651
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Neumann A, Papareddy P, Westman J, Hyldegaard O, Snäll J, Norrby-Teglund A, Herwald H. Immunoregulation of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation by Endothelial-Derived p33 (gC1q Receptor). J Innate Immun 2017; 10:30-43. [PMID: 29035880 DOI: 10.1159/000480386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is a host defence mechanism, known to facilitate the entrapment and growth inhibition of many bacterial pathogens. It has been implicated that the translocation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) from neutrophilic granules to the nucleus is crucial to this process. Under disease conditions, however, excessive NET formation can trigger self-destructive complications by releasing pathologic levels of danger-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs). To counteract such devastating immune reactions, the host has to rely on precautions that help circumvent these deleterious effects. Though the induction of DAMP responses has been intensively studied, the mechanisms that are used by the host to down-regulate them are still not understood. In this study, we show that p33 is an endothelial-derived protein that has the ability to annul NET formation. We found that the expression of human p33 is up-regulated in endothelial cells upon infections with Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. Using tissue biopsies from a patient with streptococcal necrotising fasciitis, we monitored co-localisation of p33 with MPO. Further in vitro studies revealed that p33 is able to block the formation of DAMP-induced NET formation by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of MPO. Additionally, mice challenged with S. pyogenes bacteria demonstrated diminished MPO activity when treated with p33. Together, our results demonstrate that host-derived p33 has an important immunomodulating function that helps to counterbalance an overwhelming DAMP response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Neumann
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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652
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Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune phagocytes that have a central role in immune defence. Our understanding of the role of neutrophils in pathogen clearance, immune regulation and disease pathology has advanced dramatically in recent years. Web-like chromatin structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been at the forefront of this renewed interest in neutrophil biology. The identification of molecules that modulate the release of NETs has helped to refine our view of the role of NETs in immune protection, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer. Here, I discuss the key findings and concepts that have thus far shaped the field of NET biology.
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653
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Galuska CE, Dambon JA, Kühnle A, Bornhöfft KF, Prem G, Zlatina K, Lütteke T, Galuska SP. Artificial Polysialic Acid Chains as Sialidase-Resistant Molecular-Anchors to Accumulate Particles on Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1229. [PMID: 29033944 PMCID: PMC5626807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are involved in numerous immunological events. One mechanism of neutrophils to combat pathogens is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Thereby, neutrophils use DNA fibers to form a meshwork of DNA and histones as well as several antimicrobial components to trap and kill invaders. However, the formation of NETs can lead to pathological conditions triggering among other things (e.g., sepsis or acute lung failure), which is mainly a consequence of the cytotoxic characteristics of accumulated extracellular histones. Interestingly, the carbohydrate polysialic acid represents a naturally occurring antagonist of the cytotoxic properties of extracellular histones. Inspired by polysialylated vesicles, we developed polysialylated nanoparticles. Since sialidases are frequently present in areas of NET formation, we protected the sensitive non-reducing end of these homopolymers. To this end, the terminal sialic acid residue of the non-reducing end was oxidized and directly coupled to nanoparticles. The covalently linked sialidase-resistant polysialic acid chains are still able to neutralize histone-mediated cytotoxicity and to initiate binding of these polysialylated particles to NET filaments. Furthermore, polysialylated fluorescent microspheres can be used as a bioanalytical tool to stain NET fibers. Thus, polySia chains might not only be a useful agent to reduce histone-mediated cytotoxicity but also an anchor to accumulate nanoparticles loaded with active substances in areas of NET formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Galuska
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan A Dambon
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kühnle
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Kim F Bornhöfft
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Prem
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kristina Zlatina
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lütteke
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian P Galuska
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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654
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Hernandez-Lopez R, Chavez-Gonzalez A, Torres-Barrera P, Moreno-Lorenzana D, Lopez-DiazGuerrero N, Santiago-German D, Isordia-Salas I, Smadja D, C. Yoder M, Majluf-Cruz A, Alvarado-Moreno JA. Reduced proliferation of endothelial colony-forming cells in unprovoked venous thromboembolic disease as a consequence of endothelial dysfunction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183827. [PMID: 28910333 PMCID: PMC5598948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolic disease (VTD) is a public health problem. We recently reported that endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) derived from endothelial cells (EC) (ECFC-ECs) from patients with VTD have a dysfunctional state. For this study, we proposed that a dysfunctional status of these cells generates a reduction of its proliferative ability, which is also associated with senescence and reactive oxygen species (ROS). METHODS AND RESULTS Human mononuclear cells (MNCs) were obtained from peripheral blood from 40 healthy human volunteers (controls) and 50 patients with VTD matched by age (20-50 years) and sex to obtain ECFCs. We assayed their proliferative ability with plasma of patients and controls and supernatants of cultures from ECFC-ECs, senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), ROS, and expression of ephrin-B2/Eph-B4 receptor. Compared with cells from controls, cells from VTD patients showed an 8-fold increase of ECFCs that emerged 1 week earlier, reduced proliferation at long term (39%) and, in passages 4 and 10, a highly senescent rate (30±1.05% vs. 91.3±15.07%, respectively) with an increase of ROS and impaired expression of ephrin-B2/Eph-4 genes. Proliferation potential of cells from VTD patients was reduced in endothelial medium [1.4±0.22 doubling population (DP)], control plasma (1.18±0.31 DP), or plasma from VTD patients (1.65±0.27 DP). CONCLUSIONS As compared with controls, ECFC-ECs from individuals with VTD have higher oxidative stress, proliferation stress, cellular senescence, and low proliferative potential. These findings suggest that patients with a history of VTD are ECFC-ECs dysfunctional that could be associated to permanent risk for new thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubicel Hernandez-Lopez
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogenesis, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Biologia Experimental, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonieta Chavez-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Torres-Barrera
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dafne Moreno-Lorenzana
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Lopez-DiazGuerrero
- Posgrado en Biologia Experimental, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa. Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Irma Isordia-Salas
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogenesis, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Smadja
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM UMR-S 1140, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Hematology department, Paris, France
| | - Mervin C. Yoder
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Abraham Majluf-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogenesis, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J. Antonio Alvarado-Moreno
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogenesis, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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655
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Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:1160-1173. [PMID: 28899799 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are fibrous networks which protrude from the membranes of activated neutrophils. NETs are found in a variety of conditions such as infection, malignancy, atherosclerosis, and autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), psoriasis, and gout. Studies suggest that an imbalance between "NETosis," which is a process by which NETs are formed, and NET degradation may be associated with autoimmune diseases. Neutrophils, interleukin-8, ANCA and other inflammatory molecules are considered to play a key role in NET formation. Prolonged exposure to NETs-related cascades is associated with autoimmunity and increases the chance of systemic organ damage. In this review, we discuss the roles of various inflammatory molecules in relation to NETs. We also describe the role of NETs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and discuss the possibility of using targeted therapies directed to NETs and associated molecules to treat autoimmune diseases.
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656
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Lv X, Wen T, Song J, Xie D, Wu L, Jiang X, Jiang P, Wen Z. Extracellular histones are clinically relevant mediators in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Res 2017; 18:165. [PMID: 28865478 PMCID: PMC5581408 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular histones were recently identified as an inflammatory mediator involved in the pathogenesis of various organ injuries. This study aimed to examine extracellular histone levels and their clinical implications in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients and to explore histone-mediated effects through ex-vivo investigations. Methods Extracellular histones, cytokine profiles and clinical data from 96 ARDS patients and 30 healthy volunteers were obtained. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC), and human monocytic U937 cells were exposed to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from ARDS patients, and cellular damage and cytokine production were assessed. Furthermore, the effect of histone-targeted interventions by heparin or anti-histone antibody was evaluated. Results Plasma and BALF extracellular histone levels were much higher in ARDS patients than in healthy controls. There was a significant association between extracellular histones and ARDS severity and mortality. In addition, extracellular histones correlated with an evident systemic inflammation detected in ARDS patients. Ex-vivo analysis further showed that ARDS patient’s BALF remarkably induced epithelial and endothelial cell damage and stimulated cytokine production in the supernatant of U937 cells. The adverse effects on these cells could be abrogated by heparin or anti-histone antibody. Conclusions Extracellular histones in ARDS patients are excessively increased and may contribute to disease aggravation by inducing cellular damage and promoting systemic inflammation. Targeting extracellular histones may provide a promising approach for treating ARDS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0651-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wen
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zongmei Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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657
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Chrysanthopoulou A, Kambas K, Stakos D, Mitroulis I, Mitsios A, Vidali V, Angelidou I, Bochenek M, Arelaki S, Arampatzioglou A, Galani IE, Skendros P, Couladouros EA, Konstantinides S, Andreakos E, Schäfer K, Ritis K. Interferon lambda1/IL-29 and inorganic polyphosphate are novel regulators of neutrophil-driven thromboinflammation. J Pathol 2017; 243:111-122. [PMID: 28678391 DOI: 10.1002/path.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils and neutrophil-released meshwork structures termed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are major mediators of thromboinflammation and emerging targets for therapy, yet the mechanisms and pathways that control the role of neutrophils in thromboinflammation remain poorly understood. Here, we explored the role of IFN-λ1/IL-29, a major antiviral cytokine recently shown to suppress the neutrophil migratory capacity, in prothrombotic and proNETotic functions of neutrophils. In an ex vivo human experimental setting of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), we show that IFN-λ1/IL-29 hinders NET release and diminishes the amount of cytoplasmic TF in neutrophils. Since platelet-neutrophil interaction plays a major role in NET-induced thromboinflammation, we further studied how IFN-λ1/IL-29 may interrupt this interaction. In this context, we identified inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) as a platelet-derived NET inducer in STEMI. In arterial STEMI thrombi, polyP was present in platelets and in close proximity to NET remnants. PolyP release from activated platelets was dependent on thrombin present in infarcted artery plasma, resulting in NET formation by promoting mTOR inhibition and autophagy induction. The effect of polyP on mTOR inhibition was counteracted by IFN-λ1/IL-29 treatment, leading to inhibition of NET formation. Consistently, we show in an in vivo model of FeCl3 -induced arterial thrombosis that IFN-λ2/IL-28A exerts strong antithrombotic potential. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel function of IFN-λ1/IL-29 in the suppression of thromboinflammation. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akrivi Chrysanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Stakos
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Cardiology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mitroulis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandros Mitsios
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Veroniki Vidali
- Natural Products Synthesis and Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR 'Demokritos', Greece
| | - Iliana Angelidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Magdalena Bochenek
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stella Arelaki
- Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna-Evdokia Galani
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Skendros
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Elias A Couladouros
- Natural Products Synthesis and Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR 'Demokritos', Greece
- Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Konstantinides
- Cardiology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Katrin Schäfer
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Ritis
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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658
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Hattori Y, Hattori K, Suzuki T, Matsuda N. Recent advances in the pathophysiology and molecular basis of sepsis-associated organ dysfunction: Novel therapeutic implications and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 177:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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659
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Neutrophil Extracellular DNA Traps Induce Autoantigen Production by Airway Epithelial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5675029. [PMID: 28951633 PMCID: PMC5603142 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5675029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of autoimmune involvement in asthma has received much recent interest. Autoantibodies, such as anti-cytokeratin (CK) 18, anti-CK19, and anti-α-enolase antibodies, react with self-antigens and are found at high levels in the sera of patients with severe asthma (SA). However, the mechanisms underlying autoantibody production in SA have not been fully determined. The present study was conducted to demonstrate that neutrophil extracellular DNA traps (NETs), cytotoxic molecules released from neutrophils, are a key player in the stimulation of airway epithelial cells (AECs) to produce autoantigens. This study showed that NETs significantly increased the intracellular expression of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) but did not affect that of CK18 in AECs. NETs induced the extracellular release of both tTG and CK18 in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, NETs directly degraded intracellular α-enolase into small fragments. However, antibodies against neutrophil elastase (NE) or myeloperoxidase (MPO) attenuated the effects of NETs on AECs. Furthermore, each NET isolated from healthy controls (HC), nonsevere asthma (NSA), and SA had different characteristics. Taken together, these findings suggest that AECs exposed to NETs may exhibit higher autoantigen production, especially in SA. Therefore, targeting of NETs may represent a new therapy for neutrophilic asthma with a high level of autoantigens.
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660
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Guan X, Hou Y, Sun F, Yang Z, Li C. Dysregulated Chemokine Signaling in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Curr Drug Targets 2017; 17:1535-44. [PMID: 26648071 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666151209120516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CF lung disease is characterized by a chronic and non-resolving activation of the innate immune system with excessive release of chemokines/cytokines including IL-8 and persistent infiltration of immune cells, mainly neutrophils, into the airways. Chronic infection and impaired immune response eventually lead to pulmonary damage characterized by bronchiectasis, emphysema, and lung fibrosis. As a complete knowledge of the pathways responsible for the exaggerated inflammatory response in CF lung disease is lacking, understanding these pathways could reveal new therapeutic targets, and lead to novel treatments. Therefore, there is a strong rationale for the identification of mechanisms and pathways underlying the exaggerated inflammatory response in CF lung disease. This article reviews the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease, with a focus on the dysregulated signaling involved in the overexpression of chemokine IL-8 and excessive recruitment of neutrophils in CF airways. The findings suggest that targeting the exaggerated IL-8/IL-8 receptor (mainly CXCR2) signaling pathway in immune cells (especially neutrophils) may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for CF lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine. 540 E. Canfield Avenue, 5312 Scott Hall, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine. 540 E. Canfield Avenue, 5312 Scott Hall, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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661
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Hosoda H, Nakamura K, Hu Z, Tamura H, Reich J, Kuwahara-Arai K, Iba T, Tabe Y, Nagaoaka I. Antimicrobial cathelicidin peptide LL-37 induces NET formation and suppresses the inflammatory response in a mouse septic model. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5618-5626. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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662
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Qi H, Yang S, Zhang L. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:928. [PMID: 28824648 PMCID: PMC5545592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Neutrophils are a component of the innate immune system which protect against pathogen invasion; however, the contribution of neutrophils to cardiovascular disease has been underestimated, despite infiltration of leukocyte subsets being a known driving force of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. In addition to their function as phagocytes, neutrophils can release their extracellular chromatin, nuclear protein, and serine proteases to form net-like fiber structures, termed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs can entrap pathogens, induce endothelial activation, and trigger coagulation, and have been detected in atherosclerotic and thrombotic lesions in both humans and mice. Moreover, NETs can induce endothelial dysfunction and trigger proinflammatory immune responses. Overall, current data indicate that NETs are not only present in plaques and thrombi but also have causative roles in triggering formation of atherosclerotic plaques and venous thrombi. This review is focused on published findings regarding NET-associated endothelial dysfunction during atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, and venous thrombosis pathogenesis. The NET structure is a novel discovery that will find its appropriate place in our new understanding of cardiovascular disease. In addition, NETs have high potential to be further explored toward much better treatment of atherosclerosis and venous thromboembolism in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Qi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuofei Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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663
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Wygrecka M, Kosanovic D, Wujak L, Reppe K, Henneke I, Frey H, Didiasova M, Kwapiszewska G, Marsh LM, Baal N, Hackstein H, Zakrzewicz D, Müller-Redetzky HC, de Maat S, Maas C, Nolte MW, Panousis C, Schermuly RT, Seeger W, Witzenrath M, Schaefer L, Markart P. Antihistone Properties of C1 Esterase Inhibitor Protect against Lung Injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:186-199. [PMID: 28005404 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0712oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by alveolar epithelial cell injury, edema formation, and intraalveolar contact phase activation. OBJECTIVES To explore whether C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH), an endogenous inhibitor of the contact phase, may protect from lung injury in vivo and to decipher the possible underlying mechanisms mediating protection. METHODS The ability of C1INH to control the inflammatory processes was studied in vitro and in vivo. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that application of C1INH alleviates bleomycin-induced lung injury via direct interaction with extracellular histones. In vitro, C1INH was found to bind all histone types. Interaction with histones was independent of its protease inhibitory activity, as demonstrated by the use of reactive-center-cleaved C1INH, but dependent on its glycosylation status. C1INH sialylated-N- and -O-glycans were not only essential for its interaction with histones but also to protect against histone-induced cell death. In vivo, histone-C1INH complexes were detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple models of lung injury. Furthermore, reactive-center-cleaved C1INH attenuated pulmonary damage evoked by intravenous histone instillation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, C1INH administration provides a new therapeutic option for disorders associated with histone release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katrin Reppe
- 3 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Helena Frey
- 4 Goethe University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Leigh M Marsh
- 5 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Nelli Baal
- 6 Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- 6 Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Holger C Müller-Redetzky
- 3 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven de Maat
- 7 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Coen Maas
- 7 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Con Panousis
- 9 Bio21 Institute, CSL Limited, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Martin Witzenrath
- 3 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- 4 Goethe University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, Knop E, Markoulli M, Ogawa Y, Perez V, Uchino Y, Yokoi N, Zoukhri D, Sullivan DA. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:438-510. [PMID: 28736340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 988] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Subcommittee reviewed the mechanisms involved in the initiation and perpetuation of dry eye disease. Its central mechanism is evaporative water loss leading to hyperosmolar tissue damage. Research in human disease and in animal models has shown that this, either directly or by inducing inflammation, causes a loss of both epithelial and goblet cells. The consequent decrease in surface wettability leads to early tear film breakup and amplifies hyperosmolarity via a Vicious Circle. Pain in dry eye is caused by tear hyperosmolarity, loss of lubrication, inflammatory mediators and neurosensory factors, while visual symptoms arise from tear and ocular surface irregularity. Increased friction targets damage to the lids and ocular surface, resulting in characteristic punctate epithelial keratitis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, filamentary keratitis, lid parallel conjunctival folds, and lid wiper epitheliopathy. Hybrid dry eye disease, with features of both aqueous deficiency and increased evaporation, is common and efforts should be made to determine the relative contribution of each form to the total picture. To this end, practical methods are needed to measure tear evaporation in the clinic, and similarly, methods are needed to measure osmolarity at the tissue level across the ocular surface, to better determine the severity of dry eye. Areas for future research include the role of genetic mechanisms in non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye, the targeting of the terminal duct in meibomian gland disease and the influence of gaze dynamics and the closed eye state on tear stability and ocular surface inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Bron
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric E Gabison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild & Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erich Knop
- Departments of Cell and Neurobiology and Ocular Surface Center Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victor Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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665
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Ueki S, Tokunaga T, Fujieda S, Honda K, Hirokawa M, Spencer LA, Weller PF. Eosinophil ETosis and DNA Traps: a New Look at Eosinophilic Inflammation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:54. [PMID: 27393701 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The traditional paradigm of eosinophils as end-stage damaging cells has mainly relied on their release of cytotoxic proteins. Cytokine-induced cell survival and secretion of granular contents from tissue-dwelling eosinophil are thought to be important mechanisms for eosinophilic inflammatory disorders, although the occurrence of cytolysis and its products (i.e., free extracellular granules) has been observed in affected lesions. Recent evidence indicates that activated eosinophils can exhibit a non-apoptotic cell death pathway, namely extracellular trap cell death (ETosis) that mediates the eosinophil cytolytic degranulation. Here, we discuss the current concept of eosinophil ETosis which provides a new look at eosinophilic inflammation. Lessons from eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis revealed that ETosis-derived DNA traps, composed of stable web-like chromatin, contribute to the properties of highly viscous eosinophilic mucin and impairments in its clearance. Intact granules entrapped in DNA traps are causing long-lasting inflammation but also might have immunoregulatory roles. Eosinophils possess a way to have post-postmortem impacts on innate immunity, local immune response, sterile inflammation, and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Tokunaga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kohei Honda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Akita Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Lisa A Spencer
- Divisions of Allergy and Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter F Weller
- Divisions of Allergy and Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Jiang D, Saffarzadeh M, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. In vitro Demonstration and Quantification of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2386. [PMID: 34541124 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent decade, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been identified and confirmed as a new anti-microbial weapon of neutrophils. In this protocol, we describe easy methods to demonstrate NET formation by immunofluorescence staining of extracellular chromatin fiber with anti-DNA/Histone H1 antibody and quantification of NETs by using a non-cell-permeable DNA specific dye Sytox orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Jiang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mona Saffarzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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667
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Pattison SH, Gibson DS, Johnston E, Peacock S, Rivera K, Tunney MM, Pappin DJ, Elborn JS. Proteomic profile of cystic fibrosis sputum cells in adults chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:50/1/1601569. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01569-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF), and involves chronic infection and perturbed immune responses. Tissue damage is mediated mostly by extracellular proteases, but other cellular proteins may also contribute to damage through their effect on cell activities and/or release into sputum fluid by means of active secretion or cell death.We employed MudPIT (multidimensional protein identification technology) to identify sputum cellular proteins with consistently altered abundance in adults with CF, chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, compared with healthy controls. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, Gene Ontology, protein abundance and correlation with lung function were used to infer their potential clinical significance.Differentially abundant proteins relate to Rho family small GTPase activity, immune cell movement/activation, generation of reactive oxygen species, and dysregulation of cell death and proliferation. Compositional breakdown identified high abundance of proteins previously associated with neutrophil extracellular traps. Furthermore, negative correlations with lung function were detected for 17 proteins, many of which have previously been associated with lung injury.These findings expand our current understanding of the mechanisms driving CF lung disease and identify sputum cellular proteins with potential for use as indicators of disease status/prognosis, stratification determinants for treatment prescription or therapeutic targets.
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668
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Preissner KT, Herwald H. Extracellular nucleic acids in immunity and cardiovascular responses: between alert and disease. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1272-1282. [PMID: 28594050 DOI: 10.1160/th-16-11-0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe inflammatory complications are a potential consequence in patients with predetermined conditions of infections, pulmonary diseases, or cardiovascular disorders. Notably, the amplitude of the inflammatory response towards these complications can dictate the disease progression and outcome. During the recent years, evidence from basic research as well as from clinical studies has identified self-extracellular nucleic acids as important players in the crosstalk between immunity and cardiovascular diseases. These stress- or injury-induced endogenous polymeric macromolecules not only serve as "alarmins" or "Danger-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs), but their functional repertoire goes far beyond such activities in innate immunity. In fact, (patho-) physiological functions of self-extracellular DNA and RNA are associated and in many cases causally related to arterial and venous thrombosis, atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury or tumour progression. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms are far from being completely understood. Interestingly enough, however, novel antagonistic approaches in vitro and in vivo, particularly using natural endonucleases or synthetic nucleic acid binding polymers, appear to be promising and safe therapeutic options for future studies. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the current state of (patho-) physiological functions of self-extracellular nucleic acids with special emphasis on their role as beneficial / alerting or adverse / damaging factors in connection with immune responses, inflammation, thrombosis, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus T Preissner
- Klaus T. Preissner, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany, Tel.: +49 641 994 7500, E-mail:
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Peniche AG, Bonilla DL, Palma GI, Melby PC, Travi BL, Osorio EY. A secondary wave of neutrophil infiltration causes necrosis and ulceration in lesions of experimental American cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179084. [PMID: 28591228 PMCID: PMC5462435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the importance of neutrophils in the development of chronic lesions caused by L. Viannia spp. using the hamster as experimental model of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL). Neutrophils infiltrated the lesion within the first six hours post-infection. Inhibition of this early infiltration using a polyclonal antibody or cyclophosphamide was associated with transient parasite control but the protective effect vanished when lesions became clinically apparent. At lesion onset (approximately 10 days p.i.), there was an increased proportion of both uninfected and infected macrophages, and subsequently a second wave of neutrophils infiltrated the lesion (after 19 days p.i.) This second neutrophil infiltration was associated with lesion necrosis and ulceration (R2 = 0.75) and maximum parasite burden. Intradermal delivery of N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), aimed to increase neutrophil infiltration, resulted in larger lesions with marked necrosis and higher parasite burden than in mock treated groups (p<0.001 each). In contrast, reduced neutrophil infiltration via cyclophosphamide-mediated depletion led to more benign lesions and lower parasite loads compared to controls (p<0.001 each). Neutrophils of the second wave expressed significantly lower GM-CSF, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide than those of the first wave, suggesting that they had less efficient anti-leishmania activity. However, there was increased inflammatory cytokines and expression of neutrophil proteases (myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G and elastase) in lesions during the second wave of neutrophil infiltration compared with the levels reached during the first wave (6h p.i.). This suggests that augmented neutrophil proteases and inflammatory cytokines during the secondary wave of neutrophils could contribute to skin inflammation, ulceration and necrosis in ACL. The overall results indicate that neutrophils were unable to clear the infection in this model, and that the second wave of neutrophils played an important role in the severity of ACL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G. Peniche
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Diana L. Bonilla
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Gloria I. Palma
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Peter C. Melby
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bruno L. Travi
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - E. Yaneth Osorio
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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670
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Silk E, Zhao H, Weng H, Ma D. The role of extracellular histone in organ injury. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2812. [PMID: 28542146 PMCID: PMC5520745 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histones are intra-nuclear cationic proteins that are present in all eukaryotic cells and are highly conserved across species. Within the nucleus, they provide structural stability to chromatin and regulate gene expression. Histone may be released into the extracellular space in three forms: freely, as a DNA-bound nucleosome or as part of neutrophil extracellular traps, and all three can be detected in serum after significant cellular death such as sepsis, trauma, ischaemia/reperfusion injury and autoimmune disease. Once in the extracellular space, histones act as damage-associated molecular pattern proteins, activating the immune system and causing further cytotoxicity. They interact with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement and the phospholipids of cell membranes inducing endothelial and epithelial cytotoxicity, TLR2/TLR4/TLR9 activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine release via MyD88, NFκB and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pathways. Drugs that block the release of histone, neutralise circulating histone or block histone signal transduction provide significant protection from mortality in animal models of acute organ injury but warrant further research to inform future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Silk
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hao Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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671
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Liu T, Wang FP, Wang G, Mao H. Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:730-736. [PMID: 28303858 PMCID: PMC5358425 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.201608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are representative chronic inflammatory airway diseases responsible for a considerable burden of disease. In this article, we reviewed the relationship between neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Data Sources: Articles published up to January 1, 2017, were selected from the PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase databases, with the keywords of “asthma” or “pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive”, “neutrophils” and “extracellular traps.” Study Selection: Articles were obtained and reviewed to analyze the role of NETs in asthma and COPD. Results: NETs are composed of extracellular DNA, histones, and granular proteins, which are released from activated neutrophils. Multiple studies have indicated that there are a large amount of NETs in the airways of asthmatics and COPD patients. NETs can engulf and kill invading pathogens in the host. However, disordered regulation of NET formation has shown to be involved in the development of asthma and COPD. An overabundance of NETs in the airways or lung tissue could cause varying degrees of damage to lung tissues by inducing the death of human epithelial and endothelial cells, and thus resulting in impairing pulmonary function and accelerating the progress of the disease. Conclusions: Excessive NETs accumulate in the airways of asthmatics and COPD patients. Although NETs play an essential role in the innate immune system against infection, excessive components of NETs can cause lung tissue damage and accelerate disease progression in asthmatics and COPD patients. These findings suggest that administration of NETs could be a novel approach to treat asthma and COPD. Mechanism studies, clinical practice, and strategies to regulate neutrophil activation or directly interrupt NET function in asthmatics and COPD patients are desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuang 610041, China
| | - Fa-Ping Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuang 610041, China
| | - Geng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuang 610041, China
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuang 610041, China
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672
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Targets of Neutrophil Influx and Weaponry: Therapeutic Opportunities for Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:5273201. [PMID: 28596972 PMCID: PMC5449733 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5273201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are important effector cells of antimicrobial immunity in an acute inflammatory response, with a primary role in the clearance of extracellular pathogens. However, in respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there is excessive infiltration and activation of neutrophils, subsequent production of reactive oxygen species, and release of serine proteases, matrix metalloproteinases, and myeloperoxidase—resulting in collateral damage as the cells infiltrate into the tissue. Increased neutrophil survival through dysregulated apoptosis facilitates continued release of neutrophil-derived mediators to perpetuate airway inflammation and tissue injury. Several target mechanisms have been investigated to address pathologic neutrophil biology and thereby provide a novel therapy for respiratory disease. These include neutrophil influx through inhibition of chemokine receptors CXCR2, CXCR1, and PI3Kγ signaling and neutrophil weaponry by protease inhibitors, targeting matrix metalloproteinases and neutrophil serine proteases. In addition, neutrophil function can be modulated using selective PI3Kδ inhibitors. This review highlights the latest advances in targeting neutrophils and their function, discusses the opportunities and risks of neutrophil inhibition, and explores how we might better develop future strategies to regulate neutrophil influx and function for respiratory diseases in dire need of novel effective therapies.
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673
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Hoppenbrouwers T, Autar ASA, Sultan AR, Abraham TE, van Cappellen WA, Houtsmuller AB, van Wamel WJB, van Beusekom HMM, van Neck JW, de Maat MPM. In vitro induction of NETosis: Comprehensive live imaging comparison and systematic review. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176472. [PMID: 28486563 PMCID: PMC5423591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple inducers of in vitro Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation (NETosis) have been described. Since there is much variation in study design and results, our aim was to create a systematic review of NETosis inducers and perform a standardized in vitro study of NETosis inducers important in (cardiac) wound healing. METHODS In vitro NETosis was studied by incubating neutrophils with PMA, living and dead bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli), LPS, (activated) platelets (supernatant), glucose and calcium ionophore Ionomycin using 3-hour periods of time-lapse confocal imaging. RESULTS PMA is a consistent and potent inducer of NETosis. Ionomycin also consistently resulted in extrusion of DNA, albeit with a process that differs from the NETosis process induced by PMA. In our standardized experiments, living bacteria were also potent inducers of NETosis, but dead bacteria, LPS, (activated) platelets (supernatant) and glucose did not induce NETosis. CONCLUSION Our systematic review confirms that there is much variation in study design and results of NETosis induction. Our experimental results confirm that under standardized conditions, PMA, living bacteria and Ionomycin all strongly induce NETosis, but real-time confocal imaging reveal different courses of events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hoppenbrouwers
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouchska S. A. Autar
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andi R. Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tsion E. Abraham
- Optical Imaging Center, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan W. van Neck
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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674
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Sabbione F, Keitelman IA, Iula L, Ferrero M, Giordano MN, Baldi P, Rumbo M, Jancic C, Trevani AS. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Stimulate Proinflammatory Responses in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:387-402. [PMID: 28467984 DOI: 10.1159/000460293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury leads to the release of uric acid (UA). At high local concentrations, UA can form monosodium urate crystals (MSU). MSU and UA stimulate neutrophils to release extracellular traps (NET). Here, we investigated whether these NET could be involved in the development of inflammation by stimulating cytokine release by airway epithelial cells. We found that NET significantly increased the secretion of CXCL8/IL-8 and IL-6 by alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells. These effects were not observed when NETosis was inhibited by Diphenyleneiodonium, elastase inhibitor, or Cl-amidine. Similar findings were made with NET induced by cigarette smoke extract, suggesting that NET proinflammatory capacity is independent of the inducing stimulus. Furthermore, NET affected neither the viability and morphology of epithelial cells nor the barrier integrity of polarized cells. The epithelial stimulatory capacity of NET was not affected by degradation of DNA with micrococcal nuclease, treatment with heparin, or inhibition of the elastase immobilized to DNA, but it was significantly reduced by pretreatment with an anti-HMGB-1 blocking antibody. Altogether, our findings indicate that NET exert direct proinflammatory effects on airway epithelial cells that might contribute in vivo to the further recruitment of neutrophils and the perpetuation of inflammation upon lung tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Sabbione
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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675
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Pechous RD. With Friends Like These: The Complex Role of Neutrophils in the Progression of Severe Pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:160. [PMID: 28507954 PMCID: PMC5410563 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a leading cause of death from infection in the United States and across the globe. During pulmonary infection, clear resolution of host inflammatory responses occurs in the absence of appreciable lung damage. Neutrophils are the first wave of leukocytes to arrive in the lung upon infection. After activation, neutrophils traffic from the vasculature via transendothelial migration through the lung interstitium and into the alveolar space. Successful pulmonary immunity requires neutrophil-mediated killing of invading pathogens by phagocytosis and release of a myriad of antimicrobial molecules, followed by resolution of inflammation, neutrophil apoptosis, and clearing of dead or dying neutrophils by macrophages. In addition to their antimicrobial role, it is becoming clear that neutrophils are also important modulators of innate and adaptive immune responses, primarily through the release of cytokines and recruitment of additional waves of neutrophils into the airways. Though typically essential to combating severe pneumonia, neutrophil influx into the airways is a double-edged sword: Overzealous neutrophil activation can cause severe tissue damage as a result of the release of toxic agents including proteases, cationic polypeptides, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) aimed at killing invading microbes. In extreme cases, the damage caused by neutrophils and other innate immune mediators become the primary source of morbidity and mortality. Here, we review the complex role of neutrophils during severe pneumonia by highlighting specific molecules and processes that contribute to pulmonary immunity, but can also drive progression of severe disease. Depending on the identity of the infectious agent, enhancing or suppressing neutrophil-mediated responses may be key to effectively treating severe and typically lethal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Pechous
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle Rock, AR, USA
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676
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Galuska SP, Galuska CE, Tharmalingam T, Zlatina K, Prem G, Husejnov FCO, Rudd PM, Vann WF, Reid C, Vionnet J, Gallagher ME, Carrington FA, Hassett SL, Carrington SD. In vitro generation of polysialylated cervical mucins by bacterial polysialyltransferases to counteract cytotoxicity of extracellular histones. FEBS J 2017; 284:1688-1699. [PMID: 28371406 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) are formed against pathogens. However, various diseases are directly linked to this meshwork of DNA. The cytotoxic properties of extracellular histones especially seem to be an important trigger during these diseases. Furthermore, NET accumulation on implants is discussed to result in an impaired efficiency or failure, depending on the category of implant. Interestingly, mucins have been investigated as surface coatings potentially capable of reducing neutrophil adhesion. Similarly, polysialic acid was shown to inactivate the cytotoxic properties of extracellular histones. We wanted to combine the probability to decrease the adhesion of neutrophils using mucins with the capability of sialic acid polymers to counteract histone-mediated cytotoxicity. To this end, we elongate cervical mucins using bacterial polysialyltransferases. Subsequent cell-based experiments demonstrated the activity of elongated mucins against histone-mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, polysialylated mucins may represent a novel component to coat implants or to combat diseases with exaggerated NET formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Galuska
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina E Galuska
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Kristina Zlatina
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Prem
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Farzali C O Husejnov
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Blackrock Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Willie F Vann
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Colm Reid
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | | | - Mary E Gallagher
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Faye A Carrington
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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677
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Franck G, Mawson T, Sausen G, Salinas M, Masson GS, Cole A, Beltrami-Moreira M, Chatzizisis Y, Quillard T, Tesmenitsky Y, Shvartz E, Sukhova GK, Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M, Aikawa E, Croce KJ, Libby P. Flow Perturbation Mediates Neutrophil Recruitment and Potentiates Endothelial Injury via TLR2 in Mice: Implications for Superficial Erosion. Circ Res 2017; 121:31-42. [PMID: 28428204 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Superficial erosion currently causes up to a third of acute coronary syndromes; yet, we lack understanding of its mechanisms. Thrombi because of superficial intimal erosion characteristically complicate matrix-rich atheromata in regions of flow perturbation. OBJECTIVE This study tested in vivo the involvement of disturbed flow and of neutrophils, hyaluronan, and Toll-like receptor 2 ligation in superficial intimal injury, a process implicated in superficial erosion. METHODS AND RESULTS In mouse carotid arteries with established intimal lesions tailored to resemble the substrate of human eroded plaques, acute flow perturbation promoted downstream endothelial cell activation, neutrophil accumulation, endothelial cell death and desquamation, and mural thrombosis. Neutrophil loss-of-function limited these findings. Toll-like receptor 2 agonism activated luminal endothelial cells, and deficiency of this innate immune receptor decreased intimal neutrophil adherence in regions of local flow disturbance, reducing endothelial cell injury and local thrombosis (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results implicate flow disturbance, neutrophils, and Toll-like receptor 2 signaling as mechanisms that contribute to superficial erosion, a cause of acute coronary syndrome of likely growing importance in the statin era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Franck
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Thomas Mawson
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Grasiele Sausen
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Manuel Salinas
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Gustavo Santos Masson
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Andrew Cole
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Marina Beltrami-Moreira
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Yiannis Chatzizisis
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Thibault Quillard
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Yevgenia Tesmenitsky
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Eugenia Shvartz
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Kevin J Croce
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.)
| | - Peter Libby
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (G.F., T.M., G.S., M.S., A.C., M.B.-M., Y.C., T.Q., Y.T., E.S., G.K.S., E.A., K.J.C., P.L.), and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.S.M., F.K.S., M.N.); and Department of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL (M.S.).
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678
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Yang CT, Lai ZZ, Zheng ZH, Kang JM, Xian M, Wang RY, Shi K, Meng FH, Li X, Chen L, Zhang H. A novel pH-controlled hydrogen sulfide donor protects gastric mucosa from aspirin-induced injury. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2441-2451. [PMID: 28387464 PMCID: PMC5618702 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) serves as a vital gastric mucosal defence under acid condition. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among widely prescribed medications with effects of antipyresis, analgesia and anti‐inflammation. However, their inappropriate use causes gastric lesions and endogenous H2S deficiency. In this work, we reported the roles of a novel pH‐controlled H2S donor (JK‐1) in NSAID‐related gastric lesions. We found that JK‐1 could release H2S under mild acidic pH and increase solution pH value. Intragastrical administration of aspirin (ASP), one of NSAIDs, to mice elicited significant gastric lesions, evidenced by mucosal festering and bleeding. It also led to infiltration of inflammatory cells and resultant releases of IL‐6 and TNF‐α, as well as oxidative injury including myeloperoxidase (MPO) induction and GSH depletion. In addition, the ASP administration statistically inhibited H2S generation in gastric mucosa, while up‐regulated cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 and cystathionine gamma lyase (CSE) expression. Importantly, these adverse effects of ASP were prevented by the intragastrical pre‐administration of JK‐1. However, JK‐1 alone did not markedly alter the property of mouse stomachs. Furthermore, in vitro cellular experiments showed the exposure of gastric mucosal epithelial (GES‐1) cells to HClO, imitating MPO‐driven oxidative injury, decreased cell viability, increased apoptotic rate and damaged mitochondrial membrane potential, which were reversed by pre‐treatment with JK‐1. In conclusion, JK‐1 was proved to be an acid‐sensitive H2S donor and could attenuate ASP‐related gastric lesions through reconstruction of endogenous gastric defence. This work indicates the possible treatment of adverse effects of NSAIDs with pH‐controlled H2S donors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tao Yang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Lai
- NanShan School of the First Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ze-Hang Zheng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ming Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Rui-Yu Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Hui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Quality Control Section of Academic Affairs, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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679
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Martínez-Alemán SR, Campos-García L, Palma-Nicolas JP, Hernández-Bello R, González GM, Sánchez-González A. Understanding the Entanglement: Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:104. [PMID: 28428948 PMCID: PMC5382324 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene that codes for the CF trans-membrane conductance regulator. These mutations result in abnormal secretions viscous airways of the lungs, favoring pulmonary infection and inflammation in the middle of neutrophil recruitment. Recently it was described that neutrophils can contribute with disease pathology by extruding large amounts of nuclear material through a mechanism of cell death known as Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) into the airways of patients with CF. Additionally, NETs production can contribute to airway colonization with bacteria, since they are the microorganisms most frequently found in these patients. In this review, we will discuss the implication of individual or mixed bacterial infections that most often colonize the lung of patients with CF, and the NETs role on the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira R Martínez-Alemán
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónMonterrey, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Campos-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónMonterrey, Mexico
| | - José P Palma-Nicolas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónMonterrey, Mexico
| | - Romel Hernández-Bello
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónMonterrey, Mexico
| | - Gloria M González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónMonterrey, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónMonterrey, Mexico
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680
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Jeffery U, LeVine DN. Canine Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Enhance Clot Formation and Delay Lysis. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:116-123. [PMID: 28346125 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817699860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases increase the risk of thrombosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of DNA and protein that may mediate thrombosis in autoimmune diseases. Human and murine studies show NET-releasing neutrophils within a thrombus promote its growth, but it is unclear to what extent NET fragments released into circulation during inflammation are prothrombotic. This study hypothesized that canine NETs promote clot formation and impair lysis even in the absence of neutrophils. NETs were prepared from PMA-stimulated neutrophils and added to fibrinogen and thrombin or to recalcified pooled canine platelet-poor plasma, tissue factor, and tissue plasminogen activator. Clot formation and lysis were measured spectrophotometrically. NETs did not alter fibrin clot formation, but NETs increased maximum clot formation velocity ( P = .001) and delayed lysis ( P = .009) of plasma clots compared with supernatants from nonstimulated neutrophils. DNase digestion of NETs reduced their effect on clot lysis but not maximum clot formation velocity. This suggested impaired lysis was principally mediated by DNA within NETs but that NET proteins were principally responsible for increased speed of clot formation. Previous reports suggested elastase or histones might be responsible for the effect of NETs on clot formation. Elastase activity was greatly reduced by plasma, and addition of histones to plasma did not increase formation velocity, suggesting these proteins were not responsible for increasing maximum formation velocity. This study showed that NETs enhanced clot formation and impaired clot lysis in canine platelet-poor plasma. These in vitro findings suggest both NET proteins and DNA may contribute to thrombosis in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unity Jeffery
- 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dana N LeVine
- 2 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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681
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Uribe Echevarría L, Leimgruber C, García González J, Nevado A, Álvarez R, García LN, Quintar AA, Maldonado CA. Evidence of eosinophil extracellular trap cell death in COPD: does it represent the trigger that switches on the disease? Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:885-896. [PMID: 28352169 PMCID: PMC5359000 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s115969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the numerous studies on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the cellular and molecular basis of the disease’s development remain unclear. Neutrophils and eosinophils are known to be key players in COPD. Recently, neutrophil extracellular trap cell death (NETosis), a mechanism due to decondensation and extrusion of chromatin to form extracellular traps, has been demonstrated in COPD. However, there is limited knowledge about eosinophil extracellular trap cell death (EETosis) and its role in the pathogenesis of COPD. The aim of this study was to evaluate EETosis in stable COPD. Induced sputum obtained from healthy smokers and low exacerbation risk COPD A or B group patients or high exacerbation risk COPD C or D group patients were included. Samples were examined using electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Healthy smokers (n=10) and COPD A (n=19) group exhibited neutrophilic or paucigranulocytic phenotypes, with NETosis being absent in these patients. In contrast, COPD B (n=29), with eosinophilic or mixed phenotypes, showed EETosis and incipient NETosis. COPD C (n=18) and COPD D groups (n=13) were differentiated from low exacerbation rate-COPD group by the abundant cellular debris, with COPD C group having an eosinophilic pattern and numerous cells undergoing EETosis. A hallmark of this group was the abundant released membranes that often appeared phagocytosed by neutrophils, which coincidentally exhibited early NETosis changes. The COPD D group included patients with a neutrophilic or mixed pattern, with abundant neutrophil extracellular trap-derived material. This study is the first to demonstrate EETosis at different stages of stable COPD. The results suggest a role for eosinophils in COPD pathophysiology, especially at the beginning and during the persistence of the disease, regardless of whether the patient quit smoking, with EETosis debris probably triggering uncontrolled NETosis. The main target of these findings should be young smokers with the potential to develop COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Leimgruber
- Electronic Microscopy Center, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Alberto Nevado
- Pneumonology Service, Sanatorio Allende (Nueva Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ruth Álvarez
- Smoking Cessation Cente, Nuevo Hospital San Roque of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luciana N García
- Electronic Microscopy Center, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Amado A Quintar
- Electronic Microscopy Center, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Electronic Microscopy Center, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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682
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Abstract
The role of platelets as inflammatory cells is now well established. Given the peculiar characteristics of the lung circulation, with a broad capillary bed, platelets are especially involved with the physiology of the lungs and play a key role in a number of inflammatory lung disorders. The platelet precursors, megakaryocytes, are detected in the lung microcirculation; moreover platelets with their endothelium-protective and vascular reparative activities contribute to the lung capillary blood barrier integrity. Given the function of the lungs as first wall against pathogen invasion, platelets participate in immune defence of the normal lung. On the other hand, platelets may turn into effectors of the inflammatory reaction of the lungs to allergens, to infectious agents, to chemical agents and may contribute strongly to the perpetuation of chronic inflammatory reactions, largely by their ability to interact with other inflammatory cells and the endothelium. In this chapter we provide an overview of the role of platelets in several inflammatory lung disorders discussing the pathophysiologic bases of platelet involvement in these conditions and the experimental and clinical evidence for a role of platelets in lung diseases.
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683
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Pietronigro EC, Della Bianca V, Zenaro E, Constantin G. NETosis in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:211. [PMID: 28303140 PMCID: PMC5332471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive deterioration of cognitive functions. Its neuropathological features include amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and the loss of neurons and synapses. Neuroinflammation is a well-established feature of AD pathogenesis, and a better understanding of its mechanisms could facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches. Recent studies in transgenic mouse models of AD have shown that neutrophils adhere to blood vessels and migrate inside the parenchyma. Moreover, studies in human AD subjects have also shown that neutrophils adhere and spread inside brain vessels and invade the parenchyma, suggesting these cells play a role in AD pathogenesis. Indeed, neutrophil depletion and the therapeutic inhibition of neutrophil trafficking, achieved by blocking LFA-1 integrin in AD mouse models, significantly reduced memory loss and the neuropathological features of AD. We observed that neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) inside blood vessels and in the parenchyma of AD mice, potentially harming the blood–brain barrier and neural cells. Furthermore, confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of NETs inside the cortical vessels and parenchyma of subjects with AD, providing more evidence that neutrophils and NETs play a role in AD-related tissue destruction. The discovery of NETs inside the AD brain suggests that these formations may exacerbate neuro-inflammatory processes, promoting vascular and parenchymal damage during AD. The inhibition of NET formation has achieved therapeutic benefits in several models of chronic inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune diseases affecting the brain. Therefore, the targeting of NETs may delay AD pathogenesis and offer a novel approach for the treatment of this increasingly prevalent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vittorina Della Bianca
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
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684
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Pancreatic Cancer-Induced Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: A Potential Contributor to Cancer-Associated Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030487. [PMID: 28245569 PMCID: PMC5372503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is a highly metastatic cancer, and patients are at high risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been associated with cancer metastasis and cancer-associated thrombosis, but the ability of cancer to stimulate NET release is not known. The release of NETs has been shown to be a slow process and requires reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Studies suggest that activated platelets are important mediators in the release. Here, we show that PaCa cells can stimulate the rapid release of NETs, independently of ROS production. We further assessed the role of platelets in PaCa-induced NETs and observed a trend of increased the NET release by PaCa-primed platelets. Additionally, NETs promoted thrombus formation under venous shear stress ex vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that PaCa-induced NETs can contribute to the high risk of venous thromboembolism development in PaCa patients, and reveal NETs as a potential therapeutic target.
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685
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Fattahi F, Grailer JJ, Lu H, Dick RS, Parlett M, Zetoune FS, Nuñez G, Ward PA. Selective Biological Responses of Phagocytes and Lungs to Purified Histones. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:300-317. [PMID: 28171866 DOI: 10.1159/000452951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones invoke strong proinflammatory responses in many different organs and cells. We assessed biological responses to purified or recombinant histones, using human and murine phagocytes and mouse lungs. H1 had the strongest ability in vitro to induce cell swelling independent of requirements for toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 or 4. These responses were also associated with lactate dehydrogenase release. H3 and H2B were the strongest inducers of [Ca2+]i elevations in phagocytes. Cytokine and chemokine release from mouse and human phagocytes was predominately a function of H2A and H2B. Double TLR2 and TLR4 knockout (KO) mice had dramatically reduced cytokine release induced in macrophages exposed to individual histones. In contrast, macrophages from single TLR-KO mice showed few inhibitory effects on cytokine production. Using the NLRP3 inflammasome protocol, release of mature IL-1β was predominantly a feature of H1. Acute lung injury following the airway delivery of histones suggested that H1, H2A, and H2B were linked to alveolar leak of albumin and the buildup of polymorphonuclear neutrophils as well as the release of chemokines and cytokines into bronchoalveolar fluids. These results demonstrate distinct biological roles for individual histones in the context of inflammation biology and the requirement of both TLR2 and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fattahi
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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686
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Delgado-Rizo V, Martínez-Guzmán MA, Iñiguez-Gutierrez L, García-Orozco A, Alvarado-Navarro A, Fafutis-Morris M. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Its Implications in Inflammation: An Overview. Front Immunol 2017; 8:81. [PMID: 28220120 PMCID: PMC5292617 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to physical barriers, neutrophils are considered a part of the first line of immune defense. They can be found in the bloodstream, with a lifespan of 6–8 h, and in tissue, where they can last up to 7 days. The mechanisms that neutrophils utilize for host defense are phagocytosis, degranulation, cytokine production, and, the most recently described, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production. NETs are DNA structures released due to chromatin decondensation and spreading, and they thus occupy three to five times the volume of condensed chromatin. Several proteins adhere to NETs, including histones and over 30 components of primary and secondary granules, among them components with bactericidal activity such as elastase, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, lactoferrin, pentraxin 3, gelatinase, proteinase 3, LL37, peptidoglycan-binding proteins, and others with bactericidal activity able to destroy virulence factors. Three models for NETosis are known to date. (a) Suicidal NETosis, with a duration of 2–4 h, is the best described model. (b) In vital NETosis with nuclear DNA release, neutrophils release NETs without exhibiting loss of nuclear or plasma membrane within 5–60 min, and it is independent of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the Raf/MERK/ERK pathway. (c) The final type is vital NETosis with release of mitochondrial DNA that is dependent on ROS and produced after stimuli with GM-CSF and lipopolysaccharide. Recent research has revealed neutrophils as more sophisticated immune cells that are able to precisely regulate their granular enzymes release by ion fluxes and can release immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines that interact with various components of the immune system. Therefore, they can play a key role in autoimmunity and in autoinflammatory and metabolic diseases. In this review, we intend to show the two roles played by neutrophils: as a first line of defense against microorganisms and as a contributor to the pathogenesis of various illnesses, such as autoimmune, autoinflammatory, and metabolic diseases.
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687
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Manfredi AA, Rovere-Querini P, D'Angelo A, Maugeri N. Low molecular weight heparins prevent the induction of autophagy of activated neutrophils and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Pharmacol Res 2017; 123:146-156. [PMID: 28161237 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protection exerted by neutrophils against invading microbes is partially mediated via the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In sterile conditions NETs are damaging species, enriched in autoantigens and endowed with the ability to damage the vessel wall and bystander tissues, to promote thrombogenesis, and to impair wound healing. To identify and reposition agents that can be used to modulate the formation of NETs is a priority in the research agenda. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are currently used, mostly on an empirical basis, in conditions in which NETs play a critical role, such as pregnancy complications associated to autoimmune disease. Here we report that LMWHs induce a profound change in the ability of human neutrophils to generate NETs and to mobilize the content of the primary granules in response to unrelated inflammatory stimuli, such as IL-8, PMA and HMGB1. Autophagy consistently accompanies NET generation in our system and autophagy inhibitors, 3-MA and wortmannin, prevent NET generation. Pretreatment with LMWH in vitro critically jeopardizes neutrophil ability to activate autophagy, a mechanism that might contribute to neutrophil unresponsiveness. Finally, we verified that treatment of healthy volunteers with a single prophylactic dose of parnaparin abrogated the ability of neutrophils to activate autophagy and to generate NETs. Together, these results support the contention that neutrophils, and NET generation in particular, might represent a preferential target of the anti-inflammatory action of LMWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo A Manfredi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Armando D'Angelo
- Coagulation Service and Thrombosis Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Norma Maugeri
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
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688
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Cavallaro EC, Liang KK, Lawrence MD, Forsyth KD, Dixon DL. Neutrophil infiltration and activation in bronchiolitic airways are independent of viral etiology. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:238-246. [PMID: 27410761 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospitalization with bronchiolitis is linked to the development of early childhood chronic wheeze and asthma. Viral etiology and severity of inflammation are potential contributing factors. Previously we observed reduced airway neutrophil infiltration in breastfed bronchiolitic infants, with a corresponding reduction in disease severity. This study aimed to examine whether respiratory viral etiology and co-infection alters the pattern of neutrophil influx, and the inflammatory mediator profile, resulting in epithelial damage in bronchiolitis. METHODS Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) collected from hospitalized infants were assessed for viruses, soluble protein, cellular infiltrate, interleukin (IL)-6, -8, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). RESULTS NPAs were collected from 228 bronchiolitic and 14 non-bronchiolitic infants. In the bronchiolitic cohort, human rhinovirus was most prevalent (38%), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (36%), adenovirus (10%), and human metapneumovirus (6%), with 25% positive for viral co-infections and 25% negative for all screened viruses. Viral-induced bronchiolitis was associated with increased cellular infiltrate and protein, above control, and virus-negative infants (P < 0.05). Cellular infiltrate correlated to IL-6, -8, and MPO (r = 0.331, 0.669, and 0.661; P < 0.01). Protein, IL-6, -8, and MPO differed significantly between viral groups; however, the majority of marker values for all groups fall within an overlapping, indistinguishable range, precluding their use as biomarkers of viral etiology. No significant difference was found between single and viral co-infections for any parameter. CONCLUSION Bronchiolitic infants presenting with a detectable respiratory virus during hospitalization demonstrated elevated markers of airway tissue inflammation and injury. In this cohort, viral etiology did not discernibly modulate chemokine-mediated neutrophil infiltration and activation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:238-246. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kar-Kate Liang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Kevin D Forsyth
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dani-Louise Dixon
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Adelaide, Australia.,Intensive and Critical Care Unit, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
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689
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Westhorpe CL, Bayard JE, O'Sullivan KM, Hall P, Cheng Q, Kitching AR, Hickey MJ. In Vivo Imaging of Inflamed Glomeruli Reveals Dynamics of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Glomerular Capillaries. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:318-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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690
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Ginsburg I, van Heerden PV, Koren E. From amino acids polymers, antimicrobial peptides, and histones, to their possible role in the pathogenesis of septic shock: a historical perspective. J Inflamm Res 2017; 10:7-15. [PMID: 28203100 PMCID: PMC5293372 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s126150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the evolution of our understanding of the biological role played by synthetic and natural antimicrobial cationic peptides and by the highly basic nuclear histones as modulators of infection, postinfectious sequelae, trauma, and coagulation phenomena. The authors discuss the effects of the synthetic polymers of basic poly α amino acids, poly l-lysine, and poly l-arginine on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, bacterial killing, and blood vessels; the properties of natural and synthetic antimicrobial cationic peptides as potential replacements or adjuncts to antibiotics; polycations as opsonizing agents promoting endocytosis/phagocytosis; polycations and muramidases as activators of autolytic wall enzymes in bacteria, causing bacteriolysis and tissue damage; and polycations and nuclear histones as potential virulence factors and as markers of sepsis, septic shock, disseminated intravasclar coagulopathy, acute lung injury, pancreatitis, trauma, and other additional clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ginsburg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | | | - Erez Koren
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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691
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692
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Hu Z, Murakami T, Tamura H, Reich J, Kuwahara-Arai K, Iba T, Tabe Y, Nagaoka I. Neutrophil extracellular traps induce IL-1β production by macrophages in combination with lipopolysaccharide. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:549-558. [PMID: 28204821 PMCID: PMC5360392 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon exposure to invading microorganisms, neutrophils undergo NETosis, a recently identified type of programmed cell death, and release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are described as an antimicrobial mechanism, based on the fact that NETs can trap microorganisms and exhibit bactericidal activity through the action of NET‑associated components. In contrast, the components of NETs have been recognized as damage‑associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), which trigger inflammatory signals to induce cell death, inflammation and organ failure. In the present study, to clarify the effect of NETs on cytokine production by macrophages, mouse macrophage‑like J774 cells were treated with NETs in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a constituent of pathogen‑associated molecular patterns. The results revealed that NETs significantly induced the production of interleukin (IL)‑1β by J774 cells in the presence of LPS. Notably, the NET/LPS‑induced IL‑1β production was inhibited by both caspase‑1 and caspase‑8 inhibitors. Furthermore, nucleases and serine protease inhibitors but not anti‑histone antibodies significantly inhibited the NET/LPS‑induced IL‑1β production. Moreover, we confirmed that caspase‑1 and caspase‑8 were activated by NETs/LPS, and the combination of LPS, DNA and neutrophil elastase induced IL‑1β production in reconstitution experiments. These observations indicate that NETs induce the production of IL‑1β by J774 macrophages in combination with LPS via the caspase‑1 and caspase‑8 pathways, and NET‑associated DNA and serine proteases are involved in NET/LPS‑induced IL‑1β production as essential components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshuang Hu
- Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113‑8421, Japan
| | - Taisuke Murakami
- Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113‑8421, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamura
- Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113‑8421, Japan
| | - Johannes Reich
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D‑93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kyoko Kuwahara-Arai
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113‑8421, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Iba
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113‑8421, Japan
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113‑8421, Japan
| | - Isao Nagaoka
- Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113‑8421, Japan
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693
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Eruslanov EB, Singhal S, Albelda SM. Mouse versus Human Neutrophils in Cancer: A Major Knowledge Gap. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:149-160. [PMID: 28718445 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many types of cancer recruit neutrophils that could have protumor or antitumor effects on tumor development. Numerous findings in murine models suggest a predominantly protumoral role for neutrophils in cancer development. However, there are fundamental differences between mouse and human tumors in the evolution of tumors, genetic diversity, immune response, and also in the intrinsic biology of neutrophils that might have a profound impact on tumor development and the function of these cells. A crucial difference is that the majority of mouse tumor models lack the prolonged initial phases of multistage tumor evolution present in humans when antitumoral mechanisms are activated. In this review, we discuss the challenges specific to cross-species extrapolation of neutrophil function during mouse versus human tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy B Eruslanov
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Sunil Singhal
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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694
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Promyelocytic extracellular chromatin exacerbates coagulation and fibrinolysis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 2017; 129:1855-1864. [PMID: 28053193 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-739334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite routine treatment of unselected acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), early death because of hemorrhage remains unacceptably common, and the mechanism underlying this complication remains elusive. We have recently demonstrated that APL cells undergo a novel cell death program, termed ETosis, which involves release of extracellular chromatin. However, the role of promyelocytic extracellular chromatin in APL-associated coagulation remains unclear. Our objectives were to identify the novel role of ATRA-promoted extracellular chromatin in inducing a hypercoagulable and hyperfibrinolytic state in APL and to evaluate its interaction with fibrin and endothelial cells (ECs). Results from a series of coagulation assays have shown that promyelocytic extracellular chromatin increases thrombin and plasmin generation, causes a shortening of plasma clotting time of APL cells, and increases fibrin formation. DNase I but not anti-tissue factor antibody could inhibit these effects. Immunofluorescence staining showed that promyelocytic extracellular chromatin and phosphatidylserine on APL cells provide platforms for fibrin deposition and render clots more resistant to fibrinolysis. Additionally, coincubation assays revealed that promyelocytic extracellular chromatin is cytotoxic to ECs, converting them to a procoagulant phenotype. This cytotoxity was blocked by DNase I by 20% or activated protein C by 31%. Our current results thus delineate the pathogenic role of promyelocytic extracellular chromatin in APL coagulopathy. Furthermore, the remaining coagulation disturbance in high-risk APL patients after ATRA administration may be treatable by intrinsic pathway inhibition via accelerating extracellular chromatin degradation.
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695
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Jiang D, de Vries J, Muschhammer J, Sindrilaru A, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Mouse Model of Immune Complex-mediated Vasculitis in Dorsal Skin and Assessment of the Neutrophil-mediated Tissue Damage. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2660. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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696
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Podaza E, Sabbione F, Risnik D, Borge M, Almejún MB, Colado A, Fernández-Grecco H, Cabrejo M, Bezares RF, Trevani A, Gamberale R, Giordano M. Neutrophils from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients exhibit an increased capacity to release extracellular traps (NETs). Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:77-89. [PMID: 27796477 PMCID: PMC11029506 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by immune defects that contribute to a high rate of infections and autoimmune cytopenias. Neutrophils are the first line of innate immunity and respond to pathogens through multiple mechanisms, including the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These web-like structures composed of DNA, histones, and granular proteins are also produced under sterile conditions and play important roles in thrombosis and autoimmune disorders. Here we show that neutrophils from CLL patients are more prone to release NETs compared to those from age-matched healthy donors (HD). Increased generation of NETs was not due to higher levels of elastase, myeloperoxidase, or reactive oxygen species production. Instead, we found that plasma from CLL patients was able to prime neutrophils from HD to generate higher amounts of NETs upon activation. Plasmatic IL-8 was involved in the priming effect since its depletion reduced plasma capacity to enhance NETs release. Finally, we found that culture with NETs delayed spontaneous apoptosis and increased the expression of activation markers on leukemic B cells. Our study provides new insights into the immune dysregulation in CLL and suggests that the chronic inflammatory environment typical of CLL probably underlies this inappropriate neutrophil priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Podaza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Sabbione
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Denise Risnik
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Borge
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María B Almejún
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Colado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Cabrejo
- Servicio de Hematología, Sanatorio Municipal Dr. Julio Méndez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raimundo F Bezares
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Municipal Dr. Teodoro Alvarez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Trevani
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Gamberale
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Giordano
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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697
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Cortjens B, van Woensel JBM, Bem RA. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Respiratory Disease: guided anti-microbial traps or toxic webs? Paediatr Respir Rev 2017; 21:54-61. [PMID: 27424227 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment to the airways and lungs is a major hallmark of many respiratory diseases. One of the more recently discovered unique innate immune effector mechanisms of neutrophils is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), consisting of an extracellular network of DNA fibers studded with nuclear and granule proteins. Although in the respiratory system NETs contribute to capture and inactivation of bacteria, fungi and viruses, there is a delicate 'balance' between aid and damage to the host. Accumulating evidence now suggests that NETs can have direct cytotoxic effects to lung epithelial and endothelial cells and can contribute to airway obstruction. As such, NETs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. The purpose of this review is to give an up-to-date overview of the current status of NETs in respiratory diseases. We examine both experimental and clinical data concerning the role of NETs in host defence as well as immunopathology, with special attention paid to the literature relevant for the paediatric pulmonology community. Finally, we discuss future treatment strategies that may target the formation of NETs in the airways and lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cortjens
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Academic Medical Centre, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam.
| | - J B M van Woensel
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Academic Medical Centre, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam
| | - R A Bem
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Academic Medical Centre, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam
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698
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Shida H, Nakazawa D, Tateyama Y, Miyoshi A, Kusunoki Y, Hattanda F, Masuda S, Tomaru U, Kawakami T, Atsumi T, Ishizu A. The Presence of Anti-Lactoferrin Antibodies in a Subgroup of Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Patients and Their Possible Contribution to Enhancement of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:636. [PMID: 28066444 PMCID: PMC5179553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is one of the antigens of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and functions as an endogenous suppressor of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. However, the prevalence and pathogenicity of anti-lactoferrin antibodies (aLf) in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) remain unrevealed. This study aimed to examine the significance of aLf in AAV, initially. Sixty-five sera from AAV patients, including 41 microscopic polyangiitis, 5 granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and 19 eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) patients, were subjected to aLf detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical characteristics were compared between aLf-positive and aLf-negative patients. Neutrophils from healthy donors were exposed to suboptimal dose (10 nM) of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) with aLf followed by evaluation of NET formation. Results demonstrated that 4 out of 65 AAV sera (6.2%) were positive for aLf. All of them were EGPA sera (4/19, 21.1%). In EGPA, the frequency of renal involvement, serum CRP levels, and Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) in the aLf-positive patients was significantly higher than those in the aLf-negative patients, and the aLf titer correlated positively with the serum CRP level and BVAS. The NET formation was particularly enhanced by combined stimulation of 10 nM PMA and 1 µg/mL aLf. IgG isolated from sera of the aLf-positive EGPA patients (250 µg/mL) enhanced NET formation induced by 10 nM of PMA, and the effect was abolished completely by absorption of the aLf. This pilot study suggests that aLf enhance NET formation induced by PMA and are associated with disease activity of EGPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Shida
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Daigo Nakazawa
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Yu Tateyama
- Undergraduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Arina Miyoshi
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kusunoki
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hattanda
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Sakiko Masuda
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine , Kawasaki , Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishizu
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
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699
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Extracellular histones, cell-free DNA, or nucleosomes: differences in immunostimulation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2518. [PMID: 27929534 PMCID: PMC5261016 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In inflammation, extensive cell death may occur, which results in the release of chromatin components into the extracellular environment. Individually, the purified chromatin components double stranded (ds)DNA and histones have been demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo, to display various immunostimulatory effects, for example, histones induce cytotoxicity and proinflammatory signaling through toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and 4, while DNA induces signaling through TLR9 and intracellular nucleic acid sensing mechanisms. However, DNA and histones are organized in nucleosomes in the nucleus, and evidence suggests that nucleosomes are released as such in inflammation. The cytotoxicity and proinflammatory signaling induced by nucleosomes have not been studied as extensively as the separate effects brought about by histones and dsDNA, and there appear to be some marked differences. Remarkably, little distinction between the different forms in which histones circulate has been made throughout literature. This is partly due to the limitations of existing techniques to differentiate between histones in their free or DNA-bound form. Here we review the current understanding of immunostimulation induced by extracellular histones, dsDNA and nucleosomes, and discuss the importance of techniques that in their detection differentiate between these different chromatin components.
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700
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Pfeiler S, Stark K, Massberg S, Engelmann B. Propagation of thrombosis by neutrophils and extracellular nucleosome networks. Haematologica 2016; 102:206-213. [PMID: 27927771 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.142471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, early mediators of the innate immune defense, are recruited to developing thrombi in different types of thrombosis. They amplify intravascular coagulation by stimulating the tissue factor-dependent extrinsic pathway via inactivation of endogenous anticoagulants, enhancing factor XII activation or decreasing plasmin generation. Neutrophil-dependent prothrombotic mechanisms are supported by the externalization of decondensed nucleosomes and granule proteins that together form neutrophil extracellular traps. These traps, either in intact or fragmented form, are causally involved in various forms of experimental thrombosis as first indicated by their role in the enhancement of both microvascular thrombosis during bacterial infection and carotid artery thrombosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps can be induced by interactions of neutrophils with activated platelets; vice versa, these traps enhance adhesion of platelets via von Willebrand factor. Neutrophil-induced microvascular thrombus formation can restrict the dissemination and survival of blood-borne bacteria and thereby sustain intravascular immunity. Dysregulation of this innate immune pathway may support sepsis-associated coagulopathies. Notably, neutrophils and extracellular nucleosomes, together with platelets, critically promote fibrin formation during flow restriction-induced deep vein thrombosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps/extracellular nucleosomes are increased in thrombi and in the blood of patients with different vaso-occlusive pathologies and could be therapeutically targeted for the prevention of thrombosis. Thus, during infections and in response to blood vessel damage, neutrophils and externalized nucleosomes are major promoters of intravascular blood coagulation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Pfeiler
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Stark
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Engelmann
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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