901
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Kovar JL, Volcheck WM, Chen J, Simpson MA. Purification method directly influences effectiveness of an epidermal growth factor-coupled targeting agent for noninvasive tumor detection in mice. Anal Biochem 2006; 361:47-54. [PMID: 17188228 PMCID: PMC1866276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Receptor targeting is an effective method of enhancing fluorescence signal in tumors for optical imaging. We previously used epidermal growth factor (EGF) conjugated to IRDye 800CW to detect and track orthotopic prostate tumors in mice. In this study, our goal was to identify a reliable assay for targeting agent integrity in vitro that correlated with signal strength in vivo. Binding of IRDye 800CW EGF to intact A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells was quantified in a microplate assay. Specificity was confirmed by competition with unlabeled EGF or monoclonal antibody blocking. Biological activity of intact and damaged targeting agents relative to unlabeled EGF was determined by binding and stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Both assays indicated a reduction of up to 60% of the fluorescence intensity with damaged agents. Using a research prototype imaging system optimized for IRDye 800CW detection, we compared the efficacy of intact and damaged targeting agents for imaging subcutaneous tumors in mice. In live animal images and in sections of the excised tumors, damaged targeting agents consistently yielded diminished fluorescence signals corresponding to the reduction observed in microplate assays. This is the first study to directly correlate targeting agent signal strength in whole cell binding, In-Cell Western, and in vivo near-infrared imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Melanie A. Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0664
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902
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The first bioluminescence tomography system for simultaneous acquisition of multiview and multispectral data. Int J Biomed Imaging 2006; 2006:58601. [PMID: 23165042 PMCID: PMC2324039 DOI: 10.1155/ijbi/2006/58601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the system design of the first bioluminescence tomography (BLT) system for parallel acquisition
of multiple bioluminescent views around a mouse in a number of spectral channels simultaneously. The primary
component of this BLT system is a novel mirror module and a unique mouse holder. The mirror module consists of
a mounting plate and four mirrors with stages. These mirror stages are right triangular blocks symmetrically
arranged and attached to the mounting plate such that
the hypotenuse surfaces of the triangular blocks all make 45∘ to the plate
surface. The cylindrical/polygonal mouse holder has semitransparent rainbow bands on its side surface for
the acquisition of spectrally resolved data. Numerical studies and experiments are performed to demonstrate
the feasibility of this system. It is shown that bioluminescent signals collected using our system can produce
a similar BLT reconstruction quality while reducing the data acquisition time, as compared to the sequential data
acquisition mode.
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903
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von Wallbrunn A, Höltke C, Zühlsdorf M, Heindel W, Schäfers M, Bremer C. In vivo imaging of integrin ανβ3 expression using fluorescence-mediated tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 34:745-754. [PMID: 17131149 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Optical imaging would be desirable for cancer diagnostics since it can potentially resolve relevant oncological target structures in vivo. We therefore synthesised an alpha v beta(3) targeted fluorochrome and imaged tumour xenografts with different alpha v beta(3) expression levels using both planar and tomographic optical imaging methods. METHODS An alpha v beta(3)-targeted RGD peptide was labelled with a cyanine dye (Cy 5.5). Binding of the optical tracer was tested on M21 melanoma (n=5), HT-1080 fibrosarcoma (n=6) and MCF-7 adenocarcinoma (n=5) cells and their tumour xenografts. All optical imaging studies were performed using two-dimensional planar fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI) technology and three-dimensional fluorescence-mediated tomography (FMT). RESULTS In vitro, the peptide-dye conjugate showed a clear binding affinity to alpha v beta(3)-positive M21 and HT-1080 cells while alpha v beta(3)-negative MCF-7 cells and pre-dosing with the free RGD peptide revealed little to no fluorescence. In vivo, tumour xenografts were clearly visualised by FRI and FMT up to 24 h post injection. FMT allowed quantification of the fluorochrome distribution in deeper tissue sections showing an average fluorochrome concentration of 417.61 +/- 105.82 nM Cy 5.5 (M21), 353.68 +/- 54.02 nM Cy 5.5 (HT-1080) and 262.83 +/- 155.36 nM Cy 5.5 (MCF-7) in the target tissue 60 min after tracer administration. Competition with the free RGD peptide resulted in a reduction in the fluorochrome concentration in M21 tumour tissue (294.35 +/- 84.27 nM). CONCLUSION RGD-Cy 5.5 combined with novel tomographic optical imaging methods allows non-invasive imaging of tumour-associated alpha v beta(3) expression and may thus be a promising strategy for sensitive evaluation of tumour target expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika von Wallbrunn
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48129, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF Muenster, FG3), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Höltke
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48129, Münster, Germany
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Zühlsdorf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Walter Heindel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48129, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF Muenster, FG3), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF Muenster, ZPG 4b), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Bremer
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48129, Münster, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF Muenster, FG3), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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904
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Kovar JL, Johnson MA, Volcheck WM, Chen J, Simpson MA. Hyaluronidase expression induces prostate tumor metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1415-26. [PMID: 17003496 PMCID: PMC1698854 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer progression are frequently studied in mice by orthotopic injection of aggressive cell lines, which yield primary tumors that spontaneously metastasize to lymph nodes. In this report, we characterized the human prostate carcinoma cell line 22Rv1 in an orthotopic system and evaluated the functional relevance of the hyaluronidase Hyal1, a correlate of invasive human prostate cancer, to progression in this model. To provide real-time insights into these processes, we first validated use of an epidermal growth factor-conjugated fluorophore to illuminate orthotopic prostate tumors and their metastases in whole animal imaging. Animals receiving intraprostatic injections were tracked throughout a 6-week period. Tumor sizes were correlated 92% with total fluorescence intensities of 22 prostate tumors. In contrast to the highly tumorigenic and metastatic PC3M-LN4 cells, the 22Rv1 line was orthotopically tumorigenic but not metastatic, despite larger tumor sizes. Lymph node metastasis was successfully imaged in animals with PC3M-LN4 tumors on endpoint dissection. Stable transfection of 22Rv1 cells with Hyal1 did not alter growth kinetics of primary orthotopic tumors, but all animals implanted with Hyal1 transfectants exhibited tumor-positive para-aortic lymph nodes. Hyal1 is implicated as an inducer of prostate cancer metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy L Kovar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, N241 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-0664, USA
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905
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Abstract
The emergence of synthesis strategies for the fabrication of nanosized contrast agents is anticipated to lead to advancements in understanding biological processes at the molecular level in addition to progress in the development of diagnostic tools and innovative therapies. Imaging agents such as fluorescent dye-doped silica nanoparticles, quantum dots and gold nanoparticles have overcome many of the limitations of conventional contrast agents (organic dyes) such as poor photostability, low quantum yield, insufficient in vitro and in vivo stability, etc. Such particulates are now being developed for absorbance and emission in the near infrared region, which is expected to allow for real time and deep tissue imaging via optical routes. Other efforts to facilitate deep tissue imaging with pre-existing technologies have lead to the development of multimodal nanoparticles which are both optical and MRI active. The main focus of this article is to provide an overview of properties and design of contrast agents such as dye-doped silica nanoparticles, quantum dots and gold nanoparticles for non-invasive bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvesh Sharma
- Particle Engineering Research Center and Material Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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906
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Mayer-Kuckuk P, Boskey AL. Molecular imaging promotes progress in orthopedic research. Bone 2006; 39:965-977. [PMID: 16843078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Modern orthopedic research is directed towards the understanding of molecular mechanisms that determine development, maintenance and health of musculoskeletal tissues. In recent years, many genetic and proteomic discoveries have been made which necessitate investigation under physiological conditions in intact, living tissues. Molecular imaging can meet this demand and is, in fact, the only strategy currently available for noninvasive, quantitative, real-time biology studies in living subjects. In this review, techniques of molecular imaging are summarized, and applications to bone and joint biology are presented. The imaging modality most frequently used in the past was optical imaging, particularly bioluminescence and near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Alternate technologies including nuclear and magnetic resonance imaging were also employed. Orthopedic researchers have applied molecular imaging to murine models including transgenic mice to monitor gene expression, protein degradation, cell migration and cell death. Within the bone compartment, osteoblasts and their stem cells have been investigated, and the organic and mineral bone phases have been assessed. These studies addressed malignancy and injury as well as repair, including fracture healing and cell/gene therapy for skeletal defects. In the joints, molecular imaging has focused on the inflammatory and tissue destructive processes that cause arthritis. As described in this review, the feasibility of applying molecular imaging to numerous areas of orthopedic research has been demonstrated and will likely result in an increase in research dedicated to this powerful strategy. Molecular imaging holds great promise in the future for preclinical orthopedic research as well as next-generation clinical musculoskeletal diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mayer-Kuckuk
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York 10021, USA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021, USA.
| | - Adele L Boskey
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York 10021, USA
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907
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Niedre MJ, Turner GM, Ntziachristos V. Time-resolved imaging of optical coefficients through murine chest cavities. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:064017. [PMID: 17212540 DOI: 10.1117/1.2400702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As small animal optical imaging and tomography are gaining popularity for interrogating functional and molecular events in vivo, it becomes increasingly necessary to gain knowledge of the optical properties of the species investigated to better understand and describe photon propagation through their tissues. To achieve characterization of the spatial variation of average optical properties through murine chest cavities, time- and spatially resolved measurements of femto-second laser pulse transmission are performed through mice using a high-speed gated image intensifier. Application of time-resolved diffusion theory for finite slab geometry is first confirmed on phantoms and then applied to in vivo measurements for spatially resolving and quantifying mouse optical properties. Photon transmission images through mouse chest cavities are further obtained at different time gates to visualize the spatial variation observed and confirm the optical coefficient patterns calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Niedre
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Laboratory for Bio-Optics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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908
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Lisy MR, Schüler E, Lehmann F, Czerney P, Kaiser WA, Hilger I. Diagnosis of peritonitis using near-infrared optical imaging of in vivo labeled monocytes-macrophages. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:064014. [PMID: 17212537 DOI: 10.1117/1.2409310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Peritonitis is an inflammatory process characterized by massive monocytes-macrophages infiltration. Since early diagnosis is important for a successful therapeutic outcome, the feasibility for a selective labeling and imaging of macrophages for highly sensitive optical imaging was assessed. After in vitro incubation of mouse macrophages J774A.1 with the far-red/near-infrared fluorochrome DY-676, distinct fluorescence intensities (1026+/-142 a.u.) were detected as compared to controls (552+/-54 a.u.) using a whole-body small animal near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging system. Macrophage labeling was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, (FACS). The fluorochrome was also found to be predominantly distributed within compartments in the cytoplasm. Additionally, peritonitis was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of zymosanA. After intravenous injection of fluorochrome (55 nmol/kg) and using whole-body fluorescence imaging, higher fluorescence intensities (869+/-151 a.u.) were detected in the peritoneal area of diseased mice as compared to controls (188+/-41 a.u.). Furthermore, cells isolated from peritoneal lavage revealed the presence of labeled monocytes-macrophages. The results indicate that in vivo diagnosis of peritonitis by near-infrared optical imaging of labeled monocytes-macrophages is feasible. Possibly, early stages of other inflammatory diseases could also be detected by the proposed diagnostic method in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus-René Lisy
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, FZL Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
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909
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Abstract
Multispectral imaging (MSI) is currently in a period of transition from its role as an exotic technique to its being offered in one form or another by all the major microscopy manufacturers. This is because it provides solutions to some of the major challenges in fluorescence-based imaging, namely ameliorating the consequences of the presence of autofluorescence and the need to easily accommodate relatively high levels of signal multiplexing. MSI, which spectrally characterizes and computationally eliminates autofluorescence, enhances the signal-to-background dramatically, revealing otherwise obscured targets. While this article concentrates on examples derived from liquid-crystal tunable filter-based technology, the intent is to showcase the advantages of multispectral imaging in general. Some technologies used to generate multispectral images are compatible with only particular optical configurations, such as point-scanning laser confocal microscopy. Band-sequential approaches, such as those afforded by liquid-crystal tunable filters (LCTFs), can be conveniently coupled with a variety of imaging modalities, which, in addition to fluorescence microscopy, include brightfield (nonfluorescent) microscopy as well as small-animal, noninvasive in-vivo imaging. Brightfield microscopy is the chosen format for histopathology, which relies on immunohistochemistry to provide molecularly resolved clinical information. However, in contrast to fluorescent labels, multiple chromogens, if they spatially overlap, are much harder to separate and quantitate, unless MSI approaches are used. In-vivo imaging is a rapidly growing field with applications in basic biology, drug discovery, and clinical medicine. The sensitivity of fluorescence-based in-vivo imaging, as with fluorescence microscopy, can be limited by the presence of significant autofluorescence, a limitation which can be overcome through the utilization of MSI.
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910
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Dabrowska M, Hendrikx PJ, Skierski J, Malinowska M, Bertino JR, Rode W. EGFP fluorescence as an indicator of cancer cells response to methotrexate. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 555:93-9. [PMID: 17141212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate action in viable cells was monitored by registering changes in EGFP (Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein) fluorescence intensity. Treatment with 1 microM methotrexate for 48 h of human colorectal adenocarcinoma C85 cells, stably transfected to express EGFP, caused 5-fold increase in EGFP fluorescence assayed by flow cytometry with no distinct increase in EGFP protein level. This was correlated with morphological changes, including an increase of cell granularity and cell shape flattening, as well as cell cycle G1 phase arrest revealed by DNA content analysis. Methotrexate removal allowed the morphology of the cells in culture to revert in 10 days to normal. The cells that survived methotrexate exposure were propagated as C85r cell subline and displayed kinetics of methotrexate sensitivity parallel to that of the parental C85 line. As the increase in EGFP fluorescence could also be visualized by fluorescence microscopy, this reporter system may be employed to image methotrexate action in cancer cells in living models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dabrowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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911
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Abstract
There is a wealth of new fluorescent reporter technologies for tagging of many cellular and subcellular processes in vivo. This imposed contrast is now captured with an increasing number of available imaging methods that offer new ways to visualize and quantify fluorescent markers distributed in tissues. This is an evolving field of imaging sciences that has already achieved major advances but is also facing important challenges. It is nevertheless well poised to significantly impact the ways of biological research, drug discovery, and clinical practice in the years to come. Herein, the most pertinent technologies associated with in vivo noninvasive or minimally invasive fluorescence imaging of tissues are summarized. Focus is given to small-animal imaging. However, while a broad spectrum of fluorescence reporter technologies and imaging methods are outlined, as necessary for biomedical research, and clinical translation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Laboratory for Bio-Optics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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912
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Gryko DT, Piechowska J, Tasior M, Waluk J, Orzanowska G. From Bifunctional Nucleophilic Behavior of DBU to a New Heterocyclic Fluorescent Platform. Org Lett 2006; 8:4747-50. [PMID: 17020293 DOI: 10.1021/ol061827m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] An unexpected discovery of a novel cyclocondensation reaction of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-8-ene (DBU) with activated 1,2-dichloro compounds is described. The 2-aminopyrrole skeleton is generated through the concomitant formation of new nitrogen-carbon and carbon-carbon bonds. A new pentacyclic derivative formed upon the reaction of 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline with DBU exhibits strong fluorescence both in solutions (Phi in hexane = 0.4) and in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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913
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. The transport of antigen from the infection site to the draining lymph node by DCs is a crucial component in this process. Accordingly, immunotherapeutic applications of in vitro-generated DCs require reliable methods experimentally in mice and clinically in patients to monitor the efficiency of their successful lymph node homing after injection. Recent developments of new methods to follow DC migration by non-invasive imaging modalities such as scintigraphy, PET, MRI, or bioluminescence imaging, have gained attraction because of their potential clinical applicability. The current state of the literature and a comparative evaluation of the methods are reported in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Baumjohann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstr. 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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914
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Song KH, Stoica G, Wang LV. In vivo three-dimensional photoacoustic tomography of a whole mouse head. OPTICS LETTERS 2006; 31:2453-5. [PMID: 16880853 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.002453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An in vivo photoacoustic imaging system was designed and implemented to image the entire small animal head. A special scanning gantry was designed to enable in vivo imaging in coronal cross sections with high contrast and good spatial resolution for the first time to our knowledge. By use of a 2.25 MHz ultrasonic transducer with a 6 mm diameter active element, an in-plane radial resolution of approximately 312 microm was achieved. Deeply seated arterial and venous vessels in the head measuring up to 1.7 cm in diameter were simultaneously imaged in vivo with 804 nm wavelength laser excitation of photoacoustic waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Hyun Song
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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915
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Soubret A, Ntziachristos V. Fluorescence molecular tomography in the presence of background fluorescence. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51:3983-4001. [PMID: 16885619 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/51/16/007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence molecular tomography is an emerging imaging technique that resolves the bio-distribution of engineered fluorescent probes developed for in vivo reporting of specific cellular and sub-cellular targets. The method can detect fluorochromes in picomole amounts or less, imaged through entire animals, but the detection sensitivity and imaging performance drop in the presence of background, non-specific fluorescence. In this study, we carried out a theoretical and an experimental investigation on the effect of background fluorescence on the measured signal and on the tomographic reconstruction. We further examined the performance of three subtraction methods based on physical models of photon propagation, using experimental data on phantoms and small animals. We show that the data pre-processing with subtraction schemes can improve image quality and quantification when non-specific background florescence is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Soubret
- Laboratory for Bio-optics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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916
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Negrin RS, Contag CH. In vivo imaging using bioluminescence: a tool for probing graft-versus-host disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:484-90. [PMID: 16724101 DOI: 10.1038/nri1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunological reactions have a key role in health and disease and are complex events characterized by coordinated cell trafficking to specific locations throughout the body. Clarification of these cell-trafficking events is crucial for improving our understanding of how immune reactions are initiated, controlled and recalled. As we discuss here, an emerging modality for revealing cell trafficking is bioluminescence imaging, which harnesses the light-emitting properties of enzymes such as luciferase for quantification of cells and uses low-light imaging systems. This strategy could be useful for the study of a wide range of biological processes, such as the pathophysiology of graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukaemia reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Negrin
- Department of Medicine, Center for Clinical Research Building, 269 West Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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917
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Li S, Driessen W, Sullivan S, Jiang H. Bioluminescence tomography based on phantoms with different concentrations of bioluminescent cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/8/9/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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918
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Zacharakis G, Shih H, Ripoll J, Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V. Normalized Transillumination of Fluorescent Proteins in Small Animals. Mol Imaging 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2006.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giannis Zacharakis
- Harvard Medical School, USA
- Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, Greece
| | | | - Jorge Ripoll
- Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, Greece
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919
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Jin ZH, Josserand V, Razkin J, Garanger E, Boturyn D, Favrot MC, Dumy P, Coll JL. Noninvasive Optical Imaging of Ovarian Metastases Using Cy5-labeled RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4. Mol Imaging 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2006.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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920
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Klohs J, Steinbrink J, Nierhaus T, Bourayou R, Lindauer U, Bahmani P, Dirnagl U, Wunder A. Noninvasive Near-infrared Imaging of Fluorochromes within the Brains of Live Mice: An In Vivo Phantom Study. Mol Imaging 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2006.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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921
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Van Wijk R, Van Wijk EPA, Bajpai RP. Photocount distribution of photons emitted from three sites of a human body. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 84:46-55. [PMID: 16520060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous photon emission from 30 sites on the skin of a live human subject is measured at different times and on different days. Signals from three representative sites of low, intermediate and high intensities are selected for further analysis. Fluctuations in these signals are measured by the probabilities of detecting different numbers of photons in a bin. The probabilities have non-classical features and are well described by the signal in a quantum squeezed state of photons. Measurements with bins of three sizes yield same values of three parameters of the squeezed state. A procedure for making correction due to background noise is developed. The correction changes the parameters of the quantum state. The new state appears more like a coherent state of photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Van Wijk
- Faculty of Biology, Utrecht University, 3501 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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922
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Deguchi JO, Aikawa M, Tung CH, Aikawa E, Kim DE, Ntziachristos V, Weissleder R, Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: visualizing matrix metalloproteinase action in macrophages in vivo. Circulation 2006; 114:55-62. [PMID: 16801460 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.619056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in inflamed atherosclerotic plaques may contribute to extracellular matrix remodeling and the onset of acute thrombotic complications. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the hypothesis that optical molecular imaging with the use of an activatable near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probe can detect enzymatic action of MMP in atherosclerotic plaques, we used a NIRF substrate for gelatinases (MMP-2/gelatinase-A and MMP-9/gelatinase-B) in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice that consumed a high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks and age-matched apoE+/+ mice as control. The aortas of apoE-/- mice at 24 hours after probe yielded intense NIRF signals, as detected by NIRF reflectance ex vivo, compared with negligible signals in aortas of apoE+/+ mice with/without probe administration or atherosclerotic apoE-/- aortas without probe. Gelatinase inhibitor treatment abolished NIRF signals in apoE-/- mouse aortas ex vivo. Sites of gelatinase activity visualized by NIRF colocalized with macrophage accumulation, immunoreactive MMP-2 and MMP-9, and gelatinolytic activity detected by in situ zymography. Furthermore, fluorescence molecular tomography indicated in vivo that atherosclerotic aortas of apoE-/- mice produced NIRF signals for gelatinase action, whereas aortas of apoE+/+ mice injected with the probe or apoE-/- aortas with no probe exhibited negligible NIRF signals. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the feasibility of noninvasively imaging the enzymatic action of MMPs in vivo, an approach that may gauge inflammatory foci in atherosclerosis, assess cardiovascular risk, and evaluate the effects of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-o Deguchi
- Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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923
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Abstract
Medical imaging technologies have undergone explosive growth over the past few decades and now play a central role in clinical oncology. But the truly transformative power of imaging in the clinical management of cancer patients lies ahead. Today, imaging is at a crossroads, with molecularly targeted imaging agents expected to broadly expand the capabilities of conventional anatomical imaging methods. Molecular imaging will allow clinicians to not only see where a tumor is located in the body, but also to visualize the expression and activity of specific molecules (e.g., proteases and protein kinases) and biological processes (e.g., apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis) that influence tumor behavior and/or response to therapy. This information is expected to have a major impact on cancer detection, individualized treatment, and drug development, as well as our understanding of how cancer arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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924
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Abstract
In vivo microscopy is an exciting tool for neurological research because it can reveal how single cells respond to damage of the nervous system. This helps us to understand how diseases unfold and how therapies work. Here, we review the optical imaging techniques used to visualize the different parts of the nervous system, and how they have provided fresh insights into the aetiology and therapeutics of neurological diseases. We focus our discussion on five areas of neuropathology (trauma, degeneration, ischaemia, inflammation and seizures) in which in vivo microscopy has had the greatest impact. We discuss the challenging issues in the field, and argue that the convergence of new optical and non-optical methods will be necessary to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Misgeld
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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925
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Li S, Zhang Q, Jiang H. Two-dimensional bioluminescence tomography: numerical simulations and phantom experiments. APPLIED OPTICS 2006; 45:3390-4. [PMID: 16676048 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.003390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The reconstruction of internal light sources in bioluminescence tomography (BLT) is a challenging inverse problem because of the limited amount of information available compared with that for other kinds of tomography such as fluorescence tomography in which external illumination sources are used. We demonstrated previously, using phantom experiments, that a target containing luciferases could be detected tomographically when the target was located relatively close to the imaging boundary. Here we describe an improved BLT reconstruction method that can detect luciferase-containing targets located anywhere within an imaging domain. The method is tested with numerical simulations and further confirmed with several phantom experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senhu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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926
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Ripoll J, Ntziachristos V. From finite to infinite volumes: removal of boundaries in diffuse wave imaging. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:173903. [PMID: 16712298 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.173903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present a method that removes the contribution of the boundaries on the measurements from highly scattering media, transforming the signals captured from a bounded medium to measurements that would have been obtained if no boundary were present. This approach opens new possibilities in tomographic imaging in diffuse media as it eliminates the need for explicitly modeling boundaries and significantly simplifies reconstruction requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ripoll
- Institute for Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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927
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Giepmans BNG, Adams SR, Ellisman MH, Tsien RY. The fluorescent toolbox for assessing protein location and function. Science 2006; 312:217-24. [PMID: 16614209 DOI: 10.1126/science.1124618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1959] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology, organic chemistry, and materials science have recently created several new classes of fluorescent probes for imaging in cell biology. Here we review the characteristic benefits and limitations of fluorescent probes to study proteins. The focus is on protein detection in live versus fixed cells: determination of protein expression, localization, activity state, and the possibility for combination of fluorescent light microscopy with electron microscopy. Small organic fluorescent dyes, nanocrystals ("quantum dots"), autofluorescent proteins, small genetic encoded tags that can be complexed with fluorochromes, and combinations of these probes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben N G Giepmans
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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928
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Zavattini G, Vecchi S, Mitchell G, Weisser U, Leahy RM, Pichler BJ, Smith DJ, Cherry SR. A hyperspectral fluorescence system for 3Din vivooptical imaging. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51:2029-43. [PMID: 16585843 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/51/8/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In vivo optical instruments designed for small animal imaging generally measure the integrated light intensity across a broad band of wavelengths, or make measurements at a small number of selected wavelengths, and primarily use any spectral information to characterize and remove autofluorescence. We have developed a flexible hyperspectral imaging instrument to explore the use of spectral information to determine the 3D source location for in vivo fluorescence imaging applications. We hypothesize that the spectral distribution of the emitted fluorescence signal can be used to provide additional information to 3D reconstruction algorithms being developed for optical tomography. To test this hypothesis, we have designed and built an in vivo hyperspectral imaging system, which can acquire data from 400 to 1000 nm with 3 nm spectral resolution and which is flexible enough to allow the testing of a wide range of illumination and detection geometries. It also has the capability to generate a surface contour map of the animal for input into the reconstruction process. In this paper, we present the design of the system, demonstrate the depth dependence of the spectral signal in phantoms and show the ability to reconstruct 3D source locations using the spectral data in a simple phantom. We also characterize the basic performance of the imaging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Zavattini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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929
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Abstract
The extraordinary progress that has taken place in cell science and optical nanoscale microscopy has led recently to the concept of medical nanoscopy. Here, we lay out a concept for developing live cell nanoscopy into a comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic scheme referred to as nanoscopic medicine, which integrates live cell nanoscopy with the structural and functional studies of nanoscopic protein machines (NPMs), the systems biology of NPMs, fluorescent labeling, nanoscopic analysis, and nanoscopic intervention, in order to advance the medical frontier toward the nanoscopic fundament of the cell. It aims at the diagnosis and therapy of diseases by directly visualizing, analyzing, and modifying NPMs and their networks in living cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Peters
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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930
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Van Wijk R, Kobayashi M, Van Wijk EPA. Anatomic characterization of human ultra-weak photon emission with a moveable photomultiplier and CCD imaging. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 83:69-76. [PMID: 16413197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-weak photon emission of a living system has received scientific attention because of its potential for monitoring oxidative metabolism and oxidative damage to tissues. Heretofore, most studies have focused only on the emission from hands. The data regarding emission from other anatomic locations are limited. A previous multi-anatomic site recording of four subjects quantitatively demonstrated that the emission from several corresponding anatomic locations could differ by as much as a factor of 4. The data also suggested a "common" anatomic emission percentage distribution pattern. This information raised the question whether such a typical anatomic percentage emission exists. The objective of the present paper is to systematically replicate the emission from identical anatomic locations to document whether the anatomic percentage distribution pattern is generic. Part 1 includes the recording of ultra-weak photon emission from one sample subject over the torso, head and upper extremities with a highly sensitive charge-coupled device (CCD). Part 2 includes the analysis of that data to select a series of anatomic locations that were subsequently studied with a group of 20 subjects utilizing a highly sensitive, cooled and moveable (in three directions) photomultiplier system. Total sum emission of all recorded anatomic locations per subject fluctuates in this study almost 5-fold between subjects. However, the contribution of each anatomic location to the total emission from each subject was approximately the same percentage for each subject and similar to the sample CCD subject. The deviation of the anatomic percentage contribution for each subject was also established. The study presents evidence that there is a "common" anatomic percentage distribution pattern of ultra-weak photon emission for corresponding locations from each subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Van Wijk
- International Institute of Biophysics, Raketenstation, Kapellener Strasse, D-41472 Neuss, Germany.
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931
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Ho NH, Weissleder R, Tung CH. Development of a dual fluorogenic and chromogenic dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2599-602. [PMID: 16517162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new far-red dual fluorogenic and chromogenic substrate, 5-glycylprolylglycylprolyl-9-di-3-sulfonyl-propylaminobenza[a]phenoxazonium perchlorate (GPGP-2SBPO), was developed for dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) sensing. The glycylprolylglycylprolyl tetrapeptide was chosen as the recognition sequence due to its stability under physiological conditions. In contrast, the truncated substrate, GP-2SBPO, containing only a glycylprolyl peptide, is unstable. Proteolysis of GPGP-2SBPO was assayed by monitoring the absorbance and fluorescence signals from the released fluorochrome, 2SBPO, at 625 and 670nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Hui Ho
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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932
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Cong W, Wang G. Boundary integral method for bioluminescence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:020503. [PMID: 16674174 DOI: 10.1117/1.2191790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence tomography (BLT) allows in vivo localization and quantification of bioluminescent sources inside a small animal to reveal various molecular and cellular activities. We develop a reconstruction method to identify such a bioluminescent source distribution using the boundary integral method. Based on the diffusion model of the photon propagation in the biological tissue, this method incorporates a priori knowledge to define the permissible source region, and establish a direct linear relationship between measured body surface data and an unknown bioluminescent source distribution to enhance numerical stability and efficiency. The feasibility of the proposed BLT algorithm is demonstrated in heterogeneous mouse chest phantom studies.
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933
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Abstract
AbstractMolecular-genetic imaging in living organisms has become a new field with the exceptional growth over the past 5 years. Modern imaging is based on three technologies: nuclear, magnetic resonance and optical imaging. Most current molecular-genetic imaging strategies are “indirect,” coupling a “reporter gene” with a complimentary “reporter probe.” The reporter transgene usually encodes for an enzyme, receptor or transporter that selectively interacts with a radiolabeled probe and results in accumulation of radioactivity in the transduced cell. In addition, reporter systems based on the expression of fluorescence or bioluminescence proteins are becoming more widely applied in small animal imaging. This review begins with a description of Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-based imaging genes and their complimentary radiolabeled probes that we think will be the first to enter clinical trials. Then we describe other imaging genes, mostly for optical imaging, which have been developed by investigators working with a variety of disease models in mice. Such optical reporters are unlikely to enter the clinic, at least not in the near-term. Reporter gene constructs can be driven by constitutive promoter elements and used to monitor gene therapy vectors and the efficacy of gene targeting and transduction, as well as to monitor adoptive cell-based therapies. Inducible promoters can be used as “sensors” to monitor endogenous cell processes, including specific intracellular molecular-genetic events and the activity of signaling pathways, by regulating the magnitude of reporter gene expression.
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934
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Peters R. Checking and fixing the cellular nanomachinery: towards medical nanoscopy. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:83-9. [PMID: 16406702 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Most diseases, regardless of their diverse etiologies, manifest themselves as defects of cellular proteins. Cellular proteins have been recently shown to form specific complexes exerting their functions as if they were nanoscopic machines. Such nanoscopic protein machines cooperate in functional modules, yielding extended, highly compartmentalized networks. The classical resolution limits of fluorescence microscopy have also been recently overcome, opening the nanometer domain to live-cell imaging. Together, progress in functional proteomics and live-cell imaging provide novel possibilities for directly analyzing and modifying nanoscopic protein machines in living cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Peters
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, and Center of Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Muenster, 48149 Germany.
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935
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Rabin O, Manuel Perez J, Grimm J, Wojtkiewicz G, Weissleder R. An X-ray computed tomography imaging agent based on long-circulating bismuth sulphide nanoparticles. NATURE MATERIALS 2006; 5:118-22. [PMID: 16444262 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have become increasingly important in the development of new molecular probes for in vivo imaging, both experimentally and clinically. Nanoparticulate imaging probes have included semiconductor quantum dots, magnetic and magnetofluorescent nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles and nanoshells, among others. However, the use of nanomaterials for one of the most common imaging techniques, computed tomography (CT), has remained unexplored. Current CT contrast agents are based on small iodinated molecules. They are effective in absorbing X-rays, but non-specific distribution and rapid pharmacokinetics have rather limited their microvascular and targeting performance. Here we propose the use of a polymer-coated Bi(2)S(3) nanoparticle preparation as an injectable CT imaging agent. This preparation demonstrates excellent stability at high concentrations (0.25 M Bi(3+)), high X-ray absorption (fivefold better than iodine), very long circulation times (>2 h) in vivo and an efficacy/safety profile comparable to or better than iodinated imaging agents. We show the utility of these polymer-coated Bi(2)S(3) nanoparticles for enhanced in vivo imaging of the vasculature, the liver and lymph nodes in mice. These nanoparticles and their bioconjugates are expected to become an important adjunct to in vivo imaging of molecular targets and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Rabin
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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936
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Abstract
As novel therapies for liver fibrosis evolve, non-invasive measurement of liver fibrosis will be required to help manage patients with chronic liver disease. Although liver biopsy is the current and time-honored gold standard for measurement of liver fibrosis, it is poorly suited to frequent monitoring because of its expense and morbidity, and its accuracy suffers from sampling variation. At the current writing, serum markers and imaging methods are available and increasingly in use as alternatives to biopsy. However, many questions remain about their indications, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness, and more investigation is required before they are put into widespread use. The development of safe, inexpensive, and reliable noninvasive fibrosis measurement tools remains a research priority in clinical hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don C Rockey
- Department of Medicine, and the Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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937
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Montet X, Rajopadhye M, Weissleder R. An Albumin-Activated Far-Red Fluorochrome for In Vivo Imaging. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:66-9. [PMID: 16892337 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Montet
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 149, 13th St., Room 5403, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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938
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Killoran J, O'Shea DF. Impact of a conformationally restricted receptor on the BF2 chelated azadipyrromethene fluorosensing platform. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:1503-5. [PMID: 16575441 DOI: 10.1039/b513878g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conformational control of the receptor-fluorophore orientation of BF2 chelated azadipyrromethene sensors reveals two photophysically different modes of analyte triggered fluorescence switching both of which exhibit large off-on fluorescence intensity responses to the light input-output of the sensors in the visible red spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Killoran
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Conway Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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939
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Darrell A, Marias K, Garofalakis A, Meyer H, Brady SM, Ripoll J. Accounting for point source propagation properties in 3D fluorescence OPT. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2006; Suppl:6513-6516. [PMID: 17959439 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2006.260868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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940
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Hall MJ, Allen LT, O'Shea DF. PET modulated fluorescent sensing from the BF2 chelated azadipyrromethene platform. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:776-80. [PMID: 16493459 DOI: 10.1039/b514788c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convergent building block synthesis has been applied to new off/on photoinduced electron transfer (PET) modulated fluorescent sensors which are based on a BF(2) chelated tetraarylazadipyrromethene platform and operate in the biomedically important red region of the visible spectrum. Incorporation of diethylamine and morpholine receptors facilitates off/on microenvironment polarity and pH sensing. Aqueous formulation and in vitro cellular imaging demonstrates their potential for intracellular sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hall
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Conway Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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941
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Slavine NV, Lewis MA, Richer E, Antich PP. Iterative reconstruction method for light emitting sources based on the diffusion equation. Med Phys 2005; 33:61-8. [PMID: 16485410 DOI: 10.1118/1.2138007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) of luciferase-expressing cells in live small animals is a powerful technique for investigating tumor growth, metastasis, and specific biological molecular events. Three-dimensional imaging would greatly enhance applications in biomedicine since light emitting cell populations could be unambiguously associated with specific organs or tissues. Any imaging approach must account for the main optical properties of biological tissue because light emission from a distribution of sources at depth is strongly attenuated due to optical absorption and scattering in tissue. Our image reconstruction method for interior sources is based on the deblurring expectation maximization method and takes into account both of these effects. To determine the boundary of the object we use the standard iterative algorithm-maximum likelihood reconstruction method with an external source of diffuse light. Depth-dependent corrections were included in the reconstruction procedure to obtain a quantitative measure of light intensity by using the diffusion equation for light transport in semi-infinite turbid media with extrapolated boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Slavine
- Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, USA.
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942
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Kumar ATN, Skoch J, Bacskai BJ, Boas DA, Dunn AK. Fluorescence-lifetime-based tomography for turbid media. OPTICS LETTERS 2005; 30:3347-9. [PMID: 16389827 DOI: 10.1364/ol.30.003347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We derive a novel algorithm to recover the in vivo distributions of fluorophores based on an asymptotic life-time analysis of time-domain fluorescence measurements with turbid tissue. We experimentally demonstrate the advantage offered by this method in localizing fluorophores with distinct lifetimes. This algorithm has wide applicability for diagnostic fluorescence imaging in the presence of several-centimeter-thick biological tissue, since fluorescence lifetime is a sensitive indicator of local tissue environment and interactions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand T N Kumar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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943
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Zacharakis G, Kambara H, Shih H, Ripoll J, Grimm J, Saeki Y, Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V. Volumetric tomography of fluorescent proteins through small animals in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:18252-7. [PMID: 16344470 PMCID: PMC1317905 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504628102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric detection and accurate quantification of fluorescent proteins in entire animals would greatly enhance our ability to monitor biological processes in vivo. Here we present a quantitative tomographic technique for visualization of superficial and deep-seated (>2-3 mm) fluorescent protein activity in vivo. We demonstrate noninvasive imaging of lung tumor progression in a murine model, as well as imaging of gene delivery using a herpes virus vector. This technology can significantly improve imaging capacity over the current state of the art and should find wide in vivo imaging applications in drug discovery, immunology, and cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis Zacharakis
- Laboratory for Bio-optics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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944
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Distinguished photons: increased contrast with multispectral in vivo fluorescence imaging. Biotechniques 2005; 39:S33-7. [DOI: 10.2144/000112093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive in vivo imaging is a rapidly growing field with applications in basic biology, drug discovery and clinical medicine. Because of the high cost of magnetic resonance (MR)- and computed tomography (CT)-based systems, a great deal of effort has gone into developing optical imaging methods, which offer, in some modalities, the promise of high spatial resolution and the ability to detect multiple markers simultaneously However, the ability to image and quantitate fluorescently labeled tumors and other fluorescently labeled markers in vivo has generally been limited by the autofluorescence of the tissue, which reduces the sensitivity of detection and accuracy of quantitation of the labeled target. Multispectral imaging methodology, which spectrally characterizes and computationally eliminates autofluorescence, enhances signal-to-background dramatically, revealing otherwise invisible labeled targets. Signal-to-noise considerations can guide the choice of appropriate sensors for fluorescence-based imaging, which generally does not benefit from the use of highly cooled (and expensive) cameras. Effective use of spectral tools to remove autofluorescence signal requires accurate spectra of the individual components. Using manual and automated algorithms to generate these spectra, it is possible to detect as many as three fluorescent protein-labeled tumors and two separate autofluorescent signals in a single subject.
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945
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Chudakov DM, Lukyanov S, Lukyanov KA. Fluorescent proteins as a toolkit for in vivo imaging. Trends Biotechnol 2005; 23:605-13. [PMID: 16269193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, and its mutant variants, are the only fully genetically encoded fluorescent probes available and they have proved to be excellent tools for labeling living specimens. Since 1999, numerous GFP homologues have been discovered in Anthozoa, Hydrozoa and Copepoda species, demonstrating the broad evolutionary and spectral diversity of this protein family. Mutagenic studies gave rise to diversified and optimized variants of fluorescent proteins, which have never been encountered in nature. This article gives an overview of the GFP-like proteins developed to date and their most common applications to study living specimens using fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
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946
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Soubret A, Ripoll J, Ntziachristos V. Accuracy of fluorescent tomography in the presence of heterogeneities: study of the normalized Born ratio. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2005; 24:1377-86. [PMID: 16229423 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2005.857213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the performance of three-dimensional fluorescence tomography of diffuse media in the presence of heterogeneities. Experimental measurements were acquired using an imaging system consisting of a parallel plate-imaging chamber and a lens coupled charge coupled device camera, which enables conventional planar imaging as well as fluorescence tomography. To simulate increasing levels of background heterogeneity, we employed phantoms made of a fluorescent tube surrounded by several absorbers in different combinations of absorption distribution. We also investigated the effect of low absorbing thin layers (such as membranes). We show that the normalized Born approach accurately retrieves the position and shape of the fluorochrome even at high background heterogeneity. We also demonstrate that the quantification is relatively insensitive to a varying degree of heterogeneity and background optical properties. Findings are further contrasted to images obtained with the standard Born expansion and with a normalized approach that divides the fluorescent field with excitation measurements through a homogeneous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Soubret
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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947
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Grimm J, Kirsch DG, Windsor SD, Kim CFB, Santiago PM, Ntziachristos V, Jacks T, Weissleder R. Use of gene expression profiling to direct in vivo molecular imaging of lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:14404-9. [PMID: 16183744 PMCID: PMC1242291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503920102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using gene expression profiling, we identified cathepsin cysteine proteases as highly up-regulated genes in a mouse model of human lung adenocarcinoma. Overexpression of cathepsin proteases in these lung tumors was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Therefore, an optical probe activated by cathepsin proteases was selected to detect murine lung tumors in vivo as small as 1 mm in diameter and spatially separated. We generated 3D maps of the fluorescence signal and fused them with anatomical computed tomography images to show a close correlation between fluorescence signal and tumor burden. By serially imaging the same mouse, optical imaging was used to follow tumor progression. This study demonstrates the capability for molecular imaging of a primary lung tumor by using endogenous proteases expressed by a tumor. It also highlights the feasibility of using gene expression profiling to identify molecular targets for imaging lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grimm
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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948
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Pandey SK, Gryshuk AL, Sajjad M, Zheng X, Chen Y, Abouzeid MM, Morgan J, Charamisinau I, Nabi HA, Oseroff A, Pandey RK. Multimodality Agents for Tumor Imaging (PET, Fluorescence) and Photodynamic Therapy. A Possible “See and Treat” Approach. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6286-95. [PMID: 16190755 DOI: 10.1021/jm050427m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methyl 3-(1'-m-iodobenzyloxyethyl)-3-devinylpyropheophorbide-a (2), obtained in a sequence of reactions from pyropheophorbide-a (a chlorophyll-a derivative), was found to be a promising imaging agent and a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The electrophilic aromatic iodination of the corresponding trimethylstannyl intermediate with Na124I in the presence of an Iodogen bead afforded 124I-labeled photosensitizer 4 with >95% radioactive specificity. In addition to drug-uptake, the light fluence and fluence rate that were used for the light treatment had a significant impact in long-term tumor cure. The iodo photosensitizer 2 (nonlabeled analogue of 4) produced 100% tumor cure (5/5 mice were tumor free on day 60) at a dose of 1.5 micromol/kg and a light dose of 128 J/cm2, 14 mW/cm2 for 2.5 h (lambda(max) 665 nm) at 24 h postinjection. The photosensitizer also showed promising tumor fluorescence and PET imaging ability. Our present work demonstrates the utility of the first 124I-labeled photosensitizer as a "multimodality agent", which could further be improved by using more tumor-avid and/or target-specific photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Pandey
- PDT Center and Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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949
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Bloch S, Lesage F, McIntosh L, Gandjbakhche A, Liang K, Achilefu S. Whole-body fluorescence lifetime imaging of a tumor-targeted near-infrared molecular probe in mice. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2005; 10:054003. [PMID: 16292963 DOI: 10.1117/1.2070148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging can provide valuable diagnostic information relating to the functional status of diseases. In this study, a near-infrared (NIR) dye-labeled hexapeptide (abbreviated Cyp-GRD) was synthesized. In vitro, Cyp-GRD internalized in nonsmall cell lung cancer cells (A549) without observable cytotoxic or proliferative effects to the cells at a concentration up to 1x10(-4) M. Time-domain fluorescence intensity and lifetime imaging of Cyp-GRD injected into A549 tumor-bearing mice revealed that the probe preferentially accumulated in the tumor and the major excretion organs. The fluorescence lifetime of the conjugate at the tumor site was mapped, showing the spatial distribution of the lifetime related to its environment. Additionally, fluorescence intensity image reconstruction obtained by integrating the time-resolved intensities enabled the contrast ratios of tumor-to-kidney or liver in slices at different depths to be displayed. The mean lifetime was 1.03 ns for the tumor and 0.80 ns for the liver when averaging those pixels exhibiting adequate signal-to-noise ratio, showing the tumor had a higher lifetime average and reflecting the altered physiopathology of the tumor. This study clearly demonstrated the feasibility of whole-body NIR fluorescence lifetime imaging for tumor localization and its spatial functional status in living small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Bloch
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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950
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Kim HW, Sim SB, Kim CK, Kim J, Choi C, You H, Soh KS. Spontaneous photon emission and delayed luminescence of two types of human lung cancer tissues: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2005; 229:283-9. [PMID: 16111805 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We measured spontaneous photon emission and delayed luminescence from human cancerous lung tissue and compared with those from adjacent normal lung tissue. For the detection of extremely weak photon emission from tissue we used a sensitive photomultiplier tube attached to a dark chamber. The samples were illuminated with a metal halide lamp for measurement of delayed luminescence. Extracted samples from surgery were measured within an hour. We found that the delayed luminescence showed salient aspects in making discrimination between tumor and adjacent normal tissue. Squamous cell carcinoma had more prominent character in delayed luminescence than adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Wook Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
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