinonen PH, Remington DL, Savolainen O. LOCAL ADAPTATION, PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENTIATION, AND HYBRID FITNESS IN DIVERGED NATURAL POPULATIONS OF ARABIDOPSIS LYRATA. Evolution 2010; 65:90-107. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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657
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Moyle LC, Muir CD. Reciprocal insights into adaptation from agricultural and evolutionary studies in tomato. Evol Appl 2010; 3:409-21. [PMID: 25567935 PMCID: PMC3352507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although traditionally separated by different aims and methodologies, research on agricultural and evolutionary problems shares a common goal of understanding the mechanisms underlying functionally important traits. As such, research in both fields offers potential complementary and reciprocal insights. Here, we discuss adaptive stress responses (specifically to water stress) as an example of potentially fruitful research reciprocity, where agricultural research has clearly produced advances that could benefit evolutionary studies, while evolutionary studies offer approaches and insights underexplored in crop studies. We focus on research on Solanum species that include the domesticated tomato and its wild relatives. Integrated approaches to understanding ecological adaptation are particularly attractive in tomato and its wild relatives: many presumptively adaptive phenotypic differences characterize wild species, and the physiological and mechanistic basis of many relevant traits and environmental responses has already been examined in the context of cultivated tomato and some wild species. We highlight four specific instances where these reciprocal insights can be combined to better address questions that are fundamental both to agriculture and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie C Moyle
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
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658
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Tack AJM, Roslin T. Overrun by the neighbors: Landscape context affects strength and sign of local adaptation. Ecology 2010; 91:2253-60. [DOI: 10.1890/09-0080.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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659
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Abstract
Local adaptation is considered to be the result of fitness trade-offs for particular phenotypes across different habitats. However, it is unclear whether such phenotypic trade-offs exist at the level of individual genetic loci. Local adaptation could arise from trade-offs of alternative alleles at individual loci or by complementary sets of loci with different fitness effects of alleles in one habitat but selective neutrality in the alternative habitat. To evaluate the genome-wide basis of local adaptation, we performed a field-based quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiment on recombinant inbred lines (RILs) created from coastal perennial and inland annual races of the yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) grown reciprocally in native parental habitats. Overall, we detected 19 QTLs affecting one or more of 16 traits measured in two environments, most of small effect. We identified 15 additional QTL effects at two previously identified candidate QTLs [DIVERGENCE (DIV)]. Significant QTL by environment interactions were detected at the DIV loci, which was largely attributable to genotypic differences at a single field site. We found no detectable evidence for trade-offs for any one component of fitness, although DIV2 showed a trade-off involving different fitness traits between sites, suggesting that local adaptation is largely controlled by non-overlapping loci. This is surprising for an outcrosser, implying that reduced gene flow prevents the evolution of individuals adapted to multiple environments. We also determined that native genotypes were not uniformly adaptive, possibly reflecting fixed mutational load in one of the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hall
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, 545 Life Sciences Addition, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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660
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Tolerance adaptation and precipitation changes complicate latitudinal patterns of climate change impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:12581-6. [PMID: 20616038 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911841107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global patterns of biodiversity and comparisons between tropical and temperate ecosystems have pervaded ecology from its inception. However, the urgency in understanding these global patterns has been accentuated by the threat of rapid climate change. We apply an adaptive model of environmental tolerance evolution to global climate data and climate change model projections to examine the relative impacts of climate change on different regions of the globe. Our results project more adverse impacts of warming on tropical populations due to environmental tolerance adaptation to conditions of low interannual variability in temperature. When applied to present variability and future forecasts of precipitation data, the tolerance adaptation model found large reductions in fitness predicted for populations in high-latitude northern hemisphere regions, although some tropical regions had comparable reductions in fitness. We formulated an evolutionary regional climate change index (ERCCI) to additionally incorporate the predicted changes in the interannual variability of temperature and precipitation. Based on this index, we suggest that the magnitude of climate change impacts could be much more heterogeneous across latitude than previously thought. Specifically, tropical regions are likely to be just as affected as temperate regions and, in some regions under some circumstances, possibly more so.
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661
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662
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Leimu R, Vergeer P, Angeloni F, Ouborg NJ. Habitat fragmentation, climate change, and inbreeding in plants. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1195:84-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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663
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THIBERT-PLANTE XAVIER, HENDRY ANDREWP. When can ecological speciation be detected with neutral loci? Mol Ecol 2010; 19:2301-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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664
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DONOVAN LA, ROSENTHAL DR, SANCHEZ-VELENOSI M, RIESEBERG LH, LUDWIG F. Are hybrid species more fit than ancestral parent species in the current hybrid species habitats? J Evol Biol 2010; 23:805-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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665
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Friesen ML, von Wettberg EJ. Adapting genomics to study the evolution and ecology of agricultural systems. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 13:119-125. [PMID: 20022289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the face of global change, agriculture increasingly requires germplasm with high yields on marginal lands. Identifying pathways that are adaptive under marginal conditions is increasingly possible with advances at the intersection of evolutionary ecology, population genetics, and functional genomics. Trait-based (reverse ecology) approaches have connected flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana to single alleles with environment-specific effects. Similarly, genetic dissection of rice flooding tolerance enabled the production of near-isogenic lines exhibiting tolerance and high yields. An alternative gene-forward (forward ecology) approach identified candidate genes for local adaptation of Arabidopsis lyrata to heavy-metal rich soils. A global perspective on plant adaptation and trait correlations provides a foundation for breeding tolerant crops and suggests populations adapted to marginal habitats be conservation priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren L Friesen
- University of Southern California, Department of Molecular and Computation Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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666
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Hereford J. Does selfing or outcrossing promote local adaptation? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:298-302. [PMID: 21622390 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The degree to which plants self-fertilize may impact their potential for genetic adaptation. Given that the mating system influences genetic processes within and among populations, the mating system could limit or promote local adaptation. I conducted a literature survey of published reciprocal transplant experiments in plant populations to quantify the effect of mating system on the magnitude of local adaptation. Mating system had no effect on local adaptation. I detected no effect when species were categorized as either self-compatible or self-incompatible or when accounting for environmental differences between source populations. The results suggest that, despite limited genetic variation in selfing species and greater potential for gene flow in outcrossing species, mating system has little influence on adaptation of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Hereford
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705 USA; and University of Maryland, Department of Biology, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
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667
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Bomblies K. Doomed lovers: mechanisms of isolation and incompatibility in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 61:109-124. [PMID: 20192733 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to local conditions likely plays an important role in plant diversity and speciation. A fuller understanding of the role of adaptation in speciation requires connecting particular molecular events with selection occurring at individual, population, or community levels. Here I discuss five areas in which we understand the molecular basis of adaptation and isolation sufficiently to begin examining patterns. These examples highlight the importance of understanding both biotic and abiotic factors and the potential overlap between them, and demonstrate that understanding molecular mechanisms aids in interpreting pleiotropy and constraint. For example, mutations affecting anthocyanin production can affect both pollinator visitation and parasite attack, while edaphic adaptation can alter parasite susceptibility and reproductive timing. Adaptation is also implicated in postzygotic incompatibility: Potentially adaptive cytoplasmic divergence can lead to sterility or inviability; hybrid sterility genes may have pleiotropic effects in biotic or abiotic stress; and the plant immune system is implicated in hybrid failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Bomblies
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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668
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Crémieux L, Bischoff A, Müller-Schärer H, Steinger T. Gene flow from foreign provenances into local plant populations: Fitness consequences and implications for biodiversity restoration. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:94-100. [PMID: 21622370 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance transplantation of seed material as done in restoration programs has raised concerns about the risks associated with the introduction of maladapted genotypes that may hybridize with neighboring native conspecifics and decrease local population fitness (outbreeding depression). We studied the consequences of gene flow from foreign provenances into local populations in the common grassland species Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae). Three generations of intraspecific hybrids (F(1), F(2), and backcross to the local plants) were produced by controlled crossings between local plants and plants from geographically or environmentally distant populations. Their performance was compared to that of within-population crosses in a field experiment. Early growth in some interpopulation hybrids was significantly reduced, and this decrease in performance was higher in progeny of crosses with the local population from a different habitat than with geographically distant populations. At the end of the growing season, most fitness-related traits of the interpopulation hybrids were close to the average of their parents. Crosses with low-performing foreign parents therefore resulted in reduced fitness of the hybrids compared to the local plants and dilution of local adaptation. We conclude that the introduction of maladapted populations from distant or ecologically distinct environments might, at least temporarily, decrease the fitness of neighboring local plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisèle Crémieux
- University of Fribourg, Departement of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Chemin du musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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669
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Marshall DJ, Monro K, Bode M, Keough MJ, Swearer S. Phenotype-environment mismatches reduce connectivity in the sea. Ecol Lett 2009; 13:128-40. [PMID: 19968695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The connectivity of marine populations is often surprisingly lower than predicted by the dispersal capabilities of propagules alone. Estimates of connectivity, moreover, do not always scale with distance and are sometimes counterintuitive. Population connectivity requires more than just the simple exchange of settlers among populations: it also requires the successful establishment and reproduction of exogenous colonizers. Marine organisms often disperse over large spatial scales, encountering very different environments and suffering extremely high levels of post-colonization mortality. Given the growing evidence that such selection pressures often vary over spatial scales that are much smaller than those of dispersal, we argue that selection will bias survival against exogenous colonizers. We call this selection against exogenous colonizers a phenotype-environment mismatch and argue that phenotype-environment mismatches represent an important barrier to connectivity in the sea. Crucially, these mismatches may operate independently of distance and thereby have the potential to explain the counterintuitive patterns of connectivity often seen in marine environments. We discuss how such mismatches might alter our understanding and management of marine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072 Qld, Australia.
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670
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Siepielski AM, DiBattista JD, Carlson SM. It’s about time: the temporal dynamics of phenotypic selection in the wild. Ecol Lett 2009; 12:1261-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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671
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ORTEGÓN-CAMPOS I, PARRA-TABLA V, ABDALA-ROBERTS L, HERRERA CM. Local adaptation ofRuellia nudiflora(Acanthaceae) to biotic counterparts: complex scenarios revealed when two herbivore guilds are considered. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:2288-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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672
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Hendry AP, Bolnick DI, Berner D, Peichel CL. Along the speciation continuum in sticklebacks. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 75:2000-2036. [PMID: 20738669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Speciation can be viewed as a continuum, potentially divisible into several states: (1) continuous variation within panmictic populations, (2) partially discontinuous variation with minor reproductive isolation, (3) strongly discontinuous variation with strong but reversible reproductive isolation and (4) complete and irreversible reproductive isolation. Research on sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae) reveals factors that influence progress back and forth along this continuum, as well as transitions between the states. Most populations exist in state 1, even though some of these show evidence of disruptive selection and positive assortative mating. Transitions to state 2 seem to usually involve strong divergent selection coupled with at least a bit of geographic separation, such as parapatry (e.g. lake and stream pairs and mud and lava pairs) or allopatry (e.g. different lakes). Transitions to state 3 can occur when allopatric or parapatric populations that evolved under strong divergent selection come into secondary contact (most obviously the sympatric benthic and limnetic pairs), but might also occur between populations that remained in parapatry or allopatry. Transitions to state 4 might be decoupled from these selective processes, because the known situations of complete, or nearly complete, reproductive isolation (Japan Sea and Pacific Ocean pair and the recognized gasterosteid species) are always associated with chromosomal rearrangements and environment-independent genetic incompatibilities. Research on sticklebacks has thus revealed complex and shifting interactions between selection, adaptation, mutation and geography during the course of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Hendry
- Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. W., Montréal, Québec, H3A 2K6 Canada.
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673
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Yeaman S, Guillaume F. PREDICTING ADAPTATION UNDER MIGRATION LOAD: THE ROLE OF GENETIC SKEW. Evolution 2009; 63:2926-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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674
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McCairns RJS, Bernatchez L. ADAPTIVE DIVERGENCE BETWEEN FRESHWATER AND MARINE STICKLEBACKS: INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY FROM AN INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF CANDIDATE GENE EXPRESSION. Evolution 2009; 64:1029-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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675
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Lowry DB, Hall MC, Salt DE, Willis JH. Genetic and physiological basis of adaptive salt tolerance divergence between coastal and inland Mimulus guttatus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:776-788. [PMID: 19549130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Local adaptation is a well-established phenomenon whereby habitat-mediated natural selection drives the differentiation of populations. However, little is known about how specific traits and loci combine to cause local adaptation. Here, we conducted a set of experiments to determine which physiological mechanisms contribute to locally adaptive divergence in salt tolerance between coastal perennial and inland annual ecotypes of Mimulus guttatus. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was used to discover loci involved in salt spray tolerance and leaf sodium (Na(+)) concentration. To determine whether these QTLs confer fitness in the field, we examined their effects in reciprocal transplant experiments using recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Coastal plants had constitutively higher leaf Na(+) concentrations and greater levels of tissue tolerance, but no difference in osmotic stress tolerance. Three QTLs contributed to salt spray tolerance and two QTLs to leaf Na(+) concentration. All three salt-spray tolerance QTLs had a significant fitness effects at the coastal field site but no effects inland. Leaf Na(+) QTLs had no detectable fitness effects in the field. * Physiological results are consistent with adaptation of coastal populations to salt spray and soil salinity. Field results suggest that there may not be trade-offs across habitats for alleles involved in local salt spray adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Lowry
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Box 3565 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham NC 27708, USA
| | - Megan C Hall
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, 100 Washington Square East, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - David E Salt
- Horticultural and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - John H Willis
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Box 3565 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham NC 27708, USA
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676
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Translocation experiments with butterflies reveal limits to enhancement of poleward populations under climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11160-5. [PMID: 19549861 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900284106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need to predict how species will change their geographic ranges under climate change. Projections typically assume that temperature is a primary fitness determinant and that populations near the poleward (and upward) range boundary are preadapted to warming. Thus, poleward, peripheral populations will increase with warming, and these increases facilitate poleward range expansions. We tested the assumption that poleward, peripheral populations are enhanced by warming using 2 butterflies (Erynnis propertius and Papilio zelicaon) that co-occur and have contrasting degrees of host specialization and interpopulation genetic differentiation. We performed a reciprocal translocation experiment between central and poleward, peripheral populations in the field and simulated a translocation experiment that included alternate host plants. We found that the performance of both central and peripheral populations of E. propertius were enhanced during the summer months by temperatures characteristic of the range center but that local adaptation of peripheral populations to winter conditions near the range edge could counteract that enhancement. Further, poleward range expansion in this species is prevented by a lack of host plants. In P. zelicaon, the fitness of central and peripheral populations decreased under extreme summer temperatures that occurred in the field at the range center. Performance in this species also was affected by an interaction of temperature and host plant such that host species strongly mediated the fitness of peripheral individuals under differing simulated temperatures. Altogether we have evidence that facilitation of poleward range shifts through enhancement of peripheral populations is unlikely in either study species.
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677
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Evolution: Home-field advantage. Nature 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/459303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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