801
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Abstract
Immune cells are highly dynamic in terms of their growth, proliferation, and effector functions as they respond to immunological challenges. Different immune cells can adopt distinct metabolic configurations that allow the cell to balance its requirements for energy, molecular biosynthesis, and longevity. However, in addition to facilitating immune cell responses, it is now becoming clear that cellular metabolism has direct roles in regulating immune cell function. This review article describes the distinct metabolic signatures of key immune cells, explains how these metabolic setups facilitate immune function, and discusses the emerging evidence that intracellular metabolism has an integral role in controlling immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David K Finlay
- From the School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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802
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Caspar-Bauguil S, Kolditz CI, Lefort C, Vila I, Mouisel E, Beuzelin D, Tavernier G, Marques MA, Zakaroff-Girard A, Pecher C, Houssier M, Mir L, Nicolas S, Moro C, Langin D. Fatty acids from fat cell lipolysis do not activate an inflammatory response but are stored as triacylglycerols in adipose tissue macrophages. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2627-36. [PMID: 26245186 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Activation of macrophages by fatty acids (FAs) is a potential mechanism linking obesity to adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and insulin resistance. Here, we investigated the effects of FAs released during adipocyte lipolysis on AT macrophages (ATMs). METHODS Human THP-1 macrophages were treated with media from human multipotent adipose-derived stem (hMADS) adipocytes stimulated with lipolytic drugs. Macrophages were also treated with mixtures of FAs and an inhibitor of Toll-like receptor 4, since this receptor is activated by saturated FAs. Levels of mRNA and the secretion of inflammation-related molecules were measured in macrophages. FA composition was determined in adipocytes, conditioned media and macrophages. The effect of chronic inhibition or acute activation of fat cell lipolysis on ATM response was investigated in vivo in mice. RESULTS Whereas palmitic acid alone activates THP-1, conditioned media from hMADS adipocyte lipolysis had no effect on IL, chemokine and cytokine gene expression, and secretion by macrophages. Mixtures of FAs representing de novo lipogenesis or habitual dietary conditions also had no effect. FAs derived from adipocyte lipolysis were taken up by macrophages and stored as triacylglycerol droplets. In vivo, chronic treatment with an antilipolytic drug did not modify gene expression and number of ATMs in mice with intact or defective Tlr4. Stimulation of adipocyte lipolysis increased storage of neutral lipids by macrophages without change in number and phenotype. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that adipocyte lipolysis does not activate inflammatory pathways in ATMs, which instead may act as scavengers of FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Caspar-Bauguil
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse University Hospitals, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine-Ines Kolditz
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Lefort
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Vila
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Mouisel
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Diane Beuzelin
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Geneviève Tavernier
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Adeline Marques
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexia Zakaroff-Girard
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- Inserm, UMR1048, Cytometry Facility, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
- Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Christiane Pecher
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- Inserm, UMR1048, Cytometry Facility, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Marianne Houssier
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucile Mir
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Nicolas
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Moro
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Langin
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Obesity Research Laboratory, Team 4, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.
- Toulouse University Hospitals, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France.
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803
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Oh J, Riek AE, Darwech I, Funai K, Shao J, Chin K, Sierra OL, Carmeliet G, Ostlund RE, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Deletion of macrophage Vitamin D receptor promotes insulin resistance and monocyte cholesterol transport to accelerate atherosclerosis in mice. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1872-86. [PMID: 25801026 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense effort has been devoted to understanding predisposition to chronic systemic inflammation because it contributes to cardiometabolic disease. We demonstrate that deletion of the macrophage vitamin D receptor (VDR) in mice (KODMAC) is sufficient to induce insulin resistance by promoting M2 macrophage accumulation in the liver as well as increasing cytokine secretion and hepatic glucose production. Moreover, VDR deletion increases atherosclerosis by enabling lipid-laden M2 monocytes to adhere, migrate, and carry cholesterol into the atherosclerotic plaque and by increasing macrophage cholesterol uptake and esterification. Increased foam cell formation results from lack of VDR-SERCA2b interaction, causing SERCA dysfunction, activation of ER stress-CaMKII-JNKp-PPARγ signaling, and induction of the scavenger receptors CD36 and SR-A1. Bone marrow transplant of VDR-expressing cells into KODMAC mice improved insulin sensitivity, suppressed atherosclerosis, and decreased foam cell formation. The immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in macrophages are thus critical in diet-induced insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in mice.
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804
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Ouimet M, Ediriweera HN, Gundra UM, Sheedy FJ, Ramkhelawon B, Hutchison SB, Rinehold K, van Solingen C, Fullerton MD, Cecchini K, Rayner KJ, Steinberg GR, Zamore PD, Fisher EA, Loke P, Moore KJ. MicroRNA-33-dependent regulation of macrophage metabolism directs immune cell polarization in atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4334-48. [PMID: 26517695 PMCID: PMC4665799 DOI: 10.1172/jci81676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is increasingly recognized as a controller of immune cell fate and function. MicroRNA-33 (miR-33) regulates cellular lipid metabolism and represses genes involved in cholesterol efflux, HDL biogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation. Here, we determined that miR-33-mediated disruption of the balance of aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation instructs macrophage inflammatory polarization and shapes innate and adaptive immune responses. Macrophage-specific Mir33 deletion increased oxidative respiration, enhanced spare respiratory capacity, and induced an M2 macrophage polarization-associated gene profile. Furthermore, miR-33-mediated M2 polarization required miR-33 targeting of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but not cholesterol efflux. Notably, miR-33 inhibition increased macrophage expression of the retinoic acid-producing enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1, subfamily A2 (ALDH1A2) and retinal dehydrogenase activity both in vitro and in a mouse model. Consistent with the ability of retinoic acid to foster inducible Tregs, miR-33-depleted macrophages had an enhanced capacity to induce forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) expression in naive CD4(+) T cells. Finally, treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with miR-33 inhibitors for 8 weeks resulted in accumulation of inflammation-suppressing M2 macrophages and FOXP3(+) Tregs in plaques and reduced atherosclerosis progression. Collectively, these results reveal that miR-33 regulates macrophage inflammation and demonstrate that miR-33 antagonism is atheroprotective, in part, by reducing plaque inflammation by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and Treg induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - U. Mahesh Gundra
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katharine Cecchini
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phillip D. Zamore
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program and
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Moore
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program and
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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805
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Binger KJ, Gebhardt M, Heinig M, Rintisch C, Schroeder A, Neuhofer W, Hilgers K, Manzel A, Schwartz C, Kleinewietfeld M, Voelkl J, Schatz V, Linker RA, Lang F, Voehringer D, Wright MD, Hubner N, Dechend R, Jantsch J, Titze J, Müller DN. High salt reduces the activation of IL-4- and IL-13-stimulated macrophages. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4223-38. [PMID: 26485286 DOI: 10.1172/jci80919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A high intake of dietary salt (NaCl) has been implicated in the development of hypertension, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. We have recently shown that salt has a proinflammatory effect and boosts the activation of Th17 cells and the activation of classical, LPS-induced macrophages (M1). Here, we examined how the activation of alternative (M2) macrophages is affected by salt. In stark contrast to Th17 cells and M1 macrophages, high salt blunted the alternative activation of BM-derived mouse macrophages stimulated with IL-4 and IL-13, M(IL-4+IL-13) macrophages. Salt-induced reduction of M(IL-4+IL-13) activation was not associated with increased polarization toward a proinflammatory M1 phenotype. In vitro, high salt decreased the ability of M(IL-4+IL-13) macrophages to suppress effector T cell proliferation. Moreover, mice fed a high salt diet exhibited reduced M2 activation following chitin injection and delayed wound healing compared with control animals. We further identified a high salt-induced reduction in glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolic output, coupled with blunted AKT and mTOR signaling, which indicates a mechanism by which NaCl inhibits full M2 macrophage activation. Collectively, this study provides evidence that high salt reduces noninflammatory innate immune cell activation and may thus lead to an overall imbalance in immune homeostasis.
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806
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Study of the activated macrophage transcriptome. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:575-80. [PMID: 26439118 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis is a powerful modern tool to study possible alterations of gene expression associated with human diseases. It turns out to be especially promising for evaluation of gene expression changes in immunopathology, as immune cells have flexible gene expression patterns that can be switched in response to infection, inflammatory stimuli and exposure to various cytokines. In particular, macrophage polarization towards pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes can be successfully studied using the modern transcriptome analysis approaches. The two mostly used techniques for transcriptome analysis are microarray and next generation sequencing. In this review we will provide an overview of known gene expression changes associated with immunopathology and discuss the advantage and limitations of different methods of transcriptome analysis.
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807
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Zimetti F, Favari E, Cagliero P, Adorni MP, Ronda N, Bonardi R, Gomaraschi M, Calabresi L, Bernini F, Guardamagna O. Cholesterol trafficking-related serum lipoprotein functions in children with cholesteryl ester storage disease. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:443-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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808
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Sergin I, Evans TD, Razani B. Degradation and beyond: the macrophage lysosome as a nexus for nutrient sensing and processing in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:394-404. [PMID: 26241101 PMCID: PMC5027838 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The ability of macrophage lysosomes to degrade both exogenous and internally derived cargo is paramount to handling the overabundance of lipid and cytotoxic material present in the atherosclerotic plaque. We will discuss recent insights in both classical and novel functions of the lysosomal apparatus, as it pertains to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Lipid-mediated dysfunction in macrophage lysosomes appears to be a critical event in plaque progression. Consequences include enhanced inflammatory signalling [particularly the inflammasome/interleukin-1β axis] and an inability to interface with autophagy leading to a proatherogenic accumulation of dysfunctional organelles and protein aggregates. Aside from degradation, several novel functions have recently been ascribed to lysosomes, including involvement in macrophage polarization, generation of lipid signalling intermediates and serving as a nutrient depot for mechanistic target of rapamycin activation, each of which can have profound implications in atherosclerosis. Finally, the discovery of the transcription factor transcription factor EB as a mechanism of inducing lysosomal biogenesis can have therapeutic value by reversing lysosomal dysfunction in macrophages. SUMMARY Lysosomes are a central organelle in the processing of exogenous and intracellular biomolecules. Together with recent data that implicate the degradation products of lysosomes in modulation of signalling pathways, these organelles truly do lay at a nexus in nutrient sensing and processing. Dissecting the full repertoire of lysosome function and ensuing dysfunction in plaque macrophages is pivotal to our understanding of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sergin
- aCardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine bDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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809
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Sarrazy V, Sore S, Viaud M, Rignol G, Westerterp M, Ceppo F, Tanti JF, Guinamard R, Gautier EL, Yvan-Charvet L. Maintenance of Macrophage Redox Status by ChREBP Limits Inflammation and Apoptosis and Protects against Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation. Cell Rep 2015; 13:132-144. [PMID: 26411684 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced glucose utilization can be visualized in atherosclerotic lesions and may reflect a high glycolytic rate in lesional macrophages, but its causative role in plaque progression remains unclear. We observe that the activity of the carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein ChREBP is rapidly downregulated upon TLR4 activation in macrophages. ChREBP inactivation refocuses cellular metabolism to a high redox state favoring enhanced inflammatory responses after TLR4 activation and increased cell death after TLR4 activation or oxidized LDL loading. Targeted deletion of ChREBP in bone marrow cells resulted in accelerated atherosclerosis progression in Ldlr(-/-) mice with increased monocytosis, lesional macrophage accumulation, and plaque necrosis. Thus, ChREBP-dependent macrophage metabolic reprogramming hinders plaque progression and establishes a causative role for leukocyte glucose metabolism in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sarrazy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Sophie Sore
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Manon Viaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Guylène Rignol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Marit Westerterp
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Franck Ceppo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Jean-Francois Tanti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Rodolphe Guinamard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Emmanuel L Gautier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1166, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 6, ICAN Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, 06204 Nice, France.
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810
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Abstract
Failure of T cells to protect against cancer is thought to result from lack of antigen recognition, chronic activation, and/or suppression by other cells. Using a mouse sarcoma model, we show that glucose consumption by tumors metabolically restricts T cells, leading to their dampened mTOR activity, glycolytic capacity, and IFN-γ production, thereby allowing tumor progression. We show that enhancing glycolysis in an antigenic "regressor" tumor is sufficient to override the protective ability of T cells to control tumor growth. We also show that checkpoint blockade antibodies against CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1, which are used clinically, restore glucose in tumor microenvironment, permitting T cell glycolysis and IFN-γ production. Furthermore, we found that blocking PD-L1 directly on tumors dampens glycolysis by inhibiting mTOR activity and decreasing expression of glycolysis enzymes, reflecting a role for PD-L1 in tumor glucose utilization. Our results establish that tumor-imposed metabolic restrictions can mediate T cell hyporesponsiveness during cancer.
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811
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Chang CH, Qiu J, O'Sullivan D, Buck MD, Noguchi T, Curtis JD, Chen Q, Gindin M, Gubin MM, van der Windt GJW, Tonc E, Schreiber RD, Pearce EJ, Pearce EL. Metabolic Competition in the Tumor Microenvironment Is a Driver of Cancer Progression. Cell 2015; 162:1229-41. [PMID: 26321679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2078] [Impact Index Per Article: 230.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Failure of T cells to protect against cancer is thought to result from lack of antigen recognition, chronic activation, and/or suppression by other cells. Using a mouse sarcoma model, we show that glucose consumption by tumors metabolically restricts T cells, leading to their dampened mTOR activity, glycolytic capacity, and IFN-γ production, thereby allowing tumor progression. We show that enhancing glycolysis in an antigenic "regressor" tumor is sufficient to override the protective ability of T cells to control tumor growth. We also show that checkpoint blockade antibodies against CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1, which are used clinically, restore glucose in tumor microenvironment, permitting T cell glycolysis and IFN-γ production. Furthermore, we found that blocking PD-L1 directly on tumors dampens glycolysis by inhibiting mTOR activity and decreasing expression of glycolysis enzymes, reflecting a role for PD-L1 in tumor glucose utilization. Our results establish that tumor-imposed metabolic restrictions can mediate T cell hyporesponsiveness during cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jing Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David O'Sullivan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael D Buck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Takuro Noguchi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan D Curtis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Qiongyu Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mariel Gindin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Matthew M Gubin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gerritje J W van der Windt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Elena Tonc
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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812
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Sanin DE, Prendergast CT, Mountford AP. IL-10 Production in Macrophages Is Regulated by a TLR-Driven CREB-Mediated Mechanism That Is Linked to Genes Involved in Cell Metabolism. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:1218-32. [PMID: 26116503 PMCID: PMC4505959 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is produced by macrophages in diverse immune settings and is critical in limiting immune-mediated pathology. In helminth infections, macrophages are an important source of IL-10; however, the molecular mechanism underpinning production of IL-10 by these cells is poorly characterized. In this study, bone marrow-derived macrophages exposed to excretory/secretory products released by Schistosoma mansoni cercariae rapidly produce IL-10 as a result of MyD88-mediated activation of MEK/ERK/RSK and p38. The phosphorylation of these kinases was triggered by TLR2 and TLR4 and converged on activation of the transcription factor CREB. Following phosphorylation, CREB is recruited to a novel regulatory element in the Il10 promoter and is also responsible for regulating a network of genes involved in metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, skin-resident tissue macrophages, which encounter S. mansoni excretory/secretory products during infection, are the first monocytes to produce IL-10 in vivo early postinfection with S. mansoni cercariae. The early and rapid release of IL-10 by these cells has the potential to condition the dermal microenvironment encountered by immune cells recruited to this infection site, and we propose a mechanism by which CREB regulates the production of IL-10 by macrophages in the skin, but also has a major effect on their metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sanin
- Department of Biology, Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona T Prendergast
- Department of Biology, Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P Mountford
- Department of Biology, Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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813
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Covarrubias AJ, Aksoylar HI, Horng T. Control of macrophage metabolism and activation by mTOR and Akt signaling. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:286-96. [PMID: 26360589 PMCID: PMC4682888 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are pleiotropic cells that assume a variety of functions depending on their tissue of residence and tissue state. They maintain homeostasis as well as coordinate responses to stresses such as infection and metabolic challenge. The ability of macrophages to acquire diverse, context-dependent activities requires their activation (or polarization) to distinct functional states. While macrophage activation is well understood at the level of signal transduction and transcriptional regulation, the metabolic underpinnings are poorly understood. Importantly, emerging studies indicate that metabolic shifts play a pivotal role in control of macrophage activation and acquisition of context-dependent effector activities. The signals that drive macrophage activation impinge on metabolic pathways, allowing for coordinate control of macrophage activation and metabolism. Here we discuss how mTOR and Akt, major metabolic regulators and targets of such activation signals, control macrophage metabolism and activation. Dysregulated macrophage activities contribute to many diseases, including infectious, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases and cancer, thus a better understanding of metabolic control of macrophage activation could pave the way to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Covarrubias
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, II-115, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - H Ibrahim Aksoylar
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, II-115, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tiffany Horng
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, II-115, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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814
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AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Interacts with the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta to Induce Genes Affecting Fatty Acid Oxidation in Human Macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130893. [PMID: 26098914 PMCID: PMC4476747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) maintains energy homeostasis by suppressing cellular ATP-consuming processes and activating catabolic, ATP-producing pathways such as fatty acid oxidation (FAO). The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) also affects fatty acid metabolism, stimulating the expression of genes involved in FAO. To question the interplay of AMPK and PPARδ in human macrophages we transduced primary human macrophages with lentiviral particles encoding for the constitutively active AMPKα1 catalytic subunit, followed by microarray expression analysis after treatment with the PPARδ agonist GW501516. Microarray analysis showed that co-activation of AMPK and PPARδ increased expression of FAO genes, which were validated by quantitative PCR. Induction of these FAO-associated genes was also observed upon infecting macrophages with an adenovirus coding for AMPKγ1 regulatory subunit carrying an activating R70Q mutation. The pharmacological AMPK activator A-769662 increased expression of several FAO genes in a PPARδ- and AMPK-dependent manner. Although GW501516 significantly increased FAO and reduced the triglyceride amount in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)-loaded foam cells, AMPK activation failed to potentiate this effect, suggesting that increased expression of fatty acid catabolic genes alone may be not sufficient to prevent macrophage lipid overload.
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815
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Hossain F, Al-Khami AA, Wyczechowska D, Hernandez C, Zheng L, Reiss K, Valle LD, Trillo-Tinoco J, Maj T, Zou W, Rodriguez PC, Ochoa AC. Inhibition of Fatty Acid Oxidation Modulates Immunosuppressive Functions of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Enhances Cancer Therapies. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1236-47. [PMID: 26025381 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) promote tumor growth by inhibiting T-cell immunity and promoting malignant cell proliferation and migration. The therapeutic potential of blocking MDSC in tumors has been limited by their heterogeneity, plasticity, and resistance to various chemotherapy agents. Recent studies have highlighted the role of energy metabolic pathways in the differentiation and function of immune cells; however, the metabolic characteristics regulating MDSC remain unclear. We aimed to determine the energy metabolic pathway(s) used by MDSC, establish its impact on their immunosuppressive function, and test whether its inhibition blocks MDSC and enhances antitumor therapies. Using several murine tumor models, we found that tumor-infiltrating MDSC (T-MDSC) increased fatty acid uptake and activated fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This was accompanied by an increased mitochondrial mass, upregulation of key FAO enzymes, and increased oxygen consumption rate. Pharmacologic inhibition of FAO blocked immune inhibitory pathways and functions in T-MDSC and decreased their production of inhibitory cytokines. FAO inhibition alone significantly delayed tumor growth in a T-cell-dependent manner and enhanced the antitumor effect of adoptive T-cell therapy. Furthermore, FAO inhibition combined with low-dose chemotherapy completely inhibited T-MDSC immunosuppressive effects and induced a significant antitumor effect. Interestingly, a similar increase in fatty acid uptake and expression of FAO-related enzymes was found in human MDSC in peripheral blood and tumors. These results support the possibility of testing FAO inhibition as a novel approach to block MDSC and enhance various cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokhrul Hossain
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Amir A Al-Khami
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Dorota Wyczechowska
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Claudia Hernandez
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Liqin Zheng
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Krzystoff Reiss
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Internal Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Luis Del Valle
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jimena Trillo-Tinoco
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tomasz Maj
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paulo C Rodriguez
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Augusto C Ochoa
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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816
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight some of the recent developments in the novel field of immunometabolism and the therapeutic potential of the many regulatory components of this immunometabolic network for transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS In response to cytokines, changes in nutrients, and other alterations in the local milieu, immune cells are capable of changing their internal metabolic pathways to meet their energy demands. Recent studies demonstrate that activated T effectors (Th1 and Th17) are supported by aerobic glycolysis, whereas regulatory T cells and CD8 memory T cells favor fatty acid oxidation and lipid biosynthesis through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. These bioenergetic processes are dependent upon the activation of metabolic sensors such as mammalian target of rapamycin and AMP-activated protein kinase, respectively, indicating that the cross-talk between immunity and metabolism can shape the fate and function of immune cells. Finally, exciting new studies suggest that differences in the bioenergetic mechanisms within the various immune subsets may selectively be exploited for regulating the immune responses. SUMMARY In this review, we will discuss the metabolic signatures adopted by various immune cells during tolerance versus immunity and the promising avenues that can be modulated by targeting metabolic pathways with either nutrition or pharmacological intervention for establishing long-term transplantation tolerance.
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817
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Chan KL, Pillon NJ, Sivaloganathan DM, Costford SR, Liu Z, Théret M, Chazaud B, Klip A. Palmitoleate Reverses High Fat-induced Proinflammatory Macrophage Polarization via AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16979-88. [PMID: 25987561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A rise in tissue-embedded macrophages displaying "M1-like" proinflammatory polarization is a hallmark of metabolic inflammation during a high fat diet or obesity. Here we show that bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from high fat-fed mice retain a memory of their dietary environment in vivo (displaying the elevated proinflammatory genes Cxcl1, Il6, Tnf, Nos2) despite 7-day differentiation and proliferation ex vivo. Notably, 6-h incubation with palmitoleate (PO) reversed the proinflammatory gene expression and cytokine secretion seen in BMDM from high fat-fed mice. BMDM from low fat-fed mice exposed to palmitate (PA) for 18 h ex vivo also showed elevated expression of proinflammatory genes (Cxcl1, Il6, Tnf, Nos2, and Il12b) associated with M1 polarization. Conversely, PO treatment increased anti-inflammatory genes (Mrc1, Tgfb1, Il10, Mgl2) and oxidative metabolism, characteristic of M2 macrophages. Therefore, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids bring about opposite macrophage polarization states. Coincubation of BMDM with both fatty acids counteracted the PA-induced Nos2 expression in a PO dose-dependent fashion. PO also prevented PA-induced IκBα degradation, RelA nuclear translocation, NO production, and cytokine secretion. Mechanistically, PO exerted its anti-inflammatory function through AMP-activated protein kinase as AMP kinase knockout or inhibition by Compound C offset the PO-dependent prevention of PA-induced inflammation. These results demonstrate a nutritional memory of BMDM ex vivo, highlight the plasticity of BMDM polarization in response to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and identify the potential to reverse diet- and saturated fat-induced M1-like polarization by administering palmitoleate. These findings could have applicability to reverse obesity-linked inflammation in metabolically relevant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny L Chan
- From the Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada, the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- From the Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | - Sheila R Costford
- From the Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Zhi Liu
- From the Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Marine Théret
- the Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Benedicte Chazaud
- the Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Amira Klip
- From the Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada, the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and
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818
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Weinberg SE, Sena LA, Chandel NS. Mitochondria in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunity 2015; 42:406-17. [PMID: 25786173 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are well appreciated for their role as biosynthetic and bioenergetic organelles. In the past two decades, mitochondria have emerged as signaling organelles that contribute critical decisions about cell proliferation, death, and differentiation. Mitochondria not only sustain immune cell phenotypes but also are necessary for establishing immune cell phenotype and their function. Mitochondria can rapidly switch from primarily being catabolic organelles generating ATP to anabolic organelles that generate both ATP and building blocks for macromolecule synthesis. This enables them to fulfill appropriate metabolic demands of different immune cells. Mitochondria have multiple mechanisms that allow them to activate signaling pathways in the cytosol including altering in AMP/ATP ratio, the release of ROS and TCA cycle metabolites, as well as the localization of immune regulatory proteins on the outer mitochondrial membrane. In this Review, we discuss the evidence and mechanisms that mitochondrial dependent signaling controls innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Weinberg
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Laura A Sena
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60615, USA.
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819
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Tan Z, Xie N, Cui H, Moellering DR, Abraham E, Thannickal VJ, Liu G. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 participates in macrophage polarization via regulating glucose metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:6082-9. [PMID: 25964487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The M1 and M2 polarized phenotypes dictate distinctive roles for macrophages as they participate in inflammatory disorders. There has been growing interest in the role of cellular metabolism in macrophage polarization. However, it is currently unclear whether different aspects of a specific metabolic program coordinately regulate this cellular process. In this study, we found that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), a key regulatory enzyme in glucose metabolism, plays an important role in the differential activation of macrophages. Knockdown of PDK1 diminished M1, whereas it enhanced M2 activation of macrophages. Mechanistically, PDK1 knockdown led to diminished aerobic glycolysis in M1 macrophages, which likely accounts for the attenuated inflammatory response in these cells. Furthermore, we found that mitochondrial respiration is enhanced during and required by the early activation of M2 macrophages. Suppression of glucose oxidation, but not that of fatty acids, inhibits this process. Consistent with its inhibitory role in early M2 activation, knockdown of PDK1 enhanced mitochondrial respiration in macrophages. Our data suggest that two arms of the glucose metabolism synergistically regulate the differential activation of macrophages. Our findings also highlight the central role of PDK1 in this event via controlling glycolysis and glucose oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Tan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Na Xie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Huachun Cui
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Douglas R Moellering
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Edward Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294;
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820
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Stenmark KR, Tuder RM, El Kasmi KC. Metabolic reprogramming and inflammation act in concert to control vascular remodeling in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:1164-72. [PMID: 25930027 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00283.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex, multifactorial syndrome that remains poorly understood despite decades of research. PH is characterized by profound pulmonary artery (PA) remodeling that includes significant fibro-proliferative and inflammatory changes of the PA adventitia. In line with the emerging concept that PH shares key features with cancer, recent work centers on the idea that PH results from a multistep process driven by reprogramming of gene-expression patterns that govern changes in cell metabolism, inflammation, and proliferation. Data demonstrate that in addition to PA endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, adventitial fibroblasts from animals with experimental hypoxic PH and from humans with PH (hereafter, termed PH-Fibs) exhibit proinflammatory activation, increased proliferation, and apoptosis resistance, all in the context of metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis. PH-Fibs can also recruit, retain, and activate naïve macrophages (Mϕ) toward a proinflammatory/proremodeling phenotype through secretion of chemokines, cytokines, and glycolytic metabolites, among which IL-6 and lactate play key roles. Furthermore, these fibroblast-activated Mϕ (hereafter, termed FAMϕ) exhibit aerobic glycolysis together with high expression of arginase 1, Vegfa, and I1lb, all of which require hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and STAT3 signaling. Strikingly, in situ, the adventitial Mϕ phenotype in the remodeled PA closely resembles the Mϕ phenotype induced by fibroblasts in vitro (FAMϕ), suggesting that FAMϕ crosstalk involving metabolic and inflammatory signals is a critical, pathogenetic component of vascular remodeling. This review discusses metabolic and inflammatory changes in fibroblasts and Mϕ in PH with the goal of raising ideas about new interventions to abrogate remodeling in hypoxic forms of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R Stenmark
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - Rubin M Tuder
- Program in Translational Lung Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Karim C El Kasmi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
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821
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Mallat
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U970, Paris, France.
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822
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Hoque R, Mehal WZ. Inflammasomes in pancreatic physiology and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G643-51. [PMID: 25700081 PMCID: PMC4398840 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00388.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this review we summarize the role of inflammasomes in pancreatic physiology and disease with a focus on acute pancreatitis where much recent progress has been made. New findings have identified inducers of and cell specificity of inflammasome component expression in the pancreas, the contribution of inflammasome-regulated effectors to pancreatitis, and metabolic regulation of inflammasome activation, which are strong determinants of injury in pancreatitis. New areas of pancreatic biology will be highlighted in the context of our evolving understanding of gut microbiome- and injury-induced inflammasome priming, pyroptosis, and innate immune-mediated regulation of cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaz Hoque
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Wajahat Z. Mehal
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and ,2Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
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823
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Nagy C, Haschemi A. Time and Demand are Two Critical Dimensions of Immunometabolism: The Process of Macrophage Activation and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Front Immunol 2015; 6:164. [PMID: 25904920 PMCID: PMC4389563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A process is a function of time; in immunometabolism, this is reflected by the stepwise adaptation of metabolism to sustain the bio-energetic demand of an immune-response in its various states and shades. This perspective article starts by presenting an early attempt to investigate the physiology of inflammation, in order to illustrate one of the basic concepts of immunometabolism, wherein an adapted metabolism of infiltrating immune cells affects tissue function and inflammation. We then focus on the process of macrophage activation and aim to delineate the factor time within the current molecular context of metabolic-rewiring important for adapting primary carbohydrate metabolism. In the last section, we will provide information on how the pentose phosphate pathway may be of importance to provide both nucleotide precursors and redox-equivalents, and speculate how carbon-scrambling events in the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway might be regulated within cells by demand. We conclude that the adapted metabolism of inflammation is specific in respect to the effector-function and appears as a well-orchestrated event, dynamic by nature, and based on a functional interplay of signaling- and metabolic-pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csörsz Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KILM), Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Arvand Haschemi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KILM), Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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824
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterised by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions and occurs preferentially at arterial branching points, which are prone to inflammation during hyperlipidaemic stress. The increased susceptibility at branching sites of arteries is attributable to poor adaptation of arterial endothelial cells to disturbed blood flow. In the past 5 years, several studies have provided mechanistic insights into the regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in inflammatory activation, proliferation, and regeneration of endothelial cells during this maladaptive process. The intercellular transfer of vesicle-bound miRNAs contributes to arterial homeostasis, and the combinatorial effect of multiple miRNAs controls the unresolved inflammation orchestrated by macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions. In this Review, we highlight the miRNA-dependent regulation of the endothelial phenotype and the proliferative reserve that occurs in response to altered haemodynamic conditions as a prerequisite for atherogenic inflammation. In particular, we discuss the regulation of transcriptional modules by miRNAs and the protective role of complementary strand pairs, which encompasses remote miRNA signalling. In addition, we review the roles of miRNA tandems and describe the relevance of RNA target selection and competition to the behaviour of lesional macrophages. Elucidating miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms can aid the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.
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825
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Allen JE, Sutherland TE, Rückerl D. IL-17 and neutrophils: unexpected players in the type 2 immune response. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:99-106. [PMID: 25794823 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of immunity to helminth infection has been central to understanding the function of type 2 cytokines and their targets. Although type 2 cytokines are considered anti-inflammatory and promote tissue repair, they also contribute to allergy and fibrosis. Here, we utilise data from helminth infection models, to illustrate that IL-17 and neutrophils, typically associated with pro-inflammatory responses, are intimately linked with type 2 immunity. Neutrophils work with IL-4Rα-activated macrophages to control incoming larvae but this comes at a cost of enhanced tissue damage. Chitinase like proteins (CLPs) bridge these diverse outcomes, inducing both protective IL-17 and reparative Th2 responses. Dysregulation of CLPs, IL-17 and neutrophils likely contribute to disease severity and pathology associated with type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Allen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
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826
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Almendros I, Gileles-Hillel A, Khalyfa A, Wang Y, Zhang SX, Carreras A, Farré R, Gozal D. Adipose tissue macrophage polarization by intermittent hypoxia in a mouse model of OSA: effect of tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:233-9. [PMID: 25779675 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH)-induces alterations in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that are associated with adverse cancer outcomes, as reported in patients suffering from sleep apnea. Adipose tissues (AT) and bone-marrow (BM)-derived cells are the inferred sources of macrophages infiltrating malignant tumors. Here, the sources of TAMs and the phenotypic changes induced by IH in the ipsilateral and contralateral AT were investigated by using a syngeneic murine solid tumor model (TC1). C57/B6 male mice were exposed to either IH or room air (RA) for 6 weeks, with TC1 cells being inoculated in the 2nd week. Macrophage content, phenotype and tissue origin were assessed in tumors, and ipsilateral and contralateral AT. IH induced a ~2.2-fold increase in TAM tumor infiltration. However, differential responses in the tumor ipsilateral and contralateral AT emerged: IH increased infiltration of preferentially M1 macrophages in contralateral AT, while reductions in macrophages emerged in ipsilateral AT and primarily consisted of the M2 phenotype. These changes were accompanied by reciprocal increases in resident and BM-derived TAMs in the tumor. IH-induced phenotypic alterations in AT macrophages surrounding the tumor and their increased infiltration within the tumor may contribute to the accelerated tumor progression associated with IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Almendros
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alex Gileles-Hillel
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shelley X Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alba Carreras
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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827
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Masoodi M, Kuda O, Rossmeisl M, Flachs P, Kopecky J. Lipid signaling in adipose tissue: Connecting inflammation & metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:503-18. [PMID: 25311170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-associated low-grade inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT) contributes to development of insulin resistance and other disorders. Accumulation of immune cells, especially macrophages, and macrophage polarization from M2 to M1 state, affect intrinsic WAT signaling, namely anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines, fatty acids (FA), and lipid mediators derived from both n-6 and n-3 long-chain PUFA such as (i) arachidonic acid (AA)-derived eicosanoids and endocannabinoids, and (ii) specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators including resolvins derived from both eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lipoxins (AA metabolites), protectins and maresins (DHA metabolites). In this respect, potential differences in modulating adipocyte metabolism by various lipid mediators formed by inflammatory M1 macrophages typical of obese state, and non-inflammatory M2 macrophages typical of lean state remain to be established. Studies in mice suggest that (i) transient accumulation of M2 macrophages could be essential for the control of tissue FA levels during activation of lipolysis, (ii) currently unidentified M2 macrophage-borne signaling molecule(s) could inhibit lipolysis and re-esterification of lipolyzed FA back to triacylglycerols (TAG/FA cycle), and (iii) the egress of M2 macrophages from rebuilt WAT and removal of the negative feedback regulation could allow for a full unmasking of metabolic activities of adipocytes. Thus, M2 macrophages could support remodeling of WAT to a tissue containing metabolically flexible adipocytes endowed with a high capacity of both TAG/FA cycling and oxidative phosphorylation. This situation could be exemplified by a combined intervention using mild calorie restriction and dietary supplementation with EPA/DHA, which enhances the formation of "healthy" adipocytes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance."
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Masoodi
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, EPFL Innovation Park, bâtiment H, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Flachs
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.
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828
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Bizzozero OA, Soto EF, Pasquini JM. Mechanisms of transport and assembly of myelin proteins. Cancer Lett 1985; 435:92-100. [PMID: 6240910 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out in order to obtain further information regarding the mechanism of transport and assembly of myelin proteins in different subcellular fractions isolated from brain slices incubated in vitro with radioactive amino acids under different experimental conditions. It was found that proteolipid protein (PLP) showed a lag in the entry into the myelin membrane, while basic and Wolfgram proteins appeared to be inserted in this structure immediately after their synthesis. Addition of 500 microM colchicine to the incubation medium blocked the transport of PLP, while the entry of the other proteins was not affected. Pulse-chase experiments using cycloheximide suggest that a precursor-product relationship between microsomes, fraction SN4 and myelin exists only for PLP. The results obtained allow us to draw the following conclusions: The delay in the entry of PLP into myelin membrane is probably due to the time required for its transport towards the final site of assembly; the microtubular network of the oligodendroglial cell is directly involved in the transport of PLP; basic and probably Wolfgram proteins follow a route which clearly differs from that of PLP; delivery of myelin proteins from the site of synthesis towards their site of deposition depends, at least, on two different mechanisms of intracellular transport.
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