651
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Farnia P, Mohammadi F, Mirsaedi M, Zia Zarifi A, Tabatabee J, Bahadori M, Akbar Velayati A, Reza Masjedi M. Bacteriological follow-up of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment: a study with a simple colorimetric assay. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:972-6. [PMID: 15345227 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in serial sputum specimens from persistently smear positive patients was evaluated. The assay was based on oxidation-reduction of Alamar Blue and Malachite Green dyes that change their color in response to MTB growth. A total of 280 sputum specimens from 40 persistently smear positive TB patients and 40 sputa from non-tuberculosis patients were digested, decontaminated and examined microscopically. To check the MTB viability, the sediments from decontaminated samples were inoculated into three culture media: Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) slants, Alamar Blue and Malachite Green culture tubes. We found that out of 280 smear positive specimens, the LJ culture was positive in 124 (44%). The numbers of correctly identified S+/C+ cases by Alamar Blue and Malachite Green were 118 (95%) and 116 (93%), respectively. The mean time required for reporting the positive signal in Alamar Blue culture tubes was 9 versus 11 days by Malachite Green culture tubes. In the standard LJ culture media the average detection time was 27 days (P < 0.05). The sensitivity of LJ was 99%, Alamar Blue 95% and Malachite Green 93%. The specificity was 100%, 92% and 93%, respectively. The oxidation-reduction method is rapid, sensitive and inexpensive in monitoring the treatment response of patients with pulmonary TB. Thus, using this method can be of paramount importance, particularly in resource-constrained areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parissa Farnia
- Iranian National reference TB Laboratory, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Darabad, Tehran 19556, Iran.
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652
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Cardoso RF, Cooksey RC, Morlock GP, Barco P, Cecon L, Forestiero F, Leite CQF, Sato DN, Shikama MDL, Mamizuka EM, Hirata RDC, Hirata MH. Screening and characterization of mutations in isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained in Brazil. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3373-81. [PMID: 15328099 PMCID: PMC514764 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.9.3373-3381.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Revised: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated mutations in the genes katG, inhA (regulatory and structural regions), and kasA and the oxyR-ahpC intergenic region of 97 isoniazid (INH)-resistant and 60 INH-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained in two states in Brazil: São Paulo and Paraná. PCR-single-strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) was evaluated for screening mutations in regions of prevalence, including codons 315 and 463 of katG, the regulatory region and codons 16 and 94 of inhA, kasA, and the oxyR-ahpC intergenic region. DNA sequencing of PCR amplicons was performed for all isolates with altered PCR-SSCP profiles. Mutations in katG were found in 83 (85.6%) of the 97 INH-resistant isolates, including mutations in codon 315 that occurred in 60 (61.9%) of the INH-resistant isolates and 23 previously unreported katG mutations. Mutations in the inhA promoter region occurred in 25 (25.8%) of the INH-resistant isolates; 6.2% of the isolates had inhA structural gene mutations, and 10.3% had mutations in the oxyR-ahpC intergenic region (one, nucleotide -48, previously unreported). Polymorphisms in the kasA gene occurred in both INH-resistant and INH-susceptible isolates. The most frequent polymorphism encoded a G(269)A substitution. Although KatG(315) substitutions are predominant, novel mutations also appear to be responsible for INH resistance in the two states in Brazil. Since ca. 90.7% of the INH-resistant isolates had mutations identified by SSCP electrophoresis, this method may be a useful genotypic screen for INH resistance.
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653
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654
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Farnia P, Mohammadi F, Mirsaedi M, Zarife AZ, Tabatabee J, Bahadori K, Bahadori M, Masjedi MR, Velayati AA. Application of oxidation-reduction assay for monitoring treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3324-5. [PMID: 15243106 PMCID: PMC446278 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.7.3324-3325.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
By oxidation-reduction assay, the viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum specimens was evaluated. The technique is based on the Alamar Blue and Malachite Green dyes, which change their color in response to M. tuberculosis growth. The method is simple, permits visual reading of results, and is applicable for laboratories with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parissa Farnia
- Iranian National Reference TB Laboratory, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, Darabad, Tehran 19556, Iran.
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655
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Ribeiro MO, Gomes MDS, Senna SG, Rossetti MLR, Fonseca LDS. Avaliação de testes rápidos em microplacas usando indicadores de viabilidade celular para determinação da susceptibilidade de cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis à isoniazida e rifampicina. J Bras Pneumol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132004000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: As taxas de resistência aos fármacos constituem um dos pilares da avaliação dos programas de controle da tuberculose. A demora na obtenção dos resultados, conseqüência da metodologia convencional utilizada, faz com que haja a necessidade de avaliação de novos testes, mais rápidos e menos onerosos. OBJETIVO: Comparar técnicas fenotípicas rápidas para determinação do perfil de susceptibilidade de M. tuberculosis, utilizando indicadores de viabilidade celular, com o teste das proporções em Löwenstein-Jensen, padrão-ouro. MÉTODO: Foram utilizadas 166 cepas de M. tuberculosis com o perfil de susceptibilidade conhecido. A concentração mínima inibitória de cada fármaco foi determinada, em microplaca, utilizando-se meio líquido e os indicadores de oxi-redução, Alamar Blue® e brometo de tetrazolium. O ponto de corte entre a cepa sensível e a resistente foi estabelecido como concentração mínima inibitória maior ou igual a 0,2 mg /mL para isoniazida e 1,0 mg /mL para rifampicina. RESULTADOS: Houve concordância total entre os dois métodos de determinação da concentração mínima inibitória. Comparando os resultados dos testes com o padrão-ouro, obteve-se uma concordância de 95%, para isoniazida e rifampicina. O tempo para obtenção dos resultados foi de 7 dias, contrastando com os 28 dias pelo método convencional. CONCLUSÃO: Os testes para determinação da concentração mínima inibitória, em meio líquido, utilizando indicadores de oxi-redução, são rápidos e podem se utilizados como alternativa rápida na determinação de susceptibilidade de cepas de M. tuberculosis.
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656
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Martin A, Camacho M, Portaels F, Palomino JC. Resazurin microtiter assay plate testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis susceptibilities to second-line drugs: rapid, simple, and inexpensive method. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 47:3616-9. [PMID: 14576129 PMCID: PMC253784 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.11.3616-3619.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis calls for new, rapid drug susceptibility tests. We have tested 150 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates against the second-line drugs ethionamide, kanamycin, capreomycin, ofloxacin, and para-aminosalicylic acid by the colorimetric resazurin microtiter assay and the proportion method. By visual reading, MICs were obtained after 8 days. A very good correlation between results by the colorimetric resazurin microtiter assay and the proportion method was obtained. The colorimetric resazurin microtiter assay is inexpensive, rapid, and simple to perform, and implementation of the assay is feasible for low-resource countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandi Martin
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium.
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657
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Vanitha JD, Paramasivan CN. Evaluation of microplate Alamar blue assay for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 49:179-82. [PMID: 15246507 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-one clinical isolates and 5 clarithromycin-resistant mutants of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) were tested for their susceptibility to clarithromycin by microplate Alamar blue assay (MABA). The susceptibility results were compared with the results obtained by the BACTEC 460 method. All clinical isolates were susceptible, while all mutants were resistant to clarithromycin by BACTEC. Eighty-six percent of the clinical isolates were susceptible by MABA, and one of the resistant mutants was misclassified as susceptible by this method. The overall agreement between MABA and BACTEC was 86%, indicating the usefulness of MABA in drug susceptibility testing of MAC.
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658
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Murray CK, Hospenthal DR. Broth microdilution susceptibility testing for Leptospira spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1548-52. [PMID: 15105104 PMCID: PMC400540 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.5.1548-1552.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis in humans has traditionally been treated with penicillin or doxycycline. The choice of therapy offered at the time of initial patient presentation is often empirical, as definitive diagnosis can take weeks. Determining the activity of numerous antimicrobial agents against a wide range of Leptospira serovars may broaden empirical therapeutic options. Various antimicrobials have been shown to be active against a limited number of serovars in in vitro studies, chiefly by the use of broth macrodilution techniques. We developed a broth microdilution technique using the commercially available growth indicator alamarBlue. MICs produced by this technique were compared to MICs and minimal bactericidal concentrations produced by the traditional broth macrodilution technique. The internal validity of our methods was assessed with 11 runs over numerous days with a single isolate of Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. By either method, the MICs for these internal-validity runs fell within 2 dilutions of each other for more than 90% of antimicrobials. A broader application of these two techniques included 12 serovars (including seven species) of Leptospira and six antimicrobials (penicillin G, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin). Observed reproducibility fell within 2 dilutions for 99% of the duplicate result sets for the MIC microdilution method, compared to 89% for the MIC macrodilution method. The macrodilution method tended to have a higher MIC at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC(90)) than did the microdilution method, but the MIC(90)s of both methods were within 2 dilutions of each other for all six drugs. The macrodilution and microdilution techniques produced similar results, with microdilution allowing a faster, more streamlined method of producing MIC results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton K Murray
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234, USA
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659
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Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS, Victor T, Beyers N, Marais BJ, Cotton MF, Wiid I, Gie RP, van Helden P, Warren RM. Resistant Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin disease: implications for management of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23:476-9. [PMID: 15131480 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000126593.21006.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) disease in children are lacking, and there are limited data on drug resistance of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. A 6-month-old HIV-infected infant presented with right axillary adenitis ipsilateral to the site of BCG immunization. M. tuberculosis complex was cultured from axillary lymph nodes and gastric aspirates, and M. bovis BCG was isolated. Susceptibility testing before initiation of therapy demonstrated inherent resistance to isoniazid. The organism acquired rifampin resistance during therapy. This was confirmed by the presence of a mutation in codon 531 (Ser531Tyr) of the rpoB gene. Treatment guidelines for BCG disease with consideration of inherent and possible acquired drug resistance should be established in settings with high rates of vertical HIV transmission and routine BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke C Hesseling
- Center for Tuberculosis Research and Education, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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660
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Reis RS, Neves I, Lourenço SLS, Fonseca LS, Lourenço MCS. Comparison of flow cytometric and Alamar Blue tests with the proportional method for testing susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to rifampin and isoniazid. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2247-8. [PMID: 15131202 PMCID: PMC404654 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.5.2247-2248.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Revised: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of flow cytometry and the microplate Alamar Blue assay in determining susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was assessed by testing 150 Brazilian isolates. The overall agreement was 97.3 and 98% for isoniazid and 94.7 and 100% for rifampin by flow cytometry and MABA, respectively. This study was entirely done in a developing country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto S Reis
- Oswaldo Cruz Fundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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661
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Vangapandu S, Jain M, Jain R, Kaur S, Singh PP. Ring-substituted quinolines as potential anti-tuberculosis agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2501-8. [PMID: 15110831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Revised: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report in vitro antimycobacterial properties of ring-substituted quinolines (series 1-4) constituting 56 analogues against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis H37Rv strains. The most effective compounds 2h (R1 = R2 = c-C6H11, R3 = NO2, series 1) and 13g (R1 = OC7H15, R2 = NO2, series 4) have exhibited an MIC value of 1 microg/mL against drug-sensitive M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain that is comparable to first line anti-tuberculosis drug, isoniazid. Selected analogues (2d, 2g, 2h, 4e, 6b, 13b, 13g, and 14e, MIC: < or = 6.25 microg/mL) upon further evaluation against single-drug-resistant (SDR) strains of M. tuberculosis H37Rv have produced potent efficacy in the range between 6.25 and 50 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryanarayana Vangapandu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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662
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Mayta H, Gilman RH, Arenas F, Valencia T, Caviedes L, Montenegro SH, Ticona E, Ortiz J, Chumpitaz R, Evans CA, Williams DL. Evaluation of a PCR-based universal heteroduplex generator assay as a tool for rapid detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Peru. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 41:5774-7. [PMID: 14662980 PMCID: PMC308991 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.12.5774-5777.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is an increasing health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. The PCR-UHG-Rif assay, which detects mutations within the rpoB gene associated with rifampin resistance, was evaluated for its ability and reliability to detect and identify drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a developing country where tuberculosis is highly endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Mayta
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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663
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Morlock GP, Metchock B, Sikes D, Crawford JT, Cooksey RC. ethA, inhA, and katG loci of ethionamide-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 47:3799-805. [PMID: 14638486 PMCID: PMC296216 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.12.3799-3805.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethionamide (ETH) is a structural analog of the antituberculosis drug isoniazid (INH). Both of these drugs target InhA, an enzyme involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis. INH requires catalase-peroxidase (KatG) activation, and mutations in katG are a major INH resistance mechanism. Recently an enzyme (EthA) capable of activating ETH has been identified. We sequenced the entire ethA structural gene of 41 ETH-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. We also sequenced two regions of inhA and all or part of katG. The MICs of ETH and INH were determined in order to associate the mutations identified with a resistance phenotype. Fifteen isolates were found to possess ethA mutations, for all of which the ETH MICs were > or =50 microg/ml. The ethA mutations were all different, previously unreported, and distributed throughout the gene. In eight of the isolates, a missense mutation in the inhA structural gene occurred. The ETH MICs for seven of the InhA mutants were > or =100 microg/ml, and these isolates were also resistant to > or =8 microg of INH per ml. Only a single point mutation in the inhA promoter was identified in 14 isolates. A katG mutation occurred in 15 isolates, for which the INH MICs for all but 1 were > or =32 microg/ml. As expected, we found no association between katG mutation and the level of ETH resistance. Mutations within the ethA and inhA structural genes were associated with relatively high levels of ETH resistance. Approximately 76% of isolates resistant to > or =50 microg of ETH per ml had such mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn P Morlock
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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664
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665
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Jaso A, Zarranz B, Aldana I, Monge A. Synthesis of new 2-acetyl and 2-benzoyl quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives as anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis agents. Eur J Med Chem 2003; 38:791-800. [PMID: 14561478 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(03)00137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-acetyl and 2-benzoyl-6(7)-substituted quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antituberculosis activity. The results show that 2-acetyl-3-methylquinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives with chlorine, methyl or methoxy group in position 7 of the benzene moiety (compounds 2, 4 and 6, respectively) and unsubstituted (3) have good antitubercular activity, exhibiting EC(90)/MIC values between 0.80 and 4.29. In conclusion, the potency, selectivity and low cytotoxicity of these compounds make them valid leads for synthesizing new compounds that possess better activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Jaso
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), Universidad de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea s/n, 31080, Pamplona, Spain
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666
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Muhammad I, Li XC, Jacob MR, Tekwani BL, Dunbar DC, Ferreira D. Antimicrobial and antiparasitic (+)-trans-hexahydrodibenzopyrans and analogues from Machaerium multiflorum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2003; 66:804-809. [PMID: 12828466 DOI: 10.1021/np030045o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Machaerium multiflorum yielded two additional new (+)-trans-hexahydrodibenzopyrans (HHDBP's), machaeriol C (1) and machaeriol D (2), and three new 5,6-seco-HHDBP's, machaeridiol A (3), machaeridiol B (4), and machaeridiol C (5). Their structures and stereochemistries were determined by 1D and 2D NMR data, including HMBC, NOESY, and circular dichroism experiments. Machaeriol C (1) demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (IC(50) 0.65 microg/mL) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (IC(50) 0.70 microg/mL), while its corresponding 5,6-seco-analogues machaeridiol A (3) and machaeridiol B (4) showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA (IC(50) 1.0-2.6 microg/mL) and antifungal activity against Candida albicans (IC(50), 2.0-3.5 microg/mL). In addition, machaeridiol B (4) demonstrated antiparasitic activities against Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2 clones and Leishmania donavani with IC(50) values of 0.64, 0.22, and 0.9 microg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Muhammad
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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667
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Zarranz B, Jaso A, Aldana I, Monge A. Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of new quinoxaline-2-carboxamide 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2149-56. [PMID: 12713824 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our research and with the aim of obtaining new antituberculosis agents which can improve the current chemotherapeutic antituberculosis treatments, new series of quinoxaline-2-carboxamide 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H(37)Rv, using the radiometric BACTEC 460-TB methodology. Active compounds were also screened by serial dilution to assess toxicity to a VERO cell line. The results indicate that some compounds exhibited a good antituberculosis activity and the arylcarboxamide analogues 3, 8, and 9 were the most active compounds (EC(90)/MIC1). Also, the cytotoxic effects indicate that these compounds have a good Selectivity Index (SI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Zarranz
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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668
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Jain R, Vaitilingam B, Nayyar A, Palde PB. Substituted 4-methylquinolines as a new class of anti-tuberculosis agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1051-4. [PMID: 12643909 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report synthesis and anti-tuberculosis activities of a series of novel ring-substituted quinolines. The most effective compound of the series 3d (MIC=6.25 microg/mL, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain) was synthesized in one step; thus is an attractive lead molecule for anti-tuberculosis drug development. The results of this study represent the discovery of ring-substituted 4-methylquinolines as new class of potential anti-tuberculosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India.
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669
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Luna-Herrera J, Martínez-Cabrera G, Parra-Maldonado R, Enciso-Moreno JA, Torres-López J, Quesada-Pascual F, Delgadillo-Polanco R, Franzblau SG. Use of receiver operating characteristic curves to assess the performance of a microdilution assay for determination of drug susceptibility of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22:21-7. [PMID: 12582740 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-002-0855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to apply receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to the microplate Alamar blue assay, a recently developed alternative for drug susceptibility testing of mycobacteria. As this is a quantitative assay, its performance can be determined by ROC analysis, in which the area under the ROC curve represents a summary of test performance (the higher the area, the better the test's performance). Sixty isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were tested by the microcolorimetric assay against six twofold dilutions of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol. For each isolate, the susceptibility pattern was simultaneously established by the agar proportion method, the result of which represented the gold standard value for the ROC analysis. The critical concentration, area under the curve, and P value for each drug were determined by ROC curve analysis. The results of the assay were obtained in an average of 8 days of incubation. The performance of the assay was excellent for all four drugs: the area under the curves was >0.97, the P values were 0.000, and sensitivity was 94%, specificity 97%, predictive value for resistance >/=92%, predictive value for susceptibility 97%, and test efficiency 97%. According to ROC analysis, the microplate Alamar blue assay is a reliable method for determination of drug-susceptibility. Rapidity and cost efficiency are two additional qualities that make this test an excellent alternative for the drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The ROC curve analysis is a robust statistical approach for evaluating the performance of new quantitative methods for determination of drug sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luna-Herrera
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomás 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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670
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Orabi KY, El Sayed KA, Hamann MT, Dunbar DC, Al-Said MS, Higa T, Kelly M. Araguspongines K and L, new bioactive bis-1-oxaquinolizidine N-oxide alkaloids from Red Sea specimens of Xestospongia exigua. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2002; 65:1782-1785. [PMID: 12502314 PMCID: PMC4969009 DOI: 10.1021/np0202226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the previously reported (+)-araguspongine A, (+)-araguspongine C, (+)-araguspongine D, (-)-araguspongine E, and (+)-xestospongin B, two new N-oxide araguspongines, (+)-araguspongine K and (+)-araguspongine L, are described here. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral analyses including (1)H-(15)N HMBC. The promising in vitro antimalarial and antituberculosis activities of araguspongine C are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Y Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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671
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Palomino JC, Martin A, Camacho M, Guerra H, Swings J, Portaels F. Resazurin microtiter assay plate: simple and inexpensive method for detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:2720-2. [PMID: 12121966 PMCID: PMC127336 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.8.2720-2722.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 809] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for detecting multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using a reduction of resazurin is described. Eighty clinical isolates were evaluated against isoniazid and rifampin; results at 7 days were compared with those of the proportion method. Specificity and sensitivity were excellent. The method is simple, inexpensive, and rapid and might be used with other antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Palomino
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp 2000, Belgium.
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672
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Abstract
Spirochetes, including Treponema denticola, are implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Because T. denticola lacks lipopolysaccharides that serve as targets for human beta-defensin (h beta D) binding, we postulated that T. denticola would resist killing by h beta D. We showed that T. denticola is resistant to h beta D-1 and -2. Protease inhibitors did not enhance killing of T. denticola by h beta D-2, suggesting that degradation of h beta D-2 by treponemal proteases is not a major factor in T. denticola resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Brissette
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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673
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Savini L, Chiasserini L, Gaeta A, Pellerano C. Synthesis and anti-tubercular evaluation of 4-quinolylhydrazones. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:2193-8. [PMID: 11983516 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-quinolylhydrazones were synthesized and tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Preparation of the title compounds was achieved by reaction of 4-quinolylhydrazine and aryl- or heteroaryl-carboxaldehyde. For the most of derivatives interesting antitubercular properties were showed; two compounds (3(2) and 3(25)), identified as the most active, were tested also against Mycobacterium avium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Savini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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674
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Freixo IM, Caldas PCS, Martins F, Brito RC, Ferreira RMC, Fonseca LS, Saad MHF. Evaluation of Etest strips for rapid susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:2282-4. [PMID: 12037111 PMCID: PMC130807 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.6.2282-2284.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, our objective was to evaluate Etest strips containing exponential gradients of isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), and streptomycin (STR) for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities by the standard proportion method using Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium and by the Etest. The MICs determined by the Etest were obtained at 5, 7, or 10 days. In some strains with Etest-discrepant results, radiometric susceptibility testing (BACTEC) was performed to determine a consensus result. M. tuberculosis concordance between the two methods was 97% (86 of 89 isolates) for RIF, 96% for INH (84 of 87 isolates), and 80% (61 of 76 isolates) for STR. Most of the MICs determined by the Etest were easy to interpret and readable within 5 days. Results correlated well with those obtained by the LJ proportion and BACTEC methods for INH and RIF. However, a high proportion of false-sensitive and false-resistant results were observed, most often for STR. We also observed that variations in the inoculum size of M. tuberculosis isolates affected the MICs to a substantial degree. These discrepancies, along with the expense of the media, the Etest strips, and the specialized equipment required (CO2 incubator), make this method less useful in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Freixo
- Microbiology Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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675
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Caviedes L, Delgado J, Gilman RH. Tetrazolium microplate assay as a rapid and inexpensive colorimetric method for determination of antibiotic susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1873-4. [PMID: 11980982 PMCID: PMC130930 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.5.1873-1874.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis underscores the need for low-cost, rapid methods to determine the susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to antibiotics. A new, rapid, easily read, and inexpensive colorimetric method with a tetrazolium indicator performs this determination as quickly and accurately as the more expensive Alamar Blue technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Caviedes
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Pathology Department, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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676
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Drobniewski FA, Balabanova YM. The diagnosis and management of multiple-drug-resistant-tuberculosis at the beginning of the new millenium. Int J Infect Dis 2002; 6 Suppl 1:S21-31. [PMID: 12044286 DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(02)90151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) is more difficult to treat and the treatment is less likely to produce favourable results compared to treatment of drug-sensitive disease. Success requires close co-operation between the laboratory, which defines a case as MDRTB, and the clinical team, who will treat it as well as the public health staff who will address aspects of contact tracing and institutional cross-infection. National surveys have indicated that MDRTB occurs at a higher rate in some countries such as Estonia and Latvia (14.1% and 9% respectively, in 1998) and Russia (although there are only limited validated data). In contrast, in Western Europe and in some countries of Eastern Europe, such as the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Slovakia and Poland with good tuberculosis (TB) prevention and treatment programmes, the combined MDRTB prevalence was 1% or less. The early diagnosis of MDRTB and case management by experienced teams from the outset remains the best hope clinically for these patients. Adequately supervised and prolonged combination chemotherapy is essential, with drug choice governed mainly by quality-controlled in vitro drug susceptibility data. There is a more limited role for surgery, and immunomodulating therapy, such as the use of gamma-interferon, may have a useful adjunct role. Clearly the most important therapeutic modality for MDRTB is to treat drug-sensitive TB correctly in the first instance and prevent the emergence of resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Drobniewski
- Department of Infection, Guy's King's and St Thomas' Medical College, King's College London, UK.
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677
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Rando DG, Sato DN, Siqueira L, Malvezzi A, Leite CQF, do Amaral AT, Ferreira EI, Tavares LC. Potential tuberculostatic agents. Topliss application on benzoic acid [(5-nitro-thiophen-2-yl)-methylene]-hydrazide series. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:557-60. [PMID: 11814842 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds such as nifuroxazide are used in many human enteropathogenic bacteria infections without causing an increase in the plasmidial antibiotic resistance of the aerobic Gram-negative intestinal Enterobacteriaceae. For these reasons, these compounds have been synthesized using the rational approach of Topliss' decision tree. Generally, this approach allows us to obtain the most active derivative from the series in a few steps. These compounds were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and the most active of the series identified. A new lead for potential tuberculostatic activity has been predicted and will be used in further QSAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G Rando
- Fac. de Ciências Farmacêuticas, USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo-SP 05508-900, Brazil
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678
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Maccari R, Ottanà R, Monforte F, Vigorita MG. In vitro antimycobacterial activities of 2'-monosubstituted isonicotinohydrazides and their cyanoborane adducts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:294-9. [PMID: 11796333 PMCID: PMC127052 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.2.294-299.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of our search for new isoniazid derivatives with extended spectra of activity, we evaluated the in vitro antimycobacterial activities of isonicotinohydrazides (compounds 2) and their cyanoborane adducts (compounds 3), both obtained by the reaction of isonicotinoylhydrazones (compounds 1) with sodium cyanoborohydride. Most of the tested compounds displayed moderate to high activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, with MICs ranging from 0.2 to 12.5 microg/ml. In particular, some hydrazides showed activity similar to that of rifampin (MIC = 0.2 microg/ml) and rather low cytotoxicity, so that they were generally shown to possess high safety indices. In contrast, the coordination to a cyanoborane (BH(2)CN) group (compounds 3) in general brought about a decrease in antimycobacterial activity, while cytotoxicity increased. Interestingly, selected compounds 1 to 3, mostly hydrazides (compounds 2), were effective in killing M. tuberculosis growing within macrophages at concentrations in culture medium which were much lower than the corresponding MICs. These compounds also displayed good activity against drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Maccari
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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679
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Bastian I, Rigouts L, Palomino JC, Portaels F. Kanamycin susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube and a colorimetric method. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:1934-6. [PMID: 11353658 PMCID: PMC90578 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.6.1934-1936.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel systems were evaluated for performing indirect kanamycin susceptibility tests on 72 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The microplate Alamar blue colorimetric method (breakpoint, 2.5 microg/ml) and the Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) system (breakpoint, 5.0 microg/ml) both produced 98.6% agreement when compared with the conventional proportion method performed on 7H10 agar using 5.0 microg of kanamycin/ml. Both systems provided results within an average of 1 week.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bastian
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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680
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Bottari B, Maccari R, Monforte F, Ottanà R, Vigorita MG, Bruno G, Nicolò F, Rotondo A, Rotondo E. Nickel(II) 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(isonicotinoylhydrazonate) and bis(benzoylhydrazonate) complexes: structure and antimycobacterial evaluation. Part XI. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:2203-11. [PMID: 11504658 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 2,6-diacetylpyridine (dap) and isonicotinoyl- or benzoylhydrazide leads to bishydrazones H(2)dapin (1a) and H(2)dapb (1b), respectively. The condensation can either take place as a bimolecular kinetic process between the two reactants or as a monomolecular metal-templated synthesis in the presence of nickel(II) ions. In the latter case the reaction products are charged 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(hydrazone) nickel(II) complexes, which can be easily deprotonated to neutral hydrazonates. Diffractometric analysis of one of these [Ni(dapb)](2) (8b) has shown a binuclear structure with two octahedral nickel(II) ions bridged by two helicoidal dap (bishydrazonates) in a spheroidal structure of C(2V) symmetry. The synthesized complexes 8 are promising as antimycobacterial agents against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. In particular, 8b displays significant activity (MIC=0.025 microg/mL) 10-fold higher than rifampin and equal to isoniazid, while its ligand is ineffective. Compound 8b is also capable of reducing HIV-induced cytopathogenic effect in human T(4 )lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bottari
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, Italy
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681
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Salazar GE, Schmitz TL, Cama R, Sheen P, Franchi LM, Centeno G, Valera C, Leyva M, Montenegro-James S, Oberhelman R, Gilman RH, Thompson MJ. Pulmonary tuberculosis in children in a developing country. Pediatrics 2001; 108:448-53. [PMID: 11483814 DOI: 10.1542/peds.108.2.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of Peruvian children presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) to determine whether features predictive of confirmed PTB could be identified. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study of 135 children (mean age: 6.8 years) presenting to the Hospital del Niño in Lima, Peru, with presumptive diagnosis of PTB. Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory findings were compared between 3 groups of pediatric patients with a presumptive diagnosis of PTB: those with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cultures, those likely to have PTB based on clinical criteria but with negative cultures, and those who did not meet clinical diagnostic criteria or have positive cultures. RESULTS A total of 50 (37%) patients were diagnosed with definitive PTB based on positive sputum culture. Another 55 (47%) patients were classified as having probable PTB based on meeting at least 2 of the following criteria: cough lasting for at least 2 weeks, typical chest radiograph changes, purified protein derivative (PPD) >/=10 mm, or history of tuberculosis family contact. Patients with definitive or probable PTB were significantly older than patients without clinical PTB, and those with symptomatic disease were significantly older than those with asymptomatic disease. Patients with PTB diagnosed by culture were significantly more likely than those diagnosed using clinical criteria to have cough lasting >/=2 weeks, fever, and a PPD >/=10 mm. CONCLUSIONS The typical presentation of PTB in Peruvian children includes symptoms of active pulmonary disease similar to those seen in adults. This presentation differs significantly from that reported in developed countries, where many children have minimal or no symptoms at the time of presentation. The diagnostic criteria for pediatric PTB must be modified in hyperendemic developing country environments where features may differ from those described in the United States. The triad of cough lasting >/=2 weeks, fever, and a PPD >/=10 mm was highly predictive for culture-positive PTB among children in this low-income Peruvian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Salazar
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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682
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Goloubeva V, Lecocq M, Lassowsky P, Matthys F, Portaels F, Bastian I. Evaluation of mycobacteria growth indicator tube for direct and indirect drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from respiratory specimens in a Siberian prison hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1501-5. [PMID: 11283077 PMCID: PMC87960 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.4.1501-1505.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The manual Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) method was evaluated for performing direct and indirect drug susceptibility testing (DST) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for isoniazid and rifampin on 101 strongly smear-positive sputum specimens in a Siberian prison hospital. Using the indirect method of proportion (MOP) as the "gold standard," the accuracies of isoniazid and rifampin susceptibility testing by the direct MGIT system were 97.0 and 94.1%, respectively. The accuracy of the indirect MGIT system was 98.0% for both drugs. The turnaround times from specimen processing to reporting of the DST results ranged between 4 and 23 (mean, 9.2) days by the direct MGIT method, 9 and 30 (mean, 15.3) days by the indirect MGIT method, and 26 and 101 (mean, 59.6) days by the indirect MOP. MGIT appears to be a reliable, rapid, and convenient method for performing direct and indirect DSTs in low-resource settings, but further studies are required to refine the direct DST protocol. Cost is the only factor prohibiting widespread implementation of MGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Goloubeva
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Colony 33, Mariinsk, Siberia
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683
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Silva PE, Bigi F, Santangelo MP, Romano MI, Martín C, Cataldi A, Aínsa JA. Characterization of P55, a multidrug efflux pump in Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:800-4. [PMID: 11181364 PMCID: PMC90377 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.3.800-804.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium bovis P55 gene, located downstream from the gene that encodes the immunogenic lipoprotein P27, has been characterized. The gene was identical to the open reading frame of the Rv1410c gene in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, annotated as a probable drug efflux protein. Genes similar to P55 were present in all species of the M. tuberculosis complex and other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium avium. By Western blotting, P55 was located in the membrane fraction of M. bovis. When transformed into Mycobacterium smegmatis after cloning, P55 conferred aminoglycoside and tetracycline resistance. The levels of resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline conferred by P55 were decreased in the presence of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and the pump inhibitors verapamil and reserpine. M. smegmatis cells expressing the plasmid-encoded P55 accumulated less tetracycline than the control cells. We conclude that P55 is a membrane protein implicated in aminoglycoside and tetracycline efflux in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Silva
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009-Zaragoza, Spain
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684
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Bottari B, Maccari R, Monforte F, Ottanà R, Rotondo E, Vigorita MG. Antimycobacterial in vitro activity of cobalt(II) isonicotinoylhydrazone complexes. Part 10. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:301-3. [PMID: 11212096 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Octahedral cobalt(II) complexes of isonicotinoylhydrazones, which were obtained from the primary antituberculous agent isoniazid, have been synthesised and characterised. Their antimycobacterial in vitro activity has been evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: they exhibit MIC values ranging from < 0.1 to 0.39 microg/mL, showing them to be generally more active than previously reported analogous Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bottari
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, Italy
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685
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Willingham FF, Schmitz TL, Contreras M, Kalangi SE, Vivar AM, Caviedes L, Schiantarelli E, Neumann PM, Bern C, Gilman RH. Hospital control and multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in female patients, Lima, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:123-7. [PMID: 11266302 PMCID: PMC2631673 DOI: 10.3201/eid0701.010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB), rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, and characteristics of TB on a female general medicine ward in Peru. Of 250 patients, 40 (16%) were positive by sputum culture and 27 (11%) by smear, and 8 (3%) had MDRTB. Thirteen (33%) of 40 culture-positive patients had not been suspected of having TB on admission. Six (46%) of 13 patients whose TB was unsuspected on admission had MDRTB, compared with 2 (7%) of 27 suspected cases (p = 0.009). Five (63%) of 8 MDRTB patients were smear positive and therefore highly infective. In developing countries, hospital control, a simple method of reducing the spread of MDRTB, is neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Willingham
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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686
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Pietro RC, Kashima S, Sato DN, Januário AH, França SC. In vitro antimycobacterial activities of Physalis angulata L. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 7:335-338. [PMID: 10969728 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-7113(00)80052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-tuberculosis co-infection has caused an impact on tuberculosis epidemiology all over the world and the efficacies of the therapeutic schemes traditionally prescribed in the treatment of tuberculosis, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide, have decreased due to the appearance of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains (MDR). This work is part of research on natural antimicrobial agents from plant extracts through bioassay-guided fractionation, by in vitro determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the microdilution method with Alamar blue oxidation-reduction dye. Crude CHCl3 Physalis angulata extracts and physalin-containing fractions displayed antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium malmoense and Mycobacterium intracellulare.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Pietro
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto - UNAERP Ribeiräo Preto, SP Brasil.
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687
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Lunde CS, Kubo I. Effect of polygodial on the mitochondrial ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1943-53. [PMID: 10858359 PMCID: PMC89990 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.7.1943-1953.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1999] [Accepted: 04/20/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungicidal mechanism of a naturally occurring sesquiterpene dialdehyde, polygodial, was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In an acidification assay, polygodial completely suppressed the glucose-induced decrease in external pH at 3.13 microgram/ml, the same as the fungicidal concentration. Acidification occurs primarily through the proton-pumping action of the plasma membrane ATPase, Pma1p. Surprisingly, this ATPase was not directly inhibited by polygodial. In contrast, the two other membrane-bound ATPases in yeast were found to be susceptible to the compound. The mitochondrial ATPase was inhibited by polygodial in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations similar to the fungicidal concentration, whereas the vacuolar ATPase was only slightly inhibited. Cytoplasmic petite mutants, which lack mitochondrial DNA and are respiration deficient, were significantly less susceptible to polygodial than the wild type, as was shown in time-kill curves. A pet9 mutant which lacks a functional ADP-ATP translocator and is therefore respiration dependent was rapidly inhibited by polygodial. The results of these susceptibility assays link enzyme inhibition to physiological effect. Previous studies have reported that plasma membrane disruption is the mechanism of polygodial-induced cell death; however, these results support a more complex picture of its effect. A major target of polygodial in yeast is mitochondrial ATP synthase. Reduction of the ATP supply leads to a suppression of Pma1 ATPase activity and impairs adaptive responses to other facets of polygodial's cellular inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lunde
- Comparative Biochemistry Group, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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688
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Bottari B, Maccari R, Monforte F, Ottanà R, Rotondo E, Vigorita MG. Isoniazid-related copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with antimycobacterial in vitro activity. Part 9. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:657-60. [PMID: 10762047 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Isonicotinoylhydrazones 1, obtained by the primary antituberculous agent Isoniazid, have been used as monoanionic ligands (L) to prepare copper(II) 2 and nickel(II) 3 octahedral complexes of stoichiometry [MeL2(H2O)2]. Their antimycobacterial in vitro activity was evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in comparison with the ligands. Complexes 2a, 2b, 2f, 3b, 3d and 3g displayed MIC values < or = 0.2 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bottari
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, Italy
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689
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Caviedes L, Lee TS, Gilman RH, Sheen P, Spellman E, Lee EH, Berg DE, Montenegro-James S. Rapid, efficient detection and drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum by microscopic observation of broth cultures. The Tuberculosis Working Group in Peru. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1203-8. [PMID: 10699023 PMCID: PMC86377 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.3.1203-1208.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inexpensive, rapid, and reliable methods of detecting infection by and drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) are crucial to the control of tuberculosis. The novel microscopic observation broth-drug susceptibility assay (MODS) detects early growth of MTB in liquid medium, allowing more timely diagnosis and drug susceptibility testing. Sputum samples from hospitalized patients in Peru were analyzed by using stains, culture, and PCR. Sensitivity of MODS (92%) compared favorably with the most sensitive of the other culture methods (93%). Sputum samples positive for tuberculosis were tested for susceptibility to isoniazid and rifampin with the microwell alamar blue assay (MABA) and MODS. In 89% of cases, there was concordance between MODS and MABA. Of the diagnostic and susceptibility testing methods used, MODS yielded results most rapidly (median, 9.0 and 9.5 days, respectively). MODS is a rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and specific method for MTB detection and susceptibility testing; it is particularly appropriate for use in developing countries burdened by significant infection rates and increasing numbers of multiple-drug-resistant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Caviedes
- Department of Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Medicina y Agricultura (AB PRISMA), Lima, Peru
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690
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691
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Leite CQ, Beretta AL, Anno IS, Telles MA. Standardization of broth microdilution method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 95:127-9. [PMID: 10656718 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762000000100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirect drug susceptibility tests of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was done to investigate the accuracy and feasibility of a broth microdilution method (BMM) for determining minimal inhibitory concentrations of conventional drugs against M. tuberculosis. Test drugs included isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), ethambutol (E), streptomycin (S) and pyrazinamide (Z). Fifty isolates of M. tuberculosis from patients who had never received drug therapy, and H37Rv strain for control, were evaluated in the system. When comparing this method with the gold standard proportional method in Lowenstein-Jensen medium, sensitivity of 100% for all drugs and specifities of 91, 100, 96, 98 and 85% were observed respectively for H, R, E, S and Z. The BMM was read faster (14-20 days) than the proportional method (20-28 days). The microdilution method evaluated allows the testing of multiple drugs in multiple concentrations. It is easy to perform and does not require special equipment or expensive supplies. In contrast to radiometric method it does not use radioactive material.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Q Leite
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Unesp, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brasil. ,br
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692
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Kairo SK, Bedwell J, Tyler PC, Carter A, Corbel MJ. Development of a tetrazolium salt assay for rapid determination of viability of BCG vaccines. Vaccine 1999; 17:2423-8. [PMID: 10392624 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Standardisation and control of the live Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) vaccine is performed as specified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). The conventional viable count for control of potency of BCG vaccine is performed by culturing on solid medium. This assay method is not only time consuming but may give variable results. A tetrazolium salt assay has been developed and evaluated as a potential additional, or replacement, test for determining number of viable organisms. The tetrazolium salts 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphenyl)-(2H)-tetrazolium-5-carb oxanilide (XTT) used as alternative substrates in the assay both gave more rapid and reproducible results than the conventional viable count. XTT showed greater sensitivity than MTT with a lower detection limit of about 7x10(4) colony forming units (c.f.u.) ml(-1). The XTT assay has proven effective for determining viability of suspensions prepared from several BCG vaccine substrains, covering a range of viable units, without the need for modification. This assay is easily performed and takes just 48 h to produce an estimate of viable cell content compared with 3 weeks for the conventional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kairo
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
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693
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Aínsa JA, Blokpoel MC, Otal I, Young DB, De Smet KA, Martín C. Molecular cloning and characterization of Tap, a putative multidrug efflux pump present in Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:5836-43. [PMID: 9811639 PMCID: PMC107655 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.22.5836-5843.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/1998] [Accepted: 09/04/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant plasmid isolated from a Mycobacterium fortuitum genomic library by selection for gentamicin and 2-N'-ethylnetilmicin resistance conferred low-level aminoglycoside and tetracycline resistance when introduced into M. smegmatis. Further characterization of this plasmid allowed the identification of the M. fortuitum tap gene. A homologous gene in the M. tuberculosis H37Rv genome has been identified. The M. tuberculosis tap gene (Rv1258 in the annotated sequence of the M. tuberculosis genome) was cloned and conferred low-level resistance to tetracycline when introduced into M. smegmatis. The sequences of the putative Tap proteins showed 20 to 30% amino acid identity to membrane efflux pumps of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), mainly tetracycline and macrolide efflux pumps, and to other proteins of unknown function but with similar antibiotic resistance patterns. Approximately 12 transmembrane regions and different sequence motifs characteristic of the MFS proteins also were detected. In the presence of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), the levels of resistance to antibiotics conferred by plasmids containing the tap genes were decreased. When tetracycline accumulation experiments were carried out with the M. fortuitum tap gene, the level of tetracycline accumulation was lower than that in control cells but was independent of the presence of CCCP. We conclude that the Tap proteins of the opportunistic organism M. fortuitum and the important pathogen M. tuberculosis are probably proton-dependent efflux pumps, although we cannot exclude the possibility that they act as regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Aínsa
- Departamento de Microbiología Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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