751
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Viswanathan P, Guvendiren M, Chua W, Telerman SB, Liakath-Ali K, Burdick JA, Watt FM. Mimicking the topography of the epidermal-dermal interface with elastomer substrates. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:21-9. [PMID: 26658424 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In human skin the interface between the epidermis and dermis is not flat, but undulates. The dimensions of the undulations change as a function of age and disease. Epidermal stem cell clusters lie in specific locations relative to the undulations; however, whether their location affects their properties is unknown. To explore this, we developed a two-step protocol to create patterned substrates that mimic the topographical features of the human epidermal-dermal interface. Substrates with negative patterns were first fabricated by exposing a photocurable formulation to light, controlling the topographical features (such as diameter, height and center-to-center distance) by the photomask pattern dimensions and UV crosslinking time. The negative pattern was then translated to PDMS elastomer to fabricate substrates with 8 unique surface topographies on which primary human keratinocytes were cultured. We found that cells were patterned according to topography, and that separate cues determined the locations of stem cells, differentiated cells and proliferating cells. The biomimetic platform we have developed will be useful for probing the effect of topography on stem cell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyalakshmi Viswanathan
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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752
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Goodnough LH, Dinuoscio GJ, Atit RP. Twist1 contributes to cranial bone initiation and dermal condensation by maintaining Wnt signaling responsiveness. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:144-56. [PMID: 26677825 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specification of cranial bone and dermal fibroblast progenitors in the supraorbital arch mesenchyme is Wnt/β-catenin signaling-dependent. The mechanism underlying how these cells interpret instructive signaling cues and differentiate into these two lineages is unclear. Twist1 is a target of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and is expressed in cranial bone and dermal lineages. RESULTS Here, we show that onset of Twist1 expression in the mouse cranial mesenchyme is dependent on ectodermal Wnts and mesenchymal β-catenin activity. Conditional deletion of Twist1 in the supraorbital arch mesenchyme leads to cranial bone agenesis and hypoplastic dermis, as well as craniofacial malformation of eyes and palate. Twist1 is preferentially required for cranial bone lineage commitment by maintaining Wnt responsiveness. In the conditional absence of Twist1, the cranial dermis fails to condense and expand apically leading to extensive cranial dermal hypoplasia with few and undifferentiated hair follicles. CONCLUSIONS Thus, Twist1, a target of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, also functions to maintain Wnt responsiveness and is a key effector for cranial bone fate selection and dermal condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Henry Goodnough
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gregg J Dinuoscio
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Radhika P Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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753
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The Janus face of myofibroblasts in the remodeling heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 91:35-41. [PMID: 26690324 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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754
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Dermal Contributions to Human Interfollicular Epidermal Architecture and Self-Renewal. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28098-107. [PMID: 26602926 PMCID: PMC4691026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human interfollicular epidermis is renewed throughout life by populations of proliferating basal keratinocytes. Though interfollicular keratinocyte stem cells have been identified, it is not known how self-renewal in this compartment is spatially organized. At the epidermal-dermal junction, keratinocytes sit atop a heterogeneous mix of dermal cells that may regulate keratinocyte self-renewal by influencing local tissue architecture and signalling microenvironments. Focusing on the rete ridges and complementary dermal papillae in human skin, we review the identity and organisation of abundant dermal cells types and present evidence for interactions between the dermal microenvironment and the interfollicular keratinocytes.
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755
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic sclerosis, an autoimmune disease of unknown origin, is characterized by progressive fibrosis that can affect all organs of the body. To date, there are no effective therapies for the disease. This paucity of treatment options is primarily because of limited understanding of the processes that initiate and promote fibrosis in general and a lack of animal models that specifically emulate the chronic nature of systemic sclerosis. Most models capitulate acute injury-induced fibrosis in specific organs. Yet, regardless of the model a major outstanding question in the field is the cellular origin of fibrosing cells. RECENT FINDINGS A multitude of origins have been proposed in a variety of tissues, including resident tissue stroma, fibrocytes, pericytes, adipocytes, epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Developmentally derived fibroblast lineages have recently been elucidated with fibrosing potential in injury models. Increasing data support the pericyte as a fibrosing cell origin in diverse fibrosis models and adipocytes have recently been proposed. Fibrocytes, epithelial cells and endothelial cells also have been examined, although data do not as strongly support these possible origins. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss recent evidence arguing in favor of and against proposed origins of fibrosing cells in diverse models of fibrosis. We highlight outstanding controversies and propose how future research may elucidate how fibrosing cells arise and what processes can be targeted in order to treat systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ebmeier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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756
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Peacock HM, Gilbert EAB, Vickaryous MK. Scar-free cutaneous wound healing in the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. J Anat 2015; 227:596-610. [PMID: 26360824 PMCID: PMC4609196 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds heal with two possible outcomes: scarification or near-perfect integumentary restoration. Whereas scar formation has been intensively investigated, less is known about the tissue-level events characterising wounds that spontaneously heal scar-free, particularly in non-foetal amniotes. Here, a spatiotemporal investigation of scar-free cutaneous wound healing following full-thickness excisional biopsies to the tail and body of leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) is provided. All injuries healed without scarring. Cutaneous repair involves the development of a cell-rich aggregate within the wound bed, similar to scarring wounds. Unlike scar formation, scar-free healing involves a more rapid closure of the wound epithelium, and a delay in blood vessel development and collagen deposition within the wound bed. It was found that, while granulation tissue of scarring wounds is hypervascular, scar-free wound healing conspicuously does not involve a period of exuberant blood vessel formation. In addition, during scar-free wound healing the newly formed blood vessels are typically perivascular cell-supported. Immunohistochemistry revealed widespread expression of both the pro-angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor A and the anti-angiogenic factor thrombospondin-1 within the healing wound. It was found that scar-free wound healing is an intrinsic property of leopard gecko integument, and involves a modulation of the cutaneous scar repair program. This proportional revascularisation is an important factor in scar-free wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Peacock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Emily A B Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew K Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
- Correspondence, Matthew K. Vickaryous, Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1. T: 1-519-760-2374 x 53871; E:
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757
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Kim JB, Lee H, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Hwang K, Nam D, Park MR, Zaehres H, Park KI, Lee SJ. Oct4-induced oligodendrocyte progenitor cells enhance functional recovery in spinal cord injury model. EMBO J 2015; 34:2971-83. [PMID: 26497893 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of patient-specific oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) holds great potential as an expandable cell source for cell replacement therapy as well as drug screening in spinal cord injury or demyelinating diseases. Here, we demonstrate that induced OPCs (iOPCs) can be directly derived from adult mouse fibroblasts by Oct4-mediated direct reprogramming, using anchorage-independent growth to ensure high purity. Homogeneous iOPCs exhibit typical small-bipolar morphology, maintain their self-renewal capacity and OPC marker expression for more than 31 passages, share high similarity in the global gene expression profile to wild-type OPCs, and give rise to mature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Notably, transplanted iOPCs contribute to functional recovery in a spinal cord injury (SCI) model without tumor formation. This study provides a simple strategy to generate functional self-renewing iOPCs and yields insights for the in-depth study of demyelination and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Beom Kim
- Hans Schöler Stem Cell Research Center (HSSCRC), School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea Max Planck Partner Group-Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory (MPPG-MBL), UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hyunah Lee
- Hans Schöler Stem Cell Research Center (HSSCRC), School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea Max Planck Partner Group-Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory (MPPG-MBL), UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kyujin Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics and BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Donggyu Nam
- Hans Schöler Stem Cell Research Center (HSSCRC), School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea Max Planck Partner Group-Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory (MPPG-MBL), UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Myung Rae Park
- Hans Schöler Stem Cell Research Center (HSSCRC), School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea Max Planck Partner Group-Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory (MPPG-MBL), UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Holm Zaehres
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Kook In Park
- Department of Pediatrics and BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Lee
- Hans Schöler Stem Cell Research Center (HSSCRC), School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea Max Planck Partner Group-Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory (MPPG-MBL), UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
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758
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Wong R, Geyer S, Weninger W, Guimberteau JC, Wong JK. The dynamic anatomy and patterning of skin. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:92-8. [PMID: 26284579 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin is often viewed as a static barrier that protects the body from the outside world. Emphasis on studying the skin's architecture and biomechanics in the context of restoring skin movement and function is often ignored. It is fundamentally important that if skin is to be modelled or developed, we do not only focus on the biology of skin but also aim to understand its mechanical properties and structure in living dynamic tissue. In this review, we describe the architecture of skin and patterning seen in skin as viewed from a surgical perspective and highlight aspects of the microanatomy that have never fully been realized and provide evidence or concepts that support the importance of studying living skin's dynamic behaviour. We highlight how the structure of the skin has evolved to allow the body dynamic form and function, and how injury, disease or ageing results in a dramatic changes to the microarchitecture and changes physical characteristics of skin. Therefore, appreciating the dynamic microanatomy of skin from the deep fascia through to the skin surface is vitally important from a dermatological and surgical perspective. This focus provides an alternative perspective and approach to addressing skin pathologies and skin ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wong
- Plastic Surgery Research, Centre of Dermatology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stefan Geyer
- Center for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Center for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Claude Guimberteau
- De la Main et Plastique Reconstructice, Institut Aquitain de la Main Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Jason K Wong
- Plastic Surgery Research, Centre of Dermatology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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759
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Giamboi-Miraglia A, Cianfarani F, Cattani C, Lena AM, Serra V, Campione E, Terrinoni A, Zambruno G, Odorisio T, Di Daniele N, Melino G, Candi E. The E3 ligase Itch knockout mice show hyperproliferation and wound healing alteration. FEBS J 2015; 282:4435-49. [PMID: 26361888 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch is absent in the non-agouti-lethal 18H or Itchy mice, which develop a severe immunological disease. Several of the known Itch substrates are relevant for epidermal development and homeostasis, such as p63, Notch, c-Jun and JunB. By analysing Itchy mice before the onset of immunological alterations, we investigated the contribution of Itch in skin development and wound healing. Itchy newborn mice manifested hyperplastic epidermis, which is not present in adulthood. Itch(-/-) cultured keratinocytes showed overexpression of proliferating markers and increased capability to proliferate, migrate and to repair a scratch injury in vitro. These data correlated with improved in vivo wound healing in Itchy mice, at late time points of the repair process when Itch is physiologically upregulated. Despite healing acceleration, epidermal remodelling was delayed in the scars of Itch(-/-) mice, as indicated by enhanced epidermal thickening, keratinocyte proliferation and keratin 6 expression, and retarded keratin 14 polarization to the basal layer. Itch(-/-) keratinocyte prolonged activation was not associated with increased immune cell persistence in the scars. Our in vitro and in vivo results indicate that Itch plays a role in epidermal homeostasis and remodelling and this feature does not seem to depend on immunological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Cianfarani
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cattani
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Lena
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Serra
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Campione
- Department of Dermatology, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Terrinoni
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zambruno
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Odorisio
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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760
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Alexander CM, Kasza I, Yen CLE, Reeder SB, Hernando D, Gallo RL, Jahoda CAB, Horsley V, MacDougald OA. Dermal white adipose tissue: a new component of the thermogenic response. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2061-9. [PMID: 26405076 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r062893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent literature suggests that the layer of adipocytes embedded in the skin below the dermis is far from being an inert spacer material. Instead, this layer of dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) is a regulated lipid layer that comprises a crucial environmental defense. Among all the classes of biological molecules, lipids have the lowest thermal conductance and highest insulation potential. This property can be exploited by mammals to reduce heat loss, suppress brown adipose tissue activation, reduce the activation of thermogenic programs, and increase metabolic efficiency. Furthermore, this layer responds to bacterial challenge to provide a physical barrier and antimicrobial disinfection, and its expansion supports the growth of hair follicles and regenerating skin. In sum, this dWAT layer is a key defensive player with remarkable potential for modifying systemic metabolism, immune function, and physiology. In this review, we discuss the key literature illustrating the properties of this recently recognized adipose depot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Ildiko Kasza
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - C-L Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Scott B Reeder
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Diego Hernando
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Colin A B Jahoda
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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761
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Morphological Retrospective Study of Peritoneal Biopsies from Patients with Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis: Underestimated Role of Adipocytes as New Fibroblasts Lineage? Int J Nephrol 2015; 2015:987415. [PMID: 26366298 PMCID: PMC4556900 DOI: 10.1155/2015/987415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare but serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Besides the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), recently peritoneal adipocytes emerged as a potential source of fibrosis. We performed immunohistochemistry to approach EMT and to localize peritoneal adipocytes in peritoneal biopsies from PD-related EPS patients. Material and Methods. We investigated tissue expression of podoplanin, cytokeratin AE1/AE3 (mesothelium), calretinin (adipocytes), alpha-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA] (mesenchymal cells), interstitial mononuclear cell inflammation, and neoangiogenesis (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, and CD31 immunostainings, resp.). Results. Three patients (1 man/2 women; 17, 64, and 39 years old, resp.) developed EPS after 21, 90, and 164 months of PD therapy. In patients with EPS, we observed (1) loss of AE1/AE3 cytokeratin+ mesothelial cells without any evidence of migration into the interstitium, (2) disappearance of adipose tissue, (3) diffuse infiltration of calretinin+ cells in the areas of submesothelial fibrosis with a huge number of α-SMA and calretinin+ fusiform cells, and (4) increased vascular density. Conclusion. We report that the involvement of EMT in peritoneal fibrosis is difficult to demonstrate and that the calretinin+ adipocytes might be an underestimated component and a new source of myofibroblasts in peritoneal remodeling during PD-related EPS.
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762
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Kaushal GS, Rognoni E, Lichtenberger BM, Driskell RR, Kretzschmar K, Hoste E, Watt FM. Fate of Prominin-1 Expressing Dermal Papilla Cells during Homeostasis, Wound Healing and Wnt Activation. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2926-2934. [PMID: 26288357 PMCID: PMC4650270 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prominin-1/CD133 (Prom1) is expressed by fibroblasts in the dermal papilla (DP) of the hair follicle (HF). By examining endogenous Prom1 expression and expression of LacZ in the skin of Prom1CreERLacZ (Prom1C-L) mice, in which a CreERT2-IRES-nuclear LacZ cassette is knocked into the first ATG codon of Prom1, we confirmed that Prom1 is expressed in the DP of all developing HFs and also by postnatal anagen follicles. To analyze the fate of Prom1+ DP cells, we crossed Prom1C-L mice with Rosa26-CAG flox/stop/flox tdTomato reporter mice and applied 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT) to back skin at postnatal day (P) 1 and P2. We detected tdTomato+ cells in ~50% of DPs. The proportion of labeled cells per DP increased between P5 and P63, while the total number of cells per DP declined. Following full thickness wounding, there was no migration of tdTomato-labeled cells out of the DP. When β-catenin was activated in Prom1+ DP cells there was an increase in the size of anagen and telogen DP, but the proportion of tdTomato-labeled cells did not increase. We conclude that Prom1+ DP cells do not contribute to dermal repair but are nevertheless capable of regulating DP size via β-catenin-mediated intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace S Kaushal
- King's College London, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Emanuel Rognoni
- King's College London, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Beate M Lichtenberger
- King's College London, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Ryan R Driskell
- King's College London, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Kai Kretzschmar
- King's College London, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Esther Hoste
- King's College London, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- King's College London, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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763
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Fibroblast heterogeneity and its implications for engineering organotypic skin models in vitro. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:483-512. [PMID: 26344860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cell culture methods, multidisciplinary research, clinical need to replace lost skin tissues and regulatory need to replace animal models with alternative test methods has led to development of three dimensional models of human skin. In general, these in vitro models of skin consist of keratinocytes cultured over fibroblast-populated dermal matrices. Accumulating evidences indicate that mesenchyme-derived signals are essential for epidermal morphogenesis, homeostasis and differentiation. Various studies show that fibroblasts isolated from different tissues in the body are dynamic in nature and are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous subpopulations. Further, these differences seem to be dictated by the local biological and physical microenvironment the fibroblasts reside resulting in "positional identity or memory". Furthermore, the heterogeneity among the fibroblasts play a critical role in scarless wound healing and complete restoration of native tissue architecture in fetus and oral mucosa; and excessive scar formation in diseased states like keloids and hypertrophic scars. In this review, we summarize current concepts about the heterogeneity among fibroblasts and their role in various wound healing environments. Further, we contemplate how the insights on fibroblast heterogeneity could be applied for the development of next generation organotypic skin models.
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764
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Zheng L, Hui Q, Tang L, Zheng L, Jin Z, Yu B, Wang Z, Lin P, Yu W, Li H, Li X, Wang X. TAT-Mediated Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor Delivery to the Dermis Improves Wound Healing of Deep Skin Tissue in Rat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135291. [PMID: 26271041 PMCID: PMC4536212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The definition of deep tissue injury was derived from multiple clinical cases as "A purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear". Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) significantly improves wound healing under diabetic conditions. However, to date, the therapeutic application of aFGF has been limited, due to its low delivery efficiency and short half-life. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using an animal model of magnet-induced pressure ulcers, transactivator of transcription protein (TAT)-aFGF was evaluated for transdermal delivery and wound healing. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were also performed to determine the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CD68, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and TGF-β-receptor II (TGF- βRII) in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. We found that that mice treated with TAT-aFGF had higher accumulation of aFGF in both dermis and subcutaneous tissues compared with mice treated with aFGF alone. In the remodeling phase, TAT-aFGF treatment decreased the expression of α-SMA to normal levels, thereby facilitating normal wound healing processes and abrogating hypertrophic scarring. In human dermal fibroblasts, TAT-aFGF reversed the suppressive effect of TNF-α on α-SMA expression and restored TGF-βRII and TGF-β1 expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate that TAT-aFGF has a favorable therapeutic effect on the healing of subcutaneous deep tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Bingjie Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhitao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Peng Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Weidan Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (XL); (HL)
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (XL); (HL)
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (XL); (HL)
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765
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Vapniarsky N, Arzi B, Hu JC, Nolta JA, Athanasiou KA. Concise Review: Human Dermis as an Autologous Source of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1187-98. [PMID: 26253713 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The exciting potential for regenerating organs from autologous stem cells is on the near horizon, and adult dermis stem cells (DSCs) are particularly appealing because of the ease and relative minimal invasiveness of skin collection. A substantial number of reports have described DSCs and their potential for regenerating tissues from mesenchymal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineages; however, the exact niches of these stem cells in various skin types and their antigenic surface makeup are not yet clearly defined. The multilineage potential of DSCs appears to be similar, despite great variability in isolation and in vitro propagation methods. Despite this great potential, only limited amounts of tissues and clinical applications for organ regeneration have been developed from DSCs. This review summarizes the literature on DSCs regarding their niches and the specific markers they express. The concept of the niches and the differentiation capacity of cells residing in them along particular lineages is discussed. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of widely used methods to demonstrate lineage differentiation are considered. In addition, safety considerations and the most recent advancements in the field of tissue engineering and regeneration using DSCs are discussed. This review concludes with thoughts on how to prospectively approach engineering of tissues and organ regeneration using DSCs. Our expectation is that implementation of the major points highlighted in this review will lead to major advancements in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. SIGNIFICANCE Autologous dermis-derived stem cells are generating great excitement and efforts in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The substantial impact of this review lies in its critical coverage of the available literature and in providing insight regarding niches, characteristics, and isolation methods of stem cells derived from the human dermis. Furthermore, it provides analysis of the current state-of-the-art regenerative approaches using human-derived dermal stem cells, with consideration of current guidelines, to assist translation toward therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jan A Nolta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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766
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Sennett R, Wang Z, Rezza A, Grisanti L, Roitershtein N, Sicchio C, Mok KW, Heitman NJ, Clavel C, Ma'ayan A, Rendl M. An Integrated Transcriptome Atlas of Embryonic Hair Follicle Progenitors, Their Niche, and the Developing Skin. Dev Cell 2015; 34:577-91. [PMID: 26256211 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Defining the unique molecular features of progenitors and their niche requires a genome-wide, whole-tissue approach with cellular resolution. Here, we co-isolate embryonic hair follicle (HF) placode and dermal condensate cells, precursors of adult HF stem cells and the dermal papilla/sheath niche, along with lineage-related keratinocytes and fibroblasts, Schwann cells, melanocytes, and a population inclusive of all remaining skin cells. With next-generation RNA sequencing, we define gene expression patterns in the context of the entire embryonic skin, and through transcriptome cross-comparisons, we uncover hundreds of enriched genes in cell-type-specific signatures. Axon guidance signaling and many other pathway genes are enriched in multiple signatures, implicating these factors in driving the large-scale cellular rearrangements necessary for HF formation. Finally, we share all data in an interactive, searchable companion website. Our study provides an overarching view of signaling within the entire embryonic skin and captures a molecular snapshot of HF progenitors and their niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sennett
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zichen Wang
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Knowledge Management Center for Illuminating the Druggable Genome (KMC-IDG), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Amélie Rezza
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laura Grisanti
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nataly Roitershtein
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cristina Sicchio
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ka Wai Mok
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas J Heitman
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carlos Clavel
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Knowledge Management Center for Illuminating the Druggable Genome (KMC-IDG), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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767
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Gene Signature of Human Oral Mucosa Fibroblasts: Comparison with Dermal Fibroblasts and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:121575. [PMID: 26339586 PMCID: PMC4538314 DOI: 10.1155/2015/121575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oral mucosa is a useful material for regeneration therapy with the advantages of its accessibility and versatility regardless of age and gender. However, little is known about the molecular characteristics of oral mucosa. Here we report the first comparative profiles of the gene signatures of human oral mucosa fibroblasts (hOFs), human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs), and hOF-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (hOF-iPSCs), linking these with biological roles by functional annotation and pathway analyses. As a common feature of fibroblasts, both hOFs and hDFs expressed glycolipid metabolism-related genes at higher levels compared with hOF-iPSCs. Distinct characteristics of hOFs compared with hDFs included a high expression of glycoprotein genes, involved in signaling, extracellular matrix, membrane, and receptor proteins, besides a low expression of HOX genes, the hDFs-markers. The results of the pathway analyses indicated that tissue-reconstructive, proliferative, and signaling pathways are active, whereas senescence-related genes in p53 pathway are inactive in hOFs. Furthermore, more than half of hOF-specific genes were similarly expressed to those of hOF-iPSC genes and might be controlled by WNT signaling. Our findings demonstrated that hOFs have unique cellular characteristics in specificity and plasticity. These data may provide useful insight into application of oral fibroblasts for direct reprograming.
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768
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Walmsley GG, Hu MS, Maan ZN, Rinkevich Y, Weissman IL, Longaker MT. En1 fibroblasts and melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2015; 2:191-192. [PMID: 30190847 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.15.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Graham G Walmsley
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Hu
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuval Rinkevich
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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769
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Baida G, Bhalla P, Kirsanov K, Lesovaya E, Yakubovskaya M, Yuen K, Guo S, Lavker RM, Readhead B, Dudley JT, Budunova I. REDD1 functions at the crossroads between the therapeutic and adverse effects of topical glucocorticoids. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:42-58. [PMID: 25504525 PMCID: PMC4309667 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous atrophy is the major adverse effect of topical glucocorticoids; however, its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identify stress-inducible mTOR inhibitor REDD1 (regulated in development and DNA damage response 1) as a major molecular target of glucocorticoids, which mediates cutaneous atrophy. In REDD1 knockout (KO) mice, all skin compartments (epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat), epidermal stem, and progenitor cells were protected from atrophic effects of glucocorticoids. Moreover, REDD1 knockdown resulted in similar consequences in organotypic raft cultures of primary human keratinocytes. Expression profiling revealed that gene activation by glucocorticoids was strongly altered in REDD1 KO epidermis. In contrast, the down-regulation of genes involved in anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid response was strikingly similar in wild-type and REDD1 KO mice. Integrative bioinformatics analysis of our and published gene array data revealed similar changes of gene expression in epidermis and in muscle undergoing glucocorticoid-dependent and glucocorticoid-independent atrophy. Importantly, the lack of REDD1 did not diminish the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in preclinical model. Our findings suggest that combining steroids with REDD1 inhibitors may yield a novel, safer glucocorticoid-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Baida
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pankaj Bhalla
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kit Yuen
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shuchi Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert M Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ben Readhead
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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770
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Abstract
Myofibroblasts are activated in response to tissue injury with the primary task to repair lost or damaged extracellular matrix. Enhanced collagen secretion and subsequent contraction - scarring - are part of the normal wound healing response and crucial to restore tissue integrity. Due to myofibroblasts ability to repair but not regenerate, accumulation of scar tissue is always associated with reduced organ performance. This is a fair price to pay by the body for not falling apart. Whereas myofibroblasts typically vanish after successful repair, dysregulation of the normal repair process can lead to persistent myofibroblast activation, for instance by chronic inflammation or mechanical stress in the tissue. Excessive repair leads to the accumulation of stiff collagenous ECM contractures - fibrosis - with dramatic consequences for organ function. The clinical need to terminate detrimental myofibroblast activities has stimulated researchers to answer a number of essential questions: where do myofibroblasts come from, what are the factors leading to their activation, how do we discriminate myofibroblasts from other cells, what is the molecular basis for their contractile activity, and how can we stop or at least control them? This article reviews the current state of the myofibroblast literature by emphasizing their role in ocular repair and fibrosis. It appears that although the eye is quite an extraordinary organ, ocular myofibroblasts behave or misbehave just like their siblings in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, FitzGerald Building, Room 234, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.
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771
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Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha as a Marker of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Development and Stem Cell Biology. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:362753. [PMID: 26257789 PMCID: PMC4519552 DOI: 10.1155/2015/362753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three decades on, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been intensively researched on the bench top and used clinically. However, ambiguity still exists in regard to their anatomical locations, identities, functions, and extent of their differentiative abilities. One of the major impediments in the quest of the MSC research has been lack of appropriate in vivo markers. In recent years, this obstacle has been resolved to some degree as PDGFRα emerges as an important mesenchymal stem cell marker. Accumulating lines of evidence are showing that the PDGFRα (+) cells reside in the perivascular locations of many adult interstitium and fulfil the classic concepts of MSCs in vitro and in vivo. PDGFRα has long been recognised for its roles in the mesoderm formation and connective tissue development during the embryogenesis. Current review describes the lines of evidence regarding the role of PDGFRα in morphogenesis and differentiation and its implications for MSC biology.
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772
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Martin P, Nunan R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of repair in acute and chronic wound healing. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:370-8. [PMID: 26175283 PMCID: PMC4671308 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Summary A considerable understanding of the fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning healthy acute wound healing has been gleaned from studying various animal models, and we are now unravelling the mechanisms that lead to chronic wounds and pathological healing including fibrosis. A small cut will normally heal in days through tight orchestration of cell migration and appropriate levels of inflammation, innervation and angiogenesis. Major surgeries may take several weeks to heal and leave behind a noticeable scar. At the extreme end, chronic wounds – defined as a barrier defect that has not healed in 3 months – have become a major therapeutic challenge throughout the Western world and will only increase as our populations advance in age, and with the increasing incidence of diabetes, obesity and vascular disorders. Here we describe the clinical problems and how, through better dialogue between basic researchers and clinicians, we may extend our current knowledge to enable the development of novel potential therapeutic treatments. What's already known about this topic? What does this study add?
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Affiliation(s)
- P Martin
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.,School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, U.K
| | - R Nunan
- School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, U.K
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773
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Schiller HB, Fernandez IE, Burgstaller G, Schaab C, Scheltema RA, Schwarzmayr T, Strom TM, Eickelberg O, Mann M. Time- and compartment-resolved proteome profiling of the extracellular niche in lung injury and repair. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:819. [PMID: 26174933 PMCID: PMC4547847 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20156123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key regulator of tissue morphogenesis and repair. However, its composition and architecture are not well characterized. Here, we monitor remodeling of the extracellular niche in tissue repair in the bleomycin-induced lung injury mouse model. Mass spectrometry quantified 8,366 proteins from total tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) over the course of 8 weeks, surveying tissue composition from the onset of inflammation and fibrosis to its full recovery. Combined analysis of proteome, secretome, and transcriptome highlighted post-transcriptional events during tissue fibrogenesis and defined the composition of airway epithelial lining fluid. To comprehensively characterize the ECM, we developed a quantitative detergent solubility profiling (QDSP) method, which identified Emilin-2 and collagen-XXVIII as novel constituents of the provisional repair matrix. QDSP revealed which secreted proteins interact with the ECM, and showed drastically altered association of morphogens to the insoluble matrix upon injury. Thus, our proteomic systems biology study assigns proteins to tissue compartments and uncovers their dynamic regulation upon lung injury and repair, potentially contributing to the development of anti-fibrotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert B Schiller
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Isis E Fernandez
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Gerald Burgstaller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schaab
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Richard A Scheltema
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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774
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Wietecha MS, Król MJ, Michalczyk ER, Chen L, Gettins PG, DiPietro LA. Pigment epithelium-derived factor as a multifunctional regulator of wound healing. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H812-26. [PMID: 26163443 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00153.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During dermal wound repair, hypoxia-driven proliferation results in dense but highly permeable, disorganized microvascular networks, similar to those in solid tumors. Concurrently, activated dermal fibroblasts generate an angiopermissive, provisional extracellular matrix (ECM). Unlike cancers, wounds naturally resolve via blood vessel regression and ECM maturation, which are essential for reestablishing tissue homeostasis. Mechanisms guiding wound resolution are poorly understood; one candidate regulator is pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a secreted glycoprotein. PEDF is a potent antiangiogenic in models of pathological angiogenesis and a promising cancer and cardiovascular disease therapeutic, but little is known about its physiological function. To examine the roles of PEDF in physiological wound repair, we used a reproducible model of excisional skin wound healing in BALB/c mice. We show that PEDF is abundant in unwounded and healing skin, is produced primarily by dermal fibroblasts, binds to resident microvascular endothelial cells, and accumulates in dermal ECM and epidermis. PEDF transcript and protein levels were low during the inflammatory and proliferative phases of healing but increased in quantity and colocalization with microvasculature during wound resolution. Local antibody inhibition of endogenous PEDF delayed vessel regression and collagen maturation during the remodeling phase. Treatment of wounds with intradermal injections of exogenous, recombinant PEDF inhibited nascent angiogenesis by repressing endothelial proliferation, promoted vascular integrity and function, and increased collagen maturity. These results demonstrate that PEDF contributes to the resolution of healing wounds by causing regression of immature blood vessels and stimulating maturation of the vascular microenvironment, thus promoting a return to tissue homeostasis after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz S Wietecha
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Mateusz J Król
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Elizabeth R Michalczyk
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Peter G Gettins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Luisa A DiPietro
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
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775
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Albanova VI, Karamova AE, Chikin VV, Mineyeva AA. Medical cell technologies for treatment of patients suffering from recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Method of intracutaneous administration of fibroblasts. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2015. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2015-91-3-46-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a severe inherited disease developing due to genetic abnormalities in the synthesis of Type VII collagen by fibroblasts. A low production rate of Type VII collagen and abnormalities related to the formation of anchoring fibrils weaken the epidermis and derma adhesion strength, which results in the formation of blisters or erosions in case of any mechanical injury. Fibroblasts and keratinocytes belong to the key sources of Type VII collagen in the skin. Application of allogeneic fibroblasts is a promising cell technique for treating RDEB patients. The therapeutic effect of fibroblasts intradermal administration is stipulated by high stability of newly synthesized Type VII collagen and its ability to form anchoring fibrils in the area of the dermoepidermal junction. According to experimental and clinical studies, it is possible to boost the content of Type VII collagen in the dermoepidermal junction area and heal long-term skin defects in RDEB patients by means of intradermal administration of allogeneic fibroblasts.
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776
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Owens BMJ. Inflammation, Innate Immunity, and the Intestinal Stromal Cell Niche: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Immunol 2015; 6:319. [PMID: 26150817 PMCID: PMC4471728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells of multiple tissues contribute to immune-mediated protective responses and, conversely, the pathological tissue changes associated with chronic inflammatory disease. However, unlike hematopoietic immune cells, tissue stromal cell populations remain poorly characterized with respect to specific surface marker expression, their ontogeny, self-renewal, and proliferative capacity within tissues and the extent to which they undergo phenotypic immunological changes during the course of an infectious or inflammatory insult. Extending our knowledge of the immunological features of stromal cells provides an exciting opportunity to further dissect the underlying biology of many important immune-mediated diseases, although several challenges remain in bringing the emerging field of stromal immunology to equivalence with the study of the hematopoietic immune cell compartment. This review highlights recent studies that have begun unraveling the complexity of tissue stromal cell function in immune responses, with a focus on the intestine, and proposes strategies for the development of the field to uncover the great potential for stromal immunology to contribute to our understanding of the fundamental pathophysiology of disease, and the opening of new therapeutic avenues in multiple chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M J Owens
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK ; Somerville College, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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777
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Abstract
Over 100 million patients acquire scars in the industrialized world each year, primarily as a result of elective operations. Although undefined, the global incidence of scarring is even larger, extending to significant numbers of burn and other trauma-related wounds. Scars have the potential to exert a profound psychological and physical impact on the individual. Beyond aesthetic considerations and potential disfigurement, scarring can result in restriction of movement and reduced quality of life. The formation of a scar following skin injury is a consequence of wound healing occurring through reparative rather than regenerative mechanisms. In this article, the authors review the basic stages of wound healing; differences between adult and fetal wound healing; various mechanical, genetic, and pharmacologic strategies to reduce scarring; and the biology of skin stem/progenitor cells that may hold the key to scarless regeneration.
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778
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Wang X, Hsi TC, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Pham K, Cho K, McCusker CD, Monuki ES, Cho KWY, Gay DL, Plikus MV. Principles and mechanisms of regeneration in the mouse model for wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:169-181. [PMID: 26504521 PMCID: PMC4617665 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wound‐induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) describes a regenerative phenomenon in adult mammalian skin wherein fully functional hair follicles regenerate de novo in the center of large excisional wounds. Originally described in rats, rabbits, sheep, and humans in 1940−1960, the WIHN phenomenon was reinvestigated in mice only recently. The process of de novo hair regeneration largely duplicates the morphological and signaling features of normal embryonic hair development. Similar to hair development, WIHN critically depends on the activation of canonical WNT signaling. However, unlike hair development, WNT activation in WIHN is dependent on fibroblast growth factor 9 signaling generated by the immune system's γδ T cells. The cellular bases of WIHN remain to be fully characterized; however, the available evidence leaves open the possibility for a blastema‐like mechanism wherein epidermal and/or dermal wound cells undergo epigenetic reprogramming toward a more plastic, embryonic‐like state. De novo hair follicles do not regenerate from preexisting hair‐fated bulge stem cells. This suggests that hair neogenesis is not driven by preexisting lineage‐restricted progenitors, as is the case for amputation‐induced mouse digit tip regeneration, but rather may require a blastema‐like mechanism. The WIHN model is characterized by several intriguing features, which await further explanation. These include (1) the minimum wound size requirement for activating neogenesis, (2) the restriction of hair neogenesis to the wound's center, and (3) imperfect patterning outcomes, both in terms of neogenic hair positioning within the wound and in terms of their orientation. Future enquiries into the WIHN process, made possible by a wide array of available skin‐specific genetic tools, will undoubtedly expand our understanding of the regeneration mechanisms in adult mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christian Fernando Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kim Pham
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Catherine D McCusker
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ken W Y Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Denise L Gay
- UMR 967, Cellules Souches et Radiations, CEA - INSERM - Universités Paris 7 et Paris 11, CEA/DSV/IRCM/SCSR/LRTS, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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779
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Iwayama T, Steele C, Yao L, Dozmorov MG, Karamichos D, Wren JD, Olson LE. PDGFRα signaling drives adipose tissue fibrosis by targeting progenitor cell plasticity. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1106-19. [PMID: 26019175 PMCID: PMC4470280 DOI: 10.1101/gad.260554.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue fibrosis occurs during obesity and is associated with metabolic dysfunction. Iwayama et al. identify perivascular cells as fibro/adipogenic progenitors in white adipose tissue and show that PDGFRα targets progenitor cell plasticity as a profibrotic mechanism. Fibrosis is a common disease process in which profibrotic cells disturb organ function by secreting disorganized extracellular matrix (ECM). Adipose tissue fibrosis occurs during obesity and is associated with metabolic dysfunction, but how profibrotic cells originate is still being elucidated. Here, we use a developmental model to investigate perivascular cells in white adipose tissue (WAT) and their potential to cause organ fibrosis. We show that a Nestin-Cre transgene targets perivascular cells (adventitial cells and pericyte-like cells) in WAT, and Nestin-GFP specifically labels pericyte-like cells. Activation of PDGFRα signaling in perivascular cells causes them to transition into ECM-synthesizing profibrotic cells. Before this transition occurs, PDGFRα signaling up-regulates mTOR signaling and ribosome biogenesis pathways and perturbs the expression of a network of epigenetically imprinted genes that have been implicated in cell growth and tissue homeostasis. Isolated Nestin-GFP+ cells differentiate into adipocytes ex vivo and form WAT when transplanted into recipient mice. However, PDGFRα signaling opposes adipogenesis and generates profibrotic cells instead, which leads to fibrotic WAT in transplant experiments. These results identify perivascular cells as fibro/adipogenic progenitors in WAT and show that PDGFRα targets progenitor cell plasticity as a profibrotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Iwayama
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Cameron Steele
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Longbiao Yao
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Dimitris Karamichos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Lorin E Olson
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA;
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780
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Wang Y, Xu R, He W, Yao Z, Li H, Zhou J, Tan J, Yang S, Zhan R, Luo G, Wu J. Three-Dimensional Histological Structures of the Human Dermis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:932-44. [PMID: 25781868 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial information has been shown to be critical for cell differentiation and function. Therefore, a better understanding of skin microstructures is very important for biomimetic and bioengineered scaffolds of engineering skin. The purpose of the study was to generate collagen/elastin-based three-dimensional (3D) images of human dermis to further understand the microstructures of the skin, which is believed to be helpful in the fabrication of bionic engineered skin. Skin samples were fixed, embedded, serially sectioned, stained with aldehyde-fuchsin, and photographed as serial panoramas. Dermal subregions were divided according to dermal depth and distance to hair follicle. The porosity, pore diameters, and wall thickness of human acellular dermal matrix (ADM) were measured by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). Three-dimensional reconstructed images of collagen and elastic fibers were generated. Our results showed that there were fewer elastic fibers in the subregions close to hair follicles than in the subregions far away from hair follicles (p<0.001), but the collagen fibers were evenly distributed. Both collagen and elastic fibers were found in fewer numbers in the layers either close to the epidermis or close to the hypodermis. The mean proportions of collagen fibers and elastic fibers in the whole dermis were 28.96%±14.63% and 8.06%±3.75%, respectively. The porosity of ADM calculated by micro-CT was 68.3%±5.8%. The mean pore diameter of ADM was 131.2±96.8 μm, and the wall thickness of pores was 207.2±251.7 μm. This study represents for the first time that 3D histological cutaneous structures have been presented, which may be helpful for the next generation of skin engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics , Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics , Chongqing, China
| | - Weifeng He
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics , Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihui Yao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics , Chongqing, China
| | - Haisheng Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics , Chongqing, China
| | - Junyi Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics , Chongqing, China
| | - Jianglin Tan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics , Chongqing, China
| | - Sisi Yang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics , Chongqing, China
| | - Rixing Zhan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics , Chongqing, China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics , Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics , Chongqing, China
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781
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Rinkevich Y, Walmsley GG, Hu MS, Maan ZN, Newman AM, Drukker M, Januszyk M, Krampitz GW, Gurtner GC, Lorenz HP, Weissman IL, Longaker MT. Skin fibrosis. Identification and isolation of a dermal lineage with intrinsic fibrogenic potential. Science 2015; 348:aaa2151. [PMID: 25883361 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts represent a heterogeneous population of cells with diverse features that remain largely undefined. We reveal the presence of at least two fibroblast lineages in murine dorsal skin. Lineage tracing and transplantation assays demonstrate that a single fibroblast lineage is responsible for the bulk of connective tissue deposition during embryonic development, cutaneous wound healing, radiation fibrosis, and cancer stroma formation. Lineage-specific cell ablation leads to diminished connective tissue deposition in wounds and reduces melanoma growth. Using flow cytometry, we identify CD26/DPP4 as a surface marker that allows isolation of this lineage. Small molecule-based inhibition of CD26/DPP4 enzymatic activity during wound healing results in diminished cutaneous scarring. Identification and isolation of these lineages hold promise for translational medicine aimed at in vivo modulation of fibrogenic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Rinkevich
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Graham G Walmsley
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael S Hu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M Newman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Micha Drukker
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Januszyk
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Krampitz
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H Peter Lorenz
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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782
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Miwa H, Era T. Generation and characterization of PDGFRα-GFPCreERT2 knock-In mouse line. Genesis 2015; 53:329-36. [PMID: 25884589 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor play an important role in embryogenesis. PDGF receptor α (PDGFRα) is expressed specifically in the embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5) mesoderm and in the E9.5 neural crest among other tissues. PDGFRα-expressing cells and their descendants are involved in the formation of various tissues. To trace PDGFRα-expressing cells in vivo, we generated a knock-in mouse line that expressed a fusion protein of green fluorescent protein (GFP), Cre recombinase (Cre), and mutated estrogen receptor ligand-binding domain (ERT2) under the control of the PDGFRα promoter. In these mice, Cre activity in PDGFRα-expressing cells could be induced by tamoxifen treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that the knock-in mouse line generated here could be useful for studying PDGFRα-expressing cells and their descendants in vivo at various stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miwa
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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783
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Shiwen X, Stratton R, Nikitorowicz-Buniak J, Ahmed-Abdi B, Ponticos M, Denton C, Abraham D, Takahashi A, Suki B, Layne MD, Lafyatis R, Smith BD. A Role of Myocardin Related Transcription Factor-A (MRTF-A) in Scleroderma Related Fibrosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126015. [PMID: 25955164 PMCID: PMC4425676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc), persistent activation of myofibroblast leads to severe skin and organ fibrosis resistant to therapy. Increased mechanical stiffness in the involved fibrotic tissues is a hallmark clinical feature and a cause of disabling symptoms. Myocardin Related Transcription Factor-A (MRTF-A) is a transcriptional co-activator that is sequestered in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus under mechanical stress or growth factor stimulation. Our objective was to determine if MRTF-A is activated in the disease microenvironment to produce more extracellular matrix in progressive SSc. Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrate that nuclear translocation of MRTF-A in scleroderma tissues occurs in keratinocytes, endothelial cells, infiltrating inflammatory cells, and dermal fibroblasts, consistent with enhanced signaling in multiple cell lineages exposed to the stiff extracellular matrix. Inhibition of MRTF-A nuclear translocation or knockdown of MRTF-A synthesis abolishes the SSc myofibroblast enhanced basal contractility and synthesis of type I collagen and inhibits the matricellular profibrotic protein, connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF). In MRTF-A null mice, basal skin and lung stiffness was abnormally reduced and associated with altered fibrillar collagen. MRTF-A has a role in SSc fibrosis acting as a central regulator linking mechanical cues to adverse remodeling of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Shiwen
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stratton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Nikitorowicz-Buniak
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bahja Ahmed-Abdi
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markella Ponticos
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ayuko Takahashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bela Suki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Layne
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Rheumatology Department, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbara D. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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784
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Sennett R, Rendl M. Developmental biology. A scar is born: origins of fibrotic skin tissue. Science 2015; 348:284-5. [PMID: 25883341 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sennett
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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785
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Marangoni RG, Korman BD, Wei J, Wood TA, Graham LV, Whitfield ML, Scherer PE, Tourtellotte WG, Varga J. Myofibroblasts in murine cutaneous fibrosis originate from adiponectin-positive intradermal progenitors. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1062-73. [PMID: 25504959 PMCID: PMC4472310 DOI: 10.1002/art.38990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulation of myofibroblasts in fibrotic skin is a hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma), but the origins of these cells remain unknown. Because loss of intradermal adipose tissue is a consistent feature of cutaneous fibrosis, we sought to examine the hypothesis that myofibroblasts populating fibrotic dermis derive from adipocytic progenitors. METHODS We performed genetic fate mapping studies to investigate the loss of intradermal adipose tissue and its potential role in fibrosis in mice with bleomycin-induced scleroderma. Modulation of adipocytic phenotypes ex vivo was investigated in adipose tissue-derived cells in culture. RESULTS A striking loss of intradermal adipose tissue and its replacement with fibrous tissue were consistently observed in mice with bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Loss of adipose tissue and a decline in the expression of canonical adipogenic markers in lesional skin preceded the onset of dermal fibrosis and expression of fibrogenic markers. Ex vivo, subcutaneous adipocytes were driven by transforming growth factor β to preferentially undergo fibrogenic differentiation. Cell fate mapping studies in mice with the adiponectin promoter-driven Cre recombinase transgenic construct indicated that adiponectin-positive progenitors that are normally confined to the intradermal adipose tissue compartment were distributed throughout the lesional dermis over time, lost their adipocytic markers, and expressed myofibroblast markers in bleomycin-treated mice. CONCLUSION These observations establish a novel link between intradermal adipose tissue loss and dermal fibrosis and demonstrate that adiponectin-positive intradermal progenitors give rise to dermal myofibroblasts. Adipose tissue loss and adipocyte-myofibroblast transition might be primary events in the pathogenesis of cutaneous fibrosis that represent novel potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Wei
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tammara A. Wood
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Lauren V. Graham
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - John Varga
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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786
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Hilmi ABM, Halim AS. Vital roles of stem cells and biomaterials in skin tissue engineering. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:428-436. [PMID: 25815126 PMCID: PMC4369498 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering essentially refers to technology for growing new human tissue and is distinct from regenerative medicine. Currently, pieces of skin are already being fabricated for clinical use and many other tissue types may be fabricated in the future. Tissue engineering was first defined in 1987 by the United States National Science Foundation which critically discussed the future targets of bioengineering research and its consequences. The principles of tissue engineering are to initiate cell cultures in vitro, grow them on scaffolds in situ and transplant the composite into a recipient in vivo. From the beginning, scaffolds have been necessary in tissue engineering applications. Regardless, the latest technology has redirected established approaches by omitting scaffolds. Currently, scientists from diverse research institutes are engineering skin without scaffolds. Due to their advantageous properties, stem cells have robustly transformed the tissue engineering field as part of an engineered bilayered skin substitute that will later be discussed in detail. Additionally, utilizing biomaterials or skin replacement products in skin tissue engineering as strategy to successfully direct cell proliferation and differentiation as well as to optimize the safety of handling during grafting is beneficial. This approach has also led to the cells’ application in developing the novel skin substitute that will be briefly explained in this review.
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787
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Huang J, Lin X, Shi Y, Liu W. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in basic research: a year in review of 2014. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:167-76. [PMID: 25625754 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) remains to be one of the fastest growing fields, which covers a wide scope of topics of both basic and applied biological researches. This overview article summarized the advancements in basic researches of TERM area, including stem cell biology, cell engineering, somatic nuclear transfer, genomic editing, discovery of new tissue progenitor/stem cells, and immunomodulation of stem cells and tissue regeneration. It reflects the cutting-edge achievements in basic researches, which will lay solid scientific foundation for future TERM translational researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
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788
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Bassino E, Gasparri F, Giannini V, Munaron L. Paracrine crosstalk between human hair follicle dermal papilla cells and microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:388-90. [PMID: 25690790 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human follicle dermal papilla cells (FDPC) are a specialized population of mesenchymal cells located in the skin. They regulate hair follicle (HF) development and growth, and represent a reservoir of multipotent stem cells. Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that HF cycling is associated with vascular remodeling. Follicular keratinocytes release vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that sustains perifollicular angiogenesis leading to an increase of follicle and hair size. Furthermore, several human diseases characterized by hair loss, including Androgenetic Alopecia, exhibit alterations of skin vasculature. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HF vascularization remain largely unknown. In vitro coculture approaches can be successfully employed to greatly improve our knowledge and shed more light on this issue. Here we used Transwell-based co-cultures to show that FDPC promote survival, proliferation and tubulogenesis of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) more efficiently than fibroblasts. Accordingly, FDPC enhance the endothelial release of VEGF and IGF-1, two well-known proangiogenic growth factors. Collectively, our data suggest a key role of papilla cells in vascular remodeling of the hair follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bassino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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789
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Adjei IM, Blanka S. Modulation of the tumor microenvironment for cancer treatment: a biomaterials approach. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:81-103. [PMID: 25695337 PMCID: PMC4384103 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are complex tissues that consist of stromal cells, such as fibroblasts, immune cells and mesenchymal stem cells, as well as non-cellular components, in addition to neoplastic cells. Increasingly, there is evidence to suggest that these non-neoplastic cell components support cancer initiation, progression and metastasis and that their ablation or reprogramming can inhibit tumor growth. Our understanding of the activities of different parts of the tumor stroma in advancing cancer has been improved by the use of scaffold and matrix-based 3D systems originally developed for regenerative medicine. Additionally, drug delivery systems made from synthetic and natural biomaterials deliver drugs to kill stromal cells or reprogram the microenvironment for tumor inhibition. In this article, we review the impact of 3D tumor models in increasing our understanding of tumorigenesis. We also discuss how different drug delivery systems aid in the reprogramming of tumor stroma for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Adjei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Sharma Blanka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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790
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Schulz JN, Zeltz C, Sørensen IW, Barczyk M, Carracedo S, Hallinger R, Niehoff A, Eckes B, Gullberg D. Reduced granulation tissue and wound strength in the absence of α11β1 integrin. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1435-1444. [PMID: 25634355 PMCID: PMC4407012 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous wound healing studies have failed to define a role for either α1β1 or α2β1 integrin in fibroblast-mediated wound contraction, suggesting the involvement of another collagen receptor in this process. Our previous work demonstrated that the integrin subunit α11 is highly induced during wound healing both at the mRNA and protein level, prompting us to investigate and dissect the role of the integrin α11β1 during this process. Therefore, we used mice with a global ablation of either α2 or α11 or both integrin subunits and investigated the repair of excisional wounds. Analyses of wounds demonstrated that α11β1 deficiency results in reduced granulation tissue formation and impaired wound contraction, independently of the presence of α2β1. Our combined in vivo and in vitro data further demonstrate that dermal fibroblasts lacking α11β1 are unable to efficiently convert to myofibroblasts, resulting in scar tissue with compromised tensile strength. Moreover, we suggest that the reduced stability of the scar is a consequence of poor collagen remodeling in α11−/− wounds associated with defective transforming growth factor-β–dependent JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cédric Zeltz
- Department of Biomedicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Norwegian Centre of Excellence, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ida W Sørensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Norwegian Centre of Excellence, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Malgorzata Barczyk
- Department of Biomedicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Norwegian Centre of Excellence, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sergio Carracedo
- Department of Biomedicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Norwegian Centre of Excellence, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ralf Hallinger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Niehoff
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Beate Eckes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Donald Gullberg
- Department of Biomedicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Norwegian Centre of Excellence, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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791
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792
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de Souza KS, Cantaruti TA, Azevedo GM, Galdino DADA, Rodrigues CM, Costa RA, Vaz NM, Carvalho CR. Improved cutaneous wound healing after intraperitoneal injection of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:198-203. [PMID: 25431356 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a complex process involving many types of cells and molecules and often results in scar tissue formation in adult mammals. However, scarless healing occurs in foetal skin and minimal scars may occur after cutaneous healing in the adult with reduced inflammation. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is widely distributed within the central nervous system and in other body regions, such as the skin, and has strong anti-inflammatory activity. The aim in the present experiments was to learn whether intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of α-MSH just before skin wounds antagonize inflammation and improves skin wound healing in adult mice. C57BL/6 young adult mice received an i.p. injection of 1 mg/kg of α-MSH and, 30 min later, two circular through-and-through holes (6.5 mm diameter) were made in their dorsal skin under anaesthesia. Control mice were wounded after vehicle injection. The wound healing process was analysed macroscopically and microscopically at 3, 7, 40 and 60 days. Skin samples were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5 μm, stained with H&E or toluidine blue for cell analysis or Gomori's trichrome for extracellular matrix (ECM) analysis. Other samples were fixed in DMSO+methanol, embedded in paraplast and incubated with anti-CD45, antismooth muscle actin, anticollagen-I and anticollagen-III for immunofluorescence analysis. Alpha-MSH significantly reduced the number of leucocytes, mast cells and fibroblasts at 3 and 7 days after injury. On days 40 and 60, α-MSH reduced scar area and improved the organization of the collagen fibres indicating that it may direct the healing into a more-regenerative/less-scarring pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kênia Soares de Souza
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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793
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Hamburg-Shields E, DiNuoscio GJ, Mullin NK, Lafyatis R, Atit RP. Sustained β-catenin activity in dermal fibroblasts promotes fibrosis by up-regulating expression of extracellular matrix protein-coding genes. J Pathol 2015; 235:686-97. [PMID: 25385294 DOI: 10.1002/path.4481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is an end-stage response to tissue injury that is associated with loss of organ function as a result of excess extracellular matrix (ECM) production by fibroblasts. In skin, pathological fibrosis is evident during keloid scar formation, systemic sclerosis (SSc) and morphea. Dermal fibroblasts in these fibrotic diseases exhibit increased Wnt/β-catenin signalling, a pathway that is sufficient to cause fibrosis in mice. However, in the context of this complex pathology, the precise pro-fibrotic consequences of Wnt/β-catenin signalling are not known. We found that expression of stabilized β-catenin in mouse dermal fibroblasts resulted in spontaneous, progressive skin fibrosis with thickened collagen fibres and altered collagen fibril morphology. The fibrotic phenotype was predominated by resident dermal fibroblasts. Genome-wide profiling of the fibrotic mouse dermis revealed elevated expression of matrix-encoding genes, and the promoter regions of these genes were enriched for Tcf/Lef family transcription factor binding sites. Additionally, we identified 32 β-catenin-responsive genes in our mouse model that are also over-expressed in human fibrotic tissues and poised for regulation by Tcf/Lef family transcription factors. Therefore, we have uncovered a matrix-regulatory role for stabilized β-catenin in fibroblasts in vivo and have defined a set of β-catenin-responsive genes with relevance to fibrotic disease.
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794
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Abstract
The skin is a complex organ consisting of the epidermis, dermis, and skin appendages, including the hair follicle and sebaceous gland. Wound healing in adult mammals results in scar formation without any skin appendages. Studies have reported remarkable examples of scarless healing in fetal skin and appendage regeneration in adult skin following the infliction of large wounds. The models used in these studies have offered a new platform for investigations of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying wound healing and skin regeneration in mammals. In this article, we will focus on the contribution of skin appendages to wound healing and, conversely, skin appendage regeneration following injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takeo
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016 Department of Cell Biology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Wendy Lee
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016 Department of Cell Biology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mayumi Ito
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016 Department of Cell Biology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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795
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Zhang LJ, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Hata T, Bapat SP, Ramos R, Plikus MV, Gallo RL. Innate immunity. Dermal adipocytes protect against invasive Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Science 2015; 347:67-71. [PMID: 25554785 PMCID: PMC4318537 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes have been suggested to be immunologically active, but their role in host defense is unclear. We observed rapid proliferation of preadipocytes and expansion of the dermal fat layer after infection of the skin by Staphylococcus aureus. Impaired adipogenesis resulted in increased infection as seen in Zfp423(nur12) mice or in mice given inhibitors of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. This host defense function was mediated through the production of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide from adipocytes because cathelicidin expression was decreased by inhibition of adipogenesis, and adipocytes from Camp(-/-) mice lost the capacity to inhibit bacterial growth. Together, these findings show that the production of an antimicrobial peptide by adipocytes is an important element for protection against S. aureus infection of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-juan Zhang
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tissa Hata
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sagar P Bapat
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raul Ramos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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796
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Landolina N, Gangwar RS, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells' integrated actions with eosinophils and fibroblasts in allergic inflammation: implications for therapy. Adv Immunol 2015; 125:41-85. [PMID: 25591464 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils (Eos) are the key players in the development of allergic inflammation (AI). Their cross-talk, named the Allergic Effector Unit (AEU), takes place through an array of soluble mediators and ligands/receptors interactions that enhance the functions of both the cells. One of the salient features of the AEU is the CD48/2B4 receptor/ligand binding complex. Furthermore, MCs and Eos have been demonstrated to play a role not only in AI but also in the modulation of its consequence, i.e., fibrosis/tissue remodeling, by directly influencing fibroblasts (FBs), the main target cells of these processes. In turn, FBs can regulate the survival, activity, and phenotype of both MCs and Eos. Therefore, a complex three players, MCs/Eos/FBs interaction, can take place in various stages of AI. The characterization of the soluble and physical mediated cross talk among these three cells might lead to the identification of both better and novel targets for the treatment of allergy and its tissue remodeling consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Landolina
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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797
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Walmsley GG, Rinkevich Y, Hu MS, Montoro DT, Lo DD, McArdle A, Maan ZN, Morrison SD, Duscher D, Whittam AJ, Wong VW, Weissman IL, Gurtner GC, Longaker MT. Live fibroblast harvest reveals surface marker shift in vitro. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 21:314-21. [PMID: 25275778 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Current methods for the isolation of fibroblasts require extended ex vivo manipulation in cell culture. As a consequence, prior studies investigating fibroblast biology may fail to adequately represent cellular phenotypes in vivo. To overcome this problem, we describe a detailed protocol for the isolation of fibroblasts from the dorsal dermis of adult mice that bypasses the need for cell culture, thereby preserving the physiological, transcriptional, and proteomic profiles of each cell. Using the described protocol we characterized the transcriptional programs and the surface expression of 176 CD markers in cultured versus uncultured fibroblasts. The differential expression patterns we observed highlight the importance of a live harvest for investigations of fibroblast biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham G Walmsley
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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798
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Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning tissue repair and its failure to heal are still poorly understood, and current therapies are limited. Poor wound healing after trauma, surgery, acute illness, or chronic disease conditions affects millions of people worldwide each year and is the consequence of poorly regulated elements of the healthy tissue repair response, including inflammation, angiogenesis, matrix deposition, and cell recruitment. Failure of one or several of these cellular processes is generally linked to an underlying clinical condition, such as vascular disease, diabetes, or aging, which are all frequently associated with healing pathologies. The search for clinical strategies that might improve the body's natural repair mechanisms will need to be based on a thorough understanding of the basic biology of repair and regeneration. In this review, we highlight emerging concepts in tissue regeneration and repair, and provide some perspectives on how to translate current knowledge into viable clinical approaches for treating patients with wound-healing pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany. Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany. Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.
| | - Paul Martin
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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799
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Wenzel D, Bayerl J, Nystrom A, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Meixner A, Penninger JM. Genetically corrected iPSCs as cell therapy for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:264ra165. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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800
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Biggs LC, Goudy SL, Dunnwald M. Palatogenesis and cutaneous repair: A two-headed coin. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:289-310. [PMID: 25370680 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reparative mechanism that operates following post-natal cutaneous injury is a fundamental survival function that requires a well-orchestrated series of molecular and cellular events. At the end, the body will have closed the hole using processes like cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation and fusion. RESULTS These processes are similar to those occurring during embryogenesis and tissue morphogenesis. Palatogenesis, the formation of the palate from two independent palatal shelves growing towards each other and fusing, intuitively, shares many similarities with the closure of a cutaneous wound from the two migrating epithelial fronts. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we summarize the current information on cutaneous development, wound healing, palatogenesis and orofacial clefting and propose that orofacial clefting and wound healing are conserved processes that share common pathways and gene regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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