701
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Cheong JE, Sun L. Targeting the IDO1/TDO2–KYN–AhR Pathway for Cancer Immunotherapy – Challenges and Opportunities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:307-325. [PMID: 29254698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Cheong
- Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lijun Sun
- Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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702
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Brant MG, Goodwin-Tindall J, Stover KR, Stafford PM, Wu F, Meek AR, Schiavini P, Wohnig S, Weaver DF. Identification of Potent Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors Based on a Phenylimidazole Scaffold. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:131-136. [PMID: 29456801 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is an attractive immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Dysregulation of this enzyme has also been implicated in other disorders including Alzheimer's disease and arthritis. Herein, we report the structure-based design of two related series of molecules: N1-substituted 5-indoleimidazoles and N1-substituted 5-phenylimidazoles. The latter (and more potent) series was accessed through an unexpected rearrangement of an imine intermediate during a Van Leusen imidazole synthesis reaction. Evidence for the binding modes for both inhibitor series is supported by computational and structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Brant
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Jake Goodwin-Tindall
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Kurt R. Stover
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Paul M. Stafford
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Fan Wu
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Autumn R. Meek
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Paolo Schiavini
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Stephanie Wohnig
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Donald F. Weaver
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M55 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada
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703
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Agudelo LZ, Ferreira DMS, Cervenka I, Bryzgalova G, Dadvar S, Jannig PR, Pettersson-Klein AT, Lakshmikanth T, Sustarsic EG, Porsmyr-Palmertz M, Correia JC, Izadi M, Martínez-Redondo V, Ueland PM, Midttun Ø, Gerhart-Hines Z, Brodin P, Pereira T, Berggren PO, Ruas JL. Kynurenic Acid and Gpr35 Regulate Adipose Tissue Energy Homeostasis and Inflammation. Cell Metab 2018; 27:378-392.e5. [PMID: 29414686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism in psychiatric disease is well established, but remains less explored in peripheral tissues. Exercise training activates kynurenine biotransformation in skeletal muscle, which protects from neuroinflammation and leads to peripheral kynurenic acid accumulation. Here we show that kynurenic acid increases energy utilization by activating G protein-coupled receptor Gpr35, which stimulates lipid metabolism, thermogenic, and anti-inflammatory gene expression in adipose tissue. This suppresses weight gain in animals fed a high-fat diet and improves glucose tolerance. Kynurenic acid and Gpr35 enhance Pgc-1α1 expression and cellular respiration, and increase the levels of Rgs14 in adipocytes, which leads to enhanced beta-adrenergic receptor signaling. Conversely, genetic deletion of Gpr35 causes progressive weight gain and glucose intolerance, and sensitizes to the effects of high-fat diets. Finally, exercise-induced adipose tissue browning is compromised in Gpr35 knockout animals. This work uncovers kynurenine metabolism as a pathway with therapeutic potential to control energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Z Agudelo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Duarte M S Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Cervenka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Galyna Bryzgalova
- Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shamim Dadvar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo R Jannig
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amanda T Pettersson-Klein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tadepally Lakshmikanth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Newborn Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elahu G Sustarsic
- Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margareta Porsmyr-Palmertz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorge C Correia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manizheh Izadi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vicente Martínez-Redondo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per M Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petter Brodin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Newborn Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresa Pereira
- Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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704
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Pettersson-Klein AT, Izadi M, Ferreira DMS, Cervenka I, Correia JC, Martinez-Redondo V, Southern M, Cameron M, Kamenecka T, Agudelo LZ, Porsmyr-Palmertz M, Martens U, Lundgren B, Otrocka M, Jenmalm-Jensen A, Griffin PR, Ruas JL. Small molecule PGC-1α1 protein stabilizers induce adipocyte Ucp1 expression and uncoupled mitochondrial respiration. Mol Metab 2018; 9:28-42. [PMID: 29428596 PMCID: PMC5870114 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α1 (PGC-1α1) regulates genes involved in energy metabolism. Increasing adipose tissue energy expenditure through PGC-1α1 activation is potentially beneficial for systemic metabolism. Pharmacological PGC-1α1 activators could be valuable tools in the fight against obesity and metabolic disease. Finding such compounds has been challenging partly because PGC-1α1 is a transcriptional coactivator with no known ligand-binding properties. While, PGC-1α1 activation is regulated by several mechanisms, protein stabilization is a crucial limiting step due to its short half-life under unstimulated conditions. Methods We designed a cell-based high-throughput screening system to identify PGC-1α1 protein stabilizers. Positive hits were tested for their ability to induce endogenous PGC-1α1 protein accumulation and activate target gene expression in brown adipocytes. Select compounds were analyzed for their effects on global gene expression and cellular respiration in adipocytes. Results Among 7,040 compounds screened, we highlight four small molecules with high activity as measured by: PGC-1α1 protein accumulation, target gene expression, and uncoupled mitochondrial respiration in brown adipocytes. Conclusions We identify compounds that induce PGC-1α1 protein accumulation and show that this increases uncoupled respiration in brown adipocytes. This screening platform establishes the foundation for a new class of therapeutics with potential use in obesity and associated disorders. A high-throughput platform to identify PGC-1α1 activators. PGC-1α1 protein stabilizers work as activators in brown adipocytes. Small molecule PGC-1α1 activators induce Ucp1 expression and cellular respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Pettersson-Klein
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Izadi
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D M S Ferreira
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Cervenka
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J C Correia
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Martinez-Redondo
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Southern
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - M Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - T Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - L Z Agudelo
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Porsmyr-Palmertz
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Martens
- Science for Life Laboratory, RNAi Cell Screening Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Lundgren
- Science for Life Laboratory, RNAi Cell Screening Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Otrocka
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Jenmalm-Jensen
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - J L Ruas
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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705
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Réus GZ, Becker IRT, Scaini G, Petronilho F, Oses JP, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Ceretta LB, Zugno AI, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J, Barichello T. The inhibition of the kynurenine pathway prevents behavioral disturbances and oxidative stress in the brain of adult rats subjected to an animal model of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:55-63. [PMID: 29030243 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that the kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a role in the onset of oxidative stress and also in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to use a pharmacological animal model of schizophrenia induced by ketamine to investigate if KP inhibitors could protect the brains of Wistar rats against oxidative stress and behavioral changes. Ketamine, injected at the dose of 25mg/kg, increased spontaneous locomotor activity. However, the inhibitors of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) were able to reverse these changes. In addition, the IDO inhibitor prevented lipid peroxidation, and decreased the levels of protein carbonyl in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and striatum. It also increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hippocampus, as well as increasing the levels of catalase activity in the PFC and hippocampus. The TDO inhibitor prevented lipid damage in the striatum and reduced the levels of protein carbonyl in the hippocampus and striatum. Also, the TDO inhibitor increased the levels of SOD activity in the striatum and CAT activity in the hippocampus of ketamine-induced pro-oxidant effects. Lipid damage was not reversed by the KMO inhibitor. The KMO inhibitor increased the levels of SOD activity in the hippocampus, and reduced the levels of protein carbonyl while elevating the levels of CAT activity in the striatum of rats that had been injected with ketamine. Our findings revealed that the KP pathway could be a potential mechanism by which a schizophrenia animal model induced by ketamine could cause interference by producing behavioral disturbance and inducing oxidative stress in the brain, suggesting that the inhibition of the KP pathway could be a potential target in treating schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Indianara R T Becker
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Jean P Oses
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciane B Ceretta
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra I Zugno
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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706
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Vohra M, Lemieux GA, Lin L, Ashrafi K. Kynurenic acid accumulation underlies learning and memory impairment associated with aging. Genes Dev 2018; 32:14-19. [PMID: 29386332 PMCID: PMC5828390 DOI: 10.1101/gad.307918.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vohra et al. show that in C. elegans, a significant portion of the decline in learning and memory associated with aging is due to accumulation of a metabolite called kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous antagonist of neural NMDA receptors. A general feature of animal aging is decline in learning and memory. Here we show that in Caenorhabditis elegans, a significant portion of this decline is due to accumulation of kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous antagonist of neural N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). We show that activation of a specific pair of interneurons either through genetic means or by depletion of KYNA significantly improves learning capacity in aged animals even when the intervention is applied in aging animals. KYNA depletion also improves memory. We show that insulin signaling is one factor in KYNA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Vohra
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco California 94158, USA
| | - George A Lemieux
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco California 94158, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco California 94158, USA
| | - Kaveh Ashrafi
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco California 94158, USA
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707
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Pellicciari R, Liscio P, Giacchè N, De Franco F, Carotti A, Robertson J, Cialabrini L, Katsyuba E, Raffaelli N, Auwerx J. α-Amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde Decarboxylase (ACMSD) Inhibitors as Novel Modulators of De Novo Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD +) Biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:745-759. [PMID: 29345930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
NAD+ has a central function in linking cellular metabolism to major cell-signaling and gene-regulation pathways. Defects in NAD+ homeostasis underpin a wide range of diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and aging. Although the beneficial effects of boosting NAD+ on mitochondrial fitness, metabolism, and lifespan are well established, to date, no therapeutic enhancers of de novo NAD+ biosynthesis have been reported. Herein we report the discovery of 3-[[[5-cyano-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-4-(2-thienyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]thio]methyl]phenylacetic acid (TES-1025, 22), the first potent and selective inhibitor of human ACMSD (IC50 = 0.013 μM) that increases NAD+ levels in cellular systems. The results of physicochemical-property, ADME, and safety profiling, coupled with in vivo target-engagement studies, support the hypothesis that ACMSD inhibition increases de novo NAD+ biosynthesis and position 22 as a first-class molecule for the evaluation of the therapeutic potential of ACMSD inhibition in treating disorders with perturbed NAD+ supply or homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paride Liscio
- TES Pharma S.r.l. , IT-06073 Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , IT-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Cialabrini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche , IT-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche , IT-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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708
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Sas K, Szabó E, Vécsei L. Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and the Kynurenine System, with a Focus on Ageing and Neuroprotection. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010191. [PMID: 29342113 PMCID: PMC6017505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the potential causes of ageing are discussed. We seek to gain insight into the main physiological functions of mitochondria and discuss alterations in their function and the genome, which are supposed to be the central mechanisms in senescence. We conclude by presenting the potential modulating role of the kynurenine pathway in the ageing processes. Mitochondrial dynamics are supposed to have important physiological roles in maintaining cell homeostasis. During ageing, a decrease in mitochondrial dynamics was reported, potentially compromising the function of mitochondria. Mitochondrial biogenesis not only encompasses mitochondrial dynamics, but also the regulation of transcription and translation of genes, and mitochondria are supposed to play a prominent role in cell death during senescence. Defects in the mtDNA replication machinery and failure in the repair of mtDNA might result in the accumulation of mutations, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and bioenergetic failure of the cell. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ageing processes is widely acknowledged. Exaggerated oxidative damage to mDNA is supposed to take place during senescence, including single-nucleotide base alterations, nucleotide base pair alterations, chain breaks and cross linkage. A broad repertoire for the repair of DNA faults has evolved, but they do not function efficiently during senescence. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is an enzyme that assists in DNA repair, i.e., it participates in the repair of single-stranded DNA nicks, initiating base excision repair (BER). In the case of extensive DNA damage, PARP-1 becomes overactivated and rapidly depletes the intracellular NAD+ and ATP pools. This results in a profound energy loss of the cell and leads to cell dysfunction, or even cell death. Alterations in the kynurenine system have been linked with ageing processes and several age-related disorders. The kynurenine pathway degrades tryptophan (TRP) to several metabolites, among others kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid (QUIN). The end product of the route is NAD+. The first metabolic reaction is mediated by TRP-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) or indolamine-2,3-dioxygenases (IDO), the latter being induced by inflammation, and it is thought to have a significant role in several disorders and in ageing. Research is currently focusing on the KYN pathway, since several intermediates possess neuro- and immunoactive properties, and hence are capable of modulating the activity of certain brain cells and inflammatory responses. During ageing, and in many age-associated disorders like obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, insulin resistance and neurodegenerative diseases, low-grade, sustained inflammation and upregulation of IDO have been reported. However, TRP downstream catabolites create a negative feedback loop by weakening the activated immune system through several actions, including a decline in the Th1 response and an enhancement of Th2-type processes. The broad actions of the KYN-intermediates in brain excitation/inhibition and their role in regulating immune responses may provide the possibility of modifying the pathological processes in an array of age-associated diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Sas
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Elza Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary.
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709
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Sachinvala ND, Stergiou A, Haines DE. Remitting long-standing major depression in a multiple sclerosis patient with several concurrent conditions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2545-2550. [PMID: 30323603 PMCID: PMC6175567 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s169292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we discuss the case of an multiple sclerosis (MS) patient, age 62, who learned to attain and sustain euthymia despite his ailments. He has Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS), asthma, MS, urticaria, and major depression (MD). Despite thriving limitations, the patient is an accomplished scientist, who struggled for > twelve years to emerge from being confined to bed and wheel chair with MS, to walking with crutches, scuba diving, writing manuscripts, and living a positive life. Through former educators, he reacquired problem-solving habits to study the literature on his illnesses; keep records; try new therapies; and use pharmaceutical, nutritional, physical, and psychological methods to attain euthymia. With this inculcation, years later, he discovered that dimethyl fumarate (DMF) suppressed inflammation, cramping, urticaria, and asthma; and the combination of bupropion, S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), vitamin-D3 (vit-D3), yoga, and self-hypnosis relieved MD. Then, after a 14-month respite, the patient, discovered that he had adult onset craniopharyngioma: a benign, recurring, epithelial tumor that grows from vestigial embryonic tissue (Rathke's pouch) which formed the anterior pituitary. The tumor grows aggressively and causes surrounding tissue and function losses. It caused headaches, disorientation, bitemporal vision loss, among other problems. To emerge from this conundrum, the patient employed his relearned habits; the above antidepressant cocktail (bupropion, SAMe, and vit-D3); and with 30 fractionated stereotactic radiation treatments shrank his tumor and gained relief. This is a single case, and methods we discovered serendipitously may not work for other chronically ill patients. Consequently, we want to encourage such patients and their physicians to discuss their experiences in peer-reviewed domains so readers may acquire new perspectives that help individualize their care, and have productive contented lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navzer D Sachinvala
- Retired, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA,
| | - Angeline Stergiou
- Department of Medicine, Fairfield Medical Center, Lancaster, OH 43130, USA
| | - Duane E Haines
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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710
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Liu Z, Gan L, Zhang T, Ren Q, Sun C. Melatonin alleviates adipose inflammation through elevating α-ketoglutarate and diverting adipose-derived exosomes to macrophages in mice. J Pineal Res 2018; 64. [PMID: 29149454 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with macrophage infiltration and metabolic inflammation, both of which promote metabolic disease progression. Melatonin is reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting inflammatory response of adipocytes and macrophages activation. However, the effects of melatonin on the communication between adipocytes and macrophages during adipose inflammation remain elusive. Here, we demonstrated melatonin alleviated inflammation and elevated α-ketoglutarate (αKG) level in adipose tissue of obese mice. Mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (Idh2) mRNA level was also elevated by melatonin in adipocytes leading to increase αKG level. Further analysis revealed αKG was the target for melatonin inhibition of adipose inflammation. Moreover, sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) physically interacted with IDH2 and formed a complex to increase the circadian amplitude of Idh2 and αKG content in melatonin-inhibited adipose inflammation. Notably, melatonin promoted exosomes secretion from adipocyte and increased adipose-derived exosomal αKG level. Our results also confirmed that melatonin alleviated adipocyte inflammation and increased ratio of M2 to M1 macrophages by transporting of exosomal αKG to macrophages and promoting TET-mediated DNA demethylation. Furthermore, exosomal αKG attenuated signal transducers and activators of transduction-3 (STAT3)/NF-κB signal by its receptor oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1) in adipocytes. Melatonin also attenuated adipose inflammation and deceased macrophage number in chronic jet-lag mice. In summary, our results demonstrate melatonin alleviates metabolic inflammation by increasing cellular and exosomal αKG level in adipose tissue. Our data reveal a novel function of melatonin on adipocytes and macrophages communication, suggesting a new potential therapy for melatonin to prevent and treat obesity caused systemic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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711
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Lattanzio SM. Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Metabolic Approach Grounded in Biochemistry for the Remission of Symptoms. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:198. [PMID: 29250522 PMCID: PMC5715322 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic, complex, and heterogeneous disorder of still poorly understood etiopathophysiology associated with important musculoskeletal widespread pain, fatigue, non-restorative sleep, and mood disturbances. It is estimated to afflict 2–3% of the worldwide population, with clean prevalence among women. The objective of this paper is to propose a novel treatment for symptomatic remission of FMS, grounded in biochemistry and consisting in the withdrawal from the diet of molecules that can indirectly trigger the symptoms. The hypothesis develops from the evidence that low serotonin levels are involved in FMS. Serotonin is synthesized starting from the essential amino acid tryptophan. The presence of non-absorbed molecules in the gut, primarily fructose, reduces tryptophan absorption. Low tryptophan absorption leads to low serotonin synthesis that triggers FMS symptoms. Moreover not-absorbed sugars could also produce a microbiota deterioration activating a positive feedback loop: the increasing microbiota deterioration reduces the functionality of absorption both of fructose and tryptophan in the gut, entering a vicious circle. The therapeutic idea is to sustain serotonin synthesis allowing the proper tryptophan absorption. The core of the cure treatment is the exclusion from the diet of some carbohydrates and the marked reduction of some others. The main target is the limitation of total dietary fructose as marked as possible. It could be an effective strategy to get the remission of symptoms acting on the impaired biochemical pathways. The straying from the treatment is expected to cause the reappear of the symptoms.
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712
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Peppelenbosch MP. Preface to "Gut microbiome in health and disease". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:605-606. [PMID: 29566902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL-3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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713
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Van der Leek AP, Yanishevsky Y, Kozyrskyj AL. The Kynurenine Pathway As a Novel Link between Allergy and the Gut Microbiome. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1374. [PMID: 29163472 PMCID: PMC5681735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, the indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) subset of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism has been the subject of much research in the area of immune tolerance. In this review, we aim to incorporate new findings on this pathway in relation to allergy and the gut microbiome, while providing a comprehensive overview of the pathway itself. Stimulated by interferon gamma, IDO acts as a tolerogenic, immunosuppressive enzyme to attenuate allergic responses by the induction of the KYN-IDO pathway, resultant depletion of TRP, and elevation in KYN metabolites. Acting through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, KYN metabolites cause T-cell anergy and apoptosis, proliferation of Treg and Th17 cells, and deviation of the Th1/Th2 response, although the outcome is highly dependent on the microenvironment. Moreover, new evidence from germ-free mice and human infants shows that gut microbiota and breast milk are key in determining the functioning of the KYN-IDO pathway. As such, we recommend further research on how this pathway may be a critical link between the microbiome and development of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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714
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Penke M, Kiess W. Paediatric endocrinology: Can niacin supplementation protect against congenital malformations? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:630-631. [PMID: 29019348 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Penke
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University Hospital for Children &Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University Hospital for Children &Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; and at the Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Department of Women &Child Health, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20a, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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715
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VanHook AM. Papers of note in
Science
357
(6349). Sci Signal 2017. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This week’s articles identify a mechanism that targets incompletely translated polypeptides for degradation and review the various roles of a class of dietary tryptophan metabolites in health and disease.
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