751
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Hammad S, Bolt HM. Current developments in nanosafety research. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2089-91. [PMID: 25420465 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt,
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752
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Kim YH, Boykin E, Stevens T, Lavrich K, Gilmour MI. Comparative lung toxicity of engineered nanomaterials utilizing in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches. J Nanobiotechnology 2014; 12:47. [PMID: 25424549 PMCID: PMC4262188 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-014-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are currently regulated either in the context of a new chemical, or as a new use of an existing chemical, hazard assessment is still to a large extent reliant on information from historical toxicity studies of the parent compound, and may not take into account special properties related to the small size and high surface area of ENM. While it is important to properly screen and predict the potential toxicity of ENM, there is also concern that current toxicity tests will require even heavier use of experimental animals, and reliable alternatives should be developed and validated. Here we assessed the comparative respiratory toxicity of ENM in three different methods which employed in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo toxicity testing approaches. Methods Toxicity of five ENM (SiO2 (10), CeO2 (23), CeO2 (88), TiO2 (10), and TiO2 (200); parentheses indicate average ENM diameter in nm) were tested in this study. CD-1 mice were exposed to the ENM by oropharyngeal aspiration at a dose of 100 μg. Mouse lung tissue slices and alveolar macrophages were also exposed to the ENM at concentrations of 22–132 and 3.1-100 μg/mL, respectively. Biomarkers of lung injury and inflammation were assessed at 4 and/or 24 hr post-exposure. Results Small-sized ENM (SiO2 (10), CeO2 (23), but not TiO2 (10)) significantly elicited pro-inflammatory responses in mice (in vivo), suggesting that the observed toxicity in the lungs was dependent on size and chemical composition. Similarly, SiO2 (10) and/or CeO2 (23) were also more toxic in the lung tissue slices (ex vivo) and alveolar macrophages (in vitro) compared to other ENM. A similar pattern of inflammatory response (e.g., interleukin-6) was observed in both ex vivo and in vitro when a dose metric based on cell surface area (μg/cm2), but not culture medium volume (μg/mL) was employed. Conclusion Exposure to ENM induced acute lung inflammatory effects in a size- and chemical composition-dependent manner. The cell culture and lung slice techniques provided similar profiles of effect and help bridge the gap in our understanding of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro toxicity outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-014-0047-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Kim
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Boykin
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Tina Stevens
- Research Triangle Park Division, National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Katelyn Lavrich
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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753
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Ruffini Castiglione M, Giorgetti L, Cremonini R, Bottega S, Spanò C. Impact of TiO₂ nanoparticles on Vicia narbonensis L.: potential toxicity effects. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:1471-9. [PMID: 24793462 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work was aimed to provide further information about toxicology of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on Vicia narbonensis L., considering different endpoints. After exposure to TiO2 nanoparticle suspension (mixture of rutile and anatase, size <100 nm) at four different concentrations (0.2, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ‰), the seeds of V. narbonensis were let to germinate in controlled environmental conditions. After 72 h, the extent of the success of the whole process (seed germination plus root elongation) was recorded as the vigour index, an indicator of possible phytotoxicity. After the characterisation of the hydric state of different materials, oxidative stress and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant responses were considered as indicators of possible cytotoxicity and to assess if damage induced by TiO2 NPs was oxidative stress-dependent. Cytohistochemical detection of in situ DNA fragmentation as genotoxicity endpoint was monitored by TUNEL reaction. The treatments with TiO2 NPs in our system induced phytotoxic effects, ROS production and DNA fragmentation. The nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant responses were gradually and differentially activated and were able to maintain the oxidative damage to levels not significantly different from the control. On the other hand, the results of DNA fragmentation suggested that the mechanisms of DNA repair were not effective enough to eliminate early genotoxicity effects.
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754
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Dvoranová D, Barbieriková Z, Brezová V. Radical intermediates in photoinduced reactions on TiO2 (an EPR spin trapping study). Molecules 2014; 19:17279-304. [PMID: 25353381 PMCID: PMC6271711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The radical intermediates formed upon UVA irradiation of titanium dioxide suspensions in aqueous and non-aqueous environments were investigated applying the EPR spin trapping technique. The results showed that the generation of reactive species and their consecutive reactions are influenced by the solvent properties (e.g., polarity, solubility of molecular oxygen, rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with the solvent). The formation of hydroxyl radicals, evidenced as the corresponding spin-adducts, dominated in the irradiated TiO2 aqueous suspensions. The addition of 17O-enriched water caused changes in the EPR spectra reflecting the interaction of an unpaired electron with the 17O nucleus. The photoexcitation of TiO2 in non-aqueous solvents (dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, methanol and ethanol) in the presence of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide spin trap displayed a stabilization of the superoxide radical anions generated via electron transfer reaction to molecular oxygen, and various oxygen- and carbon-centered radicals from the solvents were generated. The character and origin of the carbon-centered spin-adducts was confirmed using nitroso spin trapping agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Dvoranová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava SK-812 37, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Barbieriková
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava SK-812 37, Slovakia
| | - Vlasta Brezová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava SK-812 37, Slovakia.
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755
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Konduru N, Keller J, Ma-Hock L, Gröters S, Landsiedel R, Donaghey TC, Brain JD, Wohlleben W, Molina RM. Biokinetics and effects of barium sulfate nanoparticles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:55. [PMID: 25331813 PMCID: PMC4219084 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticulate barium sulfate has potential novel applications and wide use in the polymer and paint industries. A short-term inhalation study on barium sulfate nanoparticles (BaSO₄ NPs) was previously published [Part Fibre Toxicol 11:16, 2014]. We performed comprehensive biokinetic studies of ¹³¹BaSO₄ NPs administered via different routes and of acute and subchronic pulmonary responses to instilled or inhaled BaSO₄ in rats. METHODS We compared the tissue distribution of ¹³¹Ba over 28 days after intratracheal (IT) instillation, and over 7 days after gavage and intravenous (IV) injection of ¹³¹BaSO₄. Rats were exposed to 50 mg/m³ BaSO₄ aerosol for 4 or 13 weeks (6 h/day, 5 consecutive days/week), and then gross and histopathologic, blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analyses were performed. BAL fluid from instilled rats was also analyzed. RESULTS Inhaled BaSO₄ NPs showed no toxicity after 4-week exposure, but a slight neutrophil increase in BAL after 13-week exposure was observed. Lung burden of inhaled BaSO₄ NPs after 4-week exposure (0.84 ± 0.18 mg/lung) decreased by 95% over 34 days. Instilled BaSO₄ NPs caused dose-dependent inflammatory responses in the lungs. Instilled BaSO₄ NPs (0.28 mg/lung) was cleared with a half-life of ≈ 9.6 days. Translocated ¹³¹Ba from the lungs was predominantly found in the bone (29%). Only 0.15% of gavaged dose was detected in all organs at 7 days. IV-injected ¹³¹BaSO₄ NPs were predominantly localized in the liver, spleen, lungs and bone at 2 hours, but redistributed from the liver to bone over time. Fecal excretion was the dominant elimination pathway for all three routes of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary exposure to instilled BaSO₄ NPs caused dose-dependent lung injury and inflammation. Four-week and 13-week inhalation exposures to a high concentration (50 mg/m³) of BaSO₄ NPs elicited minimal pulmonary response and no systemic effects. Instilled and inhaled BaSO₄ NPs were cleared quickly yet resulted in higher tissue retention than when ingested. Particle dissolution is a likely mechanism. Injected BaSO₄ NPs localized in the reticuloendothelial organs and redistributed to the bone over time. BaSO₄ NP exhibited lower toxicity and biopersistence in the lungs compared to other poorly soluble NPs such as CeO₂ and TiO₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjun Konduru
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jana Keller
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, GV/TB - Z470, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany.
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, GV/TB - Z470, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany.
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, GV/TB - Z470, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany.
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, GV/TB - Z470, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany.
| | - Thomas C Donaghey
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Joseph D Brain
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, GV/TB - Z470, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany.
| | - Ramon M Molina
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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756
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Manufactured nanomaterials: categorization and approaches to hazard assessment. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2191-211. [PMID: 25326817 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers enormous potential for technological progress. Fortunately, early and intensive efforts have been invested in investigating toxicology and safety aspects of this new technology. However, despite there being more than 6,000 publications on nanotoxicology, some key questions still have to be answered and paradigms need to be challenged. Here, we present a view on the field of nanotoxicology to stimulate the discussion on major knowledge gaps and the critical appraisal of concepts or dogma. First, in the ongoing debate as to whether nanoparticles may harbour a specific toxicity due to their size, we support the view that there is at present no evidence of 'nanospecific' mechanisms of action; no step-change in hazard was observed so far for particles below 100 nm in one dimension. Therefore, it seems unjustified to consider all consumer products containing nanoparticles a priori as hazardous. Second, there is no evidence so far that fundamentally different biokinetics of nanoparticles would trigger toxicity. However, data are sparse whether nanoparticles may accumulate to an extent high enough to cause chronic adverse effects. To facilitate hazard assessment, we propose to group nanomaterials into three categories according to the route of exposure and mode of action, respectively: Category 1 comprises nanomaterials for which toxicity is mediated by the specific chemical properties of its components, such as released ions or functional groups on the surface. Nanomaterials belonging to this category have to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, depending on their chemical identity. Category 2 focuses on rigid biopersistent respirable fibrous nanomaterials with a specific geometry and high aspect ratio (so-called WHO fibres). For these fibres, hazard assessment can be based on the experiences with asbestos. Category 3 focuses on respirable granular biodurable particles (GBP) which, after inhalation, may cause inflammation and secondary mutagenicity that may finally lead to lung cancer. After intravenous, oral or dermal exposure, nanoscaled GBPs investigated apparently did not show 'nanospecific' effects so far. Hazard assessment of GBPs may be based on the knowledge available for granular particles. In conclusion, we believe the proposed categorization system will facilitate future hazard assessments.
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757
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Gustafsson A, Jonasson S, Sandström T, Lorentzen JC, Bucht A. Genetic variation influences immune responses in sensitive rats following exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles. Toxicology 2014; 326:74-85. [PMID: 25456268 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the immunological responses in rats following inhalation to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), in naïve rats and in rats with induced allergic airway disease. The responses of two different inbred rat strains were compared: the Dark Aguoti (DA), susceptible to chronic inflammatory disorders, and the Brown Norwegian (BN), susceptible to atopic allergic inflammation. Naïve rats were exposed to an aerosol of TiO2 NPs once daily for 10 days. Another subset of rats was sensitized to the allergen ovalbumin (OVA) in order to induce airway inflammation. These sensitized rats were exposed to TiO2 NPs before and during the allergen challenge. Naïve rats exposed to TiO2 NPs developed an increase of neutrophils and lymphocytes in both rat strains. Airway hyperreactivity and production of inflammatory mediators typical of a T helper 1 type immune response were significantly increased, only in DA rats. Sensitization of the rats induced a prominent OVA-specific-IgE and IgG response in the BN rat while DA rats only showed an increased IgG response. Sensitized rats of both strains developed airway eosinophilia following allergen challenge, which declined upon exposure to TiO2 NPs. The level of neutrophils and lymphocytes increased upon exposure to TiO2 NPs in the airways of DA rats but remained unchanged in the airways of BN rats. In conclusion, the responses to TiO2 NPs were strain-dependent, indicating that genetics play a role in both immune and airway reactivity. DA rats were found to be higher responder compared to BN rats, both when it comes to responses in naïve and sensitized rats. The impact of genetically determined factors influencing the inflammatory reactions pinpoints the complexity of assessing health risks associated with nanoparticle exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Gustafsson
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Respiratory medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Jonasson
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Respiratory medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johnny C Lorentzen
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Respiratory medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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758
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Kim KT, Klaine SJ, Kim SD. Acute and chronic response of Daphnia magna exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles in agitation system. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 93:456-460. [PMID: 24845425 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to Daphnia magna was characterized using a completely stirred bioassay system intended to keep particles in suspension thereby maintaining a consistent exposure. The 48-h LC50 was 4.5 mg/L TiO2 NPs, whereas LC50 values for 7 and 14-days exposures were 2.7 and 1.9 mg/L, respectively. An exposure of 1.5 mg/L over a 21-days exposure resulted in significant reductions in fecundity. While reproduction was initially reduced in the 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L exposures, it recovered and was similar to the control by 21 days. For reproduction inhibition, NOEC was 1.0 mg/L. Exposure to 2.5 mg/L TiO2 NPs resulted in 40 % of the organisms failing to become gravid; all surviving organisms exposed to 5.0 mg/L failed to become gravid. The increased sensitivity was due to the refinement in the bioassay system that kept NP in suspension resulting in consistent exposure concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-743, South Korea,
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759
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Dwivedi S, Siddiqui MA, Farshori NN, Ahamed M, Musarrat J, Al-Khedhairy AA. Synthesis, characterization and toxicological evaluation of iron oxide nanoparticles in human lung alveolar epithelial cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:209-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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760
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Massari A, Beggio M, Hreglich S, Marin R, Zuin S. Behavior of TiO₂ nanoparticles during incineration of solid paint waste: a lab-scale test. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:1897-1907. [PMID: 24929868 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the potential impacts posed by products containing engineered nanoparticles, it is essential to generate more data about the release of these particles from products' life cycle. Although first studies were performed to investigate the release of nanoparticles from use phase, very few data are available on the potential release from recycling or disposal of nano-enhanced products. In this work, we investigated the behavior of TiO2 nanoparticles from incineration of solid paint waste containing these particles. Solid paint debris with and without TiO2 nanoparticles were treated in a lab scale incineration plant at 950°C (combustion temperature) and in oxidizing atmosphere. The obtained ashes were also vitrified with additives and the release of Ti was finally evaluated by leaching test. From our incineration lab-scale experiment, we did not observe a release of TiO2 nanoparticles into the atmosphere, and Ti was attached to the surface of obtained solid residues (i.e. ashes). The characterization of ashes showed that TiO2 nanoparticles reacted during the incineration to give calcium titanate. Finally, a very low release of Ti was measured, less 1 mg/kg, during the leaching test of ashes vitrified with glass cullet and feldspathic inert. Our work suggests that TiO2 nanoparticles added in paints may undergo to physicochemical transformation during the incineration, and that Ti found in ashes may be strongly immobilized in glass matrix. Since this conclusion is based on lab-scale experiment, further research is required to identify which nanoparticles will be emitted to the environment from a real-word-incineration system of household hazardous waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Massari
- Venice Research Consortium, Via della Libertà 12, c/o VEGA Park, 30175 Venice, Italy
| | - Marta Beggio
- Venice Research Consortium, Via della Libertà 12, c/o VEGA Park, 30175 Venice, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Marin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155/b, 30170 Venice, Italy
| | - Stefano Zuin
- Venice Research Consortium, Via della Libertà 12, c/o VEGA Park, 30175 Venice, Italy.
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761
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Boland S, Hussain S, Baeza-Squiban A. Carbon black and titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce distinct molecular mechanisms of toxicity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 6:641-52. [PMID: 25266826 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence link nanomaterials with adverse biological outcomes and due to the variety of applications and potential human exposures to nanoparticles, it is thus important to evaluate their toxicity for the risk assessment of workers and consumers. It is crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms of their toxicity as observation of similar effects after different nanomaterial exposures does not reflect similar intracellular processing and organelle interactions. A thorough understanding of mechanisms is needed not only for accurate prediction of potential toxicological impacts but also for the development of safer nanoapplications by modulating the physicochemical characteristics. Furthermore biomedical applications may also take advantage of an in depth knowledge about the mode of action of nanotoxicity to design new nanoparticle-derived drugs. In the present manuscript we discuss the similarities and differences in molecular pathways of toxicity after carbon black (CB) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticle exposures and identify the main toxicity mechanisms induced by these two nanoparticles which may also be indicative for the mode of action of other insoluble nanomaterials. We address the translocation, cell death induction, genotoxicity, and inflammation induced by TiO₂ and CB nanoparticles which depend on their internalization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capacities and/or protein interactions. We summarize their distinct cellular mechanisms of toxicity and the crucial steps which may be targeted to avoid adverse effects or to induce them for nanomedical purposes. Several physicochemical characteristics could influence these general toxicity pathways depicted here and the identification of common toxicity pathways could support the grouping of nanomaterials in terms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Boland
- Univ Paris Diderot, (Sorbonne Paris Cité), UMR 8251 CNRS, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics (RMCX), Paris, France
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762
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Moreno-Horn M, Gebel T. Granular biodurable nanomaterials: No convincing evidence for systemic toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:849-75. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.938802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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763
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Vales G, Rubio L, Marcos R. Long-term exposures to low doses of titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce cell transformation, but not genotoxic damage in BEAS-2B cells. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:568-78. [PMID: 25238462 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.957252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a great interest in a better knowledge of the health effects caused by nanomaterials exposures and, in particular to those induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) due to its high use and increasing presence in the environment. To add new information on its potential genotoxic/carcinogenic risk, we have carried out experiments using chronic exposures (up to 4 weeks), low doses, and the BEAS-2B cell line that, as a human bronchial epithelium cells, can be considered a good cell target. Cell uptake has been assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and flow cytometry (FC); genotoxicity was evaluated using the comet and the micronucleus (MN) assays; and cell-transforming ability was evaluated using the soft-agar assay to detect anchorage-independent cell growth. Results show an important cell uptake at all the tested doses and sampling times used (except for 1 µg/mL and 24-h exposure). Nevertheless, no genotoxic effects were observed in the comet and in the MN assays. This lack of genotoxic effect agrees with the FC results showing no induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), the data from the comet assay with formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG) enzyme showing no induction of oxidized bases, and the lack of induction of expression of heme-oxygenase (HO-1) gene both at the RNA and protein level. On the contrary, significant increases in the number of clones growing in an anchorage-independent way were observed. This study would indicate a potential carcinogenic risk associated to nano-TiO2 exposure, not mediated by a genotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Vales
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Spain , and
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Ursini CL, Cavallo D, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Tassone P, Buresti G, Casciardi S, Iavicoli S. Evaluation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and inflammatory response in human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1209-19. [PMID: 25224607 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 -NPs), used in several applications, seems to be influenced by their specific physicochemical characteristics. Cyto-genotoxic and inflammatory effects induced by a mixture of 79% anatase/21% rutile TiO2 -NPs were investigated in human alveolar (A549) and bronchial (BEAS-2B) cells exposed to 1-40 µg ml(-1) 30 min, 2 and 24 h to assess potential pulmonary toxicity. The specific physicochemical properties such as crystallinity, NP size and shape, agglomerate size, surface charge and specific surface area (SSA) were analysed. Cytotoxic effects were studied by evaluating cell viability using the WST1 assay and membrane damage using LDH analysis. Direct/oxidative DNA damage was assessed by the Fpg-comet assay and the inflammatory potential was evaluated as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α release by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). In A549 cells no significant viability reduction and moderate membrane damage, only at the highest concentration, were detected, whereas BEAS-2B cells showed a significant viability reduction and early membrane damage starting from 10 µg ml(-1) . Direct/oxidative DNA damage at 40 µg ml(-1) and increased IL-6 release at 5 µg ml(-1) were found only in A549 cells after 2 h. The secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, involved in the early acute inflammatory response, and oxidative DNA damage indicate the promotion of early and transient oxidative-inflammatory effects of tested TiO2 -NPs on human alveolar cells. The findings show a higher susceptibility of normal bronchial cells to cytotoxic effects and higher responsiveness of transformed alveolar cells to genotoxic, oxidative and early inflammatory effects induced by tested TiO2 -NPs. This different cell behaviour after TiO2 -NPs exposure suggests the use of both cell lines and multiple end-points to elucidate NP toxicity on the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational Medicine, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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765
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Zhao X, Sheng L, Wang L, Hong J, Yu X, Sang X, Sun Q, Ze Y, Hong F. Mechanisms of nanosized titanium dioxide-induced testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis in male mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:47. [PMID: 25209749 PMCID: PMC4354283 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the increased application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) in the food industry and daily life, their potential toxic effects in humans and animals have been investigated. However, very few studies have focused on testicular oxidative stress and/or apoptosis. Methods In order to understand the possible molecular mechanisms of testicular lesions following exposure to TiO2 NPs, male mice were exposed to 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg body weight TiO2 NPs for 90 consecutive days. Testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis were then evaluated, and the testicular mRNA expression of several genes and their proteins involved in oxidative stress and/or apoptosis was investigated. Results TiO2 NPs entered Sertoli cells and caused severe testicular oxidative damage and/or apoptosis, accompanied by excessive production of reactive oxygen species and peroxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA as well as a significant reduction in antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, exposure to TiO2 NPs resulted in the up-regulation of caspase-3, Nrbp2, and cytochrome c expression, and caused down-regulation of SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, GR, Cyp1b1, Car3, Bcl-2, Acaa2, and Axud1 expression in mouse testis. Conclusions TiO2 NPs entered Sertoli cells via the blood-testis barrier and were deposited in mouse seminiferous cord and/or Sertoli cells, causing oxidative damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Lei Sheng
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Library of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jie Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Xuezi Sang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yuguan Ze
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Fashui Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215007, China. .,Cultivation base of State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biomaterials built together by Ministry of Science and Technology and Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, 215007, China.
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766
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Guarnieri D, Sabella S, Muscetti O, Belli V, Malvindi MA, Fusco S, De Luca E, Pompa PP, Netti PA. Transport across the cell-membrane dictates nanoparticle fate and toxicity: a new paradigm in nanotoxicology. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:10264-10273. [PMID: 25061814 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) has been fully ascertained, but the mechanisms underlying their cytotoxicity remain still largely unclear. Here we demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of MNPs is strictly reliant on the pathway of cellular internalization. In particular, if otherwise toxic gold, silver, and iron oxide NPs are forced through the cell membrane bypassing any form of active mechanism (e.g., endocytosis), no significant cytotoxic effect is registered. Pneumatically driven NPs across the cell membrane show a different distribution within the cytosol compared to NPs entering the cell by active endocytosis. Specifically, they exhibit free random Brownian motions within the cytosol and do not accumulate in lysosomes. Results suggest that intracellular accumulation of metallic nanoparticles into endo-lysosomal compartments is the leading cause of nanotoxicity, due to consequent nanoparticle degradation and in situ release of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guarnieri
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy
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767
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Baeza-Squiban A. [Physio-pathological impacts of inhaled nanoparticles]. Biol Aujourdhui 2014; 208:151-8. [PMID: 25190574 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2014019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are defined as materials with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having an internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale, approximately 1 nm to 100 nm. They exhibit new or reinforced properties as compared to the same material at the micrometric scale, providing a benefit in numerous technological applications. However, their specific surface properties in addition to their shape, composition, size are suspected to elicit adverse responses from biological systems, underlining the need for a thorough hazard assessment. Increasing use of nanomaterials in industrial as well as consumer products extends the possibilities of environmental and occupational human exposures. During all their life cycle, from their production to their destruction through their use, engineered nanoparticles can be released and the respiratory route is one of the main unintentional routes of exposure. Although the respiratory tract is equipped with efficient clearance mechanisms, there is increasing evidence that nanoparticles exhibit an ability to cross biological barriers, getting access to the bloodstream and secondary target organs. Different features of nanomaterials (size, form, surface reactivity...) contribute to their internalization and translocation through the respiratory barrier. Short term inhalation exposure to nanoparticles induces pulmonary inflammation the extent of which is dependent on the type of nanoparticles according to shape, size, solubility...Oxidative stress is considered as a major toxicity pathway triggered by nanomaterials as they can intrinsically produce reactive oxygen species or induced the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species or anti-oxidant depletion upon interaction with cells. Alternative mechanisms are suspected, related to the ability of nanoparticles to interact with proteins. As they get in contact with biological fluids, nanoparticles are covered by a protein corona that modifies their interactions with cells, their fate and their effects. There is still a need to increase our mechanistic understanding of the toxicological events triggered by nanomaterials in order to provide relevant data for risk assessment as well as in helping to develop nanomaterials with a safer design.
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768
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Zheng G, Zhong H, Guo Z, Wu Z, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhou Y, Zuo Z. Levels of heavy metals and trace elements in umbilical cord blood and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160:437-44. [PMID: 25008990 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the relationship between prenatal exposure to heavy metals and trace elements and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, we investigated the status of heavy metals and trace elements level in a Chinese population by collecting umbilical cord blood. Umbilical cord blood heavy metals and trace elements concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. No differences with statistical significance in the median arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), strontium (Sr), thallium (Tl), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were observed between the adverse pregnancy outcome group and the reference group. Titanium (Ti) and antimony (Sb) were found at higher levels with statistical significance in the cord blood samples with adverse pregnancy group when compared to the ones in the reference group. The association between Ti levels and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes remained significant after adjusting for potential confounding factors, including newborn weight. These results indicated that environmental exposure to Ti may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Chinese women without occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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769
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Setyawati MI, Tay CY, Leong DT. The gap between endothelial cells: key to the quick escape of nanomaterials? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1591-4. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - David T Leong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
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770
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Bachler G, von Goetz N, Hungerbuhler K. Using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling for dietary risk assessment of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:373-80. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.940404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Bachler
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Zurich, Switzerland
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771
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Hackenberg S. [Risk assessment of nanoparticles in consumer products]. HNO 2014; 62:432, 434-8. [PMID: 24916351 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-014-2867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are not just used in various areas of scientific research, but are increasingly found in consumer products. Particularly the cosmetic and textile industries, as well as the medical branch benefit from the specific chemical and physical properties of nanoparticles (NPs). However, the knowledge base concerning the potential health hazards that nanomaterials hold for humans is far from complete. NPs mainly enter the organism via the lungs or the gastrointestinal tract, where they can accumulate. Transcutaneous penetration is most unlikely in the case of healthy skin. Chronic inflammatory reactions of the airways are particularly relevant in the context of potential risks to human health. Evidence for a geno- and cytotoxic potential of some of the most frequently used NPs is available from cell culture and animal experiments. Therefore, the risk of NP-induced cancerogenesis cannot be ruled out. Currently available nanotoxicological data is partly contradictory, due to differing characteristics of the tested substances and variable experimental settings. Long-term studies using continuous NP exposure in consumer-relevant dosages are needed. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms of NP-induced toxicity have to be elucidated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hackenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, plastische und ästhetische Operationen, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland,
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772
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Saito N, Haniu H, Usui Y, Aoki K, Hara K, Takanashi S, Shimizu M, Narita N, Okamoto M, Kobayashi S, Nomura H, Kato H, Nishimura N, Taruta S, Endo M. Safe clinical use of carbon nanotubes as innovative biomaterials. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6040-79. [PMID: 24720563 PMCID: PMC4059771 DOI: 10.1021/cr400341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Saito
- Institute
for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hisao Haniu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuki Usui
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kaoru Aoki
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Seiji Takanashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimizu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Narita
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kobayashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nomura
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Nishimura
- R&D
Center, Nakashima Medical Co. Ltd., Haga 5322, Kita-ku, Okayama 701-1221, Japan
| | - Seiichi Taruta
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Morinobu Endo
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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773
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Echinoderm regeneration: an in vitro approach using the crinoid Antedon mediterranea. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:189-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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774
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Park EJ, Lee GH, Yoon C, Kang MS, Kim SN, Cho MH, Kim JH, Kim DW. Time-dependent bioaccumulation of distinct rod-type TiO2nanoparticles: Comparison by crystalline phase. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1265-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
| | - Gwang-Hee Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center; Korea Basic Science Institute; Seoul Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- Jeonbuk Department of Non-human Primate; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Jeongeup Korea
| | - Soo Nam Kim
- Jeonbuk Department of Non-human Primate; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Jeongeup Korea
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering; Korea University; Seoul Korea
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775
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Martirosyan A, Schneider YJ. Engineered nanomaterials in food: implications for food safety and consumer health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:5720-50. [PMID: 24879486 PMCID: PMC4078545 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110605720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
From the current state-of-the-art, it is clear that nanotechnology applications are expected to bring a range of benefits to the food sector aiming at providing better quality and conservation. In the meantime, a growing number of studies indicate that the exposure to certain engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) has a potential to lead to health complications and that there is a need for further investigations in order to unravel the biological outcomes of nanofood consumption. In the current review, we summarize the existing data on the (potential) use of ENMs in the food industry, information on the toxicity profiles of the commonly applied ENMs, such as metal (oxide) nanoparticles (NPs), address the potential food safety implications and health hazards connected with the consumption of nanofood. A number of health complications connected with the human exposure to ENMs are discussed, demonstrating that there is a real basis for the arisen concern not only connected with the gut health, but also with the potency to lead to systemic toxicity. The toxicological nature of hazard, exposure levels and risk to consumers from nanotechnology-derived food are on the earliest stage of investigation and this review also highlights the major gaps that need further research and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Martirosyan
- Laboratory of Cellular, Nutritional and Toxicological Biochemistry, Institute of Life Sciences (ISV) & UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B1348, Belgium.
| | - Yves-Jacques Schneider
- Laboratory of Cellular, Nutritional and Toxicological Biochemistry, Institute of Life Sciences (ISV) & UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B1348, Belgium.
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776
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Laloy J, Lozano O, Alpan L, Mejia J, Toussaint O, Masereel B, Dogné JM, Lucas S. Can TiC nanoparticles produce toxicity in oral administration to rats? Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:172-187. [PMID: 28962237 PMCID: PMC5598454 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Titanium carbide (TiC) is used for ceramic metal composites in several industries and is regarded as a nanomaterial for catalyst and battery applications. However, there are very few studies in regard to the toxicological potential of TiC nanoparticles (NPs). OBJECTIVE To study the toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics of TiC NPs in Sprague Dawley rats in acute (24 h) and subacute (28 days) oral administrations. The acute doses were 0.5, 5, 50, 300 and 1000 mg kg-1; the subacute doses were 0.5 and 50 mg kg-1. RESULTS Organ histopathological examination (esophagus, stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and kidneys) indicates the absence of damage at all applied doses, in both assessments. In the acute administration, alkaline phosphatases increased (5, 300 and 1000 mg kg-1), ASAT increased (1000 mg kg-1) and bile salts decreased (0.5 mg kg-1). No alterations in urine parameters (sodium, potassium, osmolarity) were found. Acute administration of TiC caused mineral changes in organs (liver, spleen, kidneys). TiC was mostly cleared by feces excretion 24 h after administration, in subacute administration causing variations in mineral absorption (Mg, Al, P, S, Ca, Zn). TiC could pass the intestinal barrier as TiC traces were detected in urine. CONCLUSION No sign of toxicity was found after oral administration. TiC was excreted mostly in feces producing mineral absorption alterations. Low traces were retrieved in urine, indicating that TiC can cross the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Laloy
- Namur Nanosafety Centre (NNC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Medicine Drug Innovation Center (NAMEDIC), Belgium
| | - Omar Lozano
- Namur Nanosafety Centre (NNC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Research Centre for the Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), Belgium
| | - Lütfiye Alpan
- Namur Nanosafety Centre (NNC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Medicine Drug Innovation Center (NAMEDIC), Belgium
| | - Jorge Mejia
- Namur Nanosafety Centre (NNC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Research Centre for the Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), Belgium
| | - Olivier Toussaint
- Namur Nanosafety Centre (NNC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), Belgium
| | - Bernard Masereel
- Namur Nanosafety Centre (NNC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Medicine Drug Innovation Center (NAMEDIC), Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Namur Nanosafety Centre (NNC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Medicine Drug Innovation Center (NAMEDIC), Belgium
| | - Stéphane Lucas
- Namur Nanosafety Centre (NNC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Research Centre for the Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), Belgium
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777
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778
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Rashkow JT, Patel SC, Tappero R, Sitharaman B. Quantification of single-cell nanoparticle concentrations and the distribution of these concentrations in cell population. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20131152. [PMID: 24554576 PMCID: PMC3973359 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of nanoparticle uptake into cells is necessary for numerous applications in cellular imaging and therapy. Herein, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microscopy, a promising tool to quantify elements in plant and animal cells, was employed to quantify and characterize the distribution of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanosphere uptake in a population of single cells. These results were compared with average nanoparticle concentrations per cell obtained by widely used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results show that nanoparticle concentrations per cell quantified by SXRF were of one to two orders of magnitude greater compared with ICP-MS. The SXRF results also indicate a Gaussian distribution of the nanoparticle concentration per cell. The results suggest that issues relevant to the field of single-cell analysis, the limitation of methods to determine physical parameters from large population averages leading to potentially misleading information and the lack of any information about the cellular heterogeneity are equally relevant for quantification of nanoparticles in cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Rashkow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Sunny C. Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Department of Photon Sciences, National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
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779
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Minetto D, Libralato G, Volpi Ghirardini A. Ecotoxicity of engineered TiO2 nanoparticles to saltwater organisms: an overview. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 66:18-27. [PMID: 24509165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The innovative properties of nanomaterials make them suitable for various applications in many fields. In particular, TiO2 nanoparticles (nTiO2) are widely used in paints, in cosmetics and in sunscreens that are products accessible to the mass market. Despite the great increase in the use of such nanomaterials, there is a paucity of general information about their potential effects to the aquatic species, especially to saltwater ones. Moreover, the difficulties of determining the effective exposure scenario make the acquired information low comparable. In this work, questions about the complexity of the real exposure scenario determination are discussed. The state of the art, concerning the experimental activities with nTiO2 toward the saltwater organisms is firstly illustrated, providing statistical information about the different matrices, organisms and nanoparticles employed. A comparison of the nTiO2 ecotoxicity effects, grouped by taxonomic classes, is provided illustrating their relative experimental conditions. Findings show the need to develop specific protocols for toxicity tests with ENPs to control the variability of experimental conditions. Some advices are finally proposed for the future experimental activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Minetto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Campo della Celestia 2737/b, 30122 Venice, Italy.
| | - G Libralato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Campo della Celestia 2737/b, 30122 Venice, Italy; ECSIN - European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology - Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - A Volpi Ghirardini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Campo della Celestia 2737/b, 30122 Venice, Italy.
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780
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Stapleton PA, Nurkiewicz TR. Vascular distribution of nanomaterials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 6:338-48. [PMID: 24777845 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Once considered primarily occupational, novel nanotechnology innovations, and applications have led to widespread domestic use and intentional biomedical exposures. With these exciting advances, the breadth and depth of toxicological considerations must also be expanded. The vascular system interacts with every tissue in the body, striving to maintain homeostasis. Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) have been reported to distribute in many different tissues and organs. However, these observations have tended to use approaches requiring tissue homogenization and/or gross organ analyses. These techniques, while effective in establishing presence, preclude an exact determination of where ENM are deposited within a tissue. If nanotechnology is to achieve its full potential, it is necessary to identify this exact distribution and deposition of ENM throughout the cardiovascular system, with respect to vascular hemodynamics and in vivo ENM modifications taken into account. Distinct levels of the vasculature will first be described as individual compartments. Then the vasculature will be considered as a whole. These unique compartments and biophysical conditions will be discussed in terms of their propensity to favor ENM deposition. Understanding levels of the vasculature will also be discussed. Ultimately, future studies must verify the mechanisms speculated on and presented herein. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A Stapleton
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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781
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticle impact and translocation through ex vivo, in vivo and in vitro gut epithelia. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:13. [PMID: 24666995 PMCID: PMC3987106 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TiO2 particles are commonly used as dietary supplements and may contain up to 36% of nano-sized particles (TiO2-NPs). Still impact and translocation of NPs through the gut epithelium is poorly documented. Results We show that, in vivo and ex vivo, agglomerates of TiO2-NPs cross both the regular ileum epithelium and the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and alter the paracellular permeability of the ileum and colon epithelia. In vitro, they accumulate in M-cells and mucus-secreting cells, much less in enterocytes. They do not cause overt cytotoxicity or apoptosis. They translocate through a model of FAE only, but induce tight junctions remodeling in the regular ileum epithelium, which is a sign of integrity alteration and suggests paracellular passage of NPs. Finally we prove that TiO2-NPs do not dissolve when sequestered up to 24 h in gut cells. Conclusions Taken together these data prove that TiO2-NPs would possibly translocate through both the regular epithelium lining the ileum and through Peyer’s patches, would induce epithelium impairment, and would persist in gut cells where they would possibly induce chronic damage.
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782
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Bahng SH, Kwon NH, Kim HC, Siddique AB, Kang HJ, Lee JY, Kim J, Kim S, Kim J. Simple synthesis of water-dispersible and photoactive titanium dioxide nanoparticles using functionalized poly(ethylene oxide)s. Macromol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-014-2062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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783
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Becker K, Schroecksnadel S, Geisler S, Carriere M, Gostner JM, Schennach H, Herlin N, Fuchs D. TiO(2) nanoparticles and bulk material stimulate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 65:63-9. [PMID: 24361406 PMCID: PMC3969306 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effects on immunobiochemical pathways of TiO2 materials were investigated in vitro. TiO2 bulk and nanomaterial stimulated neopterin production in human PBMC. There was no stimulatory influence of particles on tryptophan breakdown. At high particles concentrations, tryptophan breakdown was suppressed. Results suggest that the total effect of particles is even stronger pro-inflammatory.
Nanomaterials are increasingly produced and used throughout recent years. Consequently the probability of exposure to nanoparticles has risen. Because of their small 1–100 nm size, the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials may differ from standard bulk materials and may pose a threat to human health. Only little is known about the effects of nanoparticles on the human immune system. In this study, we investigated the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles and bulk material in the in vitro model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cytokine-induced neopterin formation and tryptophan breakdown was monitored. Both biochemical processes are closely related to the course of diseases like infections, atherogenesis and neurodegeneration. OCTi60 (25 nm diameter) TiO2 nanoparticles and bulk material increased neopterin production in unstimulated PBMC and stimulated cells significantly, the effects were stronger for OCTi60 compared to bulk material, while P25 TiO2 (25 nm diameter) nanoparticles had only little influence. No effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on tryptophan breakdown was detected in unstimulated cells, whereas in stimulated cells, IDO activity and IFN-γ production were suppressed but only at the highest concentrations tested. Because neopterin was stimulated and tryptophan breakdown was suppressed in parallel, data suggests that the total effect of particles would be strongly pro-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Simon Geisler
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marie Carriere
- Laboratoire Lesion des Acides Nucleiques, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nathalie Herlin
- Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules, Laboratoire Francis Perrin (CEA CNRS URA 2453), Saclay, Gif-sur Yvette, France
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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784
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785
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Effect of zinc oxide nanomaterials-induced oxidative stress on the p53 pathway. Biomaterials 2013; 34:10133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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786
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Mohamud R, Xiang SD, Selomulya C, Rolland JM, O’Hehir RE, Hardy CL, Plebanski M. The effects of engineered nanoparticles on pulmonary immune homeostasis. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 46:176-90. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.859688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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787
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Sang X, Fei M, Sheng L, Zhao X, Yu X, Hong J, Ze Y, Gui S, Sun Q, Ze X, Wang L, Hong F. Immunomodulatory effects in the spleen-injured mice following exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3562-72. [PMID: 24243549 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune injuries following the exposure of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) have been greatly concerned along with the TiO₂ NPs are widely used in pharmacology and daily life. However, very little is known about the immunomodulatory mechanisms in the spleen-injured mice due to TiO₂ NPs exposure. In this study, mice were continuously exposed to 2.5, 5, or 10 TiO₂ NPs mg kg(-1) body weight for 90 days with intragastric administration to investigate the immunomodulatory mechanisms in the spleen. The findings showed that TiO₂ NPs exposure resulted in significant increases in spleen and thymus indices, and titanium accumulation, in turn led to histopathological changes and splenocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, the exposure of TiO₂ NPs could significantly increase the levels of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-2, Eotaxin, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interferon-γ, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-13, interferon-γ-inducible protein-10, migration inhibitory factor, CD69, major histocompatibility complex, protein tyrosine phosphatase, protein tyrosine kinase 1, basic fibroblast growth factor, Fasl, and GzmB expression, whereas markedly decrease the levels of NKG2D, NKp46, 2B4 expression involved in immune responses, lymphocyte healing and apoptosis. These findings would better understand toxicological effects induced by TiO₂ NPs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezi Sang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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788
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Liu K, Lin X, Zhao J. Toxic effects of the interaction of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with chemicals or physical factors. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2509-20. [PMID: 23901269 PMCID: PMC3720578 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s46919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their chemical stability and nonallergic, nonirritant, and ultraviolet protective properties, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in industries such as electronics, optics, and material sciences, as well as architecture, medicine, and pharmacology. However, increasing concerns have been raised in regards to its ecotoxicity and toxicity on the aquatic environment as well as to humans. Although insights have been gained into the effects of TiO2 NPs on susceptible biological systems, there is still much ground to be covered, particularly in respect of our knowledge of the effects of the interaction of TiO2 NPs with other chemicals or physical factors. Studies suggest that interactions of TiO2 NPs with other chemicals or physical factors may result in an increase in toxicity or adverse effects. This review highlights recent progress in the study of the interactive effects of TiO2 NPs with other chemicals or physical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- Public Health Department of Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xialu Lin
- Public Health Department of Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Public Health Department of Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
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