751
|
RNA-Seq analysis of chikungunya virus infection and identification of granzyme A as a major promoter of arthritic inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006155. [PMID: 28207896 PMCID: PMC5312928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus causing epidemics of acute and chronic arthritic disease. Herein we describe a comprehensive RNA-Seq analysis of feet and lymph nodes at peak viraemia (day 2 post infection), acute arthritis (day 7) and chronic disease (day 30) in the CHIKV adult wild-type mouse model. Genes previously shown to be up-regulated in CHIKV patients were also up-regulated in the mouse model. CHIKV sequence information was also obtained with up to ≈8% of the reads mapping to the viral genome; however, no adaptive viral genome changes were apparent. Although day 2, 7 and 30 represent distinct stages of infection and disease, there was a pronounced overlap in up-regulated host genes and pathways. Type I interferon response genes (IRGs) represented up to ≈50% of up-regulated genes, even after loss of type I interferon induction on days 7 and 30. Bioinformatic analyses suggested a number of interferon response factors were primarily responsible for maintaining type I IRG induction. A group of genes prominent in the RNA-Seq analysis and hitherto unexplored in viral arthropathies were granzymes A, B and K. Granzyme A-/- and to a lesser extent granzyme K-/-, but not granzyme B-/-, mice showed a pronounced reduction in foot swelling and arthritis, with analysis of granzyme A-/- mice showing no reductions in viral loads but reduced NK and T cell infiltrates post CHIKV infection. Treatment with Serpinb6b, a granzyme A inhibitor, also reduced arthritic inflammation in wild-type mice. In non-human primates circulating granzyme A levels were elevated after CHIKV infection, with the increase correlating with viral load. Elevated granzyme A levels were also seen in a small cohort of human CHIKV patients. Taken together these results suggest granzyme A is an important driver of arthritic inflammation and a potential target for therapy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00281294 The largest chikungunya virus (CHIKV) epidemic ever recorded began in 2004 in Africa and spread across Asia reaching Europe and recently the Americas, with millions of cases reported. We undertook a detailed analysis of the mRNA expression profile during acute and chronic arthritis in an adult wild-type mouse model of CHIKV infection and disease. Gene induction profiles showed a high concordance with published human data, providing some validation of the mouse model. The host response was overwhelmingly dominated by type I interferon response genes, even after type I interferon induction was lost. The analysis also provided information on CHIKV RNA, with no adaptive viral genome changes identified. An important goal of the analysis was to identify new players in arthritic inflammation. Granzyme A was prominent in the RNA-Seq data and granzyme A deficient mice showed reduced arthritis, with no effects on viral loads. Arthritic disease could also be ameliorated in wild-type mice with a granzyme A inhibitor. Elevated circulating granzyme A levels were seen in non-human primates infected with CHIKV and in human CHIKV patients. Granzyme A thus emerges to be a major driver of CHIKV-mediated arthritic inflammation and a potential target for anti-inflammatory interventions.
Collapse
|
752
|
Spicer JA, Miller CK, O'Connor PD, Jose J, Huttunen KM, Jaiswal JK, Denny WA, Akhlaghi H, Browne KA, Trapani JA. Benzenesulphonamide inhibitors of the cytolytic protein perforin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1050-1054. [PMID: 28110869 PMCID: PMC5303009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pore-forming protein perforin is a key component of mammalian cell-mediated immunity and essential to the pathway that allows elimination of virus-infected and transformed cells. Perforin activity has also been implicated in certain auto-immune conditions and therapy-induced conditions such as allograft rejection and graft versus host disease. An inhibitor of perforin activity could be used as a highly specific immunosuppressive treatment for these conditions, with reduced side-effects compared to currently accepted therapies. Previously identified first-in-class inhibitors based on a 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one core show suboptimal physicochemical properties and toxicity toward the natural killer (NK) cells that secrete perforin in vivo. The current benzenesulphonamide-based series delivers a non-toxic bioisosteric replacement possessing improved solubility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Christian K Miller
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick D O'Connor
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jagdish K Jaiswal
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kylie A Browne
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
753
|
Novais FO, Carvalho AM, Clark ML, Carvalho LP, Beiting DP, Brodsky IE, Carvalho EM, Scott P. CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity mediates pathology in the skin by inflammasome activation and IL-1β production. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006196. [PMID: 28192528 PMCID: PMC5325592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity plays a central role in enhancing disease severity in several conditions. However, we have little understanding of the mechanisms by which immunopathology develops as a consequence of cytotoxicity. Using murine models of inflammation induced by the protozoan parasite leishmania, and data obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, we uncovered a previously unrecognized role for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β release as a detrimental consequence of CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ultimately resulting in chronic inflammation. Critically, pharmacological blockade of NLRP3 or IL-1β significantly ameliorated the CD8+ T cell-driven immunopathology in leishmania-infected mice. Confirming the relevance of these findings to human leishmaniasis, blockade of the NLRP3 inflammasome in skin biopsies from leishmania-infected patients prevented IL-1β release. Thus, these studies link CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity with inflammasome activation and reveal novel avenues of treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as other of diseases where CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity induces pathology. Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease endemic in 98 countries and approximately 1 million new cases occur each year. Disease caused by Leishmania braziliensis, the main causative agent of leishmaniasis in South America, leads to skin ulcers that are difficult to heal with drugs that target the parasites. This is because disease severity seen in patients infected with L. braziliensis is largely due to the immune response that develops, rather than the number of parasites in the skin. CD8+ T cells induce cell death in the lesions of L. braziliensis-infected mice, as well as in the lesions from L. braziliensis-infected patients, which promotes disease. However, the mechanism mediating CD8+ T cell dependent pathology is unknown. Here, using studies in mice and experiments with L. braziliensis patients’ samples we show that increased disease severity is due to inflammasome activation, and furthermore that therapies that block either inflammasome activation or IL-1β ameliorate disease in mouse models of severe leishmaniasis. Based on these studies we propose a novel strategy of therapy for L. braziliensis infection and other diseases in which cytotoxicity plays a central role in promoting disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O. Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Augusto M. Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Megan L. Clark
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Igor E. Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
754
|
Dettleff P, Moen T, Santi N, Martinez V. Transcriptomic analysis of spleen infected with infectious salmon anemia virus reveals distinct pattern of viral replication on resistant and susceptible Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 61:187-193. [PMID: 28063951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAv) produces a systemic infection in salmonids, causing large losses in salmon production. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms exerting disease resistance. In this paper, we perform an RNA-seq analysis in Atlantic salmon challenged with ISAv (using individuals coming from families that were highly susceptible or highly resistant to ISAv infection). We evaluated the differential expression of both host and ISAv genes in a target organ for the virus, i.e. the spleen. The results showed differential expression of host genes related to response to stress, immune response and protein folding (genes such as; atf3, mhc, mx1-3, cd276, cd2, cocs1, c7, il10, il10rb, il13ra2, ubl-1, ifng, ifngr1, hivep2, sigle14 and sigle5). An increased protein processing activity was found in susceptible fish, which generates a subsequent unfolded protein response. We observed extreme differences in the expression of viral segments between susceptible and resistant groups, demonstrating the capacity of resistant fish to overcome the virus replication, generating a very low viral load. This phenomenon and survival of this higher resistant fish seem to be related to differences in immune and translational process, as well as to the increase of HIV-EP2 (hivep2) transcript in resistant fish, although the causal mechanism is yet to be discovered. This study provides valuable information about disease resistance mechanisms in Atlantic salmon from a host-pathogen interaction point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Dettleff
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Nina Santi
- AQUAGEN Norway, Trondheim NO-7462, Norway.
| | - Victor Martinez
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
755
|
Weigt SS, Wang X, Palchevskiy V, Gregson AL, Patel N, DerHovanessian A, Shino MY, Sayah DM, Birjandi S, Lynch JP, Saggar R, Ardehali A, Ross DJ, Palmer SM, Elashoff D, Belperio JA. Gene Expression Profiling of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cells Preceding a Clinical Diagnosis of Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169894. [PMID: 28103284 PMCID: PMC5245825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD) is the main limitation to long-term survival after lung transplantation. Although CLAD is usually not responsive to treatment, earlier identification may improve treatment prospects. Methods In a nested case control study, 1-year post transplant surveillance bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples were obtained from incipient CLAD (n = 9) and CLAD free (n = 8) lung transplant recipients. Incipient CLAD cases were diagnosed with CLAD within 2 years, while controls were free from CLAD for at least 4 years following bronchoscopy. Transcription profiles in the BAL cell pellets were assayed with the HG-U133 Plus 2.0 microarray (Affymetrix). Differential gene expression analysis, based on an absolute fold change (incipient CLAD vs no CLAD) >2.0 and an unadjusted p-value ≤0.05, generated a candidate list containing 55 differentially expressed probe sets (51 up-regulated, 4 down-regulated). Results The cell pellets in incipient CLAD cases were skewed toward immune response pathways, dominated by genes related to recruitment, retention, activation and proliferation of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+ T-cells and natural killer cells). Both hierarchical clustering and a supervised machine learning tool were able to correctly categorize most samples (82.3% and 94.1% respectively) into incipient CLAD and CLAD-free categories. Conclusions These findings suggest that a pathobiology, similar to AR, precedes a clinical diagnosis of CLAD. A larger prospective investigation of the BAL cell pellet transcriptome as a biomarker for CLAD risk stratification is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Samuel Weigt
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vyacheslav Palchevskiy
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aric L. Gregson
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Naman Patel
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ariss DerHovanessian
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Y. Shino
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Sayah
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shirin Birjandi
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Lynch
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rajan Saggar
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Abbas Ardehali
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Ross
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John A. Belperio
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
756
|
Epigenetic control of mitochondrial cell death through PACS1-mediated regulation of BAX/BAK oligomerization. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:961-970. [PMID: 28060382 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PCAF and ADA3 associate within the same macromolecular complexes to control the transcription of many genes, including some that regulate apoptosis. Here we show that PCAF and ADA3 regulate the expression of PACS1, whose protein product is a key component of the machinery that sorts proteins among the trans-Golgi network and the endosomal compartment. We describe a novel role for PACS1 as a regulator of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Cells with decreased PACS1 expression were refractory to cell death mediated by a variety of stimuli that operate through the mitochondrial pathway, including human granzyme B, staurosporine, ultraviolet radiation and etoposide, but remained sensitive to TRAIL receptor ligation. The mitochondria of protected cells failed to release cytochrome c as a result of perturbed oligomerization of BAX and BAK. We conclude that PCAF and ADA3 transcriptionally regulate PACS1 and that PACS1 is a key regulator of BAX/BAK oligomerization and the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway to apoptosis.
Collapse
|
757
|
Multi-parametric imaging of cell heterogeneity in apoptosis analysis. Methods 2017; 112:105-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
758
|
Mohammadi A, Fazeli B, Taheri M, Sahebkar A, Poursina Z, Vakili V, Yazdi SZ, Keramati Z, Boostani R, Hampson I, Rafatpanah H. Modulatory effects of curcumin on apoptosis and cytotoxicity-related molecules in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:457-462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
759
|
Neely AE, Mandigo KA, Robinson RL, Ness TL, Weiland MH. Chimeric approach for narrowing a membrane-inserting region within human perforin. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 30:105-111. [PMID: 27980121 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforin is a pore-forming, immune protein that functions to deliver an apoptotic cocktail of proteins into a target pathogen. Recent studies of the bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) have provided a model for perforin's pore-forming mechanism. Both perforin and CDC family members share a conserved β-sheet flanked by two clusters of α-helices. Within the CDCs, these helices refold into two transmembrane β-hairpins, TMH1 and TMH2. Based upon structural conservation and electron microscopy imaging, the analogous helices within perforin are predicted to also be membrane inserting; however, these regions are approximately twice the length of the CDC TMHs. To test the membrane-insertion potential of one of these regions, chimeras were created using a well-characterized CDC, perfringolysin-O (PFO), as the backbone of these constructs. PFO's TMH2 region was replaced with perforin's corresponding helical region. Although hemolytic activity was observed, the chimera was poorly soluble. A second chimera contained the same region truncated to match the length of the PFO TMH2 region. The truncated chimera demonstrated improved solubility, significant hemolytic activity and the ability to form pores characteristic of those created by PFO. These results provide the first evidence that perforin's helices function as TMHs and more importantly narrows the residues responsible for membrane insertion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Neely
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Armstrong State University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - Kimberly A Mandigo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Armstrong State University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - Rebekah L Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Armstrong State University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA.,Department of Biology, Armstrong State University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - Traci L Ness
- Department of Biology, Armstrong State University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - Mitch H Weiland
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Armstrong State University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| |
Collapse
|
760
|
Sudworth A, Dai KZ, Vaage JT, Kveberg L. Degranulation Response in Cytotoxic Rat Lymphocytes Measured with a Novel CD107a Antibody. Front Immunol 2016; 7:572. [PMID: 28003815 PMCID: PMC5141239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring degranulation through CD107a expression has become an advantageous tool for testing the functional capacity of cytotoxic cells. Such functional studies have been hampered in the rat by the lack of a suitable anti-rat CD107a antibody. In this study, we report a novel hybridoma generated by immunizing Armenian inbred hamsters with transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing CD107a. The SIM1 clone exhibited specific reactivity with CD107a and measured degranulation from natural killer (NK) cells stimulated with target cells or mAb crosslinking of their activating receptors. Degranulation in IL-2-activated NK cells could also be measured, when using low effector to target ratios. SIM1 also stained activated CD8, but not CD4 T cells. This report characterizes the degranulation response in cytotoxic rat cells with a new antibody against rat CD107a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sudworth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ke-Zheng Dai
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - John T Vaage
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Lise Kveberg
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
761
|
Jones RB, Mueller S, Kumari S, Vrbanac V, Genel S, Tager AM, Allen TM, Walker BD, Irvine DJ. Antigen recognition-triggered drug delivery mediated by nanocapsule-functionalized cytotoxic T-cells. Biomaterials 2016; 117:44-53. [PMID: 27936416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes (CTLs) kill pathogen-infected or transformed cells following interaction of their T-cell receptors (TCRs) with foreign (e.g. virus-derived) peptides bound to MHC-I molecules on the target cell. TCR binding triggers CTLs to secrete perforin, which forms pores in the target cell membrane, promoting target death. Here, we show that by conjugating drug-loaded lipid nanoparticles to the surface of CTLs, their lytic machinery can be co-opted to lyse the cell-bound drug carrier, providing triggered release of drug cargo upon target cell recognition. Protein encapsulated in T-cell-bound nanoparticles was released following culture of CTLs with target cells in an antigen dose- and perforin-dependent manner and coincided with target cell lysis. Using this approach, we demonstrate the capacity of HIV-specific CTLs to deliver an immunotherapeutic agent to an anatomical site of viral replication. This strategy provides a novel means to couple drug delivery to the action of therapeutic cells in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Brad Jones
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Dept of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Mueller
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sudha Kumari
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vlad Vrbanac
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, MGH, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shy Genel
- Astronomy Dept., Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Todd M Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dept. of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Dept. of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
762
|
Martínez Gómez JM, Periasamy P, Dutertre CA, Irving AT, Ng JHJ, Crameri G, Baker ML, Ginhoux F, Wang LF, Alonso S. Phenotypic and functional characterization of the major lymphocyte populations in the fruit-eating bat Pteropus alecto. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37796. [PMID: 27883085 PMCID: PMC5121612 DOI: 10.1038/srep37796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique ability of bats to act as reservoir for viruses that are highly pathogenic to humans suggests unique properties and functional characteristics of their immune system. However, the lack of bat specific reagents, in particular antibodies, has limited our knowledge of bat's immunity. Using cross-reactive antibodies, we report the phenotypic and functional characterization of T cell subsets, B and NK cells in the fruit-eating bat Pteropus alecto. Our findings indicate the predominance of CD8+ T cells in the spleen from wild-caught bats that may reflect either the presence of viruses in this organ or predominance of this cell subset at steady state. Instead majority of T cells in circulation, lymph nodes and bone marrow (BM) were CD4+ subsets. Interestingly, 40% of spleen T cells expressed constitutively IL-17, IL-22 and TGF-β mRNA, which may indicate a strong bias towards the Th17 and regulatory T cell subsets. Furthermore, the unexpected high number of T cells in bats BM could suggest an important role in T cell development. Finally, mitogenic stimulation induced proliferation and production of effector molecules by bats immune cells. This work contributes to a better understanding of bat's immunity, opening up new perspectives of therapeutic interventions for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia María Martínez Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology programme, Life Sciences Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pravin Periasamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology programme, Life Sciences Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore
| | - Aaron Trent Irving
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Justin Han Jia Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology programme, Life Sciences Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
763
|
Frick M, Mouchacca P, Verdeil G, Hamon Y, Billaudeau C, Buferne M, Fallet M, Auphan-Anezin N, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Boyer C. Distinct patterns of cytolytic T-cell activation by different tumour cells revealed by Ca 2+ signalling and granule mobilization. Immunology 2016; 150:199-212. [PMID: 27716898 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-germline genes in both humans and mice have been shown to encode antigens susceptible to targeting by cytotoxic CD8 T effector cells (CTL). We analysed the ability of CTL to kill different tumour cell lines expressing the same cancer-germline gene P1A (Trap1a). We previously demonstrated that CTL expressing a T-cell receptor specific for the P1A35-43 peptide associated with H-2Ld , although able to induce regression of P1A-expressing P815 mastocytoma cells, were much less effective against P1A-expressing melanoma cells. Here, we analysed parameters of the in vitro interaction between P1A-specific CTL and mastocytoma or melanoma cells expressing similar levels of the P1A gene and of surface H-2Ld . The mastocytoma cells were more sensitive to cytolysis than the melanoma cells in vitro. Analysis by video-microscopy of early events required for target cell killing showed that similar patterns of increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i) were induced by both types of P1A-expressing tumour cells. However, the use of CTL expressing a fluorescent granzyme B (GZMB-Tom) showed a delay in the migration of cytotoxic granules to the tumour interaction site, as well as a partially deficient GZMB-Tom exocytosis in response to the melanoma cells. Among surface molecules possibly affecting tumour-CTL interactions, the mastocytoma cells were found to express intercellular adhesion molecule-1, the ligand for LFA-1, which was not detected on the melanoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Frick
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Mouchacca
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Cyrille Billaudeau
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Buferne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Auphan-Anezin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Boyer
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
764
|
Robinette ML, Colonna M. Immune modules shared by innate lymphoid cells and T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1243-1251. [PMID: 27817796 PMCID: PMC5111630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as innate correlates to T cells. The similarities between ILCs and T cells indicate that lymphocytes of fundamentally distinct lineages can share core "immune modules" that encompass transcriptional circuitry and effector functions while using nonredundant complementary mechanisms of pattern recognition to enact these functions. We review modules currently recognized to be shared between ILCs and T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Robinette
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo.
| |
Collapse
|
765
|
Nonomura Y, Otsuka A, Nakashima C, Seidel JA, Kitoh A, Dainichi T, Nakajima S, Sawada Y, Matsushita S, Aoki M, Takenouchi T, Fujimura T, Hatta N, Koreeda S, Fukushima S, Honda T, Kabashima K. Peripheral blood Th9 cells are a possible pharmacodynamic biomarker of nivolumab treatment efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1248327. [PMID: 28123885 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1248327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nivolumab is associated with a significant improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival, only 20 to 40% of patients experience long-term benefit. It is therefore of great interest to identify a predictive marker of clinical benefit for nivolumab. To address this issue, the frequencies of CD4+ T cell subsets (Treg, Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17 and Th22), CD8+ T cells, and serum cytokine levels (IFNγ, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, TGF-β) were assessed in 46 patients with melanoma. Eighteen patients responded to nivolumab, and the other 28 patients did not. An early increase in Th9 cell counts during the treatment with nivolumab was associated with an improved clinical response. Before the first nivolumab infusion, the responders displayed elevated serum concentrations of TGF-β compared to non-responders. Th9 induction by IL-4 and TGF-β was enhanced by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in vitro. The role of IL-9 in disease progression was further assessed using a murine melanoma model. In vivo IL-9 blockade promoted melanoma progression in mice using an autochthonous mouse melanoma model, and the cytotoxic ability of murine melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells was enhanced in the presence of IL-9 in vitro. These findings suggest that Th9 cells, which produce IL-9, play an important role in the successful treatment of melanoma patients with nivolumab. Th9 cells therefore represent a valid biomarker to be further developed in the setting of anti-PD-1 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Nonomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Judith A Seidel
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kitoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruki Dainichi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Sawada
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeto Matsushita
- Department of Dermato-Oncology/Dermatology, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center , Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Aoki
- Department of Dermato-Oncology/Dermatology, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center , Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takenouchi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata Cancer Center Hospital , Niigata, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Naohito Hatta
- Department of Dermatology, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital , Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
766
|
NCR1 is an activating receptor expressed on a subset of canine NK cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 177:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
767
|
Willenbring RC, Jin F, Hinton DJ, Hansen M, Choi DS, Pavelko KD, Johnson AJ. Modulatory effects of perforin gene dosage on pathogen-associated blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:222. [PMID: 27576583 PMCID: PMC5006384 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD8 T cell-mediated blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is dependent on the effector molecule perforin. Human perforin has extensive single nucleotide variants (SNVs), the significance of which is not fully understood. These SNVs can result in reduced, but not ablated, perforin activity or expression. However, complete loss of perforin expression or activity results in the lethal disease familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2 (FHL 2). In this study, we address the hypothesis that a single perforin allele can alter the severity of BBB disruption in vivo using a well-established model of CNS vascular permeability in C57Bl/6 mice. The results of this study provide insight into the significance of perforin SNVs in the human population. Methods We isolated the effect a single perforin allele has on CNS vascular permeability through the use of perforin-heterozygous (perforin+/−) C57BL/6 mice in the peptide-induced fatal syndrome (PIFS) model of immune-mediated BBB disruption. Seven days following Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) CNS infection, neuroinflammation and TMEV viral control were assessed through flow cytometric analysis and quantitative real-time PCR of the viral genome, respectively. Following immune-mediated BBB disruption, gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI, with 3D volumetric analysis, and confocal microscopy were used to define CNS vascular permeability. Finally, the open field behavior test was used to assess locomotor activity of mice following immune-mediated BBB disruption. Results Perforin-null mice had negligible CNS vascular permeability. Perforin-WT mice have extensive CNS vascular permeability. Interestingly, perforin-heterozygous mice had an intermediate level of CNS vascular permeability as measured by both gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI and fibrinogen leakage in the brain parenchyma. Differences in BBB disruption were not a result of increased CNS immune infiltrate. Additionally, TMEV was controlled in a perforin dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a single perforin allele is sufficient to induce locomotor deficit during immune-mediated BBB disruption. Conclusions Perforin modulates BBB disruption in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrates a potentially advantageous role for decreased perforin expression in reducing BBB disruption. This study also provides insight into the effect SNVs in a single perforin allele could have on functional deficit in neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Willenbring
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fang Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David J Hinton
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mike Hansen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
768
|
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein activates splenic T cells during sepsis in a TLR4-dependent manner. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 15:38-47. [PMID: 27569563 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) is a novel inflammatory mediator that stimulates the release of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages in sepsis. Given the immune dysregulation that characterizes sepsis, the effect of CIRP on other immune cells is an area of increasing interest that has not yet been studied. In the present study, we hypothesized that extracellular CIRP promotes activation of T lymphocytes in the spleen during sepsis. We observed that mice subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture showed significantly higher expression of the early activation markers CD69 and CD25 at 20 h on CD4+ splenic T cells, and significantly higher CD69 expression on CD8+ splenic T cells compared with sham-operated controls. Furthermore, at 20 h after receiving intravenous injection of recombinant murine CIRP (rmCIRP, 5 mg/kg body weight (BW)) or PBS (vehicle), those mice receiving rmCIRP showed significantly increased expression of CD69 and CD25 on both CD4+ and CD8+ splenic T cells. This effect, however, was not seen in TLR4-deficient mice after rmCIRP injection. In addition, treatment with CIRP predisposed CD4+ T cells to a Th1 hyperinflammatory response profile, and influenced CD8+ T cells toward a cytotoxic profile. Taken together, our findings indicate that CIRP is a proinflammatory mediator that plays an important role in T-cell dysregulation during sepsis in a TLR4-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
769
|
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells target infected or transformed cells with perforin-containing cytotoxic granules through immune synapses, while platelets secrete several types of granules which contents are essential for thrombosis and hemostasis. Recent work has culminated in the notion that an exocytic SNARE complex, based on a very similar set of components, is primarily responsible for exocytosis of the diverse granules in these different cell types. Granule exocytosis is, in particular, uniquely dependent on the atypical Q-SNARE syntaxin 11, its interacting partners of the Sec/Munc (SM) family, and is regulated by Rab27a. Mutations in these exocytic components underlie disease manifestations of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) subtypes, characterized by hyperactivation of the immune system, as well as platelet granule secretion defects. Here we discuss the key discoveries that led to the converging notion of the syntaxin 11-based exocytosis machinery for cytotoxic granules and platelet-derived granules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- a Department of Biochemistry , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore and.,b NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
770
|
Mossu A, Daoui A, Bonnefoy F, Aubergeon L, Saas P, Perruche S. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Die by the CD8 T Cell-Dependent Perforin Pathway during Acute Nonviral Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1672-82. [PMID: 27448589 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the inflammatory response involves the control of dendritic cell survival. To our knowledge, nothing is known about the survival of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in such situation. pDC are specialized in type I IFN (IFN-I) secretion to control viral infections, and IFN-I also negatively regulate pDC survival during the course of viral infections. In this study, we asked about pDC behavior in the setting of virus-free inflammation. We report that pDC survival was profoundly reduced during different nonviral inflammatory situations in the mouse, through a mechanism independent of IFN-I and TLR signaling. Indeed, we demonstrated that during inflammation, CD8(+) T cells induced pDC apoptosis through the perforin pathway. The data suggest, therefore, that pDC have to be turned down during ongoing acute inflammation to not initiate autoimmunity. Manipulating CD8(+) T cell response may therefore represent a new therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of pDC-associated autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Mossu
- INSERM, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; and LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Anna Daoui
- INSERM, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; and LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Francis Bonnefoy
- INSERM, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; and LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Lucie Aubergeon
- INSERM, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; and LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- INSERM, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; and LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- INSERM, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, F-25000 Besançon, France; and LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, F-25000 Besançon, France
| |
Collapse
|
771
|
WASH has a critical role in NK cell cytotoxicity through Lck-mediated phosphorylation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2301. [PMID: 27441653 PMCID: PMC4973352 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effector cells of the innate immune system to kill certain virus-infected and transformed cells. Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) and SCAR homolog (WASH) has been identified as a member of WASP family proteins implicated in regulating the cytoskeletal reorganization, yet little is known about its function in lymphocytes. Here we demonstrate that WASH is crucial for NK cell cytotoxicity. WASH was found to colocalize with lytic granules upon NK cell activation. Knockdown of WASH expression substantially inhibited polarization and release of lytic granules to the immune synapse, resulting in the impairment of NK cell cytotoxicity. More importantly, our data also define a previously unappreciated mechanism for WASH function, in which Src family kinase Lck can interact with WASH and induce WASH phosphorylation. Mutation of tyrosine residue Y141, identified here as the major site of WASH phosphorylation, partially blocked WASH tyrosine phosphorylation and NK cell cytotoxicity. Taken together, these observations suggest that WASH has a pivotal role for regulation of NK cell cytotoxicity through Lck-mediated Y141 tyrosine phosphorylation.
Collapse
|
772
|
Chen X, Haddish-Berhane N, Moore P, Clark T, Yang Y, Li H, Xuan D, Barton HA, Betts AM, Barletta F. Mechanistic Projection of First-in-Human Dose for Bispecific Immunomodulatory P-Cadherin LP-DART: An Integrated PK/PD Modeling Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:232-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - N Haddish-Berhane
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Groton Connecticut USA
- Current Address: Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; Quantitative Sciences Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania USA
| | - P Moore
- MacroGenics; Rockville; Maryland USA
| | - T Clark
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Groton Connecticut USA
| | - Y Yang
- MacroGenics; Rockville; Maryland USA
| | - H Li
- MacroGenics; Rockville; Maryland USA
| | - D Xuan
- Clinical Pharmacology; Pfizer; San Diego California USA
| | - HA Barton
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Groton Connecticut USA
| | - AM Betts
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Groton Connecticut USA
| | - F Barletta
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Pearl River New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
773
|
Mesman AW, Westerhuis BM, Ten Hulscher HI, Jacobi RH, de Bruin E, van Beek J, Buisman AM, Koopmans MP, van Binnendijk RS. Influenza virus A(H1N1)2009 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in young children prior to the H1N1 pandemic. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2157-2165. [PMID: 27412007 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing immunity played a significant role in protection during the latest influenza A virus H1N1 pandemic, especially in older age groups. Structural similarities were found between A(H1N1)2009 and older H1N1 virus strains to which humans had already been exposed. Broadly cross-reactive antibodies capable of neutralizing the A(H1N1)2009 virus have been implicated in this immune protection in adults. We investigated the serological profile of a group of young children aged 9 years (n=55), from whom paired blood samples were available, just prior to the pandemic wave (March 2009) and shortly thereafter (March 2010). On the basis of A(H1N1)2009 seroconversion, 27 of the 55 children (49 %) were confirmed to be infected between these two time points. Within the non-infected group of 28 children (51 %), high levels of seasonal antibodies to H1 and H3 HA1 antigens were detected prior to pandemic exposure, reflecting past infection with H1N1 and H3N2, both of which had circulated in The Netherlands prior to the pandemic. In some children, this reactivity coincided with specific antibody reactivity against A(H1N1)2009. While these antibodies were not able to neutralize the A(H1N1)2009 virus, they were able to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro upon interaction with the A(H1N1)2009 virus. This finding suggests that cross-reactive antibodies could contribute to immune protection in children via ADCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies W Mesman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda M Westerhuis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hinke I Ten Hulscher
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald H Jacobi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M Buisman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P Koopmans
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert S van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
774
|
Netanely D, Avraham A, Ben-Baruch A, Evron E, Shamir R. Expression and methylation patterns partition luminal-A breast tumors into distinct prognostic subgroups. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:74. [PMID: 27386846 PMCID: PMC4936004 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising several biologically different types, exhibiting diverse responses to treatment. In the past years, gene expression profiling has led to definition of several “intrinsic subtypes” of breast cancer (basal-like, HER2-enriched, luminal-A, luminal-B and normal-like), and microarray based predictors such as PAM50 have been developed. Despite their advantage over traditional histopathological classification, precise identification of breast cancer subtypes, especially within the largest and highly variable luminal-A class, remains a challenge. In this study, we revisited the molecular classification of breast tumors using both expression and methylation data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Methods Unsupervised clustering was applied on 1148 and 679 breast cancer samples using RNA-Seq and DNA methylation data, respectively. Clusters were evaluated using clinical information and by comparison to PAM50 subtypes. Differentially expressed genes and differentially methylated CpGs were tested for enrichment using various annotation sets. Survival analysis was conducted on the identified clusters using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Results The clusters in both expression and methylation datasets had only moderate agreement with PAM50 calls, while our partitioning of the luminal samples had better five-year prognostic value than the luminal-A/luminal-B assignment as called by PAM50. Our analysis partitioned the expression profiles of the luminal-A samples into two biologically distinct subgroups exhibiting differential expression of immune-related genes, with one subgroup carrying significantly higher risk for five-year recurrence. Analysis of the luminal-A samples using methylation data identified a cluster of patients with poorer survival, characterized by distinct hyper-methylation of developmental genes. Cox multivariate survival analysis confirmed the prognostic significance of the two partitions after adjustment for commonly used factors such as age and pathological stage. Conclusions Modern genomic datasets reveal large heterogeneity among luminal breast tumors. Our analysis of these data provides two prognostic gene sets that dissect and explain tumor variability within the luminal-A subgroup, thus, contributing to the advancement of subtype-specific diagnosis and treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0724-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dvir Netanely
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayelet Avraham
- Oncology Department, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Tsrifin, Israel
| | - Adit Ben-Baruch
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ella Evron
- Oncology Department, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Tsrifin, Israel
| | - Ron Shamir
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
775
|
Rusak M, Bołkun Ł, Chociej-Stypułkowska J, Pawlus J, Kłoczko J, Dąbrowska M. Flow-cytometry-based evaluation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in prognostication of newly diagnosed DLBCL patients. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 59:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
776
|
Salvesen GS, Hempel A, Coll NS. Protease signaling in animal and plant-regulated cell death. FEBS J 2016; 283:2577-98. [PMID: 26648190 PMCID: PMC5606204 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the proteases required for regulated cell death mechanisms in animals and plants. The aim is to be incisive, and not inclusive of all the animal proteases that have been implicated in various publications. The review also aims to focus on instances when several publications from disparate groups have demonstrated the involvement of an animal protease, and also when there is substantial biochemical, mechanistic and genetic evidence. In doing so, the literature can be culled to a handful of proteases, covering most of the known regulated cell death mechanisms: apoptosis, regulated necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and NETosis in animals. In plants, the literature is younger and not as extensive as for mammals, although the molecular drivers of vacuolar death, necrosis and the hypersensitive response in plants are becoming clearer. Each of these death mechanisms has at least one proteolytic component that plays a major role in controlling the pathway, and sometimes they combine in networks to regulate cell death/survival decision nodes. Some similarities are found among animal and plant cell death proteases but, overall, the pathways that they govern are kingdom-specific with very little overlap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy S. Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anne Hempel
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nuria Sanchez Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Campus UAB, Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
777
|
Majji S, Wijayalath W, Shashikumar S, Pow-Sang L, Villasante E, Brumeanu TD, Casares S. Differential effect of HLA class-I versus class-II transgenes on human T and B cell reconstitution and function in NRG mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28093. [PMID: 27323875 PMCID: PMC4914985 DOI: 10.1038/srep28093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice expressing Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I or II transgenes have been generated, but the role of class I vs class II on human T and B cell reconstitution and function has not been investigated in detail. Herein we show that NRG (NOD.RagKO.IL2RγcKO) mice expressing HLA-DR4 molecules (DRAG mice) and those co-expressing HLA-DR4 and HLA-A2 molecules (DRAGA mice) did not differ in their ability to develop human T and B cells, to reconstitute cytokine-secreting CD4 T and CD8 T cells, or to undergo immunoglobulin class switching. In contrast, NRG mice expressing only HLA-A2 molecules (A2 mice) reconstituted lower numbers of CD4 T cells but similar numbers of CD8 T cells. The T cells from A2 mice were deficient at secreting cytokines, and their B cells could not undergo immunoglobulin class switching. The inability of A2 mice to undergo immunoglobulin class switching is due to deficient CD4 helper T cell function. Upon immunization, the frequency and cytotoxicity of antigen-specific CD8 T cells in DRAGA mice was significantly higher than in A2 mice. The results indicated a multifactorial effect of the HLA-DR4 transgene on development and function of human CD4 T cells, antigen-specific human CD8 T cells, and immunoglobulin class switching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Majji
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Wathsala Wijayalath
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Soumya Shashikumar
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Luis Pow-Sang
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eileen Villasante
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Teodor D Brumeanu
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sofia Casares
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
778
|
Zhang J, Yang Y, He W, Sun L. Necrosome core machinery: MLKL. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2153-63. [PMID: 27048809 PMCID: PMC11108342 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the study of regulated cell death, the rapidly expanding field of regulated necrosis, in particular necroptosis, has been drawing much attention. The signaling of necroptosis represents a sophisticated form of a death pathway. Anti-caspase mechanisms (e.g., using inhibitors of caspases, or genetic ablation of caspase-8) switch cell fate from apoptosis to necroptosis. The initial extracellular death signals regulate RIP1 and RIP3 kinase activation. The RIP3-associated death complex assembly is necessary and sufficient to initiate necroptosis. MLKL was initially identified as an essential mediator of RIP1/RIP3 kinase-initiated necroptosis. Recent studies on the signal transduction using chemical tools and biomarkers support the idea that MLKL is able to make more functional sense for the core machinery of the necroptosis death complex, called the necrosome, to connect to the necroptosis execution. The experimental data available now have pointed that the activated MLKL forms membrane-disrupting pores causing membrane leakage, which extends the prototypical concept of morphological and biochemical events following necroptosis happening in vivo. The key role of MLKL in necroptosis signaling thus sheds light on the logic underlying this unique "membrane-explosive" cell death pathway. In this review, we provide the general concepts and strategies that underlie signal transduction of this form of cell death, and then focus specifically on the role of MLKL in necroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Rd, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Rd, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wenyan He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Rd, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Liming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Rd, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
779
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review is being published to update the literature on the function of the adaptive immune system in critical illness, specifically sepsis and acute lung injury. We have focused on the role of T cells in these syndromes. RECENT FINDINGS The adaptive immune response becomes dysfunctional during sepsis and acute lung injury in very similar ways. Many of the abnormalities contribute to morbidity and mortality. Immunoparalysis captures the breadth of the dysfunction in that T-cell functions are broadly suppressed after the early proinflammatory stages of illness. Lymphocyte apoptosis, decreased antigen responsiveness, decreased and altered cytokine expression, upregulation of inhibitory molecules, and expansion of the suppressive regulatory T-cell population are mechanisms involved. Each of these abnormalities can be reversed with improvement in experimental outcomes. SUMMARY Immunoparalysis of the adaptive immune system occurs in sepsis and acute lung injury, and is critical to the outcome. Blocking the inhibited pathways and immunostimulant cytokines improved lymphocyte function and outcome. Many such blocking agents are already effective for other diseases and could be used for immunoparalysis. Unfortunately, there is no diagnostic marker yet. In order to provide the right therapy at the right time, advancements in immunomonitoring are necessary.
Collapse
|
780
|
Hellwig D, Voigt J, Bouzani M, Löffler J, Albrecht-Eckardt D, Weber M, Brunke S, Martin R, Kurzai O, Hünniger K. Candida albicans Induces Metabolic Reprogramming in Human NK Cells and Responds to Perforin with a Zinc Depletion Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:750. [PMID: 27242763 PMCID: PMC4872603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the innate immune system, natural killer (NK) cells are directly involved in the response to fungal infections. Perforin has been identified as the major effector molecule acting against many fungal pathogens. While several studies have shown that perforin mediated fungicidal effects can contribute to fungal clearance, neither the activation of NK cells by fungal pathogens nor the effects of perforin on fungal cells are well-understood. In a dual approach, we have studied the global gene expression pattern of primary and cytokine activated NK cells after co-incubation with Candida albicans and the transcriptomic adaptation of C. albicans to perforin exposure. NK cells responded to the fungal pathogen with an up-regulation of genes involved in immune signaling and release of cytokines. Furthermore, we observed a pronounced increase of genes involved in glycolysis and glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose impaired C. albicans induced NK cell activation. This strongly indicates that metabolic adaptation is a major part of the NK cell response to C. albicans infections. In the fungal pathogen, perforin induced a strong up-regulation of several fungal genes involved in the zinc depletion response, such as PRA1 and ZRT1. These data suggest that fungal zinc homeostasis is linked to the reaction to perforin secreted by NK cells. However, deletion mutants in PRA1 and ZRT1 did not show altered susceptibility to perforin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hellwig
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Jessica Voigt
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Bouzani
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Weber
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Martin
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hünniger
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
781
|
Root AR, Cao W, Li B, LaPan P, Meade C, Sanford J, Jin M, O'Sullivan C, Cummins E, Lambert M, Sheehan AD, Ma W, Gatto S, Kerns K, Lam K, D'Antona AM, Zhu L, Brady WA, Benard S, King A, He T, Racie L, Arai M, Barrett D, Stochaj W, LaVallie ER, Apgar JR, Svenson K, Mosyak L, Yang Y, Chichili GR, Liu L, Li H, Burke S, Johnson S, Alderson R, Finlay WJJ, Lin L, Olland S, Somers W, Bonvini E, Gerber HP, May C, Moore PA, Tchistiakova L, Bloom L. Development of PF-06671008, a Highly Potent Anti-P-cadherin/Anti-CD3 Bispecific DART Molecule with Extended Half-Life for the Treatment of Cancer. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:E6. [PMID: 31557987 PMCID: PMC6698862 DOI: 10.3390/antib5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies offer a promising approach for the treatment of cancer but can be challenging to engineer and manufacture. Here we report the development of PF-06671008, an extended-half-life dual-affinity re-targeting (DART®) bispecific molecule against P-cadherin and CD3 that demonstrates antibody-like properties. Using phage display, we identified anti-P-cadherin single chain Fv (scFv) that were subsequently affinity-optimized to picomolar affinity using stringent phage selection strategies, resulting in low picomolar potency in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) killing assays in the DART format. The crystal structure of this disulfide-constrained diabody shows that it forms a novel compact structure with the two antigen binding sites separated from each other by approximately 30 Å and facing approximately 90° apart. We show here that introduction of the human Fc domain in PF-06671008 has produced a molecule with an extended half-life (-4.4 days in human FcRn knock-in mice), high stability (Tm1 > 68 °C), high expression (>1 g/L), and robust purification properties (highly pure heterodimer), all with minimal impact on potency. Finally, we demonstrate in vivo anti-tumor efficacy in a human colorectal/human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) co-mix xenograft mouse model. These results suggest PF-06671008 is a promising new bispecific for the treatment of patients with solid tumors expressing P-cadherin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Root
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Wei Cao
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Bilian Li
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Peter LaPan
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Caryl Meade
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Jocelyn Sanford
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Macy Jin
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Cliona O'Sullivan
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Ireland.
| | - Emma Cummins
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Ireland.
| | - Matthew Lambert
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Ireland.
| | - Alfredo D Sheehan
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Ireland.
| | - Weijun Ma
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Scott Gatto
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Kelvin Kerns
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Khetemenee Lam
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Aaron M D'Antona
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Lily Zhu
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - William A Brady
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Susan Benard
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Amy King
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Tao He
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Lisa Racie
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Maya Arai
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Dianah Barrett
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Wayne Stochaj
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Edward R LaVallie
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - James R Apgar
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Kristine Svenson
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Lidia Mosyak
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yinhua Yang
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | | | - Liqin Liu
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Hua Li
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Steve Burke
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Syd Johnson
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Ralph Alderson
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - William J J Finlay
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Ireland.
| | - Laura Lin
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Stéphane Olland
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - William Somers
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ezio Bonvini
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Hans-Peter Gerber
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
| | - Chad May
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
| | - Paul A Moore
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Lioudmila Tchistiakova
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Laird Bloom
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
782
|
D'Eliseo D, Di Rocco G, Loria R, Soddu S, Santoni A, Velotti F. Epitelial-to-mesenchimal transition and invasion are upmodulated by tumor-expressed granzyme B and inhibited by docosahexaenoic acid in human colorectal cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:24. [PMID: 26830472 PMCID: PMC4736710 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granzyme B (GrB) is a serine protease, traditionally known as expressed by cytotoxic lymphocytes to induce target cell apoptosis. However, it is emerging that GrB, being also produced by a variety of normal and neoplastic cells and potentially acting on multiple targets, might represent a powerful regulator of a wide range of fundamental biological processes. We have previously shown that GrB is expressed in urothelial carcinoma tissues and its expression is associated to both pathological tumor spreading and EMT. We have also shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with anti-tumor activity, while inhibiting urothelial and pancreatic carcinoma cell invasion also inhibited their GrB expression in vitro. In this study, we characterized a panel of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells, with different invasive capabilities, for GrB expression and for the contribution of GrB to their EMT and invasive phenotype. In addition, we investigated the effect of DHA on CRC cell-associated GrB expression, EMT and invasion. METHODS The expression levels of GrB and EMT-related markers were evaluated by Western blotting. GrB knockdown was performed by Stealth RNAi small interfering RNA silencing and ectopic GrB expression by transfection of human GrB vector. Cell invasion was determined by the BioCoat Matrigel invasion chamber test. RESULTS GrB was produced in 57.1% CRC cell lines and 100% CRC-derived Cancer Stem Cells. Although GrB was constitutive expressed in both invasive and noninvasive CRC cells, GrB depletion in invasive CRC cells downmodulated their invasion in vitro, suggesting a contribution of GrB to CRC invasiveness. GrB loss or gain of function downmodulated or upmodulated EMT, respectively, according to the analysis of cancer cell expression of three EMT biomarkers (Snail1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin). Moreover, TGF-β1-driven EMT was associated to the enhancement of GrB expression in CRC cell lines, and GrB depletion led to downmodulation of TGF-β1-driven EMT. In addition, DHA inhibited GrB expression, EMT and invasion in CRC cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These findings present a novel role for GrB as upmodulator of EMT in CRC cells. Moreover, these results support the use of DHA, a dietary compound without toxic effects, as adjuvant in CRC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella D'Eliseo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), La Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Di Rocco
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rossella Loria
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), La Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
783
|
Anegawa H, Otsuka A, Kaku Y, Nonomura Y, Fujisawa A, Endo Y, Kabashima K. Upregulation of granzyme B and interferon-γ mRNA in responding lesions by treatment with nivolumab for metastatic melanoma: a case report. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30:e231-e232. [PMID: 26837059 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Anegawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Kaku
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Nonomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A Fujisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Endo
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
784
|
Huntington ND, Carpentier S, Vivier E, Belz GT. Innate lymphoid cells: parallel checkpoints and coordinate interactions with T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 38:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
785
|
Yeung TL, Leung CS, Li F, Wong SST, Mok SC. Targeting Stromal-Cancer Cell Crosstalk Networks in Ovarian Cancer Treatment. Biomolecules 2016; 6:3. [PMID: 26751490 PMCID: PMC4808797 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a histologically, clinically, and molecularly diverse disease with a five-year survival rate of less than 30%. It has been estimated that approximately 21,980 new cases of epithelial ovarian cancer will be diagnosed and 14,270 deaths will occur in the United States in 2015, making it the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Ovarian tumor tissue is composed of cancer cells and a collection of different stromal cells. There is increasing evidence that demonstrates that stromal involvement is important in ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Therefore, stroma-specific signaling pathways, stroma-derived factors, and genetic changes in the tumor stroma present unique opportunities for improving the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the major components of the tumor stroma that have demonstrated supportive roles in tumor progression. In this review, we highlight various types of signaling crosstalk between ovarian cancer cells and stromal cells, particularly with CAFs. In addition to evaluating the importance of signaling crosstalk in ovarian cancer progression, we discuss approaches that can be used to target tumor-promoting signaling crosstalk and how these approaches can be translated into potential ovarian cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Lun Yeung
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Cecilia S Leung
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Fuhai Li
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Stephen S T Wong
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- National Cancer Institute Center for Modeling Cancer Development, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Samuel C Mok
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
786
|
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the prototype innate lymphoid cells endowed with potent cytolytic function that provide host defence against microbial infection and tumours. Here, we review evidence for the role of NK cells in immune surveillance against cancer and highlight new therapeutic approaches for targeting NK cells in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maelig G Morvan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
787
|
Lukoyanova N, Hoogenboom BW, Saibil HR. The membrane attack complex, perforin and cholesterol-dependent cytolysin superfamily of pore-forming proteins. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2125-33. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.182741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The membrane attack complex and perforin proteins (MACPFs) and bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are two branches of a large and diverse superfamily of pore-forming proteins that function in immunity and pathogenesis. During pore formation, soluble monomers assemble into large transmembrane pores through conformational transitions that involve extrusion and refolding of two α-helical regions into transmembrane β-hairpins. These transitions entail a dramatic refolding of the protein structure, and the resulting assemblies create large holes in cellular membranes, but they do not use any external source of energy. Structures of the membrane-bound assemblies are required to mechanistically understand and modulate these processes. In this Commentary, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of assembly mechanisms and molecular details of the conformational changes that occur during MACPF and CDC pore formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Lukoyanova
- Department of Crystallography/Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Bart W. Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen R. Saibil
- Department of Crystallography/Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
788
|
Voss M, Bryceson YT. Natural killer cell biology illuminated by primary immunodeficiency syndromes in humans. Clin Immunol 2015; 177:29-42. [PMID: 26592356 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cytotoxic effector cells well known for their role in antiviral immunity and tumor immunosurveillance. In parts, this knowledge stems from rare inherited immunodeficiency disorders in humans that abrogate NK cell function leading to immune impairments, most notably associated with a high susceptibility to viral infections. Phenotypically, these disorders range from deficiencies selectively affecting NK cells to complex general immune defects that affect NK cells but also other immune cell subsets. Moreover, deficiencies may be associated with reduced NK cell numbers or rather impair specific NK cell effector functions. In recent years, genetic defects underlying the various NK cell deficiencies have been uncovered and have triggered investigative efforts to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders. Here we review the associations between inherited human diseases and NK cell development as well as function, with a particular focus on defects in NK cell exocytosis and cytotoxicity. Furthermore we outline how reports of diverse genetic defects have shaped our understanding of NK cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Voss
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
789
|
Reboul CF, Whisstock JC, Dunstone MA. Giant MACPF/CDC pore forming toxins: A class of their own. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:475-86. [PMID: 26607011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pore Forming Toxins (PFTs) represent a key mechanism for permitting the passage of proteins and small molecules across the lipid membrane. These proteins are typically produced as soluble monomers that self-assemble into ring-like oligomeric structures on the membrane surface. Following such assembly PFTs undergo a remarkable conformational change to insert into the lipid membrane. While many different protein families have independently evolved such ability, members of the Membrane Attack Complex PerForin/Cholesterol Dependent Cytolysin (MACPF/CDC) superfamily form distinctive giant β-barrel pores comprised of up to 50 monomers and up to 300Å in diameter. In this review we focus on recent advances in understanding the structure of these giant MACPF/CDC pores as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to their formation. Commonalities and evolved variations of the pore forming mechanism across the superfamily are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Pore-Forming Toxins edited by Mauro Dalla Serra and Franco Gambale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril F Reboul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle A Dunstone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
790
|
|
791
|
Pérez-Silva JG, Español Y, Velasco G, Quesada V. The Degradome database: expanding roles of mammalian proteases in life and disease. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:D351-5. [PMID: 26553809 PMCID: PMC4702854 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the definition of the degradome as the complete repertoire of proteases in a given organism, the combined effort of numerous laboratories has greatly expanded our knowledge of its roles in biology and pathology. Once the genomic sequences of several important model organisms were made available, we presented the Degradome database containing the curated sets of known protease genes in human, chimpanzee, mouse and rat. Here, we describe the updated Degradome database, featuring 81 new protease genes and 7 new protease families. Notably, in this short time span, the number of known hereditary diseases caused by mutations in protease genes has increased from 77 to 119. This increase reflects the growing interest on the roles of the degradome in multiple diseases, including cancer and ageing. Finally, we have leveraged the widespread adoption of new webtools to provide interactive graphic views that show information about proteases in the global context of the degradome. The Degradome database can be accessed through its web interface at http://degradome.uniovi.es.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José G Pérez-Silva
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Yaiza Español
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gloria Velasco
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Víctor Quesada
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
792
|
Intradermal delivery of DNA encoding HCV NS3 and perforin elicits robust cell-mediated immunity in mice and pigs. Gene Ther 2015; 23:26-37. [PMID: 26262584 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, no vaccine is available against hepatitis C virus (HCV), and although DNA vaccines have considerable potential, this has not been realised. Previously, the efficacy of DNA vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV was shown to be enhanced by including the gene for a cytolytic protein, viz. perforin. In this study, we examined the mechanism of cell death by this bicistronic DNA vaccine, which encoded the HCV non-structural protein 3 (NS3) under the control of the CMV promoter and perforin is controlled by the SV40 promoter. Compared with a canonical DNA vaccine and a bicistronic DNA vaccine encoding NS3 and the proapoptotic gene NSP4, the perforin-containing vaccine elicited enhanced cell-mediated immune responses against the NS3 protein in vaccinated mice and pigs, as determined by ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining, whereas a mouse challenge model suggested that the immunity was CD8(+) T-cell-dependent. The results of the study showed that the inclusion of perforin in the DNA vaccine altered the fate of NS3-positive cells from apoptosis to necrosis, and this resulted in more robust immune responses in mice and pigs, the latter of which represents an accepted large animal model in which to test vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
|
793
|
de Saint Basile G, Sepulveda FE, Maschalidi S, Fischer A. Cytotoxic granule secretion by lymphocytes and its link to immune homeostasis. F1000Res 2015; 4:930. [PMID: 26594351 PMCID: PMC4648190 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6754.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The granule-dependent cytotoxic activity of T and natural killer lymphocytes has progressively emerged as an important effector pathway not only for host defence but also for immune regulation. The analysis of an early-onset, severe, primary immune dysregulatory syndrome known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) has been decisive in highlighting this latter role and identifying key effectors on the basis of gene mutation analyses and mediators in the maturation and secretion of cytotoxic granules. Studies of cytotoxicity-deficient murine counterparts have helped to define primary HLH as a syndrome in which uncontrolled T-cell activation in response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection results in excessive macrophage activation and inflammation-associated cytopenia. Recent recognition of late-onset HLH, which occurs in a variety of settings, in association with hypomorphic, monoallelic mutations in genes encoding components of the granule-dependent cytotoxic pathway or even in the absence of such mutations has broadened our view about the mechanisms that underlie the perturbation of immune homeostasis. These findings have led to the development of a model in which disease occurs when a threshold is reached through the accumulation of genetic and environmental risk factors. Nevertheless, validation of this model will require further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève de Saint Basile
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, F-75015, France ; Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, F-75015, France ; Centre d'Etudes des Déficits Immunitaires, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fernando E Sepulveda
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, F-75015, France ; Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Sophia Maschalidi
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, F-75015, France ; Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, F-75015, France ; Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, F-75015, France ; Immunology and Pediatric Hematology Department, Necker Children's Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France ; Collège de France, Paris, F-75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
794
|
Yagi H, Conroy PJ, Leung EWW, Law RHP, Trapani JA, Voskoboinik I, Whisstock JC, Norton RS. Structural Basis for Ca2+-mediated Interaction of the Perforin C2 Domain with Lipid Membranes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25213-26. [PMID: 26306037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes deploy perforin and granzymes to kill infected host cells. Perforin, secreted by immune cells, binds target membranes to form pores that deliver pro-apoptotic granzymes into the target cell. A crucial first step in this process is interaction of its C2 domain with target cell membranes, which is a calcium-dependent event. Some aspects of this process are understood, but many molecular details remain unclear. To address this, we investigated the mechanism of Ca(2+) and lipid binding to the C2 domain by NMR spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. Calcium titrations, together with dodecylphosphocholine micelle experiments, confirmed that multiple Ca(2+) ions bind within the calcium-binding regions, activating perforin with respect to membrane binding. We have also determined the affinities of several of these binding sites and have shown that this interaction causes a significant structural rearrangement in CBR1. Thus, it is proposed that Ca(2+) binding at the weakest affinity site triggers changes in the C2 domain that facilitate its interaction with lipid membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Yagi
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052
| | - Paul J Conroy
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800
| | - Eleanor W W Leung
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052
| | - Ruby H P Law
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- the Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, and the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- the Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, and the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics and Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800,
| | - Raymond S Norton
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052,
| |
Collapse
|
795
|
Cichicki F, Schlums H, Theorell J, Tesi B, Miller JS, Ljunggren HG, Bryceson YT. Diversification and Functional Specialization of Human NK Cell Subsets. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 395:63-94. [PMID: 26472216 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that participate in different facets of immunity. They can act as innate sentinels through recognition and eradication of infected or transformed target cells, so-called immunosurveillance. In addition, they can contain immune responses through the killing of other activated immune cells, so-called immunoregulation. Furthermore, they instruct and regulate immune responses by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, either upon direct target cell recognition or by relaying cytokine cues from various cell types. Recent studies in mouse and man have uncovered infection-associated expansions of NK cell subsets with specific receptor repertoires and diverse patterns of intracellular signaling molecule expression. Moreover, distinct attributes of NK cells in tissues, including tissue-resident subsets, are being further elucidated. Findings support an emerging theme of ever-increasing diversification and functional specialization among different NK cell subsets, with a functional dichotomy between subsets involved in immunoregulation or immunosurveillance. The epigenetic landscapes and transcriptional profiles of different NK cell subsets are providing insights into the molecular regulation of effector functions. Here, we review phenotypic, functional, and developmental characteristics of a spectrum of human NK cell subsets. We also discuss the molecular underpinnings of different NK cell subsets and their potential contributions to immunity as well as disease susceptibility.
Collapse
|
796
|
Tang BL. The Cell Biology of Systemic Hyperinflammation Resulting from Failed Cytolytic Target Cell Killing. Cell 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2015.43005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|