701
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Agosta F, Weiler M, Filippi M. Propagation of pathology through brain networks in neurodegenerative diseases: from molecules to clinical phenotypes. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:754-67. [PMID: 26031656 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms underlying the stereotypical progression of pathology in neurodegenerative diseases are incompletely understood, but increasing evidence indicates that misfolded protein aggregates can spread by a self-perpetuating neuron-to-neuron transmission. Novel neuroimaging techniques can help elucidating how these disorders spread across brain networks. Recent knowledge from structural and functional connectivity studies suggests that the relation between neurodegenerative diseases and distinct brain networks is likely to be a strict consequence of diffuse network dynamics. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging also showed that measurement of white matter tract involvement can be a valid surrogate to assess the in vivo spreading of pathological proteins in these conditions. This review will introduce briefly the main molecular and pathological substrates of the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases and provide a comprehensive overview of neuroimaging findings that support the "network-based neurodegeneration" hypothesis in these disorders. Characterizing network breakdown in neurodegenerative diseases will help anticipate and perhaps prevent the devastating impact of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Agosta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Weiler
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuroimaging, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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702
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Brelstaff J, Ossola B, Neher JJ, Klingstedt T, Nilsson KPR, Goedert M, Spillantini MG, Tolkovsky AM. The fluorescent pentameric oligothiophene pFTAA identifies filamentous tau in live neurons cultured from adult P301S tau mice. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:184. [PMID: 26074756 PMCID: PMC4448042 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of fluorescent dyes that label the filamentous protein aggregates characteristic of neurodegenerative disease, such as β-amyloid and tau in Alzheimer's disease, in a live cell culture system has previously been a major hurdle. Here we show that pentameric formyl thiophene acetic acid (pFTAA) fulfills this function in living neurons cultured from adult P301S tau transgenic mice. Injection of pFTAA into 5-month-old P301S tau mice detected cortical and DRG neurons immunoreactive for AT100, an antibody that identifies solely filamentous tau, or MC1, an antibody that identifies a conformational change in tau that is commensurate with neurofibrillary tangle formation in Alzheimer's disease brains. In fixed cultures of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, pFTAA binding, which also identified AT100 or MC1+ve neurons, followed a single, saturable binding curve with a half saturation constant of 0.14 μM, the first reported measurement of a binding affinity of a beta-sheet reactive dye to primary neurons harboring filamentous tau. Treatment with formic acid, which solubilizes filamentous tau, extracted pFTAA, and prevented the re-binding of pFTAA and MC1 without perturbing expression of soluble tau, detected using an anti-human tau (HT7) antibody. In live cultures, pFTAA only identified DRG neurons that, after fixation, were AT100/MC1+ve, confirming that these forms of tau pre-exist in live neurons. The utility of pFTAA to discriminate between living neurons containing filamentous tau from other neurons is demonstrated by showing that more pFTAA+ve neurons die than pFTAA-ve neurons over 25 days. Since pFTAA identifies fibrillar tau and other misfolded proteins in living neurons in culture and in animal models of several neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in human brains, it will have considerable application in sorting out disease mechanisms and in identifying disease-modifying drugs that will ultimately help establish the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Brelstaff
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernardino Ossola
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonas J Neher
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Michel Goedert
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Aviva M Tolkovsky
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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703
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Li H, Zhu YH, Chi C, Wu HW, Guo J. Role of cytoskeleton in axonal regeneration after neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury. Rev Neurosci 2015; 25:527-42. [PMID: 24622784 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, a number of well-functioning neurons need to be developed to make up for the loss of neurons and to restore the brain functions. Unfortunately, because the axons cannot regenerate well, brain function cannot be well compensated for even with the increasing number of newborn neurons, let alone the reformation of neural network. Cytoskeletal proteins play a crucial role in regeneration of axon. In this review, we summarize some cytoskeletal proteins, for instance, actin and actin-binding proteins, as well as tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins, and more importantly, their roles in the regulation of axonal regeneration in the brain. It will provide new opportunities for axonal regeneration after brain damage and will even bring new treatments to patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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704
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Villamil-Ortiz JG, Cardona-Gomez GP. Comparative analysis of autophagy and tauopathy related markers in cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's disease animal models. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:84. [PMID: 26042033 PMCID: PMC4436888 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral ischemia (CI) are neuropathologies that are characterized by aggregates of tau protein, a hallmark of cognitive disorder and dementia. Protein accumulation can be induced by autophagic failure. Autophagy is a metabolic pathway involved in the homeostatic recycling of cellular components. However, the role of autophagy in those tauopathies remains unclear. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis to identify autophagy related markers in tauopathy generated by AD and CI during short-term, intermediate, and long-term progression using the 3xTg-AD mouse model (aged 6,12, and 18 months) and the global CI 2-VO (2-Vessel Occlusion) rat model (1,15, and 30 days post-ischemia). Our findings confirmed neuronal loss and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation in the somatosensory cortex (SS-Cx) of the 3xTg-AD mice in the late stage (aged 18 months), which was supported by a failure in autophagy. These results were in contrast to those obtained in the SS-Cx of the CI rats, in which we detected neuronal loss and tauopathy at 1 and 15 days post-ischemia, and this phenomenon was reversed at 30 days. We proposed that this phenomenon was associated with autophagy induction in the late stage, since the data showed a decrease in p-mTOR activity, an association of Beclin-1 and Vps34, a progressive reduction in PHF-1, an increase in LC3B puncta and autophago-lysosomes formation were observed. Furthermore, the survival pathways remained unaffected. Together, our comparative study suggest that autophagy could ameliorates tauopathy in CI but not in AD, suggesting a differential temporal approach to the induction of neuroprotection and the prevention of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria P. Cardona-Gomez
- *Correspondence: Gloria P. Cardona-Gomez, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Calle 62 #52–59, Torre 1, Piso 4, Laboratorio 412, Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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705
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Role of the Tau N-terminal region in microtubule stabilization revealed by new endogenous truncated forms. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9659. [PMID: 25974414 PMCID: PMC4431475 DOI: 10.1038/srep09659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is a central player in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related
Tauopathies, where it is found as aggregates in degenerating neurons. Abnormal
post-translational modifications, such as truncation, are likely involved in the
pathological process. A major step forward in understanding the role of Tau
truncation would be to identify the precise cleavage sites of the several truncated
Tau fragments that are observed until now in AD brains, especially those truncated
at the N-terminus, which are less characterized than those truncated at the
C-terminus. Here, we optimized a proteomics approach and succeeded in identifying a
number of new N-terminally truncated Tau species from the human brain. We initiated
cell-based functional studies by analyzing the biochemical characteristics of two
N-terminally truncated Tau species starting at residues Met11 and Gln124
respectively. Our results show, interestingly, that the Gln124-Tau fragment displays
a stronger ability to bind and stabilize microtubules, suggesting that the Tau
N-terminal domain could play a direct role in the regulation of microtubule
stabilization. Future studies based on our new N-terminally truncated-Tau species
should improve our knowledge of the role of truncation in Tau biology as well as in
the AD pathological process.
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706
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Inekci D, Jonesco DS, Kennard S, Karsdal MA, Henriksen K. The potential of pathological protein fragmentation in blood-based biomarker development for dementia - with emphasis on Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurol 2015; 6:90. [PMID: 26029153 PMCID: PMC4426721 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of dementia is challenging and early stages are rarely detected limiting the possibilities for early intervention. Another challenge is the overlap in the clinical features across the different dementia types leading to difficulties in the differential diagnosis. Identifying biomarkers that can detect the pre-dementia stage and allow differential diagnosis could provide an opportunity for timely and optimal intervention strategies. Also, such biomarkers could help in selection and inclusion of the right patients in clinical trials of both Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia treatment candidates. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been the most investigated source of biomarkers and several candidate proteins have been identified. However, looking solely at protein levels is too simplistic to provide enough detailed information to differentiate between dementias, as there is a significant crossover between the proteins involved in the different types of dementia. Additionally, CSF sampling makes these biomarkers challenging for presymptomatic identification. We need to focus on disease-specific protein fragmentation to find a fragment pattern unique for each separate dementia type – a form of protein fragmentology. Targeting protein fragments generated by disease-specific combinations of proteins and proteases opposed to detecting the intact protein could reduce the overlap between diagnostic groups as the extent of processing as well as which proteins and proteases constitute the major hallmark of each dementia type differ. In addition, the fragments could be detectable in blood as they may be able to cross the blood–brain barrier due to their smaller size. In this review, the potential of the fragment-based biomarker discovery for dementia diagnosis and prognosis is discussed, especially highlighting how the knowledge from CSF protein biomarkers can be used to guide blood-based biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Inekci
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research , Herlev , Denmark ; Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| | | | - Sophie Kennard
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research , Herlev , Denmark
| | | | - Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research , Herlev , Denmark
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707
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Vuono R, Winder-Rhodes S, de Silva R, Cisbani G, Drouin-Ouellet J, Spillantini MG, Cicchetti F, Barker RA. The role of tau in the pathological process and clinical expression of Huntington's disease. Brain 2015; 138:1907-18. [PMID: 25953777 PMCID: PMC4572485 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau has recently been implicated in Huntington’s disease, but the nature of its involvement is unclear. Vuono et al. reveal tau oligomers and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates in post-mortem Huntington’s disease brains, including those from young-onset cases. Genotype-phenotype analysis of a large patient cohort shows that tau haplotypes influence cognitive decline. Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an abnormal CAG repeat expansion within exon 1 of the huntingtin gene HTT. While several genetic modifiers, distinct from the Huntington’s disease locus itself, have been identified as being linked to the clinical expression and progression of Huntington’s disease, the exact molecular mechanisms driving its pathogenic cascade and clinical features, especially the dementia, are not fully understood. Recently the microtubule associated protein tau, MAPT, which is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, has been implicated in Huntington’s disease. We explored this association in more detail at the neuropathological, genetic and clinical level. We first investigated tau pathology by looking for the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates, co-localization of tau with mutant HTT and its oligomeric intermediates in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Huntington’s disease (n = 16) compared to cases with a known tauopathy and healthy controls. Next, we undertook a genotype–phenotype analysis of a large cohort of patients with Huntington’s disease (n = 960) with a particular focus on cognitive decline. We report not only on the tau pathology in the Huntington’s disease brain but also the association between genetic variation in tau gene and the clinical expression and progression of the disease. We found extensive pathological inclusions containing abnormally phosphorylated tau protein that co-localized in some instances with mutant HTT. We confirmed this related to the disease process rather than age, by showing it is also present in two patients with young-onset Huntington’s disease (26 and 40 years old at death). In addition we demonstrate that tau oligomers (suggested to be the most likely neurotoxic tau entity) are present in the Huntington’s disease brains. Finally we highlight the clinical significance of this pathology by demonstrating that the MAPT haplotypes affect the rate of cognitive decline in a large cohort of patients with Huntington’s disease. Our findings therefore highlight a novel important role of tau in the pathogenic process and clinical expression of Huntington’s disease, which in turn opens up new therapeutic avenues for this incurable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Vuono
- 1 John van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Winder-Rhodes
- 1 John van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rohan de Silva
- 3 Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- 4 Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Axe Neuroscience and Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Janelle Drouin-Ouellet
- 1 John van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Maria G Spillantini
- 1 John van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- 4 Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Axe Neuroscience and Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada 5 Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Roger A Barker
- 1 John van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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708
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is now representing one of the largest unmet medical needs. However, no effective treatment is now available to impede the progression of AD or delay its onset. There are two major challenges for the development of effective therapy for AD. First, the exact cause for AD onset is still unknown. Second, brain drug delivery is significantly hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this review, we will summarize the pathological understanding about AD and the related treatments, compare BBB and its effect on brain drug delivery under normal and AD conditions and review the nanotherapeutic strategies that have been developed for AD therapy in recent years.
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709
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Millan MJ, Goodwin GM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ögren SO, Ögren SO. 60 years of advances in neuropsychopharmacology for improving brain health, renewed hope for progress. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:591-8. [PMID: 25799919 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy is effective in helping many patients suffering from psychiatric and neurological disorders, and both psychotherapeutic and stimulation-based techniques likewise have important roles to play in their treatment. However, therapeutic progress has recently been slow. Future success for improving the control and prevention of brain disorders will depend upon deeper insights into their causes and pathophysiological substrates. It will also necessitate new and more rigorous methods for identifying, validating, developing and clinically deploying new treatments. A field of Research and Development (R and D) that remains critical to this endeavour is Neuropsychopharmacology which transformed the lives of patients by introducing pharmacological treatments for psychiatric disorder some 60 years ago. For about half of this time, the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) has fostered efforts to enhance our understanding of the brain, and to improve the management of psychiatric disorders. Further, together with partners in academia and industry, and in discussions with regulators and patients, the ECNP is implicated in new initiatives to achieve this goal. This is then an opportune moment to survey the field, to analyse what we have learned from the achievements and failures of the past, and to identify major challenges for the future. It is also important to highlight strategies that are being put in place in the quest for more effective treatment of brain disorders: from experimental research and drug discovery to clinical development and collaborative ventures for reinforcing "R and D". The present article sets the scene, then introduces and interlinks the eight articles that comprise this Special Volume of European Neuropsychopharmacology. A broad-based suite of themes is covered embracing: the past, present and future of "R and D" for psychiatric disorders; complementary contributions of genetics and epigenetics; efforts to improve the treatment of depression, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders; and advances in the analysis and neuroimaging of cellular and cerebral circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Innovation in Neurosciences, IDR Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, England
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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710
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Millan MJ, Goodwin GM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ove Ögren S. Learning from the past and looking to the future: Emerging perspectives for improving the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:599-656. [PMID: 25836356 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern neuropsychopharmacology commenced in the 1950s with the serendipitous discovery of first-generation antipsychotics and antidepressants which were therapeutically effective yet had marked adverse effects. Today, a broader palette of safer and better-tolerated agents is available for helping people that suffer from schizophrenia, depression and other psychiatric disorders, while complementary approaches like psychotherapy also have important roles to play in their treatment, both alone and in association with medication. Nonetheless, despite considerable efforts, current management is still only partially effective, and highly-prevalent psychiatric disorders of the brain continue to represent a huge personal and socio-economic burden. The lack of success in discovering more effective pharmacotherapy has contributed, together with many other factors, to a relative disengagement by pharmaceutical firms from neuropsychiatry. Nonetheless, interest remains high, and partnerships are proliferating with academic centres which are increasingly integrating drug discovery and translational research into their traditional activities. This is, then, a time of transition and an opportune moment to thoroughly survey the field. Accordingly, the present paper, first, chronicles the discovery and development of psychotropic agents, focusing in particular on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic utility, and how problems faced were eventually overcome. Second, it discusses the lessons learned from past successes and failures, and how they are being applied to promote future progress. Third, it comprehensively surveys emerging strategies that are (1), improving our understanding of the diagnosis and classification of psychiatric disorders; (2), deepening knowledge of their underlying risk factors and pathophysiological substrates; (3), refining cellular and animal models for discovery and validation of novel therapeutic agents; (4), improving the design and outcome of clinical trials; (5), moving towards reliable biomarkers of patient subpopulations and medication efficacy and (6), promoting collaborative approaches to innovation by uniting key partners from the regulators, industry and academia to patients. Notwithstanding the challenges ahead, the many changes and ideas articulated herein provide new hope and something of a framework for progress towards the improved prevention and relief of psychiatric and other CNS disorders, an urgent mission for our Century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Innovation in Neurosciences, IDR Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, England, UK
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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711
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Martin MD, Calcul L, Smith C, Jinwal UK, Fontaine SN, Darling A, Seeley K, Wojtas L, Narayan M, Gestwicki JE, Smith GR, Reitz AB, Baker BJ, Dickey CA. Synthesis, stereochemical analysis, and derivatization of myricanol provide new probes that promote autophagic tau clearance. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1099-109. [PMID: 25588114 DOI: 10.1021/cb501013w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously discovered that one specific scalemic preparation of myricanol (1), a constituent of Myrica cerifera (bayberry/southern wax myrtle) root bark, could lower the levels of the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT). The significance is that tau accumulates in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, the most common being Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, a new synthetic route to prepare myricanol using a suitable boronic acid pinacol ester intermediate is reported. An X-ray crystal structure of the isolated myricanol (1) was obtained and showed a co-crystal consisting of (+)-aR,11S-myricanol (2) and (-)-aS,11R-myricanol (3) coformers. Surprisingly, 3, obtained from chiral separation from 1, reduced tau levels in both cultured cells and ex vivo brain slices from a mouse model of tauopathy at reasonable mid-to-low micromolar potency, whereas 2 did not. SILAC proteomics and cell assays revealed that 3 promoted tau degradation through an autophagic mechanism, which was in contrast to that of other tau-lowering compounds previously identified by our group. During the course of structure-activity relationship (SAR) development, we prepared compound 13 by acid-catalyzed dehydration of 1. 13 had undergone an unexpected structural rearrangement through the isomyricanol substitution pattern (e.g., 16), as verified by X-ray structural analysis. Compound 13 displayed robust tau-lowering activity, and, importantly, its enantiomers reduced tau levels similarly. Therefore, the semisynthetic analogue 13 provides a foundation for further development as a tau-lowering agent without its SAR being based on chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie D. Martin
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
| | - Laurent Calcul
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Courtney Smith
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Umesh K. Jinwal
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
| | - Sarah N. Fontaine
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
| | - April Darling
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
| | - Kent Seeley
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Malathi Narayan
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
| | - Jason E. Gestwicki
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Garry R. Smith
- ALS Biopharma, LLC, 3805
Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Allen B. Reitz
- ALS Biopharma, LLC, 3805
Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Bill J. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Chad A. Dickey
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- James A. Haley Veteran’s Hospital, 13000 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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712
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Sepulveda-Diaz JE, Alavi Naini SM, Huynh MB, Ouidja MO, Yanicostas C, Chantepie S, Villares J, Lamari F, Jospin E, van Kuppevelt TH, Mensah-Nyagan AG, Raisman-Vozari R, Soussi-Yanicostas N, Papy-Garcia D. HS3ST2 expression is critical for the abnormal phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease-related tau pathology. Brain 2015; 138:1339-54. [PMID: 25842390 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulphotransferase 2 (HS3ST2, also known as 3OST2) is an enzyme predominantly expressed in neurons wherein it generates rare 3-O-sulphated domains of unknown functions in heparan sulphates. In Alzheimer's disease, heparan sulphates accumulate at the intracellular level in disease neurons where they co-localize with the neurofibrillary pathology, while they persist at the neuronal cell membrane in normal brain. However, it is unknown whether HS3ST2 and its 3-O-sulphated heparan sulphate products are involved in the mechanisms leading to the abnormal phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. Here, we first measured the transcript levels of all human heparan sulphate sulphotransferases in hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (n = 8; 76.8 ± 3.5 years old) and found increased expression of HS3ST2 (P < 0.001) compared with control brain (n = 8; 67.8 ± 2.9 years old). Then, to investigate whether the membrane-associated 3-O-sulphated heparan sulphates translocate to the intracellular level under pathological conditions, we used two cell models of tauopathy in neuro-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells: a tau mutation-dependent model in cells expressing human tau carrying the P301L mutation hTau(P301L), and a tau mutation-independent model in where tau hyperphosphorylation is induced by oxidative stress. Confocal microscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and western blot analyses showed that 3-O-sulphated heparan sulphates can be internalized into cells where they interact with tau, promoting its abnormal phosphorylation, but not that of p38 or NF-κB p65. We showed, in vitro, that the 3-O-sulphated heparan sulphates bind to tau, but not to GSK3B, protein kinase A or protein phosphatase 2, inducing its abnormal phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrated in a zebrafish model of tauopathy expressing the hTau(P301L), that inhibiting hs3st2 (also known as 3ost2) expression results in a strong inhibition of the abnormally phosphorylated tau epitopes in brain and in spinal cord, leading to a complete recovery of motor neuronal axons length (n = 25; P < 0.005) and of the animal motor response to touching stimuli (n = 150; P < 0.005). Our findings indicate that HS3ST2 centrally participates to the molecular mechanisms leading the abnormal phosphorylation of tau. By interacting with tau at the intracellular level, the 3-O-sulphated heparan sulphates produced by HS3ST2 might act as molecular chaperones allowing the abnormal phosphorylation of tau. We propose HS3ST2 as a novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Elisa Sepulveda-Diaz
- 1 Laboratory Cell Growth, Tissue Repair and Regeneration (CRRET), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EA UPEC 4397/ERL CNRS 9215, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Est, F-94000, Créteil, France 2 Sorbonne Université UPMC UM75 INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Alavi Naini
- 3 INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France 4 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Minh Bao Huynh
- 1 Laboratory Cell Growth, Tissue Repair and Regeneration (CRRET), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EA UPEC 4397/ERL CNRS 9215, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Est, F-94000, Créteil, France
| | - Mohand Ouidir Ouidja
- 1 Laboratory Cell Growth, Tissue Repair and Regeneration (CRRET), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EA UPEC 4397/ERL CNRS 9215, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Est, F-94000, Créteil, France 2 Sorbonne Université UPMC UM75 INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Constantin Yanicostas
- 3 INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France 4 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Chantepie
- 1 Laboratory Cell Growth, Tissue Repair and Regeneration (CRRET), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EA UPEC 4397/ERL CNRS 9215, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Est, F-94000, Créteil, France
| | - Joao Villares
- 5 Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank Investigation Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Foudil Lamari
- 6 Biochimie des Maladies Neuro-métaboliques, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Estelle Jospin
- 1 Laboratory Cell Growth, Tissue Repair and Regeneration (CRRET), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EA UPEC 4397/ERL CNRS 9215, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Est, F-94000, Créteil, France
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- 7 Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- 2 Sorbonne Université UPMC UM75 INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Soussi-Yanicostas
- 3 INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France 4 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dulce Papy-Garcia
- 1 Laboratory Cell Growth, Tissue Repair and Regeneration (CRRET), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EA UPEC 4397/ERL CNRS 9215, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Est, F-94000, Créteil, France
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713
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Abstract
The prion paradigm has emerged as a unifying molecular principle for the pathogenesis of many age-related neurodegenerative diseases. This paradigm holds that a fundamental cause of specific disorders is the misfolding and seeded aggregation of certain proteins. The concept arose from the discovery that devastating brain diseases called spongiform encephalopathies are transmissible to new hosts by agents consisting solely of a misfolded protein, now known as the prion protein. Accordingly, "prion" was defined as a "proteinaceous infectious particle." As the concept has expanded to include other diseases, many of which are not infectious by any conventional definition, the designation of prions as infectious agents has become problematic. We propose to define prions as "proteinaceous nucleating particles" to highlight the molecular action of the agents, lessen unwarranted apprehension about the transmissibility of noninfectious proteopathies, and promote the wider acceptance of this revolutionary paradigm by the biomedical community.
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714
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Villeneuve S, Wirth M, La Joie R. Are AD-Typical Regions the Convergence Point of Multiple Pathologies? Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:42. [PMID: 25859215 PMCID: PMC4373381 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Villeneuve
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - Miranka Wirth
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California , Berkeley, CA , USA
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715
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Fontana F, Siva K, Denti MA. A network of RNA and protein interactions in Fronto Temporal Dementia. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:9. [PMID: 25852467 PMCID: PMC4365750 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of the fronto temporal lobes and abnormal protein inclusions. It exhibits a broad clinicopathological spectrum and has been linked to mutations in seven different genes. We will provide a picture, which connects the products of these genes, albeit diverse in nature and function, in a network. Despite the paucity of information available for some of these genes, we believe that RNA processing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression might constitute a common theme in the network. Recent studies have unraveled the role of mutations affecting the functions of RNA binding proteins and regulation of microRNAs. This review will combine all the recent findings on genes involved in the pathogenesis of FTD, highlighting the importance of a common network of interactions in order to study and decipher the heterogeneous clinical manifestations associated with FTD. This approach could be helpful for the research of potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fontana
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
| | - Kavitha Siva
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
| | - Michela A. Denti
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
- CNR, Institute of NeurosciencePadua, Italy
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716
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Zhu S, Shala A, Bezginov A, Sljoka A, Audette G, Wilson DJ. Hyperphosphorylation of intrinsically disordered tau protein induces an amyloidogenic shift in its conformational ensemble. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120416. [PMID: 25767879 PMCID: PMC4359001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) whose primary physiological role is to stabilize microtubules in neuronal axons at all stages of development. In Alzheimer's and other tauopathies, tau forms intracellular insoluble amyloid aggregates known as neurofibrillary tangles, a process that appears in many cases to be preceded by hyperphosphorylation of tau monomers. Understanding the shift in conformational bias induced by hyperphosphorylation is key to elucidating the structural factors that drive tau pathology, however, as an IDP, tau is not amenable to conventional structural characterization. In this work, we employ a straightforward technique based on Time-Resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TRESI-MS) and Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange (HDX) to provide a detailed picture of residual structure in tau, and the shifts in conformational bias induced by hyperphosphorylation. By comparing the native and hyperphosphorylated ensembles, we are able to define specific conformational biases that can easily be rationalized as enhancing amyloidogenic propensity. Representative structures for the native and hyperphosphorylated tau ensembles were generated by refinement of a broad sample of conformations generated by low-computational complexity modeling, based on agreement with the TRESI-HDX profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Zhu
- Chemistry Department, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Agnesa Shala
- Chemistry Department, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandr Bezginov
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adnan Sljoka
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gerald Audette
- Chemistry Department, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek J. Wilson
- Chemistry Department, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for Research in Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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717
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Orr ME, Garbarino VR, Salinas A, Buffenstein R. Sustained high levels of neuroprotective, high molecular weight, phosphorylated tau in the longest-lived rodent. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1496-504. [PMID: 25576082 PMCID: PMC4869521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tau protein is primarily expressed in neuronal axons and modulates microtubule stability. Tau phosphorylation, aggregation, and subcellular mislocalization coincide with neurodegeneration in numerous diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). During AD pathogenesis, tau misprocessing accompanies Aß accumulation; however, AD animal models, despite elevated Aß, fail to develop tauopathy. To assess whether lack of tau pathology is linked to short life span common to most AD models, we examined tau processing in extraordinarily long-lived, mouse-sized naked mole-rats (NMRs; approximately 32 years), which express appreciable levels of Aß throughout life. We found that NMRs, like other mammals, display highest tau phosphorylation during brain development. Although tau phosphorylation decreases with aging, unexpectedly adult NMRs have higher levels than transgenic mice overexpressing mutant human tau. However, in sharp contrast with the somatodendritic accumulation of misprocessed tau in the transgenic mice, NMRs maintain axonal tau localization. Intriguingly, the adult NMR tau protein is 88 kDa, much larger than 45-68 kDa tau expressed in other mammals. We propose that this 88 kDa tau protein may offer exceptional microtubule stability and neuroprotection against lifelong, elevated Aß.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda E Orr
- Department of Physiology and The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Valentina R Garbarino
- Department of Physiology and The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Angelica Salinas
- Department of Physiology and The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Department of Physiology and The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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718
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Abstract
Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) is an under-recognized, distinct, highly frequent sporadic tauopathy, with a prevalence reaching 31.3% in centenarians. The most common AGD manifestation is slowly progressive amnestic mild cognitive impairment, accompanied by a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. AGD diagnosis can only be achieved postmortem based on the finding of its three main pathologic features: argyrophilic grains, oligodendrocytic coiled bodies and neuronal pretangles. AGD is frequently seen together with Alzheimer's disease-type pathology or in association with other neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies suggest that AGD may be a defense mechanism against the spread of other neuropathological entities, particularly Alzheimer's disease. This review aims to provide an in-depth overview of the current understanding on AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Diehl Rodriguez
- MD, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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719
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Rouget R, Sharma G, LeBlanc AC. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 phosphorylation of familial prion protein mutants exacerbates conversion into amyloid structure. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5759-71. [PMID: 25572400 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.630699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial prion protein (PrP) mutants undergo conversion from soluble and protease-sensitive to insoluble and partially protease-resistant proteins. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) phosphorylation of wild type PrP (pPrP) at serine 43 induces a conversion of PrP into aggregates and fibrils. Here, we investigated whether familial PrP mutants are predisposed to Cdk5 phosphorylation and whether phosphorylation of familial PrP mutants increases conversion. PrP mutants representing three major familial PrP diseases and different PrP structural domains were studied. We developed a novel in vitro kinase reaction coupled with Thioflavin T binding to amyloid structure assay to monitor phosphorylation-dependent amyloid conversion. Although non-phosphorylated full-length wild type or PrP mutants did not convert into amyloid, Cdk5 phosphorylation rapidly converted these into Thioflavin T-positive structures following first order kinetics. Dephosphorylation partially reversed conversion. Phosphorylation-dependent conversion of PrP from α-helical structures into β-sheet structures was confirmed by circular dichroism. Relative to wild type pPrP, most PrP mutants showed increased rate constants of conversion. In contrast, non-phosphorylated truncated PrP Y145X (where X represents a stop codon) and Q160X mutants converted spontaneously into Thioflavin T-positive fibrils after a lag phase of over 20 h, indicating nucleation-dependent polymerization. Phosphorylation reduced the lag phase by over 50% and thus accelerated the formation of the nucleating event. Consistently, phosphorylated Y145X and phosphorylated Q160X exacerbated conversion in a homologous seeding reaction, whereas WT pPrP could not seed WT PrP. These results demonstrate an influence of both the N terminus and the C terminus of PrP on conversion. We conclude that post-translational modifications of the flexible N terminus of PrP can cause or exacerbate PrP mutant conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Rouget
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada and
| | - Gyanesh Sharma
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Andréa C LeBlanc
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
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720
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Jeung H, Thomann PA, Wolf RC. Novel gene variations in early-onset frontotemporal dementia with positive family history of neural ceroid lipofuscinosis-1. Neurol Clin Pract 2015; 5:484-487. [PMID: 29595823 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haang Jeung
- Department of General Psychiatry (HJ, PAT, RCW), Heidelberg University Hospital; and Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (RCW), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Arthur Thomann
- Department of General Psychiatry (HJ, PAT, RCW), Heidelberg University Hospital; and Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (RCW), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Robert Christian Wolf
- Department of General Psychiatry (HJ, PAT, RCW), Heidelberg University Hospital; and Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (RCW), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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721
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Ariza M, Kolb HC, Moechars D, Rombouts F, Andrés JI. Tau Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging: Past, Present, and Future. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4365-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5017544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ariza
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hartmuth C. Kolb
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Rombouts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - José Ignacio Andrés
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
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722
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Georgieva ER, Xiao S, Borbat PP, Freed JH, Eliezer D. Tau binds to lipid membrane surfaces via short amphipathic helices located in its microtubule-binding repeats. Biophys J 2015; 107:1441-52. [PMID: 25229151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that is genetically linked to dementia and linked to Alzheimer's disease via its presence in intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangle deposits, where it takes the form of aggregated paired helical and straight filaments. Although the precise mechanisms by which tau contributes to neurodegeneration remain unclear, tau aggregation is commonly considered to be a critical component of tau-mediated pathogenicity. Nevertheless, the context in which tau aggregation begins in vivo is unknown. Tau is enriched in membrane-rich neuronal structures such as axons and growth cones, and can interact with membranes both via intermediary proteins and directly via its microtubule-binding domain (MBD). Membranes efficiently facilitate tau aggregation in vitro, and may therefore provide a physiologically relevant context for nucleating tau aggregation in vivo. Furthermore, tau-membrane interactions may potentially play a role in tau's poorly understood normal physiological functions. Despite the potential importance of direct tau-membrane interactions for tau pathology and physiology, the structural mechanisms that underlie such interactions remain to be elucidated. Here, we employ electron spin resonance spectroscopy to investigate the secondary and long-range structural properties of the MBD of three-repeat tau isoforms when bound to lipid vesicles and membrane mimetics. We show that the membrane interactions of the tau MBD are mediated by short amphipathic helices formed within each of the MBD repeats in the membrane-bound state. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed elucidation of helical tau structure in the context of intact lipid bilayers. We further show, for the first time (to our knowledge), that these individual helical regions behave as independent membrane-binding sites linked by flexible connecting regions. These results represent the first (to our knowledge) detailed structural view of membrane-bound tau and provide insights into potential mechanisms for membrane-mediated tau aggregation. Furthermore, the results may have implications for the structural basis of tau-microtubule interactions and microtubule-mediated tau aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elka R Georgieva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; National Biomedical Center for Advanced ESR Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Program in Structural Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Peter P Borbat
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; National Biomedical Center for Advanced ESR Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jack H Freed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; National Biomedical Center for Advanced ESR Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Program in Structural Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
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723
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Bele MS, Gajare KA, Deshmukh AA. Caloric restriction mimetic 2-deoxyglucose maintains cytoarchitecture and reduces tau phosphorylation in primary culture of mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurons. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:546-55. [PMID: 25678460 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Typical form of neurons is crucially important for their functions. This is maintained by microtubules and associated proteins like tau. Hyperphosphorylation of tau is a major concern in neurodegenerative diseases. Glycogen synthase kinase3β (GSK3β) and cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (Cdk5) are the enzymes that govern tau phosphorylation. Currently, efforts are being made to target GSK3β and Cdk5 as possible therapeutic avenues to control tau phosphorylation and treat neurodegenerative diseases related to taupathies. In a number of studies, caloric restriction mimetic 2-deoxyglucose (C6H12O5) was found to be beneficial in improving the brain functions. However, no reports are available on the effect of 2-deoxyglucose 2-DG on tau phosphorylation. In the present study, hippocampal pyramidal neurons from E17 mouse embryos were isolated and cultured on poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips. Neurons from the experimental group were treated with 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose. The treatment of 2-DG resulted in healthier neuronal morphology in terms of significantly lower number of cytoplasmic vacuoles, little or no membrane blebbings, maintained axon hillock and intact neurites. There were decreased immunofluorescence signals for GSK3β, pTau at Ser262, Cdk5 and pTau at Ser235 suggesting decreased tau phosphorylation, which was further confirmed by Western blotting. The results indicate the beneficial effects of 2-DG in controlling the tau phosphorylation and maintaining the healthy neuronal cytoarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bele
- Cellular stress response laboratory, Cell Biology Division, Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India
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724
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Boluda S, Iba M, Zhang B, Raible KM, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Differential induction and spread of tau pathology in young PS19 tau transgenic mice following intracerebral injections of pathological tau from Alzheimer's disease or corticobasal degeneration brains. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:221-37. [PMID: 25534024 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous tau pathologies are hallmark lesions of several neurodegenerative tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) which show cell type-specific and topographically distinct tau inclusions. Growing evidence supports templated transmission of tauopathies through functionally interconnected neuroanatomical pathways suggesting that different self-propagating strains of pathological tau could account for the diverse manifestations of neurodegenerative tauopathies. Here, we describe the rapid and distinct cell type-specific spread of pathological tau following intracerebral injections of CBD or AD brain extracts enriched in pathological tau (designated CBD-Tau and AD-Tau, respectively) in young human mutant P301S tau transgenic (Tg) mice (line PS19) ~6-9 months before they show onset of mutant tau transgene-induced tau pathology. At 1 month post-injection of CBD-Tau, tau inclusions developed predominantly in oligodendrocytes of the fimbria and white matter near the injection sites with infrequent intraneuronal tau aggregates. In contrast, injections of AD-Tau in young PS19 mice induced tau pathology predominantly in neuronal perikarya with little or no oligodendrocyte involvement 1 month post-injection. With longer post-injection survival intervals of up to 6 months, CBD-Tau- and AD-Tau-induced tau pathology spread to different brain regions distant from the injection sites while maintaining the cell type-specific pattern noted above. Finally, CA3 neuron loss was detected 3 months post-injection of AD-Tau but not CBD-Tau. Thus, AD-Tau and CBD-Tau represent specific pathological tau strains that spread differentially and may underlie distinct clinical and pathological features of these two tauopathies. Hence, these strains could become targets to develop disease-modifying therapies for CBD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Boluda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4283, USA
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725
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Liu ZC, Chu J, Lin L, Song J, Ning LN, Luo HB, Yang SS, Shi Y, Wang Q, Qu N, Zhang Q, Wang JZ, Tian Q. SIL1 Rescued Bip Elevation-Related Tau Hyperphosphorylation in ER Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:983-994. [PMID: 25575678 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been indicated in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which tau hyperphosphorylation is one major pathological alteration. The elevation of binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip), an important ER chaperon, was reported in AD brain. It is important to study the roles of ER-related chaperons in tau hyperphosphorylation. In this research, increased Bip was found in the brains of the AD model mice (Tg2576) compared to the age-matched control mice. Meanwhile, deficiency of SIL1, an important co-chaperon of Bip, was observed in brains of Tg2576 mice and in ER stress both in vivo and in vitro. Then, we transfected Bip-EGFP plasmid into HEK293 cells stably expressing the longest human tau (HEK293/tau) or N2a cells and found that increased Bip induced tau hyperphosphorylation via activating glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), an important tau kinase, and increased the association with tau and GSK-3β. When we overexpressed SIL1 in Bip-transfected HEK293/tau cells and thapsigargin-treated HEK293/tau cells, significantly reduced tau hyperphosphorylation and GSK-3β activation were observed. These results suggested the important roles of ER-related chaperons, Bip and SIL1, in AD-like tau hyperphosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan-Chao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- 2nd Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Jiang Chu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lin-Na Ning
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hong-Bin Luo
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Medical School, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Na Qu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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726
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Ferencz B, Gerritsen L. Genetics and underlying pathology of dementia. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:113-24. [PMID: 25567624 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the population steadily ages, dementia, in all its forms, remains a great societal challenge. Yet, our knowledge of their etiology remains rather limited. To this end, genetic studies can give us insight into the underlying mechanisms that lead to the development of dementia, potentially facilitating treatments in the future. In this review we cover the most recent genetic risk factors associated with the onset of the four most common dementia types today, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Vascular Dementia (VaD), Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) and Lewy Body Dementia (LBD). Moreover, we discuss the overlap in major underlying pathologies of dementia derived from their genetic associations. While all four dementia types appear to involve genes associated with tau-pathology and neuroinflammation only LBD, AD and VaD appear to involve amyloid genes while LBD and FTLD share alpha synuclein genes. Together these findings suggest that some of the dementias may exist along a spectrum and demonstrates the necessity to conduct large-scale studies pinpointing the etiology of the dementias and potential gene and environment interactions that may influence their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Ferencz
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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727
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Amos LA. Why do brains need tau (MAPT)? FEBS J 2015; 281:iv-v. [PMID: 25291013 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Amos
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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728
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Medina M, Avila J. Further understanding of tau phosphorylation: implications for therapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:115-22. [PMID: 25555397 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tau is a brain microtubule-associated protein that regulates microtubule structure and function. Prominent tau neurofibrillary pathology is a common feature in a number of neurodegenerative disorders collectively referred to as tauopathies, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease. Beyond its classical role as a microtubule-associated protein, recent advances in our understanding of tau cellular functions have unveiled novel important tau cellular functions that may also play a pivotal role in pathogenesis and render novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Regulation of tau behavior and function under physiological and pathological conditions is mainly achieved through post-translational modifications, especially phosphorylation, which has significant implications for the development of novel therapeutic approaches in a number of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Medina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valderrebollo 5, 28041-Madrid, Spain
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729
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Ren Y, Sahara N, Giasson B, Lewis J. Tauopathy Mouse Models. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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730
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Teich AF, Nicholls RE, Puzzo D, Fiorito J, Purgatorio R, Fa’ M, Arancio O. Synaptic therapy in Alzheimer's disease: a CREB-centric approach. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:29-41. [PMID: 25575647 PMCID: PMC4322064 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic attempts to cure Alzheimer's disease (AD) have failed, and new strategies are desperately needed. Motivated by this reality, many laboratories (including our own) have focused on synaptic dysfunction in AD because synaptic changes are highly correlated with the severity of clinical dementia. In particular, memory formation is accompanied by altered synaptic strength, and this phenomenon (and its dysfunction in AD) has been a recent focus for many laboratories. The molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) is at a central converging point of pathways and mechanisms activated during the processes of synaptic strengthening and memory formation, as CREB phosphorylation leads to transcription of memory-associated genes. Disruption of these mechanisms in AD results in a reduction of CREB activation with accompanying memory impairment. Thus, it is likely that strategies aimed at these mechanisms will lead to future therapies for AD. In this review, we will summarize literature that investigates 5 possible therapeutic pathways for rescuing synaptic dysfunction in AD: 4 enzymatic pathways that lead to CREB phosphorylation (the cyclic adenosine monophosphate cascade, the serine/threonine kinases extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2, the nitric oxide cascade, and the calpains), as well as histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (2 enzymes that regulate the histone acetylation necessary for gene transcription).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Teich
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Russell E. Nicholls
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- />Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, 95125 Italy
| | - Jole Fiorito
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Rosa Purgatorio
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Mauro Fa’
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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731
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Longitudinal Clinical Changes of Non-Fluent/Agrammatic Primary Progressive Aphasia as Tau Spectrum Disorder: A Case Report. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.12779/dnd.2015.14.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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732
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Yang S, Cacquevel M, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ, Schneider BL, Aebischer P, Melani R, Pizzorusso T, Fawcett JW, Spillantini MG. Perineuronal net digestion with chondroitinase restores memory in mice with tau pathology. Exp Neurol 2014; 265:48-58. [PMID: 25483398 PMCID: PMC4353684 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent tauopathy and cause of dementia. We investigate the hypothesis that reactivation of plasticity can restore function in the presence of neuronal damage resulting from tauopathy. We investigated two models with tau hyperphosphorylation, aggregation and neurodegeneration: a transgenic mouse model in which the mutant P301S tau is expressed in neurons (Tg P301S), and a model in which an adeno-associated virus expressing P301S tau (AAV-P301S) was injected in the perirhinal cortex, a region critical for object recognition (OR) memory. Both models show profound loss of OR memory despite only 15% neuronal loss in the Tg P301S and 26% in AAV-P301S-injected mice. Recordings from perirhinal cortex slices of 3month-old P301S transgenic mice showed a diminution in synaptic transmission following temporal stimulation. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) can reactivate plasticity and affect memory through actions on perineuronal nets. ChABC was injected into the perirhinal cortex and animals were tested for OR memory 1week later, demonstrating restoration of OR memory to normal levels. Synaptic transmission indicated by fEPSP amplitude was restored to control levels following ChABC treatment. ChABC did not affect the progression of neurodegenerative tauopathy. These findings suggest that increasing plasticity by manipulation of perineuronal nets offers a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of memory loss in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeong Yang
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Cacquevel
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom; MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom; MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Aebischer
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Inst Neuroscience CNR, via Moruzzi 1, 56125 Pisa, Italy; NEUROFARBA Dept, University of Florence, Area S. Salvi Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom.
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733
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Hardy J, Rogaeva E. Motor neuron disease and frontotemporal dementia: sometimes related, sometimes not. Exp Neurol 2014; 262 Pt B:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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734
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Dickerson BC. New tools for the evaluation of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2014; 4:403-5. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.14.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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735
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Höllerhage M, Deck R, De Andrade A, Respondek G, Xu H, Rösler TW, Salama M, Carlsson T, Yamada ES, Gad El Hak SA, Goedert M, Oertel WH, Höglinger GU. Piericidin A aggravates Tau pathology in P301S transgenic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113557. [PMID: 25437199 PMCID: PMC4249965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The P301S mutation in exon 10 of the tau gene causes a hereditary tauopathy. While mitochondrial complex I inhibition has been linked to sporadic tauopathies. Piericidin A is a prototypical member of the group of the piericidins, a class of biologically active natural complex I inhibitors, isolated from streptomyces spp. with global distribution in marine and agricultural habitats. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a pathogenic interaction of the environmental toxin piericidin A and the P301S mutation. Methods Transgenic mice expressing human tau with the P301S-mutation (P301S+/+) and wild-type mice at 12 weeks of age were treated subcutaneously with vehicle (N = 10 P301S+/+, N = 7 wild-type) or piericidin A (N = 9 P301S+/+, N = 9 wild-type mice) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/d for a period of 28 days via osmotic minipumps. Tau pathology was measured by stereological counts of cells immunoreative with antibodies against phosphorylated tau (AD2, AT8, AT180, and AT100) and corresponding Western blot analysis. Results Piericidin A significantly increased the number of phospho-tau immunoreactive cells in the cerebral cortex in P301S+/+ mice, but only to a variable and mild extent in wild-type mice. Furthermore, piericidin A led to increased levels of pathologically phosphorylated tau only in P301S+/+ mice. While we observed no apparent cell loss in the frontal cortex, the synaptic density was reduced by piericidin A treatment in P301S+/+ mice. Discussion This study shows that exposure to piericidin A aggravates the course of genetically determined tau pathology, providing experimental support for the concept of gene-environment interaction in the etiology of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Höllerhage
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Deck
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anderson De Andrade
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
| | - Gesine Respondek
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hong Xu
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Rösler
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Thomas Carlsson
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth S. Yamada
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- Experimental Neuropathology Laboratory, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Michel Goedert
- Division of Neurobiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Günter U. Höglinger
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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736
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Falcon B, Cavallini A, Angers R, Glover S, Murray TK, Barnham L, Jackson S, O'Neill MJ, Isaacs AM, Hutton ML, Szekeres PG, Goedert M, Bose S. Conformation determines the seeding potencies of native and recombinant Tau aggregates. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1049-65. [PMID: 25406315 PMCID: PMC4294473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Tau inclusions are a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, collectively known as the tauopathies. They include Alzheimer disease, tangle-only dementia, Pick disease, argyrophilic grain disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Tau pathology appears to spread through intercellular propagation, requiring the formation of assembled “prion-like” species. Several cell and animal models have been described that recapitulate aspects of this phenomenon. However, the molecular characteristics of seed-competent Tau remain unclear. Here, we have used a cell model to understand the relationships between Tau structure/phosphorylation and seeding by aggregated Tau species from the brains of mice transgenic for human mutant P301S Tau and full-length aggregated recombinant P301S Tau. Deletion of motifs 275VQIINK280 and 306VQIVYK311 abolished the seeding activity of recombinant full-length Tau, suggesting that its aggregation was necessary for seeding. We describe conformational differences between native and synthetic Tau aggregates that may account for the higher seeding activity of native assembled Tau. When added to aggregated Tau seeds from the brains of mice transgenic for P301S Tau, soluble recombinant Tau aggregated and acquired the molecular properties of aggregated Tau from transgenic mouse brain. We show that seeding is conferred by aggregated Tau that enters cells through macropinocytosis and seeds the assembly of endogenous Tau into filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Falcon
- From the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Cavallini
- Eli Lilly and Co., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Rachel Angers
- From the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom, Eli Lilly and Co., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Sarah Glover
- Eli Lilly and Co., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Tracey K Murray
- Eli Lilly and Co., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Luanda Barnham
- Eli Lilly and Co., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Samuel Jackson
- Eli Lilly and Co., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Michael J O'Neill
- Eli Lilly and Co., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Adrian M Isaacs
- the UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Hutton
- Eli Lilly and Co., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Philip G Szekeres
- Eli Lilly and Co., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Michel Goedert
- From the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom,
| | - Suchira Bose
- Eli Lilly and Co., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom, and
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737
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Xu H, Rösler TW, Carlsson T, de Andrade A, Bruch J, Höllerhage M, Oertel WH, Höglinger GU. Memory deficits correlate with tau and spine pathology in P301SMAPTtransgenic mice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 40:833-43. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Department of Neurology; Technical University Munich; Munich Germany
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Germany
| | - Thomas W. Rösler
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Carlsson
- Department of Pharmacology; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Neurology; Philipps-University; Marburg Germany
| | - Anderson de Andrade
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Germany
- Department of Neurology; Philipps-University; Marburg Germany
| | - Julius Bruch
- Department of Neurology; Technical University Munich; Munich Germany
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Germany
| | | | | | - Günter U. Höglinger
- Department of Neurology; Technical University Munich; Munich Germany
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Germany
- Department of Neurology; Philipps-University; Marburg Germany
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738
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Goedert M, Falcon B, Clavaguera F, Tolnay M. Prion-like mechanisms in the pathogenesis of tauopathies and synucleinopathies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:495. [PMID: 25218483 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are characterized by the abnormal aggregation of a small number of intracellular proteins, with tau and α-synuclein being the most commonly affected. Until recently, the events leading to aggregate formation were believed to be entirely cell-autonomous, with protein misfolding occurring independently in many cells. It is now believed that protein aggregates form in a small number of brain cells, from which they propagate intercellularly through templated recruitment, reminiscent of the mechanisms by which prions spread through the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Goedert
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK,
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739
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Abstract
We review topics pertinent to the perioperative care of patients with neurological disorders. Our review addresses topics not only in the anesthesiology literature, but also in basic neurosciences, critical care medicine, neurology, neurosurgery, radiology, and internal medicine literature. We include literature published or available online up through December 8, 2013. As our review is not able to include all manuscripts, we focus on recurring themes and unique and pivotal investigations. We address the broad topics of general neuroanesthesia, stroke, traumatic brain injury, anesthetic neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, pharmacology, physiology, and nervous system monitoring.
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740
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Alpha-synuclein and tau: teammates in neurodegeneration? Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:43. [PMID: 25352339 PMCID: PMC4230508 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates is the hallmark of Parkinson’s disease, and more generally of synucleinopathies. The accumulation of tau aggregates however is classically found in the brains of patients with dementia, and this type of neuropathological feature specifically defines the tauopathies. Nevertheless, in numerous cases α-synuclein positive inclusions are also described in tauopathies and vice versa, suggesting a co-existence or crosstalk of these proteinopathies. Interestingly, α-synuclein and tau share striking common characteristics suggesting that they may work in concord. Tau and α-synuclein are both partially unfolded proteins that can form toxic oligomers and abnormal intracellular aggregates under pathological conditions. Furthermore, mutations in either are responsible for severe dominant familial neurodegeneration. Moreover, tau and α-synuclein appear to promote the fibrillization and solubility of each other in vitro and in vivo. This suggests that interactions between tau and α-synuclein form a deleterious feed-forward loop essential for the development and spreading of neurodegeneration. Here, we review the recent literature with respect to elucidating the possible links between α-synuclein and tau.
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741
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Lysine methylation is an endogenous post-translational modification of tau protein in human brain and a modulator of aggregation propensity. Biochem J 2014; 462:77-88. [PMID: 24869773 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease, the microtubule-associated protein tau dissociates from the neuronal cytoskeleton and aggregates to form cytoplasmic inclusions. Although hyperphosphorylation of tau serine and threonine residues is an established trigger of tau misfunction and aggregation, tau modifications extend to lysine residues as well, raising the possibility that different modification signatures depress or promote aggregation propensity depending on site occupancy. To identify lysine residue modifications associated with normal tau function, soluble tau proteins isolated from four cognitively normal human brains were characterized by MS methods. The major detectable lysine modification was found to be methylation, which appeared in the form of mono- and di-methyl lysine residues distributed among at least 11 sites. Unlike tau phosphorylation sites, the frequency of lysine methylation was highest in the microtubule-binding repeat region that mediates both microtubule binding and homotypic interactions. When purified recombinant human tau was modified in vitro through reductive methylation, its ability to promote tubulin polymerization was retained, whereas its aggregation propensity was greatly attenuated at both nucleation and extension steps. These data establish lysine methylation as part of the normal tau post-translational modification signature in human brain, and suggest that it can function in part to protect against pathological tau aggregation.
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742
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Specific calpain inhibition by calpastatin prevents tauopathy and neurodegeneration and restores normal lifespan in tau P301L mice. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9222-34. [PMID: 25009256 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1132-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau pathogenicity in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies is thought to involve the generation of hyperphosphorylated, truncated, and oligomeric tau species with enhanced neurotoxicity, although the generative mechanisms and the implications for disease therapy are not well understood. Here, we report a striking rescue from mutant tau toxicity in the JNPL3 mouse model of tauopathy. We show that pathological activation of calpains gives rise to a range of potentially toxic forms of tau, directly, and by activating cdk5. Calpain overactivation in brains of these mice is accelerated as a result of the marked depletion of the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin. When levels of this inhibitor are restored in neurons of JNPL3 mice by overexpressing calpastatin, tauopathy is prevented, including calpain-mediated breakdown of cytoskeletal proteins, cdk5 activation, tau hyperphosphorylation, formation of potentially neurotoxic tau fragments by either calpain or caspase-3, and tau oligomerization. Calpastatin overexpression also prevents loss of motor axons, delays disease onset, and extends survival of JNPL3 mice by 3 months to within the range of normal lifespan. Our findings support the therapeutic promise of highly specific calpain inhibition in the treatment of tauopathies and other neurodegenerative states.
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743
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Glucocerebrosidase mutations in primary parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:1215-20. [PMID: 25249066 PMCID: PMC4228056 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Mutations in the lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene increase the risk of Parkinson's Disease (PD). We determined the frequency and relative risk of major GBA mutations in a large series of Italian patients with primary parkinsonism. Methods We studied 2766 unrelated consecutive patients with clinical diagnosis of primary degenerative parkinsonism (including 2350 PD), and 1111 controls. The entire cohort was screened for mutations in GBA exons 9 and 10, covering approximately 70% of mutations, including the two most frequent defects, p.N370S and p.L444P. Results Four known mutations were identified in heterozygous state: 3 missense mutations (p.N370S, p.L444P, and p.D443N), and the splicing mutation IVS10+1G>T, which results in the in-frame exon-10 skipping. Molecular characterization of 2 additional rare variants, potentially interfering with splicing, suggested a neutral effect. GBA mutations were more frequent in PD (4.5%, RR = 7.2, CI = 3.3–15.3) and in Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) (13.8%, RR = 21.9, CI = 6.8–70.7) than in controls (0.63%). but not in the other forms of parkinsonism such as Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP, 2%), and Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD, 0%). Considering only the PD group, GBA-carriers were younger at onset (52 ± 10 vs. 57 ± 10 years, P < 0.0001) and were more likely to have a positive family history of PD (34% vs. 20%, P < 0.001). Conclusion GBA dysfunction is relevant for synucleinopathies, such as PD and DLB, except for MSA, in which pathology involves oligodendrocytes, and the tauopathies PSP and CBD. The risk of developing DLB is three-fold higher than PD, suggesting a more aggressive phenotype. We screened a large case–control cohort with parkinsonism for common GBA mutations. GBA mutations in the Italian population are a risk factor for Lewy Bodies Diseases (PD and DLB). GBA mutations were not increased in the other forms of parkinsonism: PSP, CBD and MSA. GBA dysfunction does not seem to be involved in MSA and tauopathies.
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744
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Swart C, Haylett W, Kinnear C, Johnson G, Bardien S, Loos B. Neurodegenerative disorders: dysregulation of a carefully maintained balance? Exp Gerontol 2014; 58:279-91. [PMID: 25219768 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of misfolded proteins has long been regarded as a pathological event in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. However, the exact molecular mechanisms that govern protein metabolism that may lead to toxicity remain largely unclear. Originally targeted as the causative agent, it has since become evident that aggregation formation may not be necessary for disease progression and studies show that they may even serve functional and protective roles. Although the focus has since shifted to the toxicity of intermediate protein species preceding aggregation formation, many questions remain: Is the blame for the neural destruction to be put on one event alone, or rather on a state of cellular disequilibrium resulting from multiple events? If the cause is multifactorial, then what triggers the toxic cascade and how can this be targeted therapeutically? In order to understand the origin of toxicity, the exact underlying mechanism and impact of each contributing process must be assessed. Therefore, the structural properties, mechanism of formation, cytotoxic and/or protective effects, as well as the clinical impact of protein intermediates and aggregates will be reviewed here with the goal to establish a neurodegenerative disease model aimed at improving current therapeutics, which may ultimately contribute towards improved treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrisna Swart
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - William Haylett
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Craig Kinnear
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Glynis Johnson
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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745
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Dyment DA, Smith AC, Humphreys P, Schwartzentruber J, Beaulieu CL, Bulman DE, Majewski J, Woulfe J, Michaud J, Boycott KM. Homozygous nonsense mutation in SYNJ1 associated with intractable epilepsy and tau pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1222.e1-5. [PMID: 25316601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The tauopathies are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the shared presence of tau aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles within the central nervous system. Here, we present a child with a severe neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intractable seizures and significant tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary degeneration localized predominantly to the substantia nigra on neuropathology with absence of beta-amyloid plaques and Lewy or Pick bodies. Whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous truncating mutation in Synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot experiments demonstrated diminished SYNJ1 messenger RNA and protein. Knockout Synj1(-/-) mice have convulsions and die early in life. More recently, homozygous missense mutations have been reported in 2 families with early-onset parkinsonism and seizures. Our findings broaden the spectrum of disease associated with alteration of SYNJ1 and further implicate defects in synaptic vesicle recycling in the tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dyment
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amanda C Smith
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Humphreys
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Chandree L Beaulieu
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dennis E Bulman
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John Woulfe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Michaud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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746
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Meyer V, Dinkel PD, Rickman Hager E, Margittai M. Amplification of Tau fibrils from minute quantities of seeds. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5804-9. [PMID: 25153692 PMCID: PMC4165214 DOI: 10.1021/bi501050g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
propagation of Tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
(AD) is thought to proceed through templated conversion of Tau protein
into fibrils and cell-to-cell transfer of elongation-competent seeds.
To investigate the efficiency of Tau conversion, we adapted the protein
misfolding cyclic amplification assay used for the conversion of prions.
Utilizing heparin as a cofactor and employing repetitive cycles of
shearing and growth, synthetic Tau fibrils and Tau fibrils in AD brain
extract are progressively amplified. Concurrently, self-nucleation
is suppressed. The results highlight breakage-induced replication
of Tau fibrils as a potential facilitator of disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver , Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
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747
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Janning D, Igaev M, Sündermann F, Brühmann J, Beutel O, Heinisch JJ, Bakota L, Piehler J, Junge W, Brandt R. Single-molecule tracking of tau reveals fast kiss-and-hop interaction with microtubules in living neurons. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3541-51. [PMID: 25165145 PMCID: PMC4230615 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated phosphoprotein tau regulates microtubule dynamics and is involved in neurodegenerative diseases collectively called tauopathies. It is generally believed that the vast majority of tau molecules decorate axonal microtubules, thereby stabilizing them. However, it is an open question how tau can regulate microtubule dynamics without impeding microtubule-dependent transport and how tau is also available for interactions other than those with microtubules. Here we address this apparent paradox by fast single-molecule tracking of tau in living neurons and Monte Carlo simulations of tau dynamics. We find that tau dwells on a single microtubule for an unexpectedly short time of ∼40 ms before it hops to the next. This dwell time is 100-fold shorter than previously reported by ensemble measurements. Furthermore, we observed by quantitative imaging using fluorescence decay after photoactivation recordings of photoactivatable GFP-tagged tubulin that, despite this rapid dynamics, tau is capable of regulating the tubulin-microtubule balance. This indicates that tau's dwell time on microtubules is sufficiently long to influence the lifetime of a tubulin subunit in a GTP cap. Our data imply a novel kiss-and-hop mechanism by which tau promotes neuronal microtubule assembly. The rapid kiss-and-hop interaction explains why tau, although binding to microtubules, does not interfere with axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Janning
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maxim Igaev
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Frederik Sündermann
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jörg Brühmann
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Oliver Beutel
- Department of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Heinisch
- Department of Genetics, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lidia Bakota
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Junge
- Department of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Roland Brandt
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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748
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Koppel J, Jimenez H, Azose M, D'Abramo C, Acker C, Buthorn J, Greenwald BS, Lewis J, Lesser M, Liu Z, Davies P. Pathogenic tau species drive a psychosis-like phenotype in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2014; 275:27-33. [PMID: 25151619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic Alzheimer's disease (AD+P) is a rapidly progressive variant of AD associated with an increased burden of frontal tau pathology that affects up to 50% of those with AD, and is observed more commonly in females. To date, there are no safe and effective medication interventions with an indication for treatment in this condition, and there has been only very limited exploration of potential animal models for pre-clinical drug development. Pathogenic tau is over represented in the frontal cortex in AD+P, especially in females. In order to develop a candidate animal model of AD+P, we employed a tau mouse model with a heavy burden of frontal tau pathology, the rTg(tauP301L)4510 mouse, hereafter termed rTg4510. We explored deficits of prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle (PPI), a model of psychosis in rodents, and the correlation between pathogenic phospho-tau species associated with AD+P and PPI deficits in female mice. We found that female rTg4510 mice exhibit increasing PPI deficits relative to littermate controls from 4.5 to 5.5 months of age, and that these deficits are driven by insoluble fractions of the phospho-tau species pSer396/404, pSer202, and pThr231 found to be associated with human AD+P. This preliminary data suggests the utility of the rTg4510 mouse as a candidate disease model of human female AD+P. Further work expanded to include both genders and other behavioral outcome measures relevant to AD+P is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koppel
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - H Jimenez
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - M Azose
- Touro College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - C D'Abramo
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - C Acker
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - J Buthorn
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - B S Greenwald
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - J Lewis
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Lesser
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Z Liu
- Hofstra University, Hempstead, LI, USA
| | - P Davies
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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749
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Camero S, Benítez MJ, Cuadros R, Hernández F, Ávila J, Jiménez JS. Thermodynamics of the interaction between Alzheimer's disease related tau protein and DNA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104690. [PMID: 25126942 PMCID: PMC4134230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau hyperphosphorylation can be considered as one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and other tauophaties. Besides its well-known role as a microtubule associated protein, Tau displays a key function as a protector of genomic integrity in stress situations. Phosphorylation has been proven to regulate multiple processes including nuclear translocation of Tau. In this contribution, we are addressing the physicochemical nature of DNA-Tau interaction including the plausible influence of phosphorylation. By means of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) we measured the equilibrium constant and the free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes associated to the Tau-DNA complex formation. Our results show that unphosphorylated Tau binding to DNA is reversible. This fact is in agreement with the protective role attributed to nuclear Tau, which stops binding to DNA once the insult is over. According to our thermodynamic data, oscillations in the concentration of dephosphorylated Tau available to DNA must be the variable determining the extent of Tau binding and DNA protection. In addition, thermodynamics of the interaction suggest that hydrophobicity must represent an important contribution to the stability of the Tau-DNA complex. SPR results together with those from Tau expression in HEK cells show that phosphorylation induces changes in Tau protein which prevent it from binding to DNA. The phosphorylation-dependent regulation of DNA binding is analogous to the Tau-microtubules binding inhibition induced by phosphorylation. Our results suggest that hydrophobicity may control Tau location and DNA interaction and that impairment of this Tau-DNA interaction, due to Tau hyperphosphorylation, could contribute to Alzheimer's pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Camero
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Benítez
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cuadros
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan S. Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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750
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Colosimo C, Bak TH, Bologna M, Berardelli A. Fifty years of progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:938-44. [PMID: 24013274 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Colosimo
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas H Bak
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences (PPLS) & Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (CCBS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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