701
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Samra HS, He F. Advancements in high throughput biophysical technologies: applications for characterization and screening during early formulation development of monoclonal antibodies. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:696-707. [PMID: 22263524 DOI: 10.1021/mp200404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The formulation development of monoclonal antibodies is extremely challenging, due to the diversity and complexity contained within this class of molecules. The physical and chemical properties of a monoclonal antibody dictate the behavior of the protein drug during manufacturing, storage and clinical administration. In the past few years, the use of high throughput technologies has been widely adapted to delineate unique properties of individual immunoglobulin G's (IgG's) important for their development. Numerous screening techniques have been designed to reveal physical and chemical characteristics of a protein relevant to stability under production, formulation and delivery conditions. In addition, protein stability under accelerated stresses has been utilized to predict long-term storage behavior for monoclonal antibodies in the formulation. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in the field of biophysical technology, with a specific focus on the techniques that can be directly applied to the formulation development of monoclonal antibodies. Several case studies are also presented here to provide examples of combining existing biophysical methods with high throughput screening technology in the formulation development of monoclonal antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep S Samra
- Department of Formulation Sciences, MedImmune , One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA.
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702
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Sule SV, Sukumar M, Weiss WF, Marcelino-Cruz AM, Sample T, Tessier PM. High-throughput analysis of concentration-dependent antibody self-association. Biophys J 2012; 101:1749-57. [PMID: 21961601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are typically monomeric and nonviscous at low concentrations, yet they display highly variable associative and viscous behavior at elevated concentrations. Although measurements of antibody self-association are critical for understanding this complex behavior, traditional biophysical methods are not capable of characterizing such concentration-dependent self-association in a high-throughput manner. Here we describe a nanoparticle-based method, termed self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy, that is capable of rapidly measuring concentration-dependent self-interactions for three human monoclonal antibodies with unique solution behaviors. We demonstrate that gold nanoparticles conjugated with antibodies at low protein concentrations (<40 μg/mL) display self-association behavior (as measured by the interparticle distance-dependent plasmon wavelength) that is well correlated with static light-scattering measurements obtained at three orders of magnitude higher antibody concentrations. Using this methodology, we find that the antibodies display a complex pH-dependent self-association behavior that is strongly influenced by the solution ionic strength. Importantly, we find that a polyclonal human antibody is nonassociative for all solution conditions evaluated in this work, suggesting that antibody self-association is more specific than previously realized. We expect that our findings will guide rational manipulation of antibody phase behavior, and enable studies that elucidate sequence and structural determinants of antibody self-association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu V Sule
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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703
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Roughton BC, Topp EM, Camarda KV. Use of glass transitions in carbohydrate excipient design for lyophilized protein formulations. Comput Chem Eng 2012; 36. [PMID: 24385675 DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This work describes an effort to apply methods from process systems engineering to a pharmaceutical product design problem, with a novel application of statistical approaches to comparing solutions. A computational molecular design framework was employed to design carbohydrate molecules with high glass transition temperatures and low water content in the maximally freeze-concentrated matrix, with the objective of stabilizing lyophilized protein formulations. Quantitative structure-property relationships were developed for glass transition temperature of the anhydrous solute, glass transition temperature of the maximally concentrated solute, melting point of ice and Gordon-Taylor constant for carbohydrates. An optimization problem was formulated to design an excipient with optimal property values. Use of a stochastic optimization algorithm, Tabu search, provided several carbohydrate excipient candidates with statistically similar property values, as indicated by prediction intervals calculated for each property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock C Roughton
- University of Kansas, Bioengineering Graduate Program, 1520 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - E M Topp
- Purdue University, Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Kyle V Camarda
- University of Kansas, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
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704
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Duncan SE, Chang HH. Implications of light energy on food quality and packaging selection. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 67:25-73. [PMID: 23034114 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394598-3.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Light energy in the ultraviolet and visible light regions plays a critical role in overall food quality, leading to various degradation and oxidation reactions. Food degradation and oxidation result in the destruction of nutrients and bioactive compounds, the formation of off odors and flavors, the loss of food color, and the formation of toxic substances. Food compounds are sensitive to various light wavelengths. Understanding the effect that specific light wavelengths have on food compounds will allow the development of novel food packaging materials that block the most damaging light wavelengths to photostability of specific food compounds. Future research should focus more specifically on the effect of specific light wavelengths on the quality of specific food products, as there is limited published information on this particular topic. This information also can be directly related to the selection of food packaging materials to retain both high quality and visual clarity of food products exposed to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Duncan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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705
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Buck PM, Kumar S, Wang X, Agrawal NJ, Trout BL, Singh SK. Computational methods to predict therapeutic protein aggregation. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 899:425-451. [PMID: 22735968 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-921-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein based biotherapeutics have emerged as a successful class of pharmaceuticals. However, these macromolecules endure a variety of physicochemical degradations during manufacturing, shipping, and storage, which may adversely impact the drug product quality. Of these degradations, the irreversible self-association of therapeutic proteins to form aggregates is a major challenge in the formulation of these molecules. Tools to predict and mitigate protein aggregation are, therefore, of great interest to biopharmaceutical research and development. In this chapter, a number of such computational tools developed to understand and predict the various steps involved in protein aggregation are described. These tools can be grouped into three general classes: unfolding kinetics and native state thermal stability, colloidal stability, and sequence/structure based aggregation liabilities. Chapter sections introduce each class by discussing how these predictive tools provide insight into the molecular events leading to protein aggregation. The computational methods are then explained in detail along with their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Buck
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, St. Louis, MO, USA
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706
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Liu M, Cheetham J, Cauchon N, Ostovic J, Ni W, Ren D, Zhou ZS. Protein Isoaspartate Methyltransferase-Mediated 18O-Labeling of Isoaspartic Acid for Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Anal Chem 2011; 84:1056-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202652z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Analytical Research and Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, United States
- Barnett Institute of Chemical
and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Janet Cheetham
- Analytical Research and Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | - Nina Cauchon
- Analytical Research and Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | - Judy Ostovic
- Analytical Research and Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | - Wenqin Ni
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, United States
- Barnett Institute of Chemical
and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Da Ren
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, United States
- Barnett Institute of Chemical
and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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707
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Aggregation in Protein-Based Biotherapeutics: Computational Studies and Tools to Identify Aggregation-Prone Regions. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:5081-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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708
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Izutsu K, Yomota C, Kawanishi T. Impact of Heat Treatment on the Physical Properties of Noncrystalline Multisolute Systems Concentrated in Frozen Aqueous Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:5244-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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709
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Amar-Yuli I, Azulay D, Mishraki T, Aserin A, Garti N. The role of glycerol and phosphatidylcholine in solubilizing and enhancing insulin stability in reverse hexagonal mesophases. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 364:379-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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710
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Hu L, Olsen C, Maddux N, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Middaugh CR. Investigation of protein conformational stability employing a multimodal spectrometer. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9399-405. [PMID: 22047496 DOI: 10.1021/ac201995c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The conformational stability of proteins is typically investigated by use of a variety of biophysical measurements as a function of environmental stresses such as pH and temperature. Thus, multiple experiments are required on a variety of instruments, each providing information on a particular aspect of a protein's higher order structural integrity. These measurements typically require large sample quantities and long experimental times. In this study, a new methodology is described to obtain protein conformational stability data simultaneously, including UV absorption, light scattering, and near- and far-UV circular dichroism, by employing a multimodal spectrometer. Fluorescence spectral data are also collected on the same instrument, although not simultaneously. The method was developed by examining the thermal and pH stability of four model proteins. Results showed reproducible and accurate results from this single instrument, and data collection was rapid with minimal protein sample requirements. We illustrate the application of this method to the generation of empirical phase diagrams (EPDs) to better characterize the overall conformational stability of proteins. This new approach facilitates the rapid characterization of protein structure and stability in a single methodology, useful for analysis of unknown proteins as well as screening of solution conditions to optimize stability for protein therapeutic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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711
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Latypov RF, Hogan S, Lau H, Gadgil H, Liu D. Elucidation of acid-induced unfolding and aggregation of human immunoglobulin IgG1 and IgG2 Fc. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:1381-96. [PMID: 22084250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.297697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of Fc aggregation is an important prerequisite for developing stable and efficacious antibody-based therapeutics. In our study, high resolution two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was employed to probe structural changes in the IgG1 Fc. A series of (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear single-quantum correlation NMR spectra were collected between pH 2.5 and 4.7 to assess whether unfolding of C(H)2 domains precedes that of C(H)3 domains. The same pH range was subsequently screened in Fc aggregation experiments that utilized molecules of IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses with varying levels of C(H)2 glycosylation. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry data were collected over a pH range of 3-7 to assess changes in C(H)2 and C(H)3 thermostability. As a result, compelling evidence was gathered that emphasizes the importance of C(H)2 stability in determining the rate and extent of Fc aggregation. In particular, we found that Fc domains of the IgG1 subclass have a lower propensity to aggregate compared with those of the IgG2 subclass. Our data for glycosylated, partially deglycosylated, and fully deglycosylated molecules further revealed the criticality of C(H)2 glycans in modulating Fc aggregation. These findings provide important insights into the stability of Fc-based therapeutics and promote better understanding of their acid-induced aggregation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramil F Latypov
- Drug Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA.
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712
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Hawe A, Wiggenhorn M, van de Weert M, Garbe JHO, Mahler HC, Jiskoot W. Forced degradation of therapeutic proteins. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:895-913. [PMID: 22083792 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The scope of this paper is to review approaches used for forced degradation (synonym, stress testing) of therapeutic proteins. Forced degradation studies play a central role in the development of therapeutic proteins, for example, for candidate selection, molecule characterization, formulation development, assay development, and comparability studies. Typical stress methods are addressed within this review, such as exposure to elevated temperatures, freeze-thawing, mechanical stress, oxidation, light, as well as various materials and devices used in the clinics during final administration. Stability testing is briefly described as far as relevant to the discussion of forced degradation studies. Whereas stability-testing requirements are defined in regulatory guidelines, standard procedures for forced degradation of therapeutic proteins are largely unavailable, except for photostability. Possible selection criteria to identify appropriate stress conditions and recommendations for setting up forced degradation studies for the different phases of development of therapeutic proteins are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hawe
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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713
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Kryscio DR, Shi Y, Ren P, Peppas NA. Molecular docking simulations for macromolecularly imprinted polymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011; 50:13877-13884. [PMID: 22287827 PMCID: PMC3266373 DOI: 10.1021/ie201858n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers are fully synthetic antibody mimics prepared via the crosslinking of organic monomers in the presence of an analyte. This general procedure is now well developed for small molecule templates; however, attempts to extend the same techniques to the macromolecular regime have achieved limited success to date. We employ molecular docking simulations to investigate the interactions between albumin, a common protein template, and frequently employed ligands used in the literature at the molecular level. Specifically, we determine the most favorable binding sites for these ligands on albumin and determine the types of non-covalent interactions taking place based on the amino acids present nearby this binding pocket. Our results show that hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions occur between amino acids side chains and ligands. Several interactions are also taking place with the polypeptide backbone, potentially disrupting the protein's secondary structure. We show that several of the ligands preferentially bind to the same sites on the protein, which indicates that if multiple monomers are used during synthesis then competition for the same amino acids could lead to non-specific recognition. Both of these results provide rational explanations for the lack of success to date in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Kryscio
- The University of Texas at Austin, Cockrell School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yue Shi
- The University of Texas at Austin, Cockrell School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Pengyu Ren
- The University of Texas at Austin, Cockrell School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- The University of Texas at Austin, Cockrell School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- The University of Texas at Austin, Cockrell School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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714
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Zhang Z. Prediction of Collision-Induced-Dissociation Spectra of Peptides with Post-translational or Process-Induced Modifications. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8642-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2020917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Zhang
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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715
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Dehart MP, Anderson BD. Kinetics and mechanisms of deamidation and covalent amide-linked adduct formation in amorphous lyophiles of a model asparagine-containing Peptide. Pharm Res 2011; 29:2722-37. [PMID: 22006203 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Asparagine containing peptides and proteins undergo deamidation via a succinimide intermediate. This study examines the role of the succinimide in the formation of covalent, amide-linked adducts in amorphous peptide formulations. METHODS Stability studies of a model peptide, Gly-Phe-L-Asn-Gly, were performed in lyophiles containing an excess of Gly-Val at 'pH' 9.5 and 40°C/40% RH. Reactant disappearance and the formation of ten different degradants were monitored by HPLC. Mechanism-based kinetic models were used to generate rate constants from the concentration vs. time profiles. RESULTS Deamidation of Gly-Phe-L-Asn-Gly in lyophiles resulted in L- and D-aspartyl and isoaspartyl-containing peptides and four amide-linked adducts between the succinimide and Gly-Val. The kinetic analysis demonstrated competition between water and terminal amino groups in Gly-Val for the succinimide. The extent of covalent adduct formation was dependent on dilution effects due to its second order rate law. CONCLUSION The cyclic imide formed during deamidation of asparagine containing peptides in lyophiles can also lead to covalent adducts due to reaction with other neighboring peptides. A reaction model assuming a central role for the succinimide in the formation both hydrolysis products and covalent adducts was quantitatively consistent with the kinetic data. This mechanism may contribute to the presence of covalent, non-reducible aggregates in lyophilized peptide formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Dehart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, A323A ASTeCC Bldg., Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0082, USA
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716
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Felsovalyi F, Mangiagalli P, Bureau C, Kumar SK, Banta S. Reversibility of the adsorption of lysozyme on silica. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11873-11882. [PMID: 21859112 DOI: 10.1021/la202585r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A central paradigm that underpins our understanding of the interaction of proteins with solid surfaces is that protein adsorption leads to changes in secondary structure. The bound proteins tend to denature, and these non-native, adsorbed structures are likely stabilized through the loss of α-helices with the concomitant formation of intermolecular β-sheets. The goal of this work is to critically assess the impact this behavior has on protein desorption, where irreversible conformational changes might lead to protein aggregation or result in other forms of instability. The adsorption, desorption, and structural transitions of lysozyme are examined on fumed silica nanoparticles as a function of the amount of protein adsorbed. Surprisingly, the data indicate not only that adsorption is reversible but also that protein desorption is predictable in a coverage-dependent manner. Additionally, there is evidence of a two-state model which involves exchange between a native-like dissolved state and a highly perturbed adsorbed state. Since the in situ circular dichroism (CD) derived secondary structures of the adsorbed proteins are essentially unaffected by changes in surface coverage, these results are not consistent with previous claims that surface-induced denaturation is coverage dependent. Inspired by results from homopolymer adsorption experiments, we speculate that more local descriptors, such as the number of amino acids per chain that are physically adsorbed on the surface, likely control the desorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Felsovalyi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St., New York, New York 10027, USA
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717
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Bee JS, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF, Bishop SM, Dimitrova MN. Effects of Surfaces and Leachables on the Stability of Biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4158-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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718
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Shukla D, Schneider CP, Trout BL. Molecular level insight into intra-solvent interaction effects on protein stability and aggregation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1074-85. [PMID: 21762737 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein based therapeutics hold great promise in the treatment of human diseases and disorders and subsequently, they have become the fastest growing sector of new drugs being developed. Proteins are, however, inherently unstable and the degraded form can be quite harmful if administered to a patient. Of the various degradation pathways, aggregation is one of the most common and a cause for great concern. Aggregation suppressing additives have long been used to stabilize proteins, and they still remain the most viable option for combating this problem. Much work has been devoted toward investigating the behavior of commonly used additives and the resulting models give valuable insight toward explaining aggregation suppression. In a few cases, an explanation for unique behavior is lacking or new insight provides an alternate explanation. Additive selection and the development of better performing additives may benefit from a more refined understanding of how commonly used additives inhibit or enhance aggregation. In this review, we focus on recent molecular-level studies into how a select group of commonly used additives interact with proteins and subsequently influence aggregation. The intent of the review is not meant to be comprehensive for each additive but rather to provide new insights into additive-additive interactions, which may be contributing to protein-additive interactions. This is something that is often overlooked but yet essential to understanding the effect of additives on aggregation. The importance of understanding such interactions is clear when one considers that most formulations contain a mixture of cosolutes and that ideal stability might be better achieved through tuning intra-solvent interactions. We give an example of this when we describe how novel aggregation suppressing additives were developed from the knowledge gained from the reviewed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Shukla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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719
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Pereira MJN, Carvalho IF, Karp JM, Ferreira LS. Sensing the cardiac environment: exploiting cues for regeneration. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:616-30. [PMID: 21735303 PMCID: PMC3334359 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-011-9299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies indicate that certain exogenous stem cells and biomaterials can preserve cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction. Regarding stem cells, a growing body of data suggests that the short-term positive outcomes are mainly attributed to paracrine signaling mechanisms. The release of such factors is due to the cell's ability to sense cardiac environmentally derived cues, though the exact feedback loops are still poorly understood. However, given the limited engraftment and survival of transplanted cells in the ischemic environment, the long-term clinical benefits of these therapies have not yet been realized. To overcome this, the long-term controlled delivery of bioactive factors using biomaterials is a promising approach. A major challenge has been the ability to develop timely and spatially controlled gradients of different cues, pivotal for the development and regeneration of tissues. In addition, given the complexity of the remodeling process after myocardial infarction, multiple factors may be required at distinct disease stages to maximize therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, novel smart materials that can sense the surrounding environment and generate cues through on demand mechanisms will be of major importance in the translation of these promising advanced therapies. This article reviews how the cardiac environment can mediate the release profiles of bioactive cues from cells and biomaterials and how the controlled delivery impacts heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Nunes Pereira
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-417 Coimbra, Portugal. Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Karp
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lino S. Ferreira
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-417 Coimbra, Portugal. Biocant- Center of Biotechnology Innovation Center, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
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720
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Shukla D, Trout BL. Understanding the synergistic effect of arginine and glutamic acid mixtures on protein solubility. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:11831-9. [PMID: 21894928 DOI: 10.1021/jp204462t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding protein solubility is a key part of physical chemistry. In particular, solution conditions can have a major effect, and the effect of multiple cosolutes is little understood. It has been shown that the simultaneous addition of L-arginine hydrochloride and L-glutamic acid enhances the maximum achievable solubility of several poorly soluble proteins up to 4-8 times (Golovanov et. al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 8933-8939) and reduces the intermolecular interactions between proteins. The observed solubility enhancement is negligible for arginine and glutamic acid solutions as compared to the equimolar mixtures. In this study, we have established the molecular mechanism behind this observed synergistic effect of arginine and glutamic acid mixtures using preferential interaction theory and molecular dynamics simulations of Drosophilia Su(dx) protein (ww34). It was found that the protein solubility enhancement is related to the relative increase in the number of arginine and glutamic acid molecules around the protein in the equimolar mixtures due to additional hydrogen bonding interactions between the excipients on the surface of the protein when both excipients are present. The presence of these additional molecules around the protein leads to enhanced crowding, which suppresses the protein association. These results highlight the role of additive-additive interaction in tuning the protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, this study reports a unique behavior of additive solutions, where the presence of one additive in solution affects the concentration of another on the protein surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Shukla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Ames Street, E19-502b, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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721
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Lauer TM, Agrawal NJ, Chennamsetty N, Egodage K, Helk B, Trout BL. Developability index: a rapid in silico tool for the screening of antibody aggregation propensity. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:102-15. [PMID: 21935950 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Determining the aggregation propensity of protein-based biotherapeutics is an important step in the drug development process. Typically, a great deal of data collected over a large period of time is needed to estimate the aggregation propensity of biotherapeutics. Thus, candidates cannot be screened early on for aggregation propensity, but early screening is desirable to help streamline drug development. Here, we present a simple molecular computational method to predict the aggregation propensity via hydrophobic interactions, thought to be the most common mechanism of aggregation, and electrostatic interactions. This method uses a new quantity termed Developability Index. It is a function of an antibody's net charge, calculated on the full-length antibody structure, and the spatial aggregation propensity, calculated on the complementarity-determining region structure. Its accuracy is due to the molecular level details and the incorporation of the tertiary structure of the antibody. It is particularly applicable to antibodies or other proteins for which structures are available or could be determined accurately using homology modeling. Applications include the selection of molecules in the discovery or early development process, selection of mutants for stability, and estimation of resources needed for development of a given biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Lauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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722
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Hubel A, Aksan A, Skubitz AP, Wendt C, Zhong X. State of the Art in Preservation of Fluid Biospecimens. Biopreserv Biobank 2011; 9:237-44. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2010.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Hubel
- Biopreservation Core Resource, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alptekin Aksan
- Biopreservation Core Resource, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy P.N. Skubitz
- Biopreservation Core Resource, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chris Wendt
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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723
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Locatelli M, Governatori L, Carlucci G, Genovese S, Mollica A, Epifano F. Recent application of analytical methods to phase I and phase II drugs development: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:283-300. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Luciana Governatori
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Salvatore Genovese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Francesco Epifano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
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724
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Distinct Aggregation Mechanisms of Monoclonal Antibody Under Thermal and Freeze-Thaw Stresses Revealed by Hydrogen Exchange. Pharm Res 2011; 29:236-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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725
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Patois E, Capelle MAH, Gurny R, Arvinte T. Stability of seasonal influenza vaccines investigated by spectroscopy and microscopy methods. Vaccine 2011; 29:7404-13. [PMID: 21803109 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The stability of different seasonal influenza vaccines was investigated by spectroscopy and microscopy methods before and after the following stress-conditions: (i) 2 and 4 weeks storage at 25°C, (ii) 1 day storage at 37°C and (iii) one freeze-thaw cycle. The subunit vaccine Influvac (Solvay Pharma) and the split vaccine Mutagrip (Sanofi Pasteur) were affected by all stresses. The split vaccine Fluarix (GlaxoSmithKline) was affected only by storage at 25°C. The virosomal vaccine Inflexal V (Berna Biotech) was stable after the temperature stresses but aggregated after one freeze-thaw cycle. This study provides new insights into commercial vaccines of low antigen concentration and highlights the importance of using multiple techniques to assess vaccine stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Patois
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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726
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Simon S, Krause HJ, Weber C, Peukert W. Physical degradation of proteins in well-defined fluid flows studied within a four-roll apparatus. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2914-22. [PMID: 21732328 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In most applications of biotechnology and downstream processing proteins are exposed to fluid stresses in various flow configurations which often lead to the formation of unwanted protein aggregates. In this paper we present physical degradation experiments for proteins under well-defined flow conditions in a four-roll apparatus. The flow field was characterized numerically by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimentally by particle image velocimetry (PIV). The local shear strain rate as well as the local shear and elongation rate was used to characterize the hydrodynamic stress environment acting on the proteins. Lysozyme was used as a model protein and subjected to well-defined fluid stresses in high and low stress environment. By using in situ turbidity measurements during stressing the aggregate formation was monitored directly in the fluid flow. An increase in absorbance at 350 nm was attributed to a higher content of visible particles (>1 µm). In addition to lysozyme, the formation of aggregates was confirmed for two larger proteins (bovine serum albumin and alcohol dehydrogenase). Thus, the presented experimental setup is a helpful tool to monitor flow-induced protein aggregation with high reproducibility. For instance, screening experiments for formulation development of biopharmaceuticals for fill and finish operations can be performed in the lab-scale in a short time-period if the stress distributions in the application are transferred and applied in the four-roll mill.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Simon
- Institute of Particle Technology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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727
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Knerr PJ, Tzekou A, Ricklin D, Qu H, Chen H, van der Donk WA, Lambris JD. Synthesis and activity of thioether-containing analogues of the complement inhibitor compstatin. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:753-60. [PMID: 21520911 DOI: 10.1021/cb2000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are essential for the structural stability and biological activity of many bioactive peptides. However, these bonds are labile to reducing agents, which can limit the therapeutic utility of such peptides. Substitution of a disulfide bond with a reduction-resistant cystathionine bridge is an attractive means of improving stability while imposing minimal structural perturbation to the peptide. We have applied this approach to the therapeutic complement inhibitor compstatin, a disulfide-containing peptide currently in clinical trials for age-related macular degeneration, in an effort to maintain its potent activity while improving its biological stability. Thioether-containing compstatin analogues were produced via solid-phase peptide synthesis utilizing orthogonally protected cystathionine amino acid building blocks and solid-supported peptide cyclization. Overall, the affinity of these analogues for their biological target and potent inhibition of complement activation were largely maintained when compared to those of the parent disulfide-containing peptides. Thus, the improved stability to reduction conferred by the thioether bond makes this new class of compstatin peptides a promising alternative for therapeutic applications. Additionally, the versatility of this synthesis allows for exploration of disulfide-to-thioether substitution in a variety of other therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Apostolia Tzekou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hongchang Qu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | - John D. Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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728
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Mozziconacci O, Haywood J, Gorman EM, Munson E, Schöneich C. Photolysis of recombinant human insulin in the solid state: formation of a dithiohemiacetal product at the C-terminal disulfide bond. Pharm Res 2011; 29:121-33. [PMID: 21748537 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure of protein pharmaceuticals to light can result in chemical and physical modifications, potentially leading to loss of potency, aggregation, and/or immunogenicity. To correlate these potential consequences with molecular changes, the nature of photoproducts and their mechanisms of formation must be characterized. The present study focuses on the photochemical degradation of insulin in the solid state. METHODS Solid insulin was characterized by solid-state NMR, polarized optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy; various insulin preparations were exposed to UV light prior to product analysis by mass spectrometry. RESULTS UV-exposure of solid human insulin results in photodissociation of the C-terminal intrachain disulfide bond, leading to formation of a CysS(•) thiyl radical pair which ultimately disproportionates into thiol and thioaldehyde species. The high reactivity of the thioaldehyde and proximity to the thiol allow the formation of a dithiohemiacetal structure. Dithiohemiacetal is formed during the UV-exposure of both crystalline and amorphous insulin. CONCLUSIONS Dithiohemiacetals represent novel structures generated through the photochemical modification of disulfide bonds. This is the first time that such structure is identified during the photolysis of a protein in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mozziconacci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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729
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Bardin C, Astier A, Vulto A, Sewell G, Vigneron J, Trittler R, Daouphars M, Paul M, Trojniak M, Pinguet F. Guidelines for the practical stability studies of anticancer drugs: A European consensus conference. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2011; 69:221-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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730
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Fradkin AH, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW. Glass particles as an adjuvant: a model for adverse immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4953-64. [PMID: 21721003 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unwanted immune responses to parenterally administered therapeutic proteins pose serious safety and economic risks, but the mechanism(s) by which these responses are generated are unknown. We measured immune responses to aggregates of recombinant murine growth hormone (mGH) formed by agitation or freeze-thawing, two pharmaceutically relevant stresses, as well as to mGH adsorbed on microscopic glass or alum particles. Insoluble aggregates, even at levels below the detection limits of size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (<1%), induce immune responses when administered subcutaneously. Furthermore, we show that application of high hydrostatic pressures (200 MPa) reduces aggregate levels to 0.02 ng/dose and eliminates immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Haynes Fradkin
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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731
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Maarschalkerweerd AV, Wolbink GJ, Stapel SO, Jiskoot W, Hawe A. Comparison of analytical methods to detect instability of etanercept during thermal stress testing. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:213-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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732
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Intact protein analysis in the biopharmaceutical field. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:810-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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733
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Schneider CP, Shukla D, Trout BL. Arginine and the Hofmeister Series: the role of ion-ion interactions in protein aggregation suppression. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:7447-58. [PMID: 21568311 DOI: 10.1021/jp111920y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
L-Arginine hydrochloride is a very important aggregation suppressor for which there has been much attention given regarding elucidating its mechanism of action. Little consideration, however, has been given toward other salt forms besides chloride, even though the counterion likely imparts a large influence per the Hofmeister Series. Here, we report an in depth analysis of the role the counterion plays in the aggregation suppression behavior of arginine. Consistent with the empirical Hofmeister series, we found that the aggregation suppression ability of other arginine salt forms on a model protein (α-chymotrypsinogen) follows the order: H(2)PO(4)(-) > SO(4)(2-) > citrate(2-) > acetate(-) ≈ F(-) ≈ Cl(-) > Br(-) > I(-) ≈ SCN(-). Mechanistically, preferential interaction and osmotic virial coefficient measurements, in addition to molecular dynamics simulations, indicate that attractive ion-ion interactions, particularly attractive interactions between arginine molecules, play a dominate role in the observed behavior. Furthermore, it appears that dihydrogen phosphate, sulfate, and citrate have strong attractive interactions with the guanidinium group of arginine, which seems to contribute to the superior aggregation suppression ability of those salt forms by bridging together multiple arginine molecules into clusters. These results not only further our understanding of how arginine influences protein stability, they also help to elucidate the mechanism behind the Hofmeister Series. This should help to improve biopharmaceutical stabilization through the use of other arginine salts and possibly, the development of novel excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtiss P Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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734
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Top A, Roberts CJ, Kiick KL. Conformational and aggregation properties of a PEGylated alanine-rich polypeptide. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2184-92. [PMID: 21553871 DOI: 10.1021/bm200272w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The conformational and aggregation behavior of PEG conjugates of an alanine-rich polypeptide (PEG-c17H6) were investigated and compared to that of the polypeptide equipped with a deca-histidine tag (17H6). These polypeptides serve as simple and stimuli-responsive models for the aggregation behavior of helix-rich proteins, as our previous studies have shown that the helical 17H6 self-associates at acidic pH and converts to β-sheet structures at elevated temperature under acidic conditions. In the work here, we show that PEG-c17H6 also adopts a helical structure at ambient/subambient temperatures, at both neutral and acidic pH. The thermal denaturation behavior of 17H6 and PEG-c17H6 is similar at neutral pH, where the alanine-rich domain has no self-association tendency. At acidic pH and elevated temperature, however, PEGylation slows β-sheet formation of c17H6, and reduces the apparent cooperativity of thermally induced unfolding. Transmission electron microscopy of PEG-c17H6 conjugates incubated at elevated temperatures showed fibrils with widths of ∼20-30 nm, wider than those observed for fibrils of 17H6. These results suggest that PEGylation reduces β-sheet aggregation in these polypeptides by interfering, only after unfolding of the native helical structure, with interprotein conformational changes needed to form β-sheet aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayben Top
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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735
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Encapsulation of Protein-Polysaccharide HIP Complex in Polymeric Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2011; 2011:458128. [PMID: 21603214 PMCID: PMC3095424 DOI: 10.1155/2011/458128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to formulate and characterize a nanoparticulate-based formulation of a macromolecule in a hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) complex form. So far, HIP complexation approach has been studied only for proteins with molecular weight of 10–20 kDa. Hence, we have selected bovine serum albumin (BSA) having higher molecular weight (66.3 kDa) as a model protein and dextran sulphate (DS) as a complexing polymer to generate HIP complex. We have prepared and optimized the HIP complex formation process of BSA with DS. Ionic interactions between basic amino acids of BSA with sulphate groups of DS were confirmed by FTIR analysis. Further, nanoparticles were prepared and characterized with respect to size and surface morphology. We observed significant entrapment of BSA in nanoparticles prepared with minimal amounts of PLGA polymer. Finally, results of circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence assay have clearly indicated that HIP complexation and method of nanoparticle preparation did not alter the secondary and tertiary structures of BSA.
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736
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Vázquez-Rey M, Lang DA. Aggregates in monoclonal antibody manufacturing processes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1494-508. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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737
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Tomita S, Shiraki K. Why do solution additives suppress the heat-induced inactivation of proteins? Inhibition of chemical modifications. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:855-62. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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738
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Amano M, Hasegawa J, Kobayashi N, Kishi N, Nakazawa T, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. Specific Racemization of Heavy-Chain Cysteine-220 in the Hinge Region of Immunoglobulin Gamma 1 as a Possible Cause of Degradation during Storage. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3857-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200321v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Amano
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Jun Hasegawa
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kishi
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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739
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Abstract
Protein scientists have long used cosolutes to study protein stability. While denaturants, such as urea, have been employed for a long time, the attention became focused more recently on protein stabilizers, including osmolytes. Here, we provide practical experimental instructions for the use of both stabilizing and denaturing osmolytes with proteins, as well as data evaluation strategies. We focus on protein stability in the presence of cosolutes and their mixtures at constant and variable temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Marcelo F Holthauzen
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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740
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Avanti C, Amorij JP, Setyaningsih D, Hawe A, Jiskoot W, Visser J, Kedrov A, Driessen AJM, Hinrichs WLJ, Frijlink HW. A new strategy to stabilize oxytocin in aqueous solutions: I. The effects of divalent metal ions and citrate buffer. AAPS JOURNAL 2011; 13:284-90. [PMID: 21448747 PMCID: PMC3085697 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the effect of metal ions in combination with buffers (citrate, acetate, pH 4.5) on the stability of aqueous solutions of oxytocin was investigated. Both monovalent metal ions (Na(+) and K(+)) and divalent metal ions (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Zn(2+)) were tested all as chloride salts. The effect of combinations of buffers and metal ions on the stability of aqueous oxytocin solutions was determined by RP-HPLC and HP-SEC after 4 weeks of storage at either 4°C or 55°C. Addition of sodium or potassium ions to acetate- or citrate-buffered solutions did not increase stability, nor did the addition of divalent metal ions to acetate buffer. However, the stability of aqueous oxytocin in aqueous formulations was improved in the presence of 5 and 10 mM citrate buffer in combination with at least 2 mM CaCl(2), MgCl(2), or ZnCl(2) and depended on the divalent metal ion concentration. Isothermal titration calorimetric measurements were predictive for the stabilization effects observed during the stability study. Formulations in citrate buffer that had an improved stability displayed a strong interaction between oxytocin and Ca(2+), Mg(2+), or Zn(2+), while formulations in acetate buffer did not. In conclusion, our study shows that divalent metal ions in combination with citrate buffer strongly improved the stability of oxytocin in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Avanti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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741
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Johnston MJW, Frahm G, Li X, Durocher Y, Hefford MA. O-Linked Glycosylation Leads to Decreased Thermal Stability of Interferon Alpha 2b as Measured by Two Orthogonal Techniques. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1661-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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742
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Effects of dissolved oxygen availability and culture biomass at induction upon the intracellular expression of monoamine oxidase by recombinant E. coli in fed batch bioprocesses. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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743
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Haselberg R, Brinks V, Hawe A, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry using noncovalently coated capillaries for the analysis of biopharmaceuticals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:295-303. [PMID: 21318246 PMCID: PMC3062027 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the usefulness of capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization time-of-flight-mass spectrometry for the analysis of biopharmaceuticals was studied. Noncovalently bound capillary coatings consisting of Polybrene-poly(vinyl sulfonic acid) or Polybrene-dextran sulfate-Polybrene were used to minimize protein and peptide adsorption, and achieve good separation efficiencies. The potential of the capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) system to characterize degradation products was investigated by analyzing samples of the drugs, recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and oxytocin, which had been subjected to prolonged storage, heat exposure, and/or different pH values. Modifications could be assigned based on accurate masses as obtained with time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) and migration times with respect to the parent compound. For heat-exposed rhGH, oxidations, sulfonate formation, and deamidations were observed. Oxytocin showed strong deamidation (up to 40%) upon heat exposure at low pH, whereas at medium and high pH, mainly dimer (>10%) and trisulfide formation (6-7%) occurred. Recombinant human interferon-β-1a (rhIFN-β) was used to evaluate the capability of the CE-MS method to assess glycan heterogeneity of pharmaceutical proteins. Analysis of this N-glycosylated protein revealed a cluster of resolved peaks which appeared to be caused by at least ten glycoforms differing merely in sialic acid and hexose N-acetylhexosamine composition. Based on the relative peak area (assuming an equimolar response per glycoform), a quantitative profile could be derived with the disialytated biantennary glycoform as most abundant (52%). Such a profile may be useful for in-process and quality control of rhIFN-β batches. It is concluded that the separation power provided by combined capillary electrophoresis and TOF-MS allows discrimination of highly related protein species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Haselberg
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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744
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Barnard JG, Singh S, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF. Subvisible Particle Counting Provides a Sensitive Method of Detecting and Quantifying Aggregation of Monoclonal Antibody Caused by Freeze-Thawing: Insights Into the Roles of Particles in the Protein Aggregation Pathway. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:492-503. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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745
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Cirkovas A, Sereikaite J. Probing of l-Arginine as an Additive for the Temperature-Induced Aggregation of Veterinary Growth Hormones: Fluorescence Study. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 49:11-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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746
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Ni W, Dai S, Karger BL, Zhou ZS. Analysis of isoaspartic Acid by selective proteolysis with Asp-N and electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 82:7485-91. [PMID: 20712325 DOI: 10.1021/ac101806e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A ubiquitous yet underappreciated protein post-translational modification, isoaspartic acid (isoAsp, isoD, or beta-Asp), generated via the deamidation of asparagine or isomerization of aspartic acid in proteins, plays a diverse and crucial role in aging, as well as autoimmune, cancer, neurodegeneration, and other diseases. In addition, formation of isoAsp is a major concern in protein pharmaceuticals, as it may lead to aggregation or activity loss. The scope and significance of isoAsp have, up to now, not been fully explored, as an unbiased screening of isoAsp at low abundance remains challenging. This difficulty is due to the subtle difference in the physicochemical properties between isoAsp and Asp, e.g., identical mass. In contrast, endoprotease Asp-N (EC 3.4.24.33) selectively cleaves aspartyl peptides but not the isoaspartyl counterparts. As a consequence, isoaspartyl peptides can be differentiated from those containing Asp and also enriched by Asp-N digestion. Subsequently, the existence and site of isoaspartate can be confirmed by electron transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry. As little as 0.5% of isoAsp was detected in synthetic beta-amyloid and cytochrome c peptides, even though both were initially assumed to be free of isoAsp. Taken together, our approach should expedite the unbiased discovery of isoAsp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Ni
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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747
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Tadd AC, Meinander K, Luthman K, Wallén EAA. Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected Disulfide Bridge Mimetics. J Org Chem 2010; 76:673-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1018427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Tadd
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, PO Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian Meinander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, PO Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry−Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik A. A. Wallén
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, PO Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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748
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Masking of the Fc region in human IgG4 by constrained X-ray scattering modelling: implications for antibody function and therapy. Biochem J 2010; 432:101-11. [PMID: 20722630 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Of the four human IgG antibody subclasses IgG1-IgG4, IgG4 is of interest in that it does not activate complement and exhibits atypical self-association, including the formation of bispecific antibodies. The solution structures of antibodies are critical to understand function and therapeutic applications. Thus IgG4 was studied by synchrotron X-ray scattering. The Guinier X-ray radius of gyration R(G) increased from 5.0 nm to 5.1 nm with an increase of concentration. The distance distribution function P(r) revealed a single peak at 0.3 mg/ml, which resolved into two peaks that shifted to smaller r values at 1.3 mg/ml, even though the maximum dimension of IgG4 was unchanged at 17 nm. This indicated a small concentration dependence of the IgG4 solution structure. By analytical ultracentrifugation, no concentration dependence in the sedimentation coefficient of 6.4 S was observed. Constrained scattering modelling resulted in solution structural determinations that showed that IgG4 has an asymmetric solution structure in which one Fab-Fc pair is closer together than the other pair, and the accessibility of one side of the Fc region is masked by the Fab regions. The averaged distances between the two Fab-Fc pairs change by 1-2 nm with the change in IgG4 concentration. The averaged conformation of the Fab regions appear able to hinder complement C1q binding to the Fc region and the self-association of IgG4 through the Fc region. The present results clarify IgG4 function and provide a starting point to investigate antibody stability.
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749
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Stability of a Therapeutic Layer of Immobilized Recombinant Human Tropoelastin on a Plasma-Activated Coated Surface. Pharm Res 2010; 28:1415-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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750
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Gao SX, Zhang Y, Stansberry-Perkins K, Buko A, Bai S, Nguyen V, Brader ML. Fragmentation of a highly purified monoclonal antibody attributed to residual CHO cell protease activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 108:977-82. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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