7851
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Mucinous breast cancer - clinical characteristics and treatment results in patients treated at the Oncology Centre in Kraków between 1952 and 2002. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2014; 18:120-3. [PMID: 24966796 PMCID: PMC4068815 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.42727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study To present the characteristics and clinical outcomes in 94 patients with mucinous breast cancer treated at the Oncology Centre in Krakow between 1952 and 2002. Material and methods Stage I or II carcinomas were found in 66 patients (69.4%) of the presented group and in the remaining 28 patients (29.8%) stage III disease was diagnosed. In 27 cases regional lymph nodes were involved. All patients had been treated with surgery: mastectomy (90 patients) or breast-conserving treatment (4 patients). Radiotherapy was administered in 14 patients, adjuvant chemo-therapy in 14 patients, and endocrine therapy in 39 patients. Results The maximum follow-up was 257 months. Ten-year survival was as follows: 75.7% (overall survival), 82.5% (disease-free survival). During the follow-up, 4 patients developed local recurrence, 5 patients developed metastases. Second primary cancer was found in 8 patients. Conclusions The presented results confirm the good prognosis in patients treated for mucinous breast cancer. The diagnosis of early-stage breast cancer based on mammography can allow breast-conserving treatment.
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7852
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Goubran HA, Kotb RR, Stakiw J, Emara ME, Burnouf T. Regulation of tumor growth and metastasis: the role of tumor microenvironment. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2014; 7:9-18. [PMID: 24926201 PMCID: PMC4051818 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s11285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of abnormal cells with malignant potential or neoplastic characteristics is a relatively common phenomenon. The interaction of these abnormal cells with their microenvironment is essential for tumor development, protection from the body's immune or defence mechanisms, later progression and the development of life-threatening or metastatic disease. The tumor microenvironment is a collective term that includes the tumor's surrounding and supportive stroma, the different effectors of the immune system, blood platelets, hormones and other humoral factors. A better understanding of the interplay between the tumor cells and its microenvironment can provide efficient tools for cancer management, as well as better prevention, screening and risk assessment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi A Goubran
- Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Rami R Kotb
- Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie Stakiw
- Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Mohamed E Emara
- Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7853
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Stilbene induced inhibition of androgen receptor dimerization: implications for AR and ARΔLBD-signalling in human prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98566. [PMID: 24887556 PMCID: PMC4041728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is often characterized by an increase of C-terminally truncated, constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) variants. Due to the absence of a ligand binding domain located in the AR-C-terminus, these receptor variants (also termed ARΔLBD) are unable to respond to all classical forms of endocrine treatments like surgical/chemical castration and/or application of anti-androgens. Methodology In this study we tested the effects of the naturally occurring stilbene resveratrol (RSV) and (E)-4-(2, 6-Difluorostyryl)-N, N-dimethylaniline, a fluorinated dialkylaminostilbene (FIDAS) on AR- and ARΔLBD in prostate cancer cells. The ability of the compounds to modulate transcriptional activity of AR and the ARΔLBD-variant Q640X was shown by reporter gene assays. Expression of endogenous AR and ARΔLBD mRNA and protein levels were determined by qRT-PCR and Western Blot. Nuclear translocation of AR-molecules was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. AR and ARΔLBD/Q640X homo-/heterodimer formation was assessed by mammalian two hybrid assays. Biological activity of both compounds in vivo was demonstrated using a chick chorioallantoic membrane xenograft assay. Results The stilbenes RSV and FIDAS were able to significantly diminish AR and Q640X-signalling. Successful inhibition of the Q640X suggests that RSV and FIDAS are not interfering with the AR-ligand binding domain like all currently available anti-hormonal drugs. Repression of AR and Q640X-signalling by RSV and FIDAS in prostate cancer cells was caused by an inhibition of the AR and/or Q640X-dimerization. Although systemic bioavailability of both stilbenes is very low, both compounds were also able to downregulate tumor growth and AR-signalling in vivo. Conclusion RSV and FIDAS are able to inhibit the dimerization of AR and ARΔLBD molecules suggesting that stilbenes might serve as lead compounds for a novel generation of AR-inhibitors.
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7854
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Hagiwara A, Ogiwara K, Katsu Y, Takahashi T. Luteinizing Hormone-Induced Expression of Ptger4b, a Prostaglandin E2 Receptor Indispensable for Ovulation of the Medaka Oryzias latipes, Is Regulated by a Genomic Mechanism Involving Nuclear Progestin Receptor1. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:126. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.115485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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7855
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Vicha A, Taieb D, Pacak K. Current views on cell metabolism in SDHx-related pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R261-77. [PMID: 24500761 PMCID: PMC4016161 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Warburg's metabolic hypothesis is based on the assumption that a cancer cell's respiration must be under attack, leading to its damage, in order to obtain increased glycolysis. Although this may not apply to all cancers, there is some evidence proving that primarily abnormally functioning mitochondrial complexes are indeed related to cancer development. Thus, mutations in complex II (succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)) lead to the formation of pheochromocytoma (PHEO)/paraganglioma (PGL). Mutations in one of the SDH genes (SDHx mutations) lead to succinate accumulation associated with very low fumarate levels, increased glutaminolysis, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and pseudohypoxia. This results in significant changes in signaling pathways (many of them dependent on the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor), including oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, specific expression profiles, as well as genomic instability and increased mutability resulting in tumor development. Although there is currently no very effective therapy for SDHx-related metastatic PHEOs/PGLs, targeting their fundamental metabolic abnormalities may provide a unique opportunity for the development of novel and more effective forms of therapy for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Vicha
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2 Medical School, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Taieb
- Service Central de Biophysique et de Médecine Nucléaire, CERIMED Centre hospitalo-universitaire Timone, Marseille, France
- Département d’Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Karel Pacak
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 USA
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7856
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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7857
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Mond M, Alexiadis M, Eriksson N, Davis MJ, Muscat GEO, Fuller PJ, Gilfillan C. Nuclear receptor expression in human differentiated thyroid tumors. Thyroid 2014; 24:1000-11. [PMID: 24559275 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear receptors (NRs) play a key role in endocrine signaling and metabolism and are important therapeutic targets in a number of hormone-dependent malignancies. Studies on the role of NRs in thyroid cancer are limited. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine systematically the expression of the 48 human NRs in a series of benign and malignant thyroid tissues. Within the papillary carcinoma cohort, we sought to determine if NR expression differed significantly by BRAF mutation status. PATIENTS AND METHODS RNA was isolated from multinodular goiter (MNG; n=6), papillary carcinoma (PTC, n=14), follicular carcinoma (FC; n=5), and Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC; n=7). The 48 human NRs were profiled in this panel by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression for selected NRs (Rev-erbα and LXR-β) was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarrays comprising benign and malignant thyroid tissues. RESULTS Across all groups of benign and malignant thyroid tissue, there was prominent expression of LXR-β and ROR-γ. Key findings in PTC were marked overexpression of RXR-γ and Rev-erbα compared to MNG. Within the PTC cohort, when BRAF(V600E) tumors were compared with wild type BRAF, there was relative upregulation of RXR-γ and Rev-erbα and downregulation of AR, ERR-γ, and ROR-γ. In FC, EAR-2 was overexpressed, while PPAR-α and PPAR-δ were underexpressed compared to MNG. The NR expression profile of HCC was distinct, characterized by significant downregulation of a wide range of NRs. IHC for Rev-erbα and LXR-β localized protein expression to the tumor cells. Moderate to strong Rev-erbα immunostaining was seen in 22 out of 23 PTC, and, overall, staining was stronger than in the benign group. CONCLUSIONS These results represent the first systematic examination of NR expression in thyroid cancer. Our finding of tumor-specific patterns of NR expression, as well as significant differences in NR expression between BRAF(V600E) and wild type BRAF PTC, provides a basis for further mechanistic studies and highlights potential novel therapeutic targets for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mond
- 1 Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research , Clayton, Australia
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7858
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Ishida M, Maehara M, Watanabe T, Yanagisawa Y, Takata Y, Nakajima R, Suzuki M, Harigaya T. Vasoinhibins, N-terminal mouse prolactin fragments, participate in mammary gland involution. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:279-87. [PMID: 24598201 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vasoinhibins are a family of peptides that act on endothelial cells to suppress angiogenesis and promote apoptosis-mediated vascular regression. Vasoinhibins include the N-terminal fragments from prolactin (PRL), GH, and placental lactogen. One of the vasoinhibins, the N-terminal PRL fragment of 16 kDa, is generated by the lysosomal representative protease cathepsin D (Cath D). Because the normal growth and involution of the mammary gland (MG) are profoundly affected by the expansion and regression of blood vessels and also because PRL stimulates the growth and differentiation of MG, we proposed that intact PRL produced during lactation contributes to MG angiogenesis and increased blood flow, whereas during involution, the N-terminal PRL fragment would have proapoptotic effects on mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Therefore, we investigated the production of the N-terminal PRL fragment and its direct effect on the MG. Mouse PRL (mPRL) was proteolytically cleaved by Cath D between amino acids 148 and 149. N-terminal PRL fragment and Cath D expression increased during MG involution. Furthermore, incubation of MG fragments and MCF7 with recombinant 16 kDa mPRL revealed a proapoptotic effect in MECs. Ectopic mPRL in MECs was cleaved to 16 kDa PRL by Cath D in the MG lysosomal fraction. The majority of PRL derived from pituitary gland was cleaved to 16 kDa PRL in culture medium. Therefore, N-terminal PRL fragment increases during the involution period, has a proapoptotic effect on MECs, and is mainly generated by secreted Cath D in the extracellular space of MG.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cathepsin D/biosynthesis
- Cathepsin D/genetics
- Cathepsin D/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Humans
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mammary Glands, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Animal/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Prolactin/biosynthesis
- Prolactin/genetics
- Prolactin/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prolactin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prolactin/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Ishida
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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7859
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Hilton HN, Graham JD. The molecular landscape of the normal human breast – defining normal. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:102. [PMID: 25928365 PMCID: PMC4076626 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A key approach in understanding how breast cancer can occur is to determine the regulatory pathways at play in the normal breast and to identify precisely the normal developmental mechanisms subverted during early breast cancer progression. Using normal human breast tissue samples, Pardo and colleagues have identified the gene targets and pathways displaying fluctuating expression as a consequence of the menstrual cycle. Detailed characterization of how the human breast functions in its normal state, and how this may be perturbed at its earliest point, will provide a critical step toward the prevention of breast cancer.
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7860
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Abstract
Mammalia are so named based on the presence of the mammary gland in the breast. The mammary gland is an epidermal appendage, derived from the apocrine glands. The human breast consists of the parenchyma and stroma, originating from ectodermal and mesodermal elements, respectively. Development of the human breast is distinctive for several reasons. The human breast houses the mammary gland that produces and delivers milk through development of an extensive tree-like network of branched ducts. It is also characterized by cellular plasticity, with extensive remodeling in adulthood, a factor that increases its susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Also, breast development occurs in distinct stages via complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, orchestrated by signaling pathways under the regulation of systemic hormones. Congenital and acquired disorders of the breast often have a basis in development, making its study essential to understanding breast pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Javed
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aida Lteif
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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7861
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Lee JY, Kim SY, Mo EY, Kim ES, Han JH, Maeng LS, Lee AH, Eun JW, Nam SW, Moon SD. Upregulation of FGFR1 expression is associated with parathyroid carcinogenesis in HPT-JT syndrome due to an HRPT2 splicing mutation. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:641-50. [PMID: 24889687 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the HRPT2 gene, which are responsible for hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndrome, have been implicated in the development of a high proportion of parathyroid carcinomas. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in expression of the most important genes connected with parathyroid carcinoma between HPT-JT syndrome due to an HRPT2 splicing mutation, normal parathyroid tissue and sporadic parathyroid adenoma. Total RNAs were extracted from parathyroid carcinoma in HPT-JT syndrome harbouring HRPT2 splicing mutation or sporadic parathyroid adenoma and normal parathyroid gland, and subjected to Illumina DASL-based gene expression assay. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis was used to compare gene expression in HPT-JT syndrome, sporadic parathyroid adenoma and normal parathyroid glands. We identified differentially regulated genes in HPT-JT syndrome and sporadic parathyroid adenoma relative to normal parathyroid glands using a combination of Welch's t-test and fold-change analysis. Quantitative PCR, RT-PCR and IHC were used for validation. Sixteen genes differentially regulated in the parathyroid carcinoma were associated with signal pathways, MAPK, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, prostate cancer and apoptosis. FGFR1 expression was confirmed to be significantly upregulated by validation experiments. Our gene expression profiling experiments suggest that upregulated FGFR1 expression appears to be associated with parathyroid carcinoma in HPT-JT syndrome due to an HRPT2 splicing mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Mo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Ho Han
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee-So Maeng
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Hee Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Pathology, Microdissection Genomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, Microdissection Genomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Moon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
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7862
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Gao Q, Tang J, Chen J, Jiang L, Zhu X, Xu Z. Epigenetic code and potential epigenetic-based therapies against chronic diseases in developmental origins. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1744-1750. [PMID: 24880107 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated findings have demonstrated that the epigenetic code provides a potential link between prenatal stress and changes in gene expression that could be involved in the developmental programming of various chronic diseases in later life. Meanwhile, based on the fact that epigenetic modifications are reversible and can be manipulated, this provides a unique chance to develop multiple novel epigenetic-based therapeutic strategies against many chronic diseases in early developmental periods. This article will give a short review of recent findings of prenatal insult-induced epigenetic changes in developmental origins of several chronic diseases, and will attempt to provide an overview of the current epigenetic-based strategies applied in the early prevention, diagnosis and possible therapies for human chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology, The First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Institute for Fetology, The First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Fetology, The First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Institute for Fetology, The First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Institute for Fetology, The First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, The First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Center for Prenatal Biology, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA.
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7863
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Gewirtz DA. An autophagic switch in the response of tumor cells to radiation and chemotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:208-11. [PMID: 24875447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Four different functional forms of autophagy have been observed to occur in tumor cells in response to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation. Currently the different forms of autophagy are distinguished almost exclusively by determining the impact of autophagy inhibition on drug and radiation sensitivity. That is, it cannot otherwise be predicted whether the autophagy induced by radiation or chemotherapy is associated with resistance and the circumstances under which autophagy inhibition might be a useful strategy for enhancing sensitivity to therapy. This commentary highlights an additional level of complexity in the autophagy landscape, specifically that autophagy can switch its function even within the context of a specific external stress and/or a biological cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980035, Massey Cancer Center 401 College St, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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7864
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Martin TA, Mason MD, Jiang WG. HGF and the regulation of tight junctions in human prostate cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:213-24. [PMID: 24858137 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) may impact the metastasis of prostate cancer via its action on prostate stem cells or their progeny. Tight junctions (TJs) are crucial to the process of metastasis and have been previously shown to be regulated by HGF. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of HGF on the function of TJs in human prostate epithelial, prostate stem cell-like and prostate cancer cell lines. Four human prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3, DU-145, PZHPV-7, CaHPV-10), normal adult prostate parental epithelial cells (RWPE-1) and a stem cell-like derivative of RWPE-1 (WPE-STEM) were used to assess HGF-induced changes in TJs. A significant difference was noted in the behaviour between the WPE-STEM, RWPE-1 and the cancer cell lines which was HGF concentration-dependent. However, in the WPE-STEM cells, the effect was biphasic, with the cells seemingly resistant to HGF-modulated TJ disruption. Closer examination revealed that HGF affected the redistribution of ZO-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3 away from the TJs of confluent cells with concurrent loss of claudin-1 and claudin-5, and western blot analysis revealed a loss in TJ protein expression of ZO-1 and ZO-2. We demonstrated for the first time that HGF regulates TJ function in human prostate cells. Moreover, this regulation was dependent on the tumourigenicity of the cells, with the most aggressive cells most susceptible and the stem cell-like cells least susceptible. These data offer an intriguing glimpse of how TJs affect the behaviour of prostate cancer cells and how HGF modulates the expression and function of the molecules maintaining TJ structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Martin
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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7865
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The influence of ESR1 rs9340799 and ESR2 rs1256049 polymorphisms on prostate cancer risk. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8319-28. [PMID: 24859835 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) may play a role in the development of prostate cancer. Many studies focused on ESR1 rs9340799 and ESR2 rs1256049 polymorphisms to explore associations with prostate cancer risk. These studies showed inconsistent and conflicting results. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the pooled association of ESR1 rs9340799 and ESR2 rs1256049 polymorphisms with prostate cancer risk. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify related studies (up to February 2014) in several online databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI and Wanfang online libraries. A total of 16 eligible articles were enrolled in this updated meta-analysis. The result suggested that ESR1 rs9340799 polymorphism was significantly associated with prostate cancer in overall populations (GG+GA vs. AA: P = 0.002; G vs. A: P = 0.004), Caucasians (GG+GA vs. AA: P = 0.008; G vs. A: P = 0.016) and Africans (GG+GA vs. AA: P = 0.005; G vs. A: P = 0.006), but not in Asians (GG+GA vs. AA: P = 0.462; G vs. A: P = 0.665). The result also showed that there was a significant association between ESR2 rs1256049 polymorphism and prostate cancer in Caucasians (AA+AG vs. GG: P = 0.016; A vs. G: P = 0.005), but no association in overall populations (AA+AG vs. GG: P = 0.826; A vs. G: P = 0.478), Asians (AA+AG vs. GG: P = 0.177; A vs. G: P = 0.703) and Africans (AA+AG vs. GG: P = 0.847; A vs. G: P = 0.707). The cumulative meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis showed the results were robust. In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicated that ESR1 rs9340799 polymorphism was associated with prostate cancer risk in overall populations, Caucasians and Africans, while ESR2 rs1256049 polymorphism was associated with prostate cancer risk in Caucasians. However, the biological mechanisms need to be further investigated.
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7866
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Wang S, Jiang Y, Liu J, Zhao Y, Xiang C, Ma R, Gao H, Jin L, He F, Wang H. Revisiting the role of MCL1 in tumorigenesis of solid cancer: gene expression correlates with antiproliferative phenotype in breast cancer cells and its functional regulatory variants are associated with reduced cancer susceptibility. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8289-99. [PMID: 24852432 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to the well-defined anti-apoptotic role of myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL1), its antiproliferative function in tumorigenesis is less studied. We had recently reported that regulatory variants of MCL1 contribute to enhanced promoter activity but reduced risk of lung cancer. We hypothesized that MCL1 expression may manifest antiproliferative phenotype and its functional variations may have etiological relevance for breast cancer. We manipulated MCL1 expression in MCF-7 cells and MDA231 with overexpression and knockdown, analyzed the effects on cell viability and cell cycling phase, and characterized the correlation with expression profiles of key regulators of cell cycle. We further genotyped the -190 insertion polymorphism and the neighboring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 745 breast cancer patients and 537 controls and analyzed their association with cancer risk. We confirmed that heightened expression of MCL1 resulted in decreased proliferation ability of breast cancer cells. We further observed that MCL1 overexpression in breast cancer cells resulted in cell cycle progression arresting in S phase and concomitant enhanced expression of p27, which could be rescued by p27 knockdown with co-transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA). Furthermore, we found a significant reduction in breast cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) = 0.74; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.59-0.93] associated with -190 insertion genotype; the expression-enhancing regulatory haplotype (OR 0.79; 95 % CI 0.66-0.95) and diplotype (OR 0.71; 95 % CI 0.57-0.89) were consistently associated with decreased cancer susceptibility. The study demonstrates that the expression-enhancing regulatory variants of MCL1 are protective modifiers of breast cancer risk, and reduced cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle progression partly mediated by p27 might be the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Rd., 200433, Shanghai, China
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7867
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Shrivastav A, Bruce M, Jaksic D, Bader T, Seekallu S, Penner C, Nugent Z, Watson P, Murphy L. The mechanistic target for rapamycin pathway is related to the phosphorylation score for estrogen receptor-α in human breast tumors in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R49. [PMID: 24887419 PMCID: PMC4076628 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A phosphorylation score for estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), called P7 score, was shown previously to be an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Since mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation is implicated in resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer we determined whether mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation, measured by phosphorylation on S2448 (p-mTOR), was associated with the P7-score and/or clinical outcome in the same cohort. METHODS mTOR phosphorylation status was determined at S2448 residue in vivo by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of more than 400 well-characterized ERα positive breast tumors. MCF7 cells were treated with estrogen and activation of mTOR pathway was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Contrary to earlier reports, p-mTOR expression, measured by immunohistochemistry, was negatively associated with size and nodal status. Additionally, p-S2448 mTOR expression was positively correlated with p-S118- ERα, p-S167-ERα and p-S282-ERα but negatively correlated with p-T311- ERα. Consistent with these, p-S2448 mTOR was negatively associated with P7-score and was significantly associated with overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.61, P = 0.028, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39 to 0.95, n = 337) and relapse-free survival (HR = 0.58, P = 0.0032, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.83, n = 337) following univariate but not multivariate analysis. Furthermore, we show that estrogen can regulate phosphorylation of mTOR and its down stream target p70S6 kinase. Additionally, recombinant mTOR can phosphorylate ERα in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that in breast tumors where there is intact estrogen regulated signaling, mTOR is regulated by estrogen and therefore associated with an increased likelihood of responsiveness to endocrine therapy.
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7868
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Abstract
One of the best-characterized oncogenic mechanisms in breast cancer is the aberrant activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, protein kinase B, and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In both endocrine-resistant disease and breast cancer stem cells, this is commonly caused by specific genetic lesions or amplification of key pathway components or both. These observations have generated two interesting hypotheses. Firstly, do these genetic anomalies provide clinically significant biomarkers predictive of endocrine resistance? Secondly, do tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells emerge from a stem-like cell population? New studies, published in Breast Cancer Research, raise the possibility that these hypotheses are intrinsically linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stone
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, 2010, NSW, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth A Musgrove
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1QH, Scotland.
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7869
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Chen F, Li A, Gao S, Hollern D, Williams M, Liu F, VanSickle EA, Andrechek E, Zhang C, Yang C, Luo R, Xiao H. Tip30 controls differentiation of murine mammary luminal progenitor to estrogen receptor-positive luminal cell through regulating FoxA1 expression. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1242. [PMID: 24853420 PMCID: PMC4047867 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-alpha positive (ER+) breast cancers comprise the majority of human breast cancers, but molecular mechanisms underlying this subtype of breast cancers remain poorly understood. Here, we show that ER+ mammary luminal tumors arising in Tip30−/−MMTV-Neu mice exhibited increased enrichment of luminal progenitor gene signature. Deletion of the Tip30 gene increased proportion of mammary stem and progenitor cell populations, and raised susceptibility to ER+ mammary luminal tumors in female Balb/c mice. Moreover, Tip30−/− luminal progenitors displayed increases in propensity to differentiate to mature ER+ luminal cells and FoxA1 expression. Knockdown of FoxA1 expression in Tip30−/− progenitors by shRNA specific for FoxA1 reduced their differentiation toward ER+ mature luminal cells. Taken together, our results suggest that TIP30 is a key regulator for maintaining ER+ and ER−luminal pools in the mammary luminal lineage, and loss of it promotes expansion of ER+ luminal progenitors and mature cells and ER+ mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chen
- 1] Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA [2] Cancer Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China [3] Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - A Li
- 1] Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA [2] Cancer Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China [3] Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Gao
- 1] Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - D Hollern
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - M Williams
- 1] Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA [2] Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - F Liu
- 1] Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA [2] Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - E A VanSickle
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - E Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C Yang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - R Luo
- 1] Cancer Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China [2] Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Xiao
- 1] Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA [2] Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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7870
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Ong CB, Brandenberger C, Kiupel M, Kariagina A, Langohr IM. Immunohistochemical Characterization and Morphometric Analysis of Macrophages in Rat Mammary Tumors. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:414-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814535611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are an important leukocyte component of the microenvironment of neoplasms. Macrophages have classically been subdivided into M1 and M2, depending on their roles in immune response, wound healing, and promotion or inhibition of tumor growth. In human breast cancer, increased presence of M2 macrophages has been associated with poor prognosis. The authors hypothesized that rat mammary carcinomas have increased macrophage influx compared to benign mammary proliferative lesions and normal mammary glands as well. In humans, both M1 and M2 macrophages express CD68, while CD163 is expressed primarily by M2 macrophages. Based on a single immunolabeling protocol with anti-CD68 and anti-CD163 antibodies, the extent of macrophage influx was investigated by morphometry to quantitate the immunopositive cells in normal rat mammary glands, benign mammary proliferative lesions, and mammary carcinomas. In mammary carcinomas, there was significantly higher percentage of CD68+ cells compared to benign mammary proliferative lesions and normal mammary glands. There was also higher percentage of CD163+ cells in mammary carcinomas compared to benign mammary proliferative lesions. Thus, increase in CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages corresponded to increased malignancy of rat mammary tumors in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. B. Ong
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - C. Brandenberger
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - A. Kariagina
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - I. M. Langohr
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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7871
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Xiao F, Kim YC, Snyder C, Wen H, Chen PX, Luo J, Becirovic D, Downs B, Cowan KH, Lynch H, Wang SM. Genome instability in blood cells of a BRCA1+ breast cancer family. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:342. [PMID: 24884718 PMCID: PMC4031489 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BRCA1 plays an essential role in maintaining genome stability. Inherited BRCA1 germline mutation (BRCA1+) is a determined genetic predisposition leading to high risk of breast cancer. While BRCA1+ induces breast cancer by causing genome instability, most of the knowledge is known about somatic genome instability in breast cancer cells but not germline genome instability. Methods Using the exome-sequencing method, we analyzed the genomes of blood cells in a typical BRCA1+ breast cancer family with an exon 13-duplicated founder mutation, including six breast cancer-affected and two breast cancer unaffected members. Results We identified 23 deleterious mutations in the breast cancer-affected family members, which are absent in the unaffected members. Multiple mutations damaged functionally important and breast cancer-related genes, including transcriptional factor BPTF and FOXP1, ubiquitin ligase CUL4B, phosphorylase kinase PHKG2, and nuclear receptor activator SRA1. Analysis of the mutations between the mothers and daughters shows that most mutations were germline mutation inherited from the ancestor(s) while only a few were somatic mutation generated de novo. Conclusion Our study indicates that BRCA1+ can cause genome instability with both germline and somatic mutations in non-breast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Henry Lynch
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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7872
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Wang YG, Wang P, Wang B, Fu ZJ, Zhao WJ, Yan SL. Diabetes mellitus and poorer prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95485. [PMID: 24830459 PMCID: PMC4022589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies suggested that diabetes mellitus was associated with cancer risk and prognosis, but studies investigating the relationship between diabetes mellitus and survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) reported inconsistent findings. To derive a more precise estimate of the prognostic role of diabetes mellitus in HCC, we systematically reviewed published studies and carried out a meta-analysis. Methods Eligible articles were identified in electronic databases from their inception through September 16, 2013. To evaluate the correlation between diabetes mellitus and prognosis in HCC, the pooled hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for poorer overall and disease-free survivals were calculated by standard meta-analysis techniques with fixed-effects or random-effects models. Results 21 studies with a total of 9,767 HCC patients stratifying overall survival and/or disease-free survival in HCC patients by diabetes mellitus status were eligible for meta-analysis. 20 studies with a total of 9,727 HCC cases investigated the overall survival, and 10 studies with a total of 2,412 HCC patients investigated the disease-free survival. The pooled HRs for overall survival and disease-free survival were 1.46 (95% CI, 1.29 to 1.66; P<0.001) and 1.57 (95% CI, 1.21 to 2.05; P = 0.001), respectively. The adjusted HRs for overall survival and disease-free survival were 1.55 (95% CI, 1.27 to 1.91; P<0.001) and 2.15 (95% CI, 1.75 to 2.63; P<0.001), respectively. In addition, for patients receiving hepatic resection, diabetes mellitus was associated with both poorer overall survival and poorer disease-free survival, and for patients receiving non-surgical treatment or patients receiving radiofrequency ablation, diabetes mellitus was associated with poorer overall survival. There was no evidence for publication bias. Conclusion Diabetes mellitus is independently associated with both poorer overall survival and poorer disease-free survival in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (YGW); (BW)
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (YGW); (BW)
| | - Zheng-Ju Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen-Juan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sheng-Li Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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7873
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Kim SH, Singh SV. Mammary cancer chemoprevention by withaferin A is accompanied by in vivo suppression of self-renewal of cancer stem cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:738-47. [PMID: 24824039 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Current dogma favors elimination of therapy-resistant cancer stem cells for chemoprevention of breast cancer. We showed recently that mammary cancer development in a transgenic mouse model (mouse mammary tumor virus-neu; MMTV-neu) was inhibited significantly upon treatment with withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone derived from a medicinal plant. Herein, we demonstrate that the mammary cancer prevention by WA is accompanied by in vivo suppression of breast cancer stem cells (bCSC). In vitro mammosphere formation was dose-dependently inhibited by WA treatment in MCF-7 and SUM159 human breast cancer cells. Other markers of bCSC, including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity and CD44(high)/CD24(low)/epithelial-specific antigen-positive (ESA+) fraction, were also decreased significantly in the presence of plasma achievable doses of WA. However, WA exposure resulted in cell line-specific changes in Oct4, SOX-2, and Nanog mRNA expression. WA administration to MMTV-neu mice (0.1 mg/mouse, 3 times/week for 28 weeks) resulted in inhibition of mammosphere number and ALDH1 activity in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that although urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor overexpression conferred partial protection against bCSC inhibition by WA, Notch4 was largely dispensable for this response. WA treatment also resulted in sustained (MCF-7) or transient (SUM159) downregulation of Bmi-1 (B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1) protein. Ectopic expression of Bmi-1 conferred partial but significant protection against ALDH1 activity inhibition by WA. Interestingly, WA treatment caused induction of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and its knockdown augmented bCSC inhibition by WA. In conclusion, this study shows in vivo effectiveness of WA against bCSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyeong Kim
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shivendra V Singh
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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7874
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Pang Soong
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine
| | - Andrew Arnold
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine
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7875
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Recurrent ZFX mutations in human sporadic parathyroid adenomas. Oncoscience 2014; 2:1-2. [PMID: 25594030 PMCID: PMC4278311 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular abnormalities leading to sporadic parathyroid adenomas, a common type of human endocrine neoplasm, are heterogeneous and incompletely understood. Using whole exome and direct sequencing of parathyroid adenoma DNA samples, we identified recurrent somatic mutations in the ZFX gene. ZFX is a member of Krueppel C2H2 type zinc finger protein family, was initially described as a homolog of ZFY, and has been implicated as a transcription factor regulating embryonic stem cell renewal. The ZFX mutations we identified were strikingly specific, focused in each tumor on one encoded residue in a hotspot of two consecutive highly conserved arginine residues (R786/787; arginine to glutamine, threonine or leucine) in a zinc finger domain near the C-terminus of the protein. The intragenic specificity of these recurrently selected mutations, their confirmed expression within the tumors, the absence of loss of heterozygosity, and the absence of these mutations among over 4000 ZFX alleles in the dbSNP137 database, strongly suggest a novel role for ZFX as a human proto-oncogene. Further, these observations highlight the mutated zinc-finger domain as a new focal point for understanding ZFX's normal and tumorigenic functions, and for development of molecularly-targeted therapeutics.
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7876
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Hormonal treatment in recurrent and metastatic gynaecological cancers: a review of the current literature. Curr Oncol Rep 2014; 15:541-8. [PMID: 24097282 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-013-0343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For many years hormonal treatment has played a role in the treatment of a selected group of patients with a variety of recurrent or metastatic gynaecological cancers, including ovarian and endometrial carcinomas, endometrial stromal sarcomas and granulosa cell tumours. Hormonal agents that are typically used include luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone analogues, progestogens, selective oestrogen-receptor-modulating drugs such as tamoxifen, and more recently aromatase inhibitors. The rates of response to these drugs differ considerably depending on the tumour type, disease grade and stage as well as the type of drug used. Patients with granulosa cell tumours and endometrial stromal sarcomas have the highest response rates; owing to the rarity of these tumour types, the documented response rates are based on case reports and small series. Response rates in patients with recurrent and metastatic endometrial and ovarian carcinoma have been lower. It has been suggested that patients with well-differentiated and hormone-receptor-positive carcinomas are more likely to benefit from hormonal treatment. However, the data to support this are limited, and at times conflicting, with very few prospective studies to date. This review updates the evidence for the use of hormonal treatment in patients with potentially hormone responsive recurrent and metastatic gynaecological cancers.
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7877
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Hadoux J, Favier J, Scoazec JY, Leboulleux S, Al Ghuzlan A, Caramella C, Déandreis D, Borget I, Loriot C, Chougnet C, Letouzé E, Young J, Amar L, Bertherat J, Libé R, Dumont F, Deschamps F, Schlumberger M, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Baudin E. SDHB mutations are associated with response to temozolomide in patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2711-20. [PMID: 24752622 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide-dacarbazine-vincristine regimen is recommended for the treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (MPP); however, dacarbazine is the only recognized active drug in neuroendocrine tumours. We investigated the therapeutic benefit of temozolomide (TMZ), an oral alternative to dacarbazine, in patients with MPP. This is a retrospective study of consecutive patients with documented progressive MPP. We examined the correlation between Succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) mutation and O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation and MGMT expression in the French nation-wide independent cohort of 190 pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas (PP). Progression-free survival (PFS) according to RECIST 1.1 and PERCIST 1.0 criteria was the primary end point. Fifteen consecutive patients with MPP were enrolled; ten (67%) carried a mutation in SDHB. The mean dose intensity of TMZ was 172 mg/m(2) /d for 5 days every 28 days. Median PFS was 13.3 months after a median follow-up of 35 months. There were five partial responses (33%), seven stable (47%) and three progressive diseases (20%). Grade 3 toxicities were lymphopenia in two patients and hypertension in one. Partial responses were observed only in patients with mutation in SDHB. MGMT immunohistochemistry was negative in tumour samples from four patients who responded to treatment. SDHB germline mutation was associated with hypermethylation of the MGMT promoter and low expression of MGMT in 190 samples of the French nation-wide independent cohort. This study demonstrates that TMZ is an effective antitumour agent in patients with SDHB-related MPP. The silencing of MGMT expression as a consequence of MGMT promoter hypermethylation in SDHB-mutated tumours may explain this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Hadoux
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Tumors, Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Sud, F-94800, Villejuif, France
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7878
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Pivonello R, De Martino MC, Colao A. How should patients with adrenal incidentalomas be followed up? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:352-4. [PMID: 24795241 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina De Martino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
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7879
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Abstract
The six members of the family of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) were originally characterized as passive reservoirs of circulating IGFs, but they are now understood to have many actions beyond their endocrine role in IGF transport. IGFBPs also function in the pericellular and intracellular compartments to regulate cell growth and survival - they interact with many proteins, in addition to their canonical ligands IGF-I and IGF-II. Intranuclear roles of IGFBPs in transcriptional regulation, induction of apoptosis and DNA damage repair point to their intimate involvement in tumour development, progression and resistance to treatment. Tissue or circulating IGFBPs might also be useful as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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7880
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Koyama Y, Homma K, Hasegawa T. Urinary steroid profiling: a powerful method for the diagnosis of abnormal steroidogenesis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2014; 9:273-282. [PMID: 30736166 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2014.904199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we will focus on urinary steroid profiling by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and summarize its contribution to the diagnosis of abnormal steroidogenesis; congenital enzyme deficiency of steroid synthesis and metabolism, adrenal carcinoma and other steroid related diseases. Mass spectrometry technique, such as GC/MS and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), has become the main tool for steroid measurement and GC/MS is mainly used for urine sampling. We will discuss the pros and cons of urinary steroid profiling by GC/MS and LC-MS/MS. Although GC/MS analysis needs intricate pretreatment, time and expenses, sensitive and simultaneous measurement of whole pathway steroid measurements have improved the accuracy of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Koyama
- a Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Co., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Homma
- b Keio University Hospital Central Clinical Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- c Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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7881
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Johnson IR, Parkinson-Lawrence EJ, Butler LM, Brooks DA. Prostate cell lines as models for biomarker discovery: performance of current markers and the search for new biomarkers. Prostate 2014; 74:547-60. [PMID: 24435746 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer cell lines have been used in the search for biomarkers that are suitable for prostate cancer diagnosis. Unfortunately, many cell line studies have only involved single cell lines, partially characterized cell lines or were performed without controls, and this may have been detrimental to effective biomarker discovery. We have analyzed a panel of prostate cancer and nonmalignant control cell lines using current biomarkers and then investigated a set of prospective endosomal and lysosomal proteins to search for new biomarkers. METHODS Western blotting was used to define the amount of protein and specific molecular forms in cell extracts and culture media from a panel of nonmalignant (RWPE-1, PNT1a, PNT2) and prostate cancer (22RV1, CaHPV10, DU-145, LNCaP) cell lines. Gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR. RESULTS HPV-18 transfected cell lines displayed a different pattern of protein and gene expression when compared to the other cell lines examined, suggesting that these cell lines may not be the most optimal for prostate cancer biomarker discovery. There was an increased amount of prostatic acid phosphatase and kallikrein proteins in LNCaP cell extracts and culture media, but variable amounts of these proteins in other prostate cancer cell lines. There were minimal differences in the amounts of lysosomal proteins detected in prostate cancer cells and culture media, but two endosomal proteins, cathepsin B and acid ceramidase, had increased gene and protein expression, and certain molecular forms showed increased secretion from prostate cancer cells (P ≤ 0.05). LIMP-2 gene and protein expression was significantly increased in prostate cancer compared to nonmalignant cell lines (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS While the existing prostate cancer biomarkers and lysosomal proteins investigated here were not able to specifically differentiate between a panel of nonmalignant and prostate cancer cell lines, endosomal proteins showed some discriminatory capacity. LIMP-2 is a critical regulator of endosome biogenesis and the increased expression observed in prostate cancer cells indicated that other endosome related proteins may also be upregulated and could be investigated as novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Johnson
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Ni J, Cozzi PJ, Hao JL, Beretov J, Chang L, Duan W, Shigdar S, Delprado WJ, Graham PH, Bucci J, Kearsley JH, Li Y. CD44 variant 6 is associated with prostate cancer metastasis and chemo-/radioresistance. Prostate 2014; 74:602-17. [PMID: 24615685 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer (CaP) is the second leading malignancy in older men in Western countries. The role of CD44 variant 6 (CD44v6) in CaP progression and therapeutic resistance is still uncertain. Here, we investigated the roles of CD44v6 in CaP metastasis and chemo/radioresistance. Expression of CD44v6 in metastatic CaP cell lines, human primary CaP tissues and lymph node metastases was assessed using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. METHODS Knock down (KD) of CD44v6 was performed in PC-3M, DU145, and LNCaP cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA), and confirmed by confocal microscope, Western blot and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell growth was evaluated by proliferation and colony formation assays. The adhesive ability and invasive potential were assessed using a hyaluronic acid (HA) adhesion and a matrigel chamber assay, respectively. Tumorigenesis potential and chemo-/radiosensitivity were measured by a sphere formation assay and a colony assay, respectively. RESULTS Over-expression of CD44v6 was found in primary CaP tissues and lymph node metastases including cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells. KD of CD44v6 suppressed CaP proliferative, invasive and adhesive abilities, reduced sphere formation, enhanced chemo-/radiosensitivity, and down-regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that CD44v6 is an important cancer stem cell-like marker associated with CaP proliferation, invasion, adhesion, metastasis, chemo-/radioresistance, and the induction of EMT as well as the activation PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Wnt signaling pathways, suggesting that CD44v6 is a novel therapeutic target to sensitize CaP cells to chemo/radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ni
- Cancer Care Centre and Prostate Cancer Institute, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia; St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, Australia
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7883
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Vetvik KK, Sonerud T, Lindeberg M, Lüders T, Størkson RH, Jonsdottir K, Frengen E, Pietiläinen KH, Bukholm I. Globular adiponectin and its downstream target genes are up-regulated locally in human colorectal tumors: ex vivo and in vitro studies. Metabolism 2014; 63:672-81. [PMID: 24636346 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low plasma adiponectin levels are linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and the risk of several types of malignancy. Despite the decline in circulating adiponectin concentrations, the increase in the expression of adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 is greater in cancerous than in normal colonic tissue. The purpose of this study was to obtain new information regarding local adiponectin signaling in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS We characterized the expressions of adiponectin and several of its downstream targets in paired samples of tumor tissue and adjacent noncancerous mucosa in 60 surgical patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas. RESULTS Adiponectin was expressed in both colorectal tumors and the adjacent mucosa. The expressions of adiponectin mRNA and its globular protein variant (gAd), adiponectin receptor type 1 and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mRNA were significantly higher in colorectal tumors than in the adjacent mucosa. This finding was accompanied by increased mRNA expression of genes encoding proteins involved in fatty-acid trafficking and oxidation. The potential interference between adiponectin stimulation and AMPK activation through AMPK1 was examined in an in vitro model with the aid of silencing-RNA experiments. Furthermore, AMPK mRNA expression on tumors was positively correlated with a more advanced tumor stage in the patients. CONCLUSION We propose that the globular adiponectin-AMPK pathway functions in an autocrine manner in colorectal tumors, explaining some of the beneficial changes in cellular oxidative capacity in tumors in favor of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kannisto Vetvik
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Surgical Department, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Tonje Sonerud
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Lindeberg
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Torben Lüders
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild H Størkson
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Surgical Department, Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Kristin Jonsdottir
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Frengen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida Bukholm
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Surgical Department, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Health Promotion, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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Feldman D, Krishnan AV, Swami S, Giovannucci E, Feldman BJ. The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:342-57. [PMID: 24705652 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is not really a vitamin but the precursor to the potent steroid hormone calcitriol, which has widespread actions throughout the body. Calcitriol regulates numerous cellular pathways that could have a role in determining cancer risk and prognosis. Although epidemiological and early clinical trials are inconsistent, and randomized control trials in humans do not yet exist to conclusively support a beneficial role for vitamin D, accumulating results from preclinical and some clinical studies strongly suggest that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing cancer and that avoiding deficiency and adding vitamin D supplements might be an economical and safe way to reduce cancer incidence and improve cancer prognosis and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Aruna V Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Srilatha Swami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Brian J Feldman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Bhan A, Hussain I, Ansari KI, Bobzean SAM, Perrotti LI, Mandal SS. Bisphenol-A and diethylstilbestrol exposure induces the expression of breast cancer associated long noncoding RNA HOTAIR in vitro and in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 141:160-70. [PMID: 24533973 PMCID: PMC4025971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Antisense transcript, long non-coding RNA HOTAIR is a key player in gene silencing and breast cancer and is transcriptionally regulated by estradiol. Here, we have investigated if HOTAIR expression is misregulated by bisphenol-A (BPA) and diethylstilbestrol (DES). Our findings demonstrate BPA and DES induce HOTAIR expression in cultured human breast cancer cells (MCF7) as well as in vivo in the mammary glands of rat. Luciferase assay showed that HOTAIR promoter estrogen-response-elements (EREs) are induced by BPA and DES. Estrogen-receptors (ERs) and ER-coregulators such as MLL-histone methylases (MLL1 and MLL3) bind to the HOTAIR promoter EREs in the presence of BPA and DES, modify chromatin (histone methylation and acetylation) and lead to gene activation. Knockdown of ERs down-regulated the BPA and DES-induced expression of HOTAIR. In summary, our results demonstrate that BPA and DES exposure alters the epigenetic programming of the HOTAIR promoters leading to its endocrine disruption in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunoday Bhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Imran Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Khairul I Ansari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Samara A M Bobzean
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Linda I Perrotti
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Subhrangsu S Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States.
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Wise LA, Radin RG, Kumanyika SK, Ruiz-Narváez EA, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L. Prospective study of dietary fat and risk of uterine leiomyomata. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:1105-16. [PMID: 24598152 PMCID: PMC3985214 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.073635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine leiomyomata (UL) are the primary indication for hysterectomy and are 2-3 times more common in black than white women. High dietary fat intake has been associated with increased endogenous concentrations of estradiol, a sex steroid hormone that is known to influence UL risk. OBJECTIVE We assessed the relation of dietary fat intake (total, subtypes, and selected food sources) with UL incidence. DESIGN Data were from the Black Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort study. Over an 8-y period (2001-2009), 12,044 premenopausal women were followed for a first diagnosis of UL. Diet was assessed via a food-frequency questionnaire in 2001. Cox regression models were used to compute incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS During 75,687 person-years of follow-up, there were 2695 incident UL cases diagnosed by ultrasound (n = 2191) or surgery (n = 504). Intakes of total fat and fat subtypes were not appreciably associated with UL risk overall, although statistically significant associations were observed for specific saturated (inverse) and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (positive) fatty acids. With respect to polyunsaturated fats, the IRR for the highest compared with lowest quintiles of marine fatty acid intake [the sum of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentanoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid] was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.34; P-trend = 0.005). The IRR for the highest compared with lowest categories of dark-meat fish consumption was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.28). CONCLUSIONS In US black women, the most consistent associations of fat intake with UL were small increases in risk associated with intakes of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Future studies are warranted to confirm these findings and elucidate which components of fatty foods, if any, are related to UL risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Wise
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (LAW, RGR, EAR-N, JRP, and LR), and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (SKK)
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Kim TH, Yu Y, Luo L, Lydon JP, Jeong JW, Kim JJ. Activated AKT pathway promotes establishment of endometriosis. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1921-30. [PMID: 24605828 PMCID: PMC3990849 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of endometriosis remains unclear, and relatively little is known about the mechanisms that promote establishment and survival of the disease. Previously, we demonstrated that v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) activity was increased in endometriosis tissues and cells from ovarian endometriomas and that this increase promoted cell survival as well as decreased levels of progesterone receptor. The objective of this study was to demonstrate a role for AKT in the establishment of ectopic lesions. First, a dose-dependent inhibition of AKT in stromal cells from human ovarian endometriomas (OSIS) as well as endometrial stromal cells from disease-free patients (ESC) with the allosteric AKT inhibitor MK-2206 was demonstrated by decreased levels of phosphorylated (p)(Ser473)-AKT. Levels of the AKT target protein, p(Ser256)-forkhead box O1 were increased in OSIS cells, which decreased with MK-2206 treatment, whereas levels of p(Ser9)-glycogen synthase kinase 3β did not change in response to MK-2206. Although MK-2206 decreased viability of both OSIS and ESC in a dose-dependent manner, proliferation of OSIS cells was differentially decreased significantly compared with ESC. Next, the role of hyperactive AKT in the establishment of ectopic lesions was studied using the bigenic, PR(cre/+)Pten(f/+) heterozygous mouse. Autologous implantation of uterine tissues was performed in these mice. After 4 weeks, an average of 4 ± 0.33 lesions per Pten(f/+) mouse and 7.5 ± 0.43 lesions in the PR(cre/+)Pten(f/+) mouse were found. Histological examination of the lesions showed endometrial tissue-like morphology, which was similar in both the Pten(f/+) and PR(cre/+)Pten(f/+) mice. Treatment of mice with MK-2206 resulted in a significantly decreased number of lesions established. Immunohistochemical staining of ectopic lesions revealed decreased p(Ser473)-AKT and the proliferation marker Ki67 from MK-2206-treated mice compared with vehicle-treated mice. Furthermore, levels of FOXO1 and progesterone receptor increased in lesions of mice receiving MK-2206. These results demonstrate that heightened AKT activity plays an active role in the establishment of ectopic endometrial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology (T.H.K., J.-W.J.), Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503; Division of Reproductive Biology Research (Y.Y., L.L., J.J.K.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (J.P.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Samavat H, Kurzer MS. Estrogen metabolism and breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:231-43. [PMID: 24784887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is currently accumulating evidence that endogenous estrogens play a critical role in the development of breast cancer. Estrogens and their metabolites have been studied in both pre- and postmenopausal women with more consistent results shown in the latter population, in part because of large hormonal variations during the menstrual cycle and far fewer studies having been performed in premenopausal women. In this review we describe in detail estrogen metabolism and associated genetic variations, and provide a critical review of the current literature regarding the role of estrogens and their metabolites in breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Samavat
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Mindy S Kurzer
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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7889
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Disodium pentaborate decahydrate (DPD) induced apoptosis by decreasing hTERT enzyme activity and disrupting F-actin organization of prostate cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:1531-8. [PMID: 24122279 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and cell culture studies have showed that boron and its derivatives may be promising anticancer agents in prostate cancer treatment. Thus, DU145 cells were treated with disodium pentaborate decahydrate (DPD) for 24, 48, and 72 h in order to investigate the inhibitor effect and mechanisms of DPD. Then, cell proliferation, telomerase enzyme activity, actin polymerization, and apoptosis were detected by WST-1 assay, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence labeling, and flow cytometry, respectively. We found that DPD inhibited the growth of human prostate cancer cell line DU145 at the concentration of 3.5 mM for 24 h. Our results demonstrated that 7 mM of DPD treatment prevented the telomerase enzyme activity at the rate of 38 %. Furthermore, DPD has an apoptotic effect on DU145 cells which were examined by labeling DNA breaks. With 7 mM of DPD treatment, 8, 14, and 41 % of apoptotic cells were detected for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Additionally, immunofluorescence labeling showed that the normal organization of actin filaments was disrupted in DPD-exposed cells, which is accompanied by the alteration of cell shape and by apoptosis in targeted cells. Taken together, the results indicate that DPD may exert its cytotoxicity at least partly by interfering with the dynamic properties of actin polymerization and decreasing the telomerase activity. Eventually, for the first time, the results of this study showed that DPD suppressed the activity of telomerase in DU145 cells, and therefore, we suggested that DPD could be an important agent for its therapeutic potential in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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7890
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Di Palma T, Lucci V, de Cristofaro T, Filippone MG, Zannini M. A role for PAX8 in the tumorigenic phenotype of ovarian cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:292. [PMID: 24766781 PMCID: PMC4005813 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PAX8 is a member of the paired box (Pax) multigene family of transcription factors, which are involved in the developmental and tissue-specific control of the expression of several genes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Previously, several studies reported that PAX8 is expressed at high levels in specific types of tumors. In particular, PAX8 has been recently reported to be conspicuously expressed in human ovarian cancer, but the functional role of PAX8 in the carcinogenesis of this type of tumor has not been addressed. In this study, we investigated the contribution of PAX8 in ovarian cancer progression. Methods Stable PAX8 depleted ovarian cancer cells were generated using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs. PAX8 mRNA and protein were detected by RT-PCR, immunoblot and immunofluorescence. Cell proliferation, motility and invasion potential of PAX8 silenced cells were analyzed by means of growth curves, wound healing and Matrigel assays. In addition, PAX8 knockdown and control cells were injected into nude mice for xenograft tumorigenicity assays. Finally, qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of EMT markers in PAX8-overexpressing and control cells. Results Here, we show that PAX8 plays a critical role in the migration, invasion and tumorigenic ability of ovarian cancer cells. Our results show that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of PAX8 expression in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells produces a significant reduction of cell proliferation, migration ability and invasion activity compared with control parental SKOV-3 cells. Moreover, PAX8 silencing strongly suppresses anchorage-independent growth in vitro. Notably, tumorigenesis in vivo in a nude mouse xenograft model is also significantly inhibited. Conclusions Overall, our results indicate that PAX8 plays an important role in the tumorigenic phenotype of ovarian cancer cells and identifies PAX8 as a potential new target for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mariastella Zannini
- IEOS, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G, Salvatore', National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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7891
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Pinto MP, Medina RA, Owen GI. 2-methoxyestradiol and disorders of female reproductive tissues. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:274-83. [PMID: 24764201 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is an endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol. Once thought of as a mere degradation product, 2ME has gained attention as an important component of reproductive physiology and as a therapeutic agent in reproductive pathologies such as preeclampsia, endometriosis, infertility, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the involvement of 2ME in reproductive pathophysiology and summarize its known mechanisms of action: microtubule disruption, inhibition of angiogenesis and stimulation of apoptosis. Currently, the clinical uses of 2ME as a single agent are limited due to its poor water solubility and thus low bioavailability; however, 2ME analogs and derivatives have been recently developed and tested as cancer treatments. Despite some isolated success stories and ongoing research, 2ME derivatives have not yet provided the expected results. The adjuvant use of 2ME derivatives with chemotherapeutic agents is hindered by their intrinsic toxicity confounding the unwanted secondary effects of chemotherapy. However, due to the well-tested tolerance of the body to high doses of native 2ME, it may the combination of native 2ME with conventional treatments that will offer novel clinically relevant regimens for cancer and other reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Subramanian C, Zhang H, Gallagher R, Hammer G, Timmermann B, Cohen M. Withanolides are Potent Novel Targeted Therapeutic Agents Against Adrenocortical Carcinomas. World J Surg 2014; 38:1343-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-014-2532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7893
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BUB1 mRNA is significantly co-expressed with AURKA and AURKB mRNA in advanced-stage ovarian serous carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2014; 464:701-7. [PMID: 24756216 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and clinical role of the spindle checkpoint kinase budding uninhibited by benzimidazole 1 (Bub1) in primary and metastatic advanced-stage ovarian serous carcinoma. BUB1 mRNA expression was analyzed in 178 tumors (88 effusions, 38 primary carcinomas, and 52 solid metastases) from 144 patients with advanced-stage disease using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bub1 protein expression by Western blotting was studied in 63 carcinomas (30 effusions and 33 solid lesions). BUB1 mRNA expression at different anatomic sites was studied for association with clinicopathologic parameters, including chemotherapy resistance and survival. BUB1 mRNA was universally expressed in serous carcinomas, irrespective of anatomic site. BUB1 mRNA levels were uniformly low in six ovarian surface epithelium specimens analyzed for comparative purposes. Bub1 protein was expressed in 22/30 effusions and 28/33 solid lesions. BUB1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in chemo-naïve primary carcinomas and solid metastases compared to specimens obtained following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p < 0.001) and was unrelated to chemotherapy exposure in effusions nor to chemoresponse or survival at any anatomic site. BUB1 mRNA levels in both effusions and solid lesions were strongly related to the mRNA levels of AURKA and AURKB previously studied in this cohort (p < 0.001 for both). Bub1 is widely expressed in primary and metastatic OC, suggesting a biological role in this cancer. BUB1 mRNA levels are lower following chemotherapy exposure in solid lesions, though its presence is unrelated to clinical behavior including response to chemotherapy and survival. BUB1 is co-expressed with AURKA and AURKB suggesting biological relationship between these spindle cell components.
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7894
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Adomas AB, Grimm SA, Malone C, Takaku M, Sims JK, Wade PA. Breast tumor specific mutation in GATA3 affects physiological mechanisms regulating transcription factor turnover. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:278. [PMID: 24758297 PMCID: PMC4021073 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor GATA3 is a favorable prognostic indicator in estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive breast tumors in which it participates with ERα and FOXA1 in a complex transcriptional regulatory program driving tumor growth. GATA3 mutations are frequent in breast cancer and have been classified as driver mutations. To elucidate the contribution(s) of GATA3 alterations to cancer, we studied two breast cancer cell lines, MCF7, which carries a heterozygous frameshift mutation in the second zinc finger of GATA3, and T47D, wild-type at this locus. METHODS Immunofluorescence staining and subcellular fractionation were employed to verify cellular localization of GATA3 in T47D and MCF7 cells. To test protein stability, cells were treated with translation inhibitor, cycloheximide or proteasome inhibitor, MG132, and GATA3 abundance was measured over time using immunoblot. GATA3 turn-over in response to hormone was determined by treating the cells with estradiol or ERα agonist, ICI 182,780. DNA binding ability of recombinant GATA3 was evaluated using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and heparin chromatography. Genomic location of GATA3 in MCF7 and T47D cells was assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq). RESULTS GATA3 localized in the nucleus in T47D and MCF7 cells, regardless of the mutation status. The truncated protein in MCF7 had impaired interaction with chromatin and was easily released from the nucleus. Recombinant mutant GATA3 was able to bind DNA to a lesser degree than the wild-type protein. Heterozygosity for the truncating mutation conferred protection from regulated turnover of GATA3, ERα and FOXA1 following estrogen stimulation in MCF7 cells. Thus, mutant GATA3 uncoupled protein-level regulation of master regulatory transcription factors from hormone action. Consistent with increased protein stability, ChIP-seq profiling identified greater genome-wide accumulation of GATA3 in MCF7 cells bearing the mutation, albeit with a similar distribution across the genome, comparing to T47D cells. CONCLUSIONS We propose that this specific, cancer-derived mutation in GATA3 deregulates physiologic protein turnover, stabilizes GATA3 binding across the genome and modulates the response of breast cancer cells to estrogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra B Adomas
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr, 27709 Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sara A Grimm
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christine Malone
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr, 27709 Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Motoki Takaku
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr, 27709 Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer K Sims
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr, 27709 Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul A Wade
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr, 27709 Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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7895
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Paul A, Garcia YA, Zierer B, Patwardhan C, Gutierrez O, Hildenbrand Z, Harris DC, Balsiger HA, Sivils JC, Johnson JL, Buchner J, Chadli A, Cox MB. The cochaperone SGTA (small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha) demonstrates regulatory specificity for the androgen, glucocorticoid, and progesterone receptors. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15297-308. [PMID: 24753260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors that require the ordered assembly of multichaperone complexes for transcriptional activity. Although heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 and Hsp70 are key players in this process, multiple Hsp70- and Hsp90-associated cochaperones associate with receptor-chaperone complexes to regulate receptor folding and activation. Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha (SGTA) was recently characterized as an Hsp70 and Hsp90-associated cochaperone that specifically regulates androgen receptor activity. However, the specificity of SGTA for additional members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily and the mechanism by which SGTA regulates receptor activity remain unclear. Here we report that SGTA associates with and specifically regulates the androgen, glucocorticoid, and progesterone receptors and has no effect on the mineralocorticoid and estrogen receptors in both yeast and mammalian cell-based reporter assays. In both systems, SGTA knockdown/deletion enhances receptor activity, whereas SGTA overexpression suppresses receptor activity. We demonstrate that SGTA binds directly to Hsp70 and Hsp90 in vitro with similar affinities yet predominately precipitates with Hsp70 from cell lysates, suggesting a role for SGTA in early, Hsp70-mediated folding. Furthermore, SGTA expression completely abrogates the regulation of receptor function by FKBP52 (52-kDa FK506-binding protein), which acts at a later stage of the chaperone cycle. Taken together, our data suggest a role for SGTA at distinct steps in the chaperone-dependent modulation of androgen, glucocorticoid, and progesterone receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Paul
- From the Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences and
| | - Yenni A Garcia
- From the Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences and
| | - Bettina Zierer
- the Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Chaitanya Patwardhan
- the Cancer Research Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, and
| | - Omar Gutierrez
- From the Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences and
| | - Zacariah Hildenbrand
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Diondra C Harris
- From the Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences and
| | - Heather A Balsiger
- From the Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences and
| | - Jeffrey C Sivils
- From the Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences and
| | - Jill L Johnson
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844
| | - Johannes Buchner
- the Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Ahmed Chadli
- the Cancer Research Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, and
| | - Marc B Cox
- From the Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences and
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7896
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Hu W, Liu T, Ivan C, Sun Y, Huang J, Mangala LS, Miyake T, Dalton HJ, Pradeep S, Rupaimoole R, Previs RA, Han HD, Bottsford-Miller J, Zand B, Kang Y, Pecot CV, Nick AM, Wu SY, Lee JS, Sehgal V, Ram P, Liu J, Tucker SL, Lopez-Berestein G, Baggerly KA, Coleman RL, Sood AK. Notch3 pathway alterations in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3282-93. [PMID: 24743243 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Notch pathway plays an important role in the growth of high-grade serous ovarian (HGS-OvCa) and other cancers, but its clinical and biologic mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we found that the Notch pathway alterations are prevalent and significantly related to poor clinical outcome in patients with ovarian cancer. Particularly, Notch3 alterations, including amplification and upregulation, were highly associated with poor patient survival. Targeting Notch3 inhibited ovarian cancer growth and induced apoptosis. Importantly, we found that dynamin-mediated endocytosis was required for selectively activating Jagged-1-mediated Notch3 signaling. Cleaved Notch3 expression was the critical determinant of response to Notch-targeted therapy. Collectively, these data identify previously unknown mechanisms underlying Notch3 signaling and identify new, biomarker-driven approaches for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tao Liu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TexasAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yunjie Sun
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jie Huang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lingegowda S Mangala
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TexasAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Takahito Miyake
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Heather J Dalton
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rajesh Rupaimoole
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rebecca A Previs
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Justin Bottsford-Miller
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Behrouz Zand
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yu Kang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chad V Pecot
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alpa M Nick
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sherry Y Wu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vasudha Sehgal
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Prahlad Ram
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan L Tucker
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TexasAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TexasAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Keith A Baggerly
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anil K Sood
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TexasAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TexasAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Systems Biology, Pathology, Experimental Therapeutics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cancer Biology, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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7897
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Systemic identification of estrogen-regulated genes in breast cancer cells through cap analysis of gene expression mapping. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:531-6. [PMID: 24746470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To explore the estrogen-regulated genes genome-widely in breast cancer, cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) sequencing was performed in MCF-7 cells under estrogen treatment. Estrogen-regulated expressional changes were found in 1537 CAGE tag clusters (TCs) (⩾1.5 or ⩽0.66-folds). Among them, 15 TCs were situated in the vicinity of (⩽10 kb) reported estrogen receptor-binding sites. Knockdown experiments of the 15 TC-associated genes demonstrated that the genes such as RAMP3, ISOC1 and GPRC5C potentially regulate the growth or migration of MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that CAGE sequencing will reveal novel estrogen target genes in breast cancer.
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7898
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Wang KR, Ye YQ, Zhang YL, Zhao LH, Gu YQ, Ma CL, Hou CM, Huang KK, Xu ZL. Evaluation of factors associated with pain experienced during mammary ductoscopy. Oncol Res Treat 2014; 37:204-8. [PMID: 24732645 DOI: 10.1159/000360784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate patient characteristics and findings after mammary ductoscopy in an effort to reduce the pain experienced during the procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated outpatients in whom mammary ductoscopy was performed under local or intraductal anesthesia without preference, and their clinical characteristics and findings were recorded. Average and maximum pain scores were determined after the examination for statistical analysis. RESULTS The overall average pain score was 3.74 ± 1.353, and the maximum pain score was 6.40 ± 1.681. The type of anesthesia, total operation time, nipple retraction, and discharge status significantly correlated with the pain score. Intraductal anesthesia lowered the average pain score by 0.60, whereas a total procedure time greater than 12 min increased the average pain score by 0.956. The pain score decreased if patients had nipple retraction, and intraductal anesthesia proved suitable for patients with normal nipples. CONCLUSION Intraductal anesthesia is suitable for most patients, and ductoscopy should not exceed 12 min to minimize the pain. Nipple retraction does not significantly increase pain, but local anesthesia should be used in patients with retracted nipples. Patient age, breastfeeding history, menstrual stage, and presence of intraductal tumors were not associated with the level of pain experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ren Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7899
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Yokoyama NN, Shao S, Hoang BH, Mercola D, Zi X. Wnt signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer: implications for therapy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:27-44. [PMID: 25143959 PMCID: PMC4219296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has indicated that Wnt signaling plays complex roles in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although not all data were consistent, β-catenin nuclear localization and its co-localization with androgen receptor (AR) were more frequently observed in CRPC compared to hormone naïve prostate cancer. This direct interaction between AR and β-catenin seemed to elicit a specific expression of a set of target genes in low androgen conditions in CRPC. Paracrine Wnt signaling also was shown to aid resistance to chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy. Results from the next generation sequencing studies (i.e. RNA-seq and whole exosome sequcing) of CRPC specimens have identified the Wnt pathway as one of the top signaling pathways with significant genomic alterations in CRPC, whereas, Wnt pathway alterations were virtually absent in hormone naïve primary prostate cancer. Furthermore, Wnt signaling has been suggested to play an important role in cancer stem cell functions in prostate cancer recurrence and resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Therefore, in this review we have summarized existing knowledge regarding potential roles of Wnt signaling in CRPC and underline Wnt signaling as a potential therapeutic target for CRPC. Further understanding of Wnt signaling in castration resistance may eventually contribute new insights into possible treatment options for this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko N Yokoyama
- Department of Urology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Shujuan Shao
- Department of Urology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Bang H Hoang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Dan Mercola
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Othopeadic Surgery, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Urology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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7900
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Establishing reliable miRNA-cancer association network based on text-mining method. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2014; 2014:746979. [PMID: 24895499 PMCID: PMC4016856 DOI: 10.1155/2014/746979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Associating microRNAs (miRNAs) with cancers is an important step of understanding the mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis and finding novel biomarkers for cancer therapies. In this study, we constructed a miRNA-cancer association network (miCancerna) based on more than 1,000 miRNA-cancer associations detected from millions of abstracts with the text-mining method, including 226 miRNA families and 20 common cancers. We further prioritized cancer-related miRNAs at the network level with the random-walk algorithm, achieving a relatively higher performance than previous miRNA disease networks. Finally, we examined the top 5 candidate miRNAs for each kind of cancer and found that 71% of them are confirmed experimentally. miCancerna would be an alternative resource for the cancer-related miRNA identification.
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