751
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Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles: The New Communicators in Parasite Infections. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:477-489. [PMID: 26433251 PMCID: PMC4685040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism for transferring information between cells and organisms across all three kingdoms of life. In addition to their roles in normal physiology, vesicles also transport molecules from pathogens to hosts and can spread antigens as well as infectious agents. Although initially described in the host-pathogen context for their functions in immune surveillance, vesicles enable multiple modes of communication by, and between, parasites. Here we review the literature demonstrating that EVs are secreted by intracellular and extracellular eukaryotic parasites, as well as their hosts, and detail the functional properties of these vesicles in maturation, pathogenicity and survival. We further describe the prospects for targeting or exploiting these complexes in therapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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752
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Shaughnessy RG, Farrell D, Riepema K, Bakker D, Gordon SV. Analysis of Biobanked Serum from a Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis Bovine Infection Model Confirms the Remarkable Stability of Circulating miRNA Profiles and Defines a Bovine Serum miRNA Repertoire. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145089. [PMID: 26675426 PMCID: PMC4682966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's Disease (JD) is a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Current disease control strategies are hampered by the lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic modalities. Therefore, novel diagnostic and prognostic tools are needed, and circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) may hold potential in this area. The aims of this study were twofold: (i) to address the stability of miRNA in bovine sera from biobanked samples, and (ii) to assess the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers for JD disease progression. To address these aims we used bovine sera from an experimental MAP infection model that had been stored at -20°C for over a decade, allowing us to also assess the stability of miRNA profiles in biobanked serum samples through comparison with fresh sera. Approximately 100-200 intact miRNAs were identified in each sample with 83 of these being consistently detected across all 57 samples. The miRNA profile of the biobanked sera stored at -20°C for over 10 years was highly similar to the profile of <1 year-old sera stored at -80°C, with an overlap of 73 shared miRNAs. IsomiR analysis also indicated a distinct bovine serum-specific isomiR profile as compared to previously reported bovine macrophage miRNA profiles. To explore the prognostic potential of miRNA profiles cattle defined as seropositive for anti-MAP antibodies (n = 5) were compared against seronegative cattle (n = 7). No significant differential expressed miRNAs were detected at either the early (6 months) or late (43, 46 and 49 months) intervals (FDR≤0.05, fold-change≥1.5) across seropositive or seronegative animals. However, comparing pre-infection sera to the early and late time-points identified increased miR-29a and miR-92b abundance (2-fold) that may be due to blood-cell population changes over time (P<0.001). In conclusion our study has demonstrated that bovine circulating miRNAs retain their integrity under long-term sub-optimal storage temperatures opening the way for increased miRNA analyses from biobanked samples for a range of infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Farrell
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Karel Riepema
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University, Edelhertweg 15, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Buitenplaats 116, 8212 AM Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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753
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Almanza G, Zanetti M. High-efficiency Generation of Multiple Short Noncoding RNA in B-cells and B-cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e271. [PMID: 26670278 PMCID: PMC5014536 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Short noncoding (snc)RNAs are important new players in the landscape of biologics with therapeutic potential. Recently, we reported on a new method for the synthesis and delivery of snc RNA in B-cells transfected with plasmid DNA. Here using the same approach, we demonstrate that B-cells can be programmed for the enforced biogenesis and synchronous release of multiple sncRNAs. Our data show that this goal is feasible and that multiple sncRNA are released in the extracellular compartment in amounts comparable to those from B-cells programmed to express and secrete one scnRNA only. Furthermore, we found that the cargo of extracellular vescicles (EVs) isolated from programmed B-cells is remarkably enriched for multiple sncRNA. On average, we found that the content of multiple sncRNAs in EVs is 3.6 copynumber/EV. Collectively, we demonstrate that B-cells can be easily programmed toward the synthesis and release of multiple sncRNAs, including sncRNA-laden EVs, efficiently and specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Almanza
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Maurizio Zanetti
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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754
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Tissue Factor Regulation by miR-520g in Primitive Neuronal Brain Tumor Cells: A Possible Link between Oncomirs and the Vascular Tumor Microenvironment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:446-59. [PMID: 26687818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric embryonal brain tumors with multilayered rosettes demonstrate a unique oncogenic amplification of the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster, C19MC. Because oncogenic lesions often cause deregulation of vascular effectors, including procoagulant tissue factor (TF), this study explores whether there is a link between C19MC oncogenic miRNAs (oncomirs) and the coagulant properties of cancer cells, a question previously not studied. In a pediatric embryonal brain tumor tissue microarray, we observed an association between C19MC amplification and reduced fibrin content and TF expression, indicative of reduced procoagulant activity. In medulloblastoma cell lines (DAOY and UW228) engineered to express miR-520g, a biologically active constituent of the C19MC cluster, we observed reduced TF expression, procoagulant and TF signaling activities (responses to factor VIIa stimulation), and diminished TF emission as cargo of extracellular vesicles. Antimir and luciferase reporter assays revealed a specific and direct effect of miR-520g on the TF 3' untranslated region. Although the endogenous MIR520G locus is methylated in differentiated cells, exposure of DAOY cells to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine or their growth as stem cell-like spheres up-regulated endogenous miR-520g with a coincident reduction in TF expression. We propose that the properties of tumors harboring oncomirs may include unique alterations of the vascular microenvironment, including deregulation of TF, with a possible impact on the biology, therapy, and hemostatic adverse effects of both disease progression and treatment.
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755
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Lemcke H, Steinhoff G, David R. Gap junctional shuttling of miRNA — A novel pathway of intercellular gene regulation and its prospects in clinical application. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2506-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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756
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Nagaraj AB, Joseph P, DiFeo A. miRNAs as prognostic and therapeutic tools in epithelial ovarian cancer. Biomark Med 2015; 9:241-57. [PMID: 25731210 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy and is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Developing adjuvant therapy to circumvent drug resistance represents an important aspect of current initiatives to improve survival in women with advanced EOC. A regulatory molecule that can act on multiple genes associated with a chemoresistant phenotype will be the ideal target for the development of therapeutics to overcome resistance and miRNAs constitute promising tools in this regard. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of miRNAs in regulating EOC phenotype with a focus on prognostic and therapeutic importance of miRNAs and the possibility of miRNA modulation as a tool to improve efficacy of chemotherapy in EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Belur Nagaraj
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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757
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Kalniņa Z, Meistere I, Kikuste I, Tolmanis I, Zayakin P, Linē A. Emerging blood-based biomarkers for detection of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11636-11653. [PMID: 26556992 PMCID: PMC4631966 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection and efficient monitoring of tumor dynamics are prerequisites for reducing disease burden and mortality, and for improving the management of patients with gastric cancer (GC). Blood-based biomarker assays for the detection of early-stage GC could be of great relevance both for population-wide or risk group-based screening programs, while circulating biomarkers that reflect the genetic make-up and dynamics of the tumor would allow monitoring of treatment efficacy, predict recurrences and assess the genetic heterogeneity of the tumor. Recent research to identify blood-based biomarkers of GC has resulted in the identification of a wide variety of cancer-associated molecules, including various proteins, autoantibodies against tumor associated antigens, cell-free DNA fragments, mRNAs and various non-coding RNAs, circulating tumor cells and cancer-derived extracellular vesicles. Each type of these biomarkers provides different information on the disease status, has different advantages and disadvantages, and distinct clinical usefulness. In the current review, we summarize the recent developments in blood-based GC biomarker discovery, discuss the origin of various types of biomarkers and their clinical usefulness and the technological challenges in the development of biomarker assays for clinical use.
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758
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Lakhter AJ, Sims EK. Minireview: Emerging Roles for Extracellular Vesicles in Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1535-48. [PMID: 26393296 PMCID: PMC4627606 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-contained vesicles released by most cell types, have attracted a large amount of research interest over the past decade. Because of their ability to transfer cargo via regulated processes, causing functional impacts on recipient cells, these structures may play important roles in cell-cell communication and have implications in the physiology of numerous organ systems. In addition, EVs have been described in most human biofluids and have wide potential as relatively noninvasive biomarkers of various pathologic conditions. Specifically, EVs produced by the pancreatic β-cell have been demonstrated to regulate physiologic and pathologic responses to β-cell stress, including β-cell proliferation and apoptosis. β-Cell EVs are also capable of interacting with immune cells and may contribute to the activation of autoimmune processes that trigger or propagate β-cell inflammation and destruction during the development of diabetes. EVs from adipose tissue have been shown to contribute to the development of the chronic inflammation and insulin resistance associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome via interactions with other adipose, liver, and muscle cells. Circulating EVs may also serve as biomarkers for metabolic derangements and complications associated with diabetes. This minireview describes the properties of EVs in general, followed by a more focused review of the literature describing EVs affecting the β-cell, β-cell autoimmunity, and the development of insulin resistance, which all have the potential to affect development of type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Lakhter
- Department of Pediatrics (A.J.L., E.K.S.), Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (E.K.S.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Emily K Sims
- Department of Pediatrics (A.J.L., E.K.S.), Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (E.K.S.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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759
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Comprehensive microRNA profiling in acetaminophen toxicity identifies novel circulating biomarkers for human liver and kidney injury. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15501. [PMID: 26489516 PMCID: PMC4614545 DOI: 10.1038/srep15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to identify microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers of drug-induced liver and kidney injury by profiling the circulating miRNome in patients with acetaminophen overdose. Plasma miRNAs were quantified in age- and sex-matched overdose patients with (N = 27) and without (N = 27) organ injury (APAP-TOX and APAP-no TOX, respectively). Classifier miRNAs were tested in a separate cohort (N = 81). miRNA specificity was determined in non-acetaminophen liver injury and murine models. Sensitivity was tested by stratification of patients at hospital presentation (N = 67). From 1809 miRNAs, 75 were 3-fold or more increased and 46 were 3-fold or more decreased with APAP-TOX. A 16 miRNA classifier model accurately diagnosed APAP-TOX in the test cohort. In humans, the miRNAs with the largest increase (miR-122-5p, miR-885-5p, miR-151a-3p) and the highest rank in the classifier model (miR-382-5p) accurately reported non-acetaminophen liver injury and were unaffected by kidney injury. miR-122-5p was more sensitive than ALT for reporting liver injury at hospital presentation, especially combined with miR-483-3p. A miRNA panel was associated with human kidney dysfunction. In mice, miR-122-5p, miR-151a-3p and miR-382-5p specifically reported APAP toxicity - being unaffected by drug-induced kidney injury. Profiling of acetaminophen toxicity identified multiple miRNAs that report acute liver injury and potential biomarkers of drug-induced kidney injury.
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760
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Mouillet JF, Ouyang Y, Coyne CB, Sadovsky Y. MicroRNAs in placental health and disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:S163-72. [PMID: 26428496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a large family of small noncoding RNAs that are encoded by the genomes of most organisms. They regulate gene expression through posttranscriptional mechanisms to attenuate protein output in various genetic networks. The discovery of miRNAs has transformed our understanding of gene regulation and sparked intense efforts intended to harness their potential as diagnostic markers and therapeutic tools. Over the last decade, a flurry of studies has shed light on placental miRNAs but has also raised many questions regarding the scope of their biologic action. Moreover, the recognition that miRNAs of placental origin are released continually in the maternal circulation throughout pregnancy suggested that circulating miRNAs might serve as biomarkers for placental function during pregnancy. Although this generated much enthusiasm, recently recognized challenges have delayed the application of miRNA-based biomarkers and therapeutics in clinical practice. In this review, we summarize key findings in the field and discuss current knowledge related to miRNAs in the context of placental biology.
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761
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Microvesicles, in general, and exosomes together with their delivered content in particular, are now being widely recognized as key players in atherosclerosis. We have previously reviewed the role of microvesicles in atherosclerosis pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Here, we focus on the roles of exosomes and discuss their emergent role in mediating activation and response to inflammation, vessel infiltration and induction of coagulation. We will finally give an outlook to discuss novel detection techniques and systems biology based data analyses to investigate exosome-mediated cell-to-cell communication. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research points to a role of exosomes in delivering apoptotic and inflammatory content between blood cells and vascular cells, with a potential contribution of exosomes secreted by adipose tissue. An atheroprotective role of exosomes in response to coagulation that may contrast with the procoagulatory role of platelet-derived larger microvesicles is envisaged. New detection and separation methods and systems biology techniques are emerging. CONCLUSION We project that the development of novel detection, separation and analysis mechanism and systems-based analysis methods will further unravel the paracrine and endocrine 'communication protocol' between cellular players in atherosclerosis, mediating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich J. Huber
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Metabolism Unit
- Cardiovascular Systems Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Holvoet
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Metabolism Unit
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762
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Oudejans CB. Maternal plasma RNA sequencing. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:942-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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763
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Ti D, Hao H, Tong C, Liu J, Dong L, Zheng J, Zhao Y, Liu H, Fu X, Han W. LPS-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cells modify macrophage polarization for resolution of chronic inflammation via exosome-shuttled let-7b. J Transl Med 2015; 13:308. [PMID: 26386558 PMCID: PMC4575470 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the last few years, it has become evident that LPS-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cells (LPS pre-MSCs) show enhanced paracrine effects, including increased trophic support and improved regenerative and repair properties. MSCs may release large amounts of exosomes for cell-to-cell communication and maintain a dynamic and homeostatic microenvironment for tissue repair. The present study assesses the therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of LPS-preconditioned MSC-derived exosomes (LPS pre-Exo) for chronic inflammation and wound healing. METHODS We extracted exosomes from the supernatant of LPS pre-MSCs using a gradient centrifugation method. In vitro, THP-1 cells were cultured with high glucose (HG, 30 mM) as an inflammatory model and treated with LPS pre-Exo for 48 h. The expression of inflammation-related cytokines was detected by real-time RT-PCR, and the distribution of macrophage subtype was measured by immunofluorescence. Next, the miRNA expression profiles of LPS pre-Exo were evaluated using miRNA microarray analysis. The molecular signaling pathway responsible for the regenerative potential was identified by western blotting. In vivo, we established a cutaneous wound model in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and LPS pre-Exo were injected dispersively into the wound edge. The curative effects of LPS pre-Exo on inflammation and wound healing were observed and evaluated. RESULTS LPS pre-Exo have a better ability than untreated MSC-derived exosomes (un-Exo) to modulate the balance of macrophages due to their upregulation of the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and promotion of M2 macrophage activation. Microarray analysis of LPS pre-Exo identified the unique expression of let-7b compared with un-Exo, and the let-7b/TLR4 pathway served as potential contributor to macrophage polarization and inflammatory ablation. Further investigation of the mechanisms that control let-7b expression demonstrated that a TLR4/NF-κB/STAT3/AKT regulatory signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of macrophage plasticity. Knockdown of AKT in THP-1 cells similarly abolished the immunomodulatory effect of LPS pre-Exo. In vivo, LPS pre-Exo greatly alleviated inflammation and enhanced diabetic cutaneous wound healing. CONCLUSION LPS pre-Exo may have improved regulatory abilities for macrophage polarization and resolution of chronic inflammation by shuttling let-7b, and these exosomes carry much immunotherapeutic potential for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Ti
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Haojie Hao
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Chuan Tong
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Jiejie Liu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Liang Dong
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Jingxi Zheng
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yali Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, 572013, China.
| | - Huiling Liu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
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764
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Beltrami C, Clayton A, Newbury LJ, Corish P, Jenkins RH, Phillips AO, Fraser DJ, Bowen T. Stabilization of Urinary MicroRNAs by Association with Exosomes and Argonaute 2 Protein. Noncoding RNA 2015; 1:151-166. [PMID: 29861421 PMCID: PMC5932545 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna1020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A pressing need for new chronic kidney disease (CKD) biomarkers persists. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as a novel class of disease biomarkers in body fluids, but mechanisms conferring their stability in urine have not been fully elucidated. Here we investigated stabilization in human urine of ubiquitously expressed miR-16, and miR-192, which we have shown previously to be downregulated in renal fibrosis, by association with extracellular vesicles and with argonaute protein (AGO) 2. Endogenous urinary miR-16 was significantly more resistant to RNase-mediated degradation than exogenous, spiked-in, Caenorhabditis elegans cel-miR-39. We used our previously optimized high-resolution exosome isolation protocol with sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation to sub-fractionate the primary extracellular vesicle-rich urinary pellet. MiR-16 and miR-192 were enriched in exosomal sucrose gradient fractions, but were also detected in all other fractions. This suggested association of urinary miRNAs with other urinary extracellular vesicles and/or pellet components, complicating previous estimates of miRNA:exosome stoichiometry. Proteinase K digestion destabilized urinary miR-16 and we showed, for the first time, RNA-immunoprecipitation of urinary miR-16:AGO2 and miR-192:AGO2 complexes. Association with exosomes and AGO2 stabilized urinary miR-16 and miR-192, suggesting quantitative urinary miRNA analysis has the potential to identify novel, non-invasive CKD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Beltrami
- Department of Nephrology, Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Aled Clayton
- Section of Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Velindre Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 2TL, UK.
| | - Lucy J Newbury
- Department of Nephrology, Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Peter Corish
- BBI Group, The Courtyard, Ty Glas Avenue, Cardiff CF14 5DX, UK.
| | - Robert H Jenkins
- Department of Nephrology, Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Aled O Phillips
- Department of Nephrology, Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Donald J Fraser
- Department of Nephrology, Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Timothy Bowen
- Department of Nephrology, Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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765
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Makarova JA, Shkurnikov MU, Turchinovich AA, Tonevitsky AG, Grigoriev AI. Circulating microRNAs. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:1117-26. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915090035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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766
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The revised microRNA complement of Fasciola hepatica reveals a plethora of overlooked microRNAs and evidence for enrichment of immuno-regulatory microRNAs in extracellular vesicles. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:697-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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767
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Patton JG, Franklin JL, Weaver AM, Vickers K, Zhang B, Coffey RJ, Ansel KM, Blelloch R, Goga A, Huang B, L'Etoille N, Raffai RL, Lai CP, Krichevsky AM, Mateescu B, Greiner VJ, Hunter C, Voinnet O, McManus MT. Biogenesis, delivery, and function of extracellular RNA. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:27494. [PMID: 26320939 PMCID: PMC4553266 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.27494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Extracellular RNA (exRNA) Communication Consortium was launched by the National Institutes of Health to focus on the extent to which RNA might function in a non-cell-autonomous manner. With the availability of increasingly sensitive tools, small amounts of RNA can be detected in serum, plasma, and other bodily fluids. The exact mechanism(s) by which RNA can be secreted from cells and the mechanisms for the delivery and uptake by recipient cells remain to be determined. This review will summarize current knowledge about the biogenesis and delivery of exRNA and outline projects seeking to understand the functional impact of exRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA;
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kasey Vickers
- Department of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K Mark Ansel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrei Goga
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noelle L'Etoille
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Raffai
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles P Lai
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Anna M Krichevsky
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bogdan Mateescu
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vanille J Greiner
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Olivier Voinnet
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael T McManus
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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768
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Characterization of RNA from Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles Isolated by a Novel Spin Column-Based Method. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136133. [PMID: 26317354 PMCID: PMC4552735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (commonly referred to as EVs) have generated a lot of attention for their potential applications in both diagnostics and therapeutics. The contents of these vesicles are the subject of intense research, and the relatively recent discovery of RNA inside EVs has raised interest in the biological function of these RNAs as well as their potential as biomarkers for cancer and other diseases. Traditional ultracentrifugation-based protocols to isolate EVs are labor-intensive and subject to significant variability. Various attempts to develop methods with robust, reproducible performance have not yet been completely successful. Here, we report the development and characterization of a spin column-based method for the isolation of total RNA from EVs in serum and plasma. This method isolates highly pure RNA of equal or higher quantity compared to ultracentrifugation, with high specificity for vesicular over non-vesicular RNA. The spin columns have a capacity to handle up to 4 mL sample volume, enabling detection of low-abundance transcripts in serum and plasma. We conclude that the method is an improvement over traditional methods in providing a faster, more standardized way to achieve reliable high quality RNA preparations from EVs in biofluids such as serum and plasma. The first kit utilizing this new method has recently been made available by Qiagen as “exoRNeasy Serum/Plasma Maxi Kit”.
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769
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are emerging as a new type of cancer biomarker. TEX are membrane-bound, virus-size vesicles of endocytic origin present in all body fluids of cancer patients. Based on the expanding albeit incomplete knowledge of their biogenesis, secretion by tumor cells and cancer cell-specific molecular and genetic contents, TEX are viewed as promising, clinically-relevant surrogates of cancer progression and response to therapy. Preliminary proteomic, genetic and functional profiling of tumor cell-derived or cancer plasma-derived exosomes confirms their unique characteristics. Alterations in protein or nucleic acid profiles of exosomes in plasma of cancer patients responding to therapies appear to correlate with clinical endpoints. However, methods for TEX isolation and separation from the bulk of human plasma-derived exosomes are not yet established and their role as biomarkers remains to be confirmed. Further development and validation of TEX as noninvasive, liquid equivalents of tumor biopsies are necessary to move this effort forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, , Phone: 412-624-0096, FAX: 412-624-0264
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770
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Batrakova EV, Kim MS. Using exosomes, naturally-equipped nanocarriers, for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 219:396-405. [PMID: 26241750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes offer distinct advantages that uniquely position them as highly effective drug carriers. Comprised of cellular membranes with multiple adhesive proteins on their surface, exosomes are known to specialize in cell-cell communications and provide an exclusive approach for the delivery of various therapeutic agents to target cells. In addition, exosomes can be amended through their parental cells to express a targeting moiety on their surface, or supplemented with desired biological activity. Development and validation of exosome-based drug delivery systems are the focus of this review. Different techniques of exosome isolation, characterization, drug loading, and applications in experimental disease models and clinic are discussed. Exosome-based drug formulations may be applied to a wide variety of disorders such as cancer, various infectious, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Overall, exosomes combine benefits of both synthetic nanocarriers and cell-mediated drug delivery systems while avoiding their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Myung Soo Kim
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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771
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Zaborowski MP, Balaj L, Breakefield XO, Lai CP. Extracellular Vesicles: Composition, Biological Relevance, and Methods of Study. Bioscience 2015; 65:783-797. [PMID: 26955082 PMCID: PMC4776721 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, is a phenomenon shared by many cell types as a means of communicating with other cells and also potentially removing cell contents. The cargo of EVs includes the proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and membrane receptors of the cells from which they originate. EVs released into the extracellular space can enter body fluids and potentially reach distant tissues. Once taken up by neighboring and/or distal cells, EVs can transfer functional cargo that may alter the status of recipient cells, thereby contributing to both physiological and pathological processes. In this article, we will focus on EV composition, mechanisms of uptake, and their biological effects on recipient cells. We will also discuss established and recently developed methods used to study EVs, including isolation, quantification, labeling and imaging protocols, as well as RNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- MikoŁaj P Zaborowski
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
| | - Charles P Lai
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
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772
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Schwarzenbach H. The clinical relevance of circulating, exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1069183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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773
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Abstract
Exosomes are membranous nanovesicles of endocytic origin that carry host and pathogen derived genomic, proteomic, and lipid cargos. Exosomes are secreted by most cell types into the extracellular milieu and are subsequently internalized by recipient cells. Upon internalization, exosomes condition recipient cells by donating their cargos and/or activating various signal transduction pathways, consequently regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes. The role of exosomes in viral pathogenesis, especially human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1] is beginning to unravel. Recent research reports suggest that exosomes from various sources play important but different roles in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. From these reports, it appears that the source of exosomes is the defining factor for the exosomal effect on HIV-1. In this review, we will describe how HIV-1 infection is modulated by exosomes and in turn how exosomes are targeted by HIV-1 factors. Finally, we will discuss potentially emerging therapeutic options based on exosomal cargos that may have promise in preventing HIV-1 transmission.
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774
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Jose AM. Movement of regulatory RNA between animal cells. Genesis 2015; 53:395-416. [PMID: 26138457 PMCID: PMC4915348 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that RNA can move from one cell to another and regulate genes through specific base-pairing. Mechanisms that modify or select RNA for secretion from a cell are unclear. Secreted RNA can be stable enough to be detected in the extracellular environment and can enter the cytosol of distant cells to regulate genes. Mechanisms that import RNA into the cytosol of an animal cell can enable uptake of RNA from many sources including other organisms. This role of RNA is akin to that of steroid hormones, which cross cell membranes to regulate genes. The potential diagnostic use of RNA in human extracellular fluids has ignited interest in understanding mechanisms that enable the movement of RNA between animal cells. Genetic model systems will be essential to gain more confidence in proposed mechanisms of RNA transport and to connect an extracellular RNA with a specific biological function. Studies in the worm C. elegans and in other animals have begun to reveal parts of this novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. Here, I summarize the current state of this nascent field, highlight the many unknowns, and suggest future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony M Jose
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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775
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Cha DJ, Franklin JL, Dou Y, Liu Q, Higginbotham JN, Demory Beckler M, Weaver AM, Vickers K, Prasad N, Levy S, Zhang B, Coffey RJ, Patton JG. KRAS-dependent sorting of miRNA to exosomes. eLife 2015; 4:e07197. [PMID: 26132860 PMCID: PMC4510696 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant KRAS colorectal cancer (CRC) cells release protein-laden exosomes that can alter the tumor microenvironment. To test whether exosomal RNAs also contribute to changes in gene expression in recipient cells, and whether mutant KRAS might regulate the composition of secreted microRNAs (miRNAs), we compared small RNAs of cells and matched exosomes from isogenic CRC cell lines differing only in KRAS status. We show that exosomal profiles are distinct from cellular profiles, and mutant exosomes cluster separately from wild-type KRAS exosomes. miR-10b was selectively increased in wild-type exosomes, while miR-100 was increased in mutant exosomes. Neutral sphingomyelinase inhibition caused accumulation of miR-100 only in mutant cells, suggesting KRAS-dependent miRNA export. In Transwell co-culture experiments, mutant donor cells conferred miR-100-mediated target repression in wild-type-recipient cells. These findings suggest that extracellular miRNAs can function in target cells and uncover a potential new mode of action for mutant KRAS in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Cha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Yongchao Dou
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - James N Higginbotham
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | | | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Kasey Vickers
- Department of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Nirpesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, United States
| | - Shawn Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, United States
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
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776
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Cha DJ, Franklin JL, Dou Y, Liu Q, Higginbotham JN, Demory Beckler M, Weaver AM, Vickers K, Prasad N, Levy S, Zhang B, Coffey RJ, Patton JG. KRAS-dependent sorting of miRNA to exosomes. eLife 2015. [PMID: 26132860 DOI: 10.7554/elife07197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant KRAS colorectal cancer (CRC) cells release protein-laden exosomes that can alter the tumor microenvironment. To test whether exosomal RNAs also contribute to changes in gene expression in recipient cells, and whether mutant KRAS might regulate the composition of secreted microRNAs (miRNAs), we compared small RNAs of cells and matched exosomes from isogenic CRC cell lines differing only in KRAS status. We show that exosomal profiles are distinct from cellular profiles, and mutant exosomes cluster separately from wild-type KRAS exosomes. miR-10b was selectively increased in wild-type exosomes, while miR-100 was increased in mutant exosomes. Neutral sphingomyelinase inhibition caused accumulation of miR-100 only in mutant cells, suggesting KRAS-dependent miRNA export. In Transwell co-culture experiments, mutant donor cells conferred miR-100-mediated target repression in wild-type-recipient cells. These findings suggest that extracellular miRNAs can function in target cells and uncover a potential new mode of action for mutant KRAS in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Cha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Yongchao Dou
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - James N Higginbotham
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | | | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Kasey Vickers
- Department of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Nirpesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, United States
| | - Shawn Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, United States
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
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777
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Alexander M, Hu R, Runtsch MC, Kagele DA, Mosbruger TL, Tolmachova T, Seabra MC, Round JL, Ward DM, O'Connell RM. Exosome-delivered microRNAs modulate the inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7321. [PMID: 26084661 PMCID: PMC4557301 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally and function within the cells in which they are transcribed. However, recent evidence suggests that microRNAs can be transferred between cells and mediate target gene repression. We find that endogenous miR-155 and miR-146a, two critical microRNAs that regulate inflammation, are released from dendritic cells within exosomes and are subsequently taken up by recipient dendritic cells. Following uptake, exogenous microRNAs mediate target gene repression and can reprogramme the cellular response to endotoxin, where exosome-delivered miR-155 enhances while miR-146a reduces inflammatory gene expression. We also find that miR-155 and miR-146a are present in exosomes and pass between immune cells in vivo, as well as demonstrate that exosomal miR-146a inhibits while miR-155 promotes endotoxin-induced inflammation in mice. Together, our findings provide strong evidence that endogenous microRNAs undergo a functional transfer between immune cells and constitute a mechanism of regulating the inflammatory response. Response to inflammatory stimuli such as endotoxin is coordinated at many levels. Here, the authors show that two microRNAs known to regulate inflammatory response inside the cell are secreted by dendritic cells and modulate inflammatory signalling in the neighbouring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Alexander
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Ruozhen Hu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Marah C Runtsch
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Dominique A Kagele
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Timothy L Mosbruger
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Tanya Tolmachova
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - June L Round
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Diane M Ward
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Ryan M O'Connell
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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778
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Johnson GD, Mackie P, Jodar M, Moskovtsev S, Krawetz SA. Chromatin and extracellular vesicle associated sperm RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:6847-59. [PMID: 26071953 PMCID: PMC4538811 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse pool of RNAs remain encapsulated within the transcriptionally silent spermatozoon despite the dramatic reduction in cellular and nuclear volume following cytoplasm/nucleoplasm expulsion. The impact of this pronounced restructuring on the distribution of transcripts inside the sperm essentially remains unknown. To define their compartmentalization, total RNA >100 nt was extracted from sonicated (SS) mouse spermatozoa and detergent demembranated sucrose gradient fractionated (Cs/Tx) sperm heads. Sperm RNAs predominately localized toward the periphery. The corresponding distribution of transcripts and thus localization and complexity were then inferred by RNA-seq. Interestingly, the number of annotated RNAs in the CsTx sperm heads exhibiting reduced peripheral enrichment was restricted. However this included Cabyr, the calcium-binding tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated protein encoded transcript. It is present in murine zygotes prior to the maternal to the zygotic transition yet absent in oocytes, consistent with the delivery of internally positioned sperm-borne RNAs to the embryo. In comparison, transcripts enriched in sonicated sperm contributed to the mitochondria and exosomes along with several nuclear transcripts including the metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1) and several small nucleolar RNAs. Their preferential peripheral localization suggests that chromatin remodeling during spermiogenesis is not limited to nucleoproteins as part of the nucleoprotein exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham D Johnson
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Paula Mackie
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1N8, Canada
| | - Meritxell Jodar
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1E2, Canada
| | - Sergey Moskovtsev
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1N8, Canada Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Stephen A Krawetz
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1E2, Canada
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779
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Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs: Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Applications in Cancer. Noncoding RNA 2015; 1:53-68. [PMID: 29861415 PMCID: PMC5932539 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna1010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, are important regulatory molecules which are corrupted in cancer, often in a tissue and stage specific manner. Accumulated data suggests that these promising biomarkers, may also form the basis of novel targeted therapeutic strategies. The role of exosomes in cancer development and metastasis pathways is also increasingly well described. These endosome derived extracellular vesicles which are trafficked horizontally between tumor cells, and vertically between tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment, carry bioactive cargos, which can reprogram the phenotype of recipient cells with important oncogenic consequences. Exosomes are enriched with non-coding RNA content. Within exosomes, non-coding RNAs are secreted into the peripheral circulation and other bodily fluids where they are protected from enzymatic degradation by the surrounding phospholipid membrane. Exosomes are therefore a highly promising source of diagnostic and prognostic material in cancer. Furthermore, as exosomes are natural ncRNA carriers, they may be adapted for the purpose of drug delivery by the introduction of exogenous ncRNAs or by manipulating their endogenous ncRNA content. In the current review, we will explore these highly clinically relevant themes by examining the roles of exosomal ncRNAs in cancer diagnostics, prognostics and therapy.
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780
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Siles-Lucas M, Morchon R, Simon F, Manzano-Roman R. Exosome-transported microRNAs of helminth origin: new tools for allergic and autoimmune diseases therapy? Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:208-14. [PMID: 25712154 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases associated with inflammation show fast annual increase in their incidence. This has been associated with excessive hygiene habits that limit contacts between the immune system and helminth parasites. Helminthic infections induce regulation and expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg) leading to atypical Th2 type immune responses, with downregulation of the inflammatory component usually associated with these type of responses. Many cells, including those of the immune system, produce extracellular vesicles called exosomes which mediate either immune stimulation (DCs) or immune modulation (T cells). The transfer of miRNAs contained in T-cell exosomes has been shown to contribute to downregulate the production of inflammatory mediators. It has been recently described the delivery to the host-parasite interface of exosomes containing miRNAs by helminths and its internalization by host cells. In this sense, helminth microRNAs transported in exosomes and internalized by immune host cells exert an important role in the expansion of Treg cells, resulting in the control of inflammation. We here provide relevant information obtained in the field of exosomes, cell-cell communication and miRNAs, showing the high potential of helminth miRNAs delivered in exosomes to host cells as new therapeutic tools against diseases associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
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781
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Fuhrmann G, Herrmann IK, Stevens MM. Cell-derived vesicles for drug therapy and diagnostics: opportunities and challenges. NANO TODAY 2015; 10:397-409. [PMID: 28458718 PMCID: PMC5409525 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small lipid-based membrane-bound entities shed by cells under both physiological and pathological conditions. Their discovery as intercellular communicators through transfer of nucleic acid- and protein-based cargos between cells locally and at distance in a highly specific manner has created recent excitement. The information they transport and their composition may vary depending on the cell of origin as well as the eliciting stimulus. Such sensitive changes in vesicle characteristics hold significant promise for the improved diagnosis of pathological conditions, including infections and neoplastic lesions in a minimally invasive way. Similarly, these cell-derived vesicles exhibit promising characteristics that could enhance drug targeting efficiencies. Recent developments in the field have aimed at studying EVs as novel drug carriers due to their natural composition, biological function and selective cell interaction. In this review, we discuss new research avenues in diagnostics and drug therapy based on extracellular vesicles. We show how cell-derived vesicles can be harvested and engineered to meet application-specific design requirements. We finally discuss potential risks encountered when translating extracellular vesicle based approaches into (pre)clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Fuhrmann
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Inge K. Herrmann
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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782
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Luck ME, Muljo SA, Collins CB. Prospects for Therapeutic Targeting of MicroRNAs in Human Immunological Diseases. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:5047-52. [PMID: 25980029 PMCID: PMC4435821 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous oligoribonucleotides with exciting therapeutic potential. Early studies established a clear role for miRNAs in leukocyte biology. The first miRNA-based therapy, miravirsen, is now in phase 2 clinical trials, making the reality of these therapies undeniable. The capacity for miRNAs to fine-tune inflammatory signaling make them attractive treatment targets for immunological diseases. Nonetheless, the degree of redundancy among miRNAs, coupled with the promiscuity of miRNA binding sites in the transcriptome, require consideration when designing miRNA-directed interventions. Altered miRNA expression occurs across a range of inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, and diabetes. However, very few studies successfully treated murine models of immunological diseases with miRNA-based approaches. While discussing recent studies targeting miRNAs to treat immunological conditions, we also reflect on the risks of miRNA targeting and showcase some newer delivery systems that may improve the pharmacological profile of this class of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa E Luck
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Stefan A Muljo
- Integrative Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Colm B Collins
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
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783
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Biodistribution and function of extracellular miRNA-155 in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10721. [PMID: 26024046 PMCID: PMC4448655 DOI: 10.1038/srep10721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating miRNAs can be found in extracellular vesicles (EV) and could be involved in intercellular communication. Here, we report the biodistribution of EV associated miR-155 using miR-155 KO mouse model. Administration of exosomes loaded with synthetic miR-155 mimic into miR-155 KO mice resulted in a rapid accumulation and clearance of miR-155 in the plasma with subsequent distribution in the liver, adipose tissue, lung, muscle and kidney (highest to lowest, respectively). miR-155 expression was detected in isolated hepatocytes and liver mononuclear cells of recipient KO mice suggesting its cellular uptake. In vitro, exosome-mediated restoration of miR-155 in Kupffer cells from miR-155 deficient mice augmented their LPS-induced MCP1 mRNA increase. The systemic delivery of wild type plasma to miR-155 KO mice also resulted in a rapid accumulation of miR-155 in the circulation and distribution to the liver and adipose tissue. In summary, our results demonstrate tissue biodistribution and biologic function of EV-associated miR-155.
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784
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Extracellular vesicles shuffling intercellular messages: for good or for bad. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:69-77. [PMID: 26001269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a highly conserved process exploited by diverse organisms as a mode of intercellular communication. Vesicles of sizes ranging from 30 to 1000nm, or even larger, are generated by blebbing of the plasma membrane (microvesicles) or formed in multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) to be secreted by exocytosis as exosomes. Exosomes, microvesicles and other EVs contain membrane and cytosolic components that include proteins, lipids and RNAs, a composition that differs related to their site of biogenesis. Several mechanisms are involved in vesicle formation at the plasma membrane or in endosomes, which is reflected in their heterogeneity, size and composition. EVs have significant promise for therapeutics and diagnostics and for understanding physiological and pathological processes all of which have boosted research to find modulators of their composition, secretion and targeting.
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785
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Agarwal K, Saji M, Lazaroff SM, Palmer AF, Ringel MD, Paulaitis ME. Analysis of exosome release as a cellular response to MAPK pathway inhibition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5440-8. [PMID: 25915504 PMCID: PMC4589192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exosome size distributions and numbers of exosomes released per cell are measured by asymmetric flow-field flow fractionation/multi-angle light scattering (A4F/MALS) for three thyroid cancer cell lines as a function of a treatment that inhibits MAPK signaling pathways in the cells. We show that these cell lines release exosomes with well-defined morphological features and size distributions that reflect a common biological process for their formation and release into the extracellular environment. We find that those cell lines with constitutive activation of the MAPK signaling pathway display MEK-dependent exosome release characterized by increased numbers of exosomes released per cell. Analysis of the measured exosome size distributions based on a generalized extreme value distribution model for exosome formation in intracellular multivesicular bodies highlights the importance of this experimental observable for delineating different mechanisms of vesicle formation and predicting how changes in exosome release can be modified by pathway inhibitors in a cell context-dependent manner.
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786
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Extracellular vesicles such as prostate cancer cell fragments as a fluid biopsy for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2015; 18:213-20. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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787
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Tosar JP, Gámbaro F, Sanguinetti J, Bonilla B, Witwer KW, Cayota A. Assessment of small RNA sorting into different extracellular fractions revealed by high-throughput sequencing of breast cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5601-16. [PMID: 25940616 PMCID: PMC4477662 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication can be mediated by extracellular small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs). Circulating sRNAs are being intensively studied for their promising use as minimally invasive disease biomarkers. To date, most attention is centered on exosomes and microRNAs as the vectors and the secreted species, respectively. However, this field would benefit from an increased understanding of the plethora of sRNAs secreted by different cell types in different extracellular fractions. It is still not clear if specific sRNAs are selected for secretion, or if sRNA secretion is mostly passive. We sequenced the intracellular sRNA content (19-60 nt) of breast epithelial cell lines (MCF-7 and MCF-10A) and compared it with extracellular fractions enriched in microvesicles, exosomes and ribonucleoprotein complexes. Our results are consistent with a non-selective secretion model for most microRNAs, although a few showed secretion patterns consistent with preferential secretion. On the contrary, 5' tRNA halves and 5' RNA Y4-derived fragments of 31-33 were greatly and significantly enriched in the extracellular space (even in non-mammary cell lines), where tRNA halves were detected as part of ∼45 kDa ribonucleoprotein complexes. Overall, we show that different sRNA families have characteristic secretion patterns and open the question of the role of these sRNAs in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Tosar
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay Nuclear Research Center, Faculty of Science, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Fabiana Gámbaro
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Julia Sanguinetti
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Braulio Bonilla
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alfonso Cayota
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
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788
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Janas T, Janas MM, Sapoń K, Janas T. Mechanisms of RNA loading into exosomes. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1391-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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789
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Das S, Halushka MK. Extracellular vesicle microRNA transfer in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:199-206. [PMID: 25958013 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small regulatory RNAs that decrease protein translation to fine-tune cellular function. Recently, miRNAs were found to transfer from a donor cell into a recipient cell via exosomes and microparticles. These microvesicles are found in blood, urine, saliva, and other fluid compartments. miRNAs are delivered with intact functionality and have been repeatedly shown to regulate protein expression in recipient cells in a paracrine fashion. Thus, transported miRNAs are a new class of cell-to-cell regulatory species. Exosomal miRNA transfer is now being reported in cardiovascular systems and disease. In the blood vessels, this transfer modulates atherosclerosis and angiogenesis. In the heart, it modulates heart failure, myocardial infarction, and response to ischemic preconditioning. This review describes our current understanding of extracellular vesicle miRNA transfer, demonstrating the roles of miR-126, miR-146a, miR-143, and other miRNAs being shuttled from endothelial cells, stem cells, fibroblasts and others into myocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells to activate cellular changes and modulate disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarjit Das
- Division of Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marc K Halushka
- Division of Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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790
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MicroRNA and Breast Cancer: Understanding Pathogenesis, Improving Management. Noncoding RNA 2015; 1:17-43. [PMID: 29861413 PMCID: PMC5932537 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna1010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of the microRNAs in the early 1990s has proven to be a tremendously significant development within the purview of gene regulation. They participate in the regulation of a broad assembly of processes vital to proper cell function and the perturbation of these pathways following alteration of miRNA expression is strongly believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the miRNAs that have to date been well-characterized in the context of human breast neoplasia. Detailed discussion will center around their role in tumor initiation and progression, control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cell formation, use as biomarkers in tissues and circulation, as well as their role in cancer treatment. In addition, attention will be given to topics which remain underexplored, such as miRNA control of cancer cell metabolism and the genomic/epigenetic origins underlying the preliminary disruption of miRNA expression in disease. This review will also address and attempt to resolve instances where discordant, inter-study findings have been reported (examples of which are replete in the literature) while also identifying bottlenecks hampering progress in miRNA research and other challenges that confront this fledgling but promising field of biomedical research.
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791
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Turchinovich A, Tonevitsky AG, Cho WC, Burwinkel B. Check and mate to exosomal extracellular miRNA: new lesson from a new approach. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:11. [PMID: 25988178 PMCID: PMC4428470 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 19–24 nt single-stranded RNAs which regulate gene expression by sequence-specific targeting of corresponding mRNAs. Extracellular miRNAs have been consistently detected in all human body fluids, and were shown to be prominent non-invasive biomarkers for various diseases including cancer. Albeit biological function of cell-free miRNA remains questionable, some studies demonstrated that exosomes encapsulated extracellular miRNAs could mediate inter-cellular signaling. While others suggested that these miRNAs are mostly by-products of cellular activity and do not carry any significant biological function. This article aims to discuss the current theories of origin of extracellular miRNA, and to highlight recent application of a novel technique of micro-vesicles counting, that may challenge the existence of exosomal miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Turchinovich
- Molecular Epidemiology, C080, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany ; Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Clinic Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander G Tonevitsky
- Hertsen Federal Medical Research Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Moscow, Russia
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong, China
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Molecular Epidemiology, C080, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany ; Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Clinic Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
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792
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Size and shape characterization of hydrated and desiccated exosomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3285-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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793
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Tewari M. A functional extracellular transcriptome in animals? Implications for biology, disease and medicine. Genome Biol 2015; 16:47. [PMID: 25723626 PMCID: PMC4341870 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Muneesh Tewari shares his views on possible functions and applications of RNA transport by extracellular vesicles in animals.
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794
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Ellinger J, Müller SC, Dietrich D. Epigenetic biomarkers in the blood of patients with urological malignancies. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:505-16. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1019477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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795
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Guzman N, Agarwal K, Asthagiri D, Yu L, Saji M, Ringel MD, Paulaitis ME. Breast Cancer-Specific miR Signature Unique to Extracellular Vesicles Includes "microRNA-like" tRNA Fragments. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:891-901. [PMID: 25722304 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes and shed vesicles, have been implicated in intercellular communication; however, their biomarker potential is less clear. Therefore, EVs derived from MCF7 and MCF10A cells were analyzed to identify unique miRNA (miR) profiles that distinguish their origin. One characteristic common to the miR profiles of MCF7 EVs and their parent cells is the high abundance of miR-21, let-7a, miR-100, and miR-125b, and low levels of miR-205. A second characteristic is the high abundance of "miRNA-like" tRNA fragments, which is unique to the MCF7 EVs, and is not found in comparing the cellular profiles. In addition, correlations were examined in the MCF7 cellular expression levels of these five miRs and two tRNA-derived miRNAs, miR-720 and miR-1274b, and compared with the correlations in MCF7 EV levels. Interestingly, correlations in the cellular expression of miR-125b, miR-100, and let-7a are mirrored in the EVs. In contrast, correlations in tRNA-derived miRNA levels are found only in the EVs. The findings suggest that EV miR clusters can be defined based on functional miR interactions related to correlated cellular expression levels or physical miR interactions, for example, aggregation due to comparable binding affinities to common targets. IMPLICATIONS These results point to using high levels of tRNA-derived small RNA fragments in combination with known miR signatures of tumors to distinguish tumor-derived EVs in circulation from EVs derived from other cell sources. Such biomarkers would be unique to the EVs where high abundances of tRNA fragments are amplified with respect to their cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Guzman
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoenginering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kitty Agarwal
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoenginering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dilip Asthagiri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael E Paulaitis
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoenginering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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796
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Minciacchi VR, Freeman MR, Di Vizio D. Extracellular vesicles in cancer: exosomes, microvesicles and the emerging role of large oncosomes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:41-51. [PMID: 25721812 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their first description, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been the topic of avid study in a variety of physiologic contexts and are now thought to play an important role in cancer. The state of knowledge on biogenesis, molecular content and horizontal communication of diverse types of cancer EVs has expanded considerably in recent years. As a consequence, a plethora of information about EV composition and molecular function has emerged, along with the notion that cancer cells rely on these particles to invade tissues and propagate oncogenic signals at distance. The number of in vivo studies, designed to achieve a deeper understanding of the extent to which EV biology can be applied to clinically relevant settings, is rapidly growing. This review summarizes recent studies on cancer-derived EV functions, with an overview about biogenesis and molecular cargo of exosomes, microvesicles and large oncosomes. We also discuss current challenges and emerging technologies that might improve EV detection in various biological systems. Further studies on the functional role of EVs in specific steps of cancer formation and progression will expand our understanding of the diversity of paracrine signaling mechanisms in malignant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina R Minciacchi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; The Urological Diseases Research Center; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; The Urological Diseases Research Center; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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797
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Differential fates of biomolecules delivered to target cells via extracellular vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1433-42. [PMID: 25713383 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418401112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), are presumed to play key roles in cell-cell communication via transfer of biomolecules between cells. The biogenesis of these two types of EVs differs as they originate from either the endosomal (exosomes) or plasma (MVs) membranes. To elucidate the primary means through which EVs mediate intercellular communication, we characterized their ability to encapsulate and deliver different types of macromolecules from transiently transfected cells. Both EV types encapsulated reporter proteins and mRNA but only MVs transferred the reporter function to recipient cells. De novo reporter protein expression in recipient cells resulted only from plasmid DNA (pDNA) after delivery via MVs. Reporter mRNA was delivered to recipient cells by both EV types, but was rapidly degraded without being translated. MVs also mediated delivery of functional pDNA encoding Cre recombinase in vivo to tissues in transgenic Cre-lox reporter mice. Within the parameters of this study, MVs delivered functional pDNA, but not RNA, whereas exosomes from the same source did not deliver functional nucleic acids. These results have significant implications for understanding the role of EVs in cellular communication and for development of EVs as delivery tools. Moreover, studies using EVs from transiently transfected cells may be confounded by a predominance of pDNA transfer.
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798
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Fernández-Messina L, Gutiérrez-Vázquez C, Rivas-García E, Sánchez-Madrid F, de la Fuente H. Immunomodulatory role of microRNAs transferred by extracellular vesicles. Biol Cell 2015; 107:61-77. [PMID: 25564937 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201400081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is composed of different cell types localised throughout the organism to sense and respond to pathological situations while maintaining homeostasis under physiological conditions. Intercellular communication between immune cells is essential to coordinate an effective immune response and involves both cell contact dependent and independent processes that ensure the transfer of information between bystander and distant cells. There is a rapidly growing body of evidence on the pivotal role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cell communication and these structures are emerging as important mediators for immune modulation upon delivery of their molecular cargo. In the last decade, EVs have been shown to be efficient carriers of genetic information, including microRNAs (miRNAs), that can be transferred between cells and regulate gene expression and function on the recipient cell. Here, we review the current knowledge of intercellular functional transfer of EV-delivered miRNAs and their putative role in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Fernández-Messina
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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799
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Zhang J, Li S, Li L, Li M, Guo C, Yao J, Mi S. Exosome and exosomal microRNA: trafficking, sorting, and function. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2015; 13:17-24. [PMID: 25724326 PMCID: PMC4411500 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1373] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are 40-100 nm nano-sized vesicles that are released from many cell types into the extracellular space. Such vesicles are widely distributed in various body fluids. Recently, mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in exosomes, which can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells and subsequently modulate recipient cells. This suggests an active sorting mechanism of exosomal miRNAs, since the miRNA profiles of exosomes may differ from those of the parent cells. Exosomal miRNAs play an important role in disease progression, and can stimulate angiogenesis and facilitate metastasis in cancers. In this review, we will introduce the origin and the trafficking of exosomes between cells, display current research on the sorting mechanism of exosomal miRNAs, and briefly describe how exosomes and their miRNAs function in recipient cells. Finally, we will discuss the potential applications of these miRNA-containing vesicles in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sha Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chongye Guo
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuangli Mi
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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800
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Penfornis P, Vallabhaneni KC, Whitt J, Pochampally R. Extracellular vesicles as carriers of microRNA, proteins and lipids in tumor microenvironment. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:14-21. [PMID: 25559768 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the knowledge about the control of tumor microenvironment has increased and emerged as an important player in tumorigenesis. The role of normal stromal cells in the tumor initiation and progression has brought our vision in to the forefront of cell-to-cell communication. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of communication between stromal and tumor cells, which is based on the exchange of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We describe several, evergrowing, pieces of evidence that EVs transfer messages through their miRNA, lipid, protein and nucleic acid contents. A better understanding of this sophisticated method of communication between normal cancer cells may lead to developing novel approaches for personalized diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Penfornis
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Krishna C Vallabhaneni
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Jason Whitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Radhika Pochampally
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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