901
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Yao D, Xu L, Tan J, Zhang Y, Lu S, Li M, Lu S, Yang L, Chen S, Chen J, Lai J, Lu Y, Wu X, Zha X, Li Y. Re-balance of memory T cell subsets in peripheral blood from patients with CML after TKI treatment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:81852-81859. [PMID: 29137227 PMCID: PMC5669853 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immune surveillance is considered an important host protection process for inhibiting carcinogenesis. The full capacity of T cell immune surveillance is dependent on T cell homeostasis, particularly for central memory T (TCM) cells and stem cell memory T (TSCM) cells. In this study, distribution of T cell subsets in peripheral blood from 12 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and 12 cases with CML in complete remission (CR) was analyzed using a multicolor flow cytometer, and 16 samples from healthy individuals (HIs) served as control. The proportion of CD8+ TSCM and CD4+ and CD8+ TCM cells were lower, while CD4+ effector memory T (TEM) cells and CD4+ and CD8+ terminal effector T (TEF) cells were higher in CML patients compared with HIs. Moreover, the proportion of CD8+CD28- T cells, which were found to have the immune suppressive function, increased in the naive T (TN) cell and TCM subsets in CML patients compared with HIs. Our study reveals that elimination of leukemia cells by treating with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) restores the memory T cell distribution from a skewed pattern in CML patients who are under leukemia burden, indicating that leukemia-specific immune responses mediated by T cells might be induced and maintained in CML patients, however, these responsive T cells might gradually become exhausted due to the continued existence of leukemia cells and their environment; therefore, T cell activation using a different approach remains a key point for enhancing global T cell immunity in CML patients, even for those with CR status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxiong Tan
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yikai Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingde Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sichun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijian Yang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lai
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Lu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Zha
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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902
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George S, Miao D, Demetri GD, Adeegbe D, Rodig SJ, Shukla S, Lipschitz M, Amin-Mansour A, Raut CP, Carter SL, Hammerman P, Freeman GJ, Wu CJ, Ott PA, Wong KK, Van Allen EM. Loss of PTEN Is Associated with Resistance to Anti-PD-1 Checkpoint Blockade Therapy in Metastatic Uterine Leiomyosarcoma. Immunity 2017; 46:197-204. [PMID: 28228279 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Response to immune checkpoint blockade in mesenchymal tumors is poorly characterized, but immunogenomic dissection of these cancers could inform immunotherapy mediators. We identified a treatment-naive patient who has metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma and has experienced complete tumor remission for >2 years on anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) monotherapy. We analyzed the primary tumor, the sole treatment-resistant metastasis, and germline tissue to explore mechanisms of immunotherapy sensitivity and resistance. Both tumors stained diffusely for PD-L2 and showed sparse PD-L1 staining. PD-1+ cell infiltration significantly decreased in the resistant tumor (p = 0.039). Genomically, the treatment-resistant tumor uniquely harbored biallelic PTEN loss and had reduced expression of two neoantigens that demonstrated strong immunoreactivity with patient T cells in vitro, suggesting long-lasting immunological memory. In this near-complete response to PD-1 blockade in a mesenchymal tumor, we identified PTEN mutations and reduced expression of genes encoding neoantigens as potential mediators of resistance to immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne George
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Diana Miao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - George D Demetri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dennis Adeegbe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Scott J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sachet Shukla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mikel Lipschitz
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Chandrajit P Raut
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Scott L Carter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter Hammerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Patrick A Ott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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903
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Verdegaal EME, van der Burg SH. The Potential and Challenges of Exploiting the Vast But Dynamic Neoepitope Landscape for Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1113. [PMID: 28959257 PMCID: PMC5604073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic non-synonymous mutations in the DNA of tumor cells may result in the presentation of tumor-specific peptides to T cells. The recognition of these so-called neoepitopes now has been firmly linked to the clinical success of checkpoint blockade and adoptive T cell therapy. Following proof-of-principle studies in preclinical models there was a surge of strategies to identify and exploit genetically defined clonally expressed neoepitopes. These approaches assume that neoepitope availability remains stable during tumor progression but tumor genetics has taught us otherwise. Under the pressure of the immune system, neoepitope expression dynamically evolves rendering neoepitope specific T cells ineffective. This implies that the immunotherapeutic strategy applied should be flexible in order to cope with these changes and/or aiming at a broad range of epitopes to prevent the development of escape variants. Here, we will address the heterogeneous and dynamic expression of neoepitopes and describe our perspective and demonstrate possibilities how to further exploit the clinical potential of the neoepitope repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els M E Verdegaal
- Experimental Cancer Immunology and Therapy Group, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Experimental Cancer Immunology and Therapy Group, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden, Netherlands
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904
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Johanns TM, Bowman-Kirigin JA, Liu C, Dunn GP. Targeting Neoantigens in Glioblastoma: An Overview of Cancer Immunogenomics and Translational Implications. Neurosurgery 2017; 64:165-176. [PMID: 28899059 PMCID: PMC6287409 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tanner M. Johanns
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington
Univer-sity School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jay A. Bowman-Kirigin
- Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Prog-rams, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Depart-ment of Neurological Surgery, Washing-ton University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Connor Liu
- Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Prog-rams, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Depart-ment of Neurological Surgery, Washing-ton University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gavin P. Dunn
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington
Univer-sity School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Depart-ment of Neurological Surgery, Washing-ton University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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905
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906
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Bräunlein E, Krackhardt AM. Tools to define the melanoma-associated immunopeptidome. Immunology 2017; 152:536-544. [PMID: 28755382 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have been traditionally applied in malignant melanoma, which represent one of the most immunogenic tumours. Recently, immune checkpoint modulation has shown high therapeutic efficacy and may provide long-term survival in a significant proportion of affected patients. T cells are the major players in tumour rejection and recognize tumour cells predominantly in an MHC-dependent way. The immunopeptidome comprises the peptide repertoire presented by MHC class I and II molecules on the surface of the body's cells including tumour cells. To understand characteristics of suitable rejection antigens as well as respective effective T-cell responses, determination of the immunopeptidome is of utmost importance. Suitable rejection antigens need to be further characterized and validated not only to systematically improve current therapeutic approaches, but also to develop individualized treatment options. In this review, we report on current tools to explore the immunopeptidome in human melanoma and discuss current understanding and future developments to specifically detect and select those antigens that may be most relevant and promising for effective tumour rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bräunlein
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Angela M Krackhardt
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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907
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Jiménez-Sánchez A, Memon D, Pourpe S, Veeraraghavan H, Li Y, Vargas HA, Gill MB, Park KJ, Zivanovic O, Konner J, Ricca J, Zamarin D, Walther T, Aghajanian C, Wolchok JD, Sala E, Merghoub T, Snyder A, Miller ML. Heterogeneous Tumor-Immune Microenvironments among Differentially Growing Metastases in an Ovarian Cancer Patient. Cell 2017; 170:927-938.e20. [PMID: 28841418 PMCID: PMC5589211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present an exceptional case of a patient with high-grade serous ovarian cancer, treated with multiple chemotherapy regimens, who exhibited regression of some metastatic lesions with concomitant progression of other lesions during a treatment-free period. Using immunogenomic approaches, we found that progressing metastases were characterized by immune cell exclusion, whereas regressing and stable metastases were infiltrated by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and exhibited oligoclonal expansion of specific T cell subsets. We also detected CD8+ T cell reactivity against predicted neoepitopes after isolation of cells from a blood sample taken almost 3 years after the tumors were resected. These findings suggest that multiple distinct tumor immune microenvironments co-exist within a single individual and may explain in part the heterogeneous fates of metastatic lesions often observed in the clinic post-therapy. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Jiménez-Sánchez
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Danish Memon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Stephane Pourpe
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Harini Veeraraghavan
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yanyun Li
- Ludwig Collaborative/Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hebert Alberto Vargas
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael B Gill
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Kay J Park
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Oliver Zivanovic
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason Konner
- Gynecologic Medical Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jacob Ricca
- Ludwig Collaborative/Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Ludwig Collaborative/Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tyler Walther
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- Gynecologic Medical Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Ludwig Collaborative/Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Programs, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Evis Sala
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative/Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexandra Snyder
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Martin L Miller
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
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908
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Jain A, Zhang Q, Toh HC. Awakening immunity against cancer: a 2017 primer for clinicians. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:67. [PMID: 28823251 PMCID: PMC5563384 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has finally joined the pillars of cancer treatment—surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapy—in improving cancer patient lives. In the last 5 years, the development of immune checkpoint inhibitor and T cell therapy, particularly chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, has been remarkable for the speed, scale, and number of drug approvals. Still, these treatments may also bring unusual adverse effects and clinical outcomes including unprecedented long-term survival. Interrogating the tumor microenvironment and identifying better biomarkers hold the key to improving cancer immunotherapies. CAR T-cell therapy has dramatic effect on leukemias and lymphomas with significant cure rates, but has yet to show comparable effect on solid tumors. Cutting-edge technology will improve both processing and clinical effect of such therapies. Asia has the largest, most rapidly aging population and the largest number of cancer patients in the world. Research and development and clinical trial conduct of cancer immunotherapy in Asia remain nascent, but should be a crucial priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Jain
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Qing Zhang
- GSR Ventures, Singapore, 048762, Singapore
| | - Han-Chong Toh
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore. .,Tessa Therapeutics, Singapore, 038988, Singapore.
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909
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Post-Translational Peptide Splicing and T Cell Responses. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:904-915. [PMID: 28830734 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell specificity depends on the recognition of MHC class I-epitope complexes at the cell surface. These epitopes are mainly produced via degradation of proteins by the proteasome, generating fragments of the original sequence. However, it is now clear that proteasomes can produce a significant portion of epitopes by reshuffling the antigen sequence, thus expanding the potential antigenic repertoire. MHC class I-restricted spliced epitopes have been described in tumors and infections, suggesting an unpredicted relevance of these peculiar peptides. We review current knowledge about proteasome-catalyzed peptide splicing (PCPS), the emerging rules governing this process, and the potential implications for our understanding and therapeutic use of CD8+ T cells, as well as mechanisms generating other non-canonical antigenic epitopes targeted by the T cell response.
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910
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Martin D, Rödel F, Balermpas P, Rödel C, Fokas E. The immune microenvironment and HPV in anal cancer: Rationale to complement chemoradiation with immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:221-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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911
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Candidate immune biomarkers for radioimmunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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912
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913
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Turajlic S, Litchfield K, Xu H, Rosenthal R, McGranahan N, Reading JL, Wong YNS, Rowan A, Kanu N, Al Bakir M, Chambers T, Salgado R, Savas P, Loi S, Birkbak NJ, Sansregret L, Gore M, Larkin J, Quezada SA, Swanton C. Insertion-and-deletion-derived tumour-specific neoantigens and the immunogenic phenotype: a pan-cancer analysis. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:1009-1021. [PMID: 28694034 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The focus of tumour-specific antigen analyses has been on single nucleotide variants (SNVs), with the contribution of small insertions and deletions (indels) less well characterised. We investigated whether the frameshift nature of indel mutations, which create novel open reading frames and a large quantity of mutagenic peptides highly distinct from self, might contribute to the immunogenic phenotype. METHODS We analysed whole-exome sequencing data from 5777 solid tumours, spanning 19 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We compared the proportion and number of indels across the cohort, with a subset of results replicated in two independent datasets. We assessed in-silico tumour-specific neoantigen predictions by mutation type with pan-cancer analysis, together with RNAseq profiling in renal clear cell carcinoma cases (n=392), to compare immune gene expression across patient subgroups. Associations between indel burden and treatment response were assessed across four checkpoint inhibitor datasets. FINDINGS We observed renal cell carcinomas to have the highest proportion (0·12) and number of indel mutations across the pan-cancer cohort (p<2·2 × 10-16), more than double the median proportion of indel mutations in all other cancer types examined. Analysis of tumour-specific neoantigens showed that enrichment of indel mutations for high-affinity binders was three times that of non-synonymous SNV mutations. Furthermore, neoantigens derived from indel mutations were nine times enriched for mutant specific binding, as compared with non-synonymous SNV derived neoantigens. Immune gene expression analysis in the renal clear cell carcinoma cohort showed that the presence of mutant-specific neoantigens was associated with upregulation of antigen presentation genes, which correlated (r=0·78) with T-cell activation as measured by CD8-positive expression. Finally, analysis of checkpoint inhibitor response data revealed frameshift indel count to be significantly associated with checkpoint inhibitor response across three separate melanoma cohorts (p=4·7 × 10-4). INTERPRETATION Renal cell carcinomas have the highest pan-cancer proportion and number of indel mutations. Evidence suggests indels are a highly immunogenic mutational class, which can trigger an increased abundance of neoantigens and greater mutant-binding specificity. FUNDING Cancer Research UK, UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) at the Royal Marsden Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Institute of Cancer Research and University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centres, the UK Medical Research Council, the Rosetrees Trust, Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Prostate Cancer Foundation, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the European Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Turajlic
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kevin Litchfield
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hang Xu
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Rachel Rosenthal
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
| | - James L Reading
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, London, UK
| | - Yien Ning S Wong
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, London, UK
| | - Andrew Rowan
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nnennaya Kanu
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
| | - Maise Al Bakir
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Tim Chambers
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Department of Pathology, Gasthuiszusters, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Savas
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicolai J Birkbak
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Laurent Sansregret
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Martin Gore
- Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - James Larkin
- Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, London, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
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914
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Amirouchene-Angelozzi N, Swanton C, Bardelli A. Tumor Evolution as a Therapeutic Target. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:2159-8290.CD-17-0343. [PMID: 28729406 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in the field of molecular diagnostics (including blood-based tumor genotyping) allow the measurement of clonal evolution in patients with cancer, thus adding a new dimension to precision medicine: time. The translation of this new knowledge into clinical benefit implies rethinking therapeutic strategies. In essence, it means considering as a target not only individual oncogenes but also the evolving nature of human tumors. Here, we analyze the limitations of targeted therapies and propose approaches for treatment within an evolutionary framework.Significance: Precision cancer medicine relies on the possibility to match, in daily medical practice, detailed genomic profiles of a patient's disease with a portfolio of drugs targeted against tumor-specific alterations. Clinical blockade of oncogenes is effective but only transiently; an approach to monitor clonal evolution in patients and develop therapies that also evolve over time may result in improved therapeutic control and survival outcomes. Cancer Discov; 7(8); 1-13. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Swanton
- University College London Cancer Institute and The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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915
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Kauke MJ, Traxlmayr MW, Parker JA, Kiefer JD, Knihtila R, McGee J, Verdine G, Mattos C, Wittrup KD. An engineered protein antagonist of K-Ras/B-Raf interaction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5831. [PMID: 28724936 PMCID: PMC5517481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras is at the hub of signal transduction pathways controlling cell proliferation and survival. Its mutants, present in about 30% of human cancers, are major drivers of oncogenesis and render tumors unresponsive to standard therapies. Here we report the engineering of a protein scaffold for preferential binding to K-Ras G12D. This is the first reported inhibitor to achieve nanomolar affinity while exhibiting specificity for mutant over wild type (WT) K-Ras. Crystal structures of the protein R11.1.6 in complex with K-Ras WT and K-Ras G12D offer insight into the structural basis for specificity, highlighting differences in the switch I conformation as the major defining element in the higher affinity interaction. R11.1.6 directly blocks interaction with Raf and reduces signaling through the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Our results support greater consideration of the state of switch I and provide a novel tool to study Ras biology. Most importantly, this work makes an unprecedented contribution to Ras research in inhibitor development strategy by revealing details of a targetable binding surface. Unlike the polar interfaces found for Ras/effector interactions, the K-Ras/R11.1.6 complex reveals an extensive hydrophobic interface that can serve as a template to advance the development of high affinity, non-covalent inhibitors of K-Ras oncogenic mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique J Kauke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael W Traxlmayr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jillian A Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan D Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Knihtila
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - John McGee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Greg Verdine
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Carla Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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916
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John S, Antonia SJ, Rose TA, Seifert RP, Centeno BA, Wagner AS, Creelan BC. Progressive hypoventilation due to mixed CD8 + and CD4 + lymphocytic polymyositis following tremelimumab - durvalumab treatment. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:54. [PMID: 28716137 PMCID: PMC5514517 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of CTLA-4 and PD-L1 inhibitors has a manageable adverse effect profile, although rare immune-related adverse events (irAE) can occur. CASE PRESENTATION We describe an autoimmune polymyositis following a partial response to combination tremelimumab and durvalumab for the treatment of recurrent lung adenocarcinoma. Radiography revealed significant reduction in all metastases; however, the patient developed progressive neuromuscular hypoventilation due to lymphocytic destruction of the diaphragmatic musculature. Serologic testing revealed a low level of de novo circulating antibodies against striated muscle fiber. Immunohistochemistry revealed type II muscle fiber atrophy with a mixed CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocyte infiltrate, indicative of inflammatory myopathy. CONCLUSIONS This case supports the hypothesis that muscle tissue is a target for lymphocytic infiltration in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated polymyositis. Further insights into the autoimmune mechanism of PM will hopefully contribute to the prevention and treatment of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooraj John
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Scott J. Antonia
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Trevor A. Rose
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Robert P. Seifert
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 11, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Barbara A. Centeno
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Aaron S. Wagner
- Orlando Health Pathology, 1414 Kuhl Ave., MP 44, Orlando, FL 32806 USA
| | - Ben C. Creelan
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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917
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Overcoming Oncogenic Mediated Tumor Immunity in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071542. [PMID: 28714919 PMCID: PMC5536030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is being tested intensively in clinical trials for prostate cancer; it includes immune checkpoint inhibition, prostate specific antigen (PSA) vaccines and dendritic cell-based strategies. Despite increasing evidence for clinical responses, the consensus of multiple trials is that prostate cancers are poorly responsive to immunotherapy. Prostate cancer has a high degree of pathological and genetic heterogeneity compared to other cancer types, which may account for immunotherapeutic resistance. This hypothesis also implies that select types of prostate tumors may be differentially responsive to immune-based strategies and that the clinical stage, pathological grade and underlying genetic landscape may be important criteria in identifying tumors that respond to immune therapies. One strategy is to target oncogenic driver pathways in combination with immunotherapies with the goal of overcoming tumor immunity and broadening the number of patients achieving a clinical response. In this analysis, we address the hypothesis that driver oncogenic signaling pathways regulate cancer progression, tumor immunity and resistance to current immune therapeutics in prostate cancer. We propose that increased responsiveness may be achieved through the combined use of immunotherapies and inhibitors targeting tumor cell autonomous pathways that contribute towards anti-tumor immunity in patients with prostate cancer.
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918
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Sahin U, Derhovanessian E, Miller M, Kloke BP, Simon P, Löwer M, Bukur V, Tadmor AD, Luxemburger U, Schrörs B, Omokoko T, Vormehr M, Albrecht C, Paruzynski A, Kuhn AN, Buck J, Heesch S, Schreeb KH, Müller F, Ortseifer I, Vogler I, Godehardt E, Attig S, Rae R, Breitkreuz A, Tolliver C, Suchan M, Martic G, Hohberger A, Sorn P, Diekmann J, Ciesla J, Waksmann O, Brück AK, Witt M, Zillgen M, Rothermel A, Kasemann B, Langer D, Bolte S, Diken M, Kreiter S, Nemecek R, Gebhardt C, Grabbe S, Höller C, Utikal J, Huber C, Loquai C, Türeci Ö. Personalized RNA mutanome vaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer. Nature 2017; 547:222-226. [PMID: 28678784 DOI: 10.1038/nature23003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1498] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells directed against mutant neo-epitopes drive cancer immunity. However, spontaneous immune recognition of mutations is inefficient. We recently introduced the concept of individualized mutanome vaccines and implemented an RNA-based poly-neo-epitope approach to mobilize immunity against a spectrum of cancer mutations. Here we report the first-in-human application of this concept in melanoma. We set up a process comprising comprehensive identification of individual mutations, computational prediction of neo-epitopes, and design and manufacturing of a vaccine unique for each patient. All patients developed T cell responses against multiple vaccine neo-epitopes at up to high single-digit percentages. Vaccine-induced T cell infiltration and neo-epitope-specific killing of autologous tumour cells were shown in post-vaccination resected metastases from two patients. The cumulative rate of metastatic events was highly significantly reduced after the start of vaccination, resulting in a sustained progression-free survival. Two of the five patients with metastatic disease experienced vaccine-related objective responses. One of these patients had a late relapse owing to outgrowth of β2-microglobulin-deficient melanoma cells as an acquired resistance mechanism. A third patient developed a complete response to vaccination in combination with PD-1 blockade therapy. Our study demonstrates that individual mutations can be exploited, thereby opening a path to personalized immunotherapy for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Sahin
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Evelyna Derhovanessian
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Miller
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn-Philipp Kloke
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Simon
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Löwer
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Valesca Bukur
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arbel D Tadmor
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Luxemburger
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Schrörs
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tana Omokoko
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Vormehr
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Albrecht
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Paruzynski
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas N Kuhn
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Janina Buck
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Heesch
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina H Schreeb
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felicitas Müller
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Inga Ortseifer
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Isabel Vogler
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Godehardt
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Attig
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Richard Rae
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Breitkreuz
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Tolliver
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Suchan
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Goran Martic
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Hohberger
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Sorn
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Diekmann
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Janko Ciesla
- EUFETS GmbH, Vollmersbachstraße 66, 55743 Idar-Oberstein, Germany
| | - Olga Waksmann
- EUFETS GmbH, Vollmersbachstraße 66, 55743 Idar-Oberstein, Germany
| | - Alexandra-Kemmer Brück
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Meike Witt
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Zillgen
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andree Rothermel
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Kasemann
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Langer
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bolte
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mustafa Diken
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreiter
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Romina Nemecek
- Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Höller
- Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jochen Utikal
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Huber
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carmen Loquai
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Özlem Türeci
- CI3 - Cluster for Individualized Immunointervention e.V, Hölderlinstraße 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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919
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an increasingly successful strategy for the treatment of patients who have advanced or conventional therapy-resistant cancers. T cells are key mediators of tumor destruction and their specificity for tumor-expressed antigens is of paramount importance, but other T cell-intrinsic qualities, such as durability, longevity, and functionality also play important roles in determining the efficacy of immunotherapy. The cellular energetic pathways that are utilized by T cells play a key role in regulating each of these qualities. Metabolic activity, which both regulates and is regulated by cellular signaling pathways and epigenetics, also profoundly influences the trajectories of T cell differentiation and fate. In this Review, we discuss how cell metabolism influences T cell anti-tumor activity, the metabolic qualities of highly-functional T cells, and strategies to modulate metabolism for improving the immune response to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigel J Kishton
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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920
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Qin Y, Ekmekcioglu S, Forget MA, Szekvolgyi L, Hwu P, Grimm EA, Jazaeri AA, Roszik J. Cervical Cancer Neoantigen Landscape and Immune Activity is Associated with Human Papillomavirus Master Regulators. Front Immunol 2017; 8:689. [PMID: 28670312 PMCID: PMC5473350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) play a major role in development of cervical cancer, and HPV oncoproteins are being targeted by immunotherapies. Although these treatments show promising results in the clinic, many patients do not benefit or the durability is limited. In addition to HPV antigens, neoantigens derived from somatic mutations may also generate an effective immune response and represent an additional and distinct immunotherapy strategy against this and other HPV-associated cancers. To explore the landscape of neoantigens in cervix cancer, we predicted all possible mutated neopeptides in two large sequencing data sets and analyzed whether mutation and neoantigen load correlate with antigen presentation, infiltrating immune cell types, and a HPV-induced master regulator gene expression signature. We found that targetable neoantigens are detected in most tumors, and there are recurrent mutated peptides from known oncogenic driver genes (KRAS, MAPK1, PIK3CA, ERBB2, and ERBB3) that are predicted to be potentially immunogenic. Our studies show that HPV-induced master regulators are not only associated with HPV load but may also play crucial roles in relation to mutation and neoantigen load, and also the immune microenvironment of the tumor. A subset of these HPV-induced master regulators positively correlated with expression of immune-suppressor molecules such as PD-L1, TGFB1, and IL-10 suggesting that they may be involved in abrogating antitumor response induced by the presence of mutations and neoantigens. Based on these results, we predict that HPV master regulators identified in our study might be potentially effective targets in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marie-Andrée Forget
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lorant Szekvolgyi
- MTA-DE Momentum, Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amir A Jazaeri
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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921
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'Final common pathway' of human cancer immunotherapy: targeting random somatic mutations. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:255-262. [PMID: 28198830 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Effective clinical cancer immunotherapies, such as administration of the cytokine IL-2, adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and the recent success of blockade of the checkpoint modulators CTLA-4 and PD-1, have been developed without clear identification of the immunogenic targets expressed by human cancers in vivo. Immunotherapy of patients with cancer through the use of ACT with autologous lymphocytes has provided an opportunity to directly investigate the antigen recognition of lymphocytes that mediate cancer regression in humans. High-throughput immunological testing of such lymphocytes in combination with improvements in deep sequencing of the autologous cancer have provided new insight into the molecular characterization and incidence of anti-tumor lymphocytes present in patients with cancer. Here we highlight evidence suggesting that T cells that target tumor neoantigens arising from cancer mutations are the main mediators of many effective cancer immunotherapies in humans.
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922
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Wong YNS, Joshi K, Pule M, Peggs KS, Swanton C, Quezada SA, Linch M. Evolving adoptive cellular therapies in urological malignancies. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:e341-e353. [PMID: 28593860 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have long been used to treat urological cancers but rarely lead to cure. In the past 5 years, success of immune checkpoint inhibition has led to a resurgence of enthusiasm for immunotherapy in the treatment of solid tumours. Increased understanding of tumour immune biology, technological advancements of gene transfer and cell culture, and improved clinical infrastructures for routine delivery of cell products, has made cell-based immunotherapeutics a real prospect for cancer therapy. These scientific and clinical activities, attempting to exploit the innate and adaptive immune systems for therapeutic gain, are well exemplified by the urological malignancies of renal, bladder, prostate, and penile cancer, a group of anatomically localised diseases, each with a distinct biology and different immunotherapeutic challenges. In this Review, we present the results of clinical studies investigating autologous cellular therapies in urological malignancies. Specifically, we discuss the rationale for upcoming studies, and how novel therapies and adoptive cell combinations can be used for personalised cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yien Ning Sophia Wong
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK; Immune Regulation and Tumour Immunotherapy Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Kroopa Joshi
- Immune Regulation and Tumour Immunotherapy Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Martin Pule
- Immune Regulation and Tumour Immunotherapy Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK; Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Karl S Peggs
- Immune Regulation and Tumour Immunotherapy Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK; Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK; Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Immune Regulation and Tumour Immunotherapy Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Mark Linch
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK; Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
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923
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Daniyan AF, Brentjens RJ. Immunotherapy: Hiding in plain sight: immune escape in the era of targeted T-cell-based immunotherapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:333-334. [PMID: 28397826 PMCID: PMC5536112 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) is now considered a bona fide treatment modality within the evolving field of anticancer immunotherapy. Great advances have enabled the adoptive transfer of tumour-selective lymphocytes for the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Unfortunately, this selectivity has led to the emergence of antigen-loss variants. New strategies need to be employed to minimize the incidence of this phenomenon, enabling the full potential of ACT to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F Daniyan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Renier J Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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924
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Sukumar M, Kishton RJ, Restifo NP. Metabolic reprograming of anti-tumor immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:14-22. [PMID: 28412583 PMCID: PMC6327315 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies designed to trigger T cell destruction of tumor cells can result in sustained and complete responses in patients whose cancers were resistant to available treatment options. Evidence suggests that powering the T cell response - how T cells generate energy - plays an important role in their effectiveness. Furthermore the metabolism of T cells can be modulated to improve their anti-cancer activities. In this review, we will discuss the key metabolic properties of anti-cancer T cells, along with potential strategies to enhance immunotherapy through the modulation of T cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rigel J Kishton
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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925
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers such as gastric, esophageal, pancreas, hepatobiliary, colorectal and anal cancers are a major cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Traditional treatment options such as chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, monoclonal antibodies and anti-angiogenic agents have been the backbone of treatment of GI cancers in various stages. Current cancer research is moving forward to incorporate immunotherapies in the treatment of GI cancers either as single agent or in combination with current available treatment modalities. This review summarizes the existing and ongoing immunotherapies in the treatment of GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Grierson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kian-Huat Lim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Manik Amin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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926
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Grazziotin-Soares D, Lotz JP. Succès de la thérapie cellulaire pour cibler KRAS dans le cancer colorectal. ONCOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-017-2702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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927
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Balan S, Finnigan J, Bhardwaj N. Dendritic Cell Strategies for Eliciting Mutation-Derived Tumor Antigen Responses in Patients. Cancer J 2017; 23:131-137. [PMID: 28410301 PMCID: PMC5520811 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are equipped for sensing danger signals and capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to naive or effector cells and are critical in inducing humoral and adaptive immunity. Successful vaccinations are those that activate DCs to elicit both cellular and humoral responses, as well as long-lasting memory response against the target of interest. Recently, it has become apparent that tumor cells can provide new sources of antigens through nonsynonymous mutations or frame-shift mutations, leading to potentially hundreds of mutation-derived tumor antigens (MTAs) or neoantigens. T cells recognizing MTA have been detected in cancer patients and can even lead to tumor regression. Designing MTA-specific vaccination strategies will have to take into account the adjuvant activity of DC subsets and the best formulation to elicit an effective immune response. We discuss the potential of human DCs to prime MTA-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekumar Balan
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY NY
| | - John Finnigan
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY NY
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY NY
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928
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Sharma P, Hu-Lieskovan S, Wargo JA, Ribas A. Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy. Cell 2017; 168:707-723. [PMID: 28187290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3228] [Impact Index Per Article: 461.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy can induce long lasting responses in patients with metastatic cancers of a wide range of histologies. Broadening the clinical applicability of these treatments requires an improved understanding of the mechanisms limiting cancer immunotherapy. The interactions between the immune system and cancer cells are continuous, dynamic, and evolving from the initial establishment of a cancer cell to the development of metastatic disease, which is dependent on immune evasion. As the molecular mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy are elucidated, actionable strategies to prevent or treat them may be derived to improve clinical outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanee Sharma
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Immunology,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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929
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Liu XS, Mardis ER. Applications of Immunogenomics to Cancer. Cell 2017; 168:600-612. [PMID: 28187283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunogenomics originally was framed by research supporting the hypothesis that cancer mutations generated novel peptides seen as "non-self" by the immune system. The search for these "neoantigens" has been facilitated by the combination of new sequencing technologies, specialized computational analyses, and HLA binding predictions that evaluate somatic alterations in a cancer genome and interpret their ability to produce an immune-stimulatory peptide. The resulting information can characterize a tumor's neoantigen load, its cadre of infiltrating immune cell types, the T or B cell receptor repertoire, and direct the design of a personalized therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shirley Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston MA 02215, USA.
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus OH 43205, USA.
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930
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Abstract
Development of "immune-based targeted therapy" in oncology has limited experience with signal pathway modulation. However, as we have become better versed in understanding immune function related to anticancer response, "hints" of specific targets associated with sensitivity and resistance have been identified with targeted immune therapy. This brief review summarizes the relationship of several targeted immune therapeutics and activity associated clinical responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Nemunaitis
- Gradalis, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA.,Mary Crowley Cancer Research Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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931
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Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9050050. [PMID: 28492495 PMCID: PMC5447960 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9050050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent success of anti-PD1 drugs in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with mismatch repair deficiency generated overwhelming enthusiasm for immunotherapy in the disease. However, patients with mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer represent only a small subset of the metastatic population. Current research focuses on advancing immunotherapy to earlier stages of the disease including adjuvant and first-line metastatic settings, and on inducing sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy through a combinatorial approach. Here, we review the contemporary understanding of the immune and molecular landscape in colorectal cancer and discuss ongoing clinical trials evaluating novel combination regimens based on immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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932
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Capietto AH, Jhunjhunwala S, Delamarre L. Characterizing neoantigens for personalized cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:58-65. [PMID: 28478383 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations can generate neoantigens that are presented on MHC molecules and drive effective T cells responses against cancer. Mutation load in cancer patients predicts response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Additionally, vaccination targeting neoantigens controls established tumor growth in preclinical models. These recent findings led to a renewed interest in the field of cancer vaccines and the development of antigen-targeted cancer immunotherapies. However, targeting neoantigens is challenging, as most mutations are unique to each cancer patient. In addition, only a small fraction of the mutations are immunogenic and therefore their accurate prediction is critical. In this review, we discuss the properties of neoantigens that influence their immunogenicity, along with questions that remain to be addressed in order to improve prediction algorithms.
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933
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Nielsen JS, Chang AR, Wick DA, Sedgwick CG, Zong Z, Mungall AJ, Martin SD, Kinloch NN, Ott-Langer S, Brumme ZL, Treon SP, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD, Webb JR, Berry BR, Morin RD, Macpherson N, Nelson BH. Mapping the human T cell repertoire to recurrent driver mutations in MYD88 and EZH2 in lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1321184. [PMID: 28811957 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1321184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic "driver" mutations are theoretically attractive targets for the immunotherapy of lymphoid cancers, yet the proportion that can be recognized by T cells remains poorly defined. To address this issue without any confounding effects of the patient's immune system, we assessed T cells from 19 healthy donors for recognition of three common driver mutations in lymphoma: MYD88L265P, EZH2Y641F , and EZH2Y641N . Donors collectively expressed the 10 most prevalent HLA class I alleles, including HLA-A*02:01. Peripheral blood T cells were primed with peptide-loaded dendritic cells (DC), and reactive T cells were assessed for recognition of naturally processed mutant versus wild type full-length proteins. After screening three driver mutations across 17-26 HLA class I alleles and 3 × 106-3 × 107 T cells per donor, we identified CD4+ T cells against EFISENCGEII from EZH2Y641N (presented by HLA-DRB1*13:02) and CD8+ T cells against RPIPIKYKA from MYD88L265P (presented by HLA-B*07:02). We failed to detect RPIPIKYKA-specific T cells in seven other HLA-B*07:02-positive donors, including two lymphoma patients. Thus, healthy donors harbor T cells specific for common driver mutations in lymphoma. However, such responses appear to be rare due to the combined limitations of antigen processing, HLA restriction, and T cell repertoire size, highlighting the need for highly individualized approaches for selecting targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Nielsen
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew R Chang
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Darin A Wick
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin G Sedgwick
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zusheng Zong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Spencer D Martin
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natalie N Kinloch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susann Ott-Langer
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven P Treon
- Bing Center for Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph M Connors
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John R Webb
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian R Berry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicol Macpherson
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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934
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Calì B, Molon B, Viola A. Tuning cancer fate: the unremitting role of host immunity. Open Biol 2017; 7:rsob.170006. [PMID: 28404796 PMCID: PMC5413907 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immunity plays a central and complex role in dictating tumour progression. Solid tumours are commonly infiltrated by a large number of immune cells that dynamically interact with the surrounding microenvironment. At first, innate and adaptive immune cells successfully cooperate to eradicate microcolonies of transformed cells. Concomitantly, surviving tumour clones start to proliferate and harness immune responses by specifically hijacking anti-tumour effector mechanisms and fostering the accumulation of immunosuppressive immune cell subsets at the tumour site. This pliable interplay between immune and malignant cells is a relentless process that has been concisely organized in three different phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape. In this review, we aim to depict the distinct immune cell subsets and immune-mediated responses characterizing the tumour landscape throughout the three interconnected phases. Importantly, the identification of key immune players and molecules involved in the dynamic crosstalk between tumour and immune system has been crucial for the introduction of reliable prognostic factors and effective therapeutic protocols against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy .,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - B Molon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - A Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
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935
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CARs: Synthetic Immunoreceptors for Cancer Therapy and Beyond. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:430-450. [PMID: 28416139 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are versatile synthetic receptors that provide T cells with engineered specificity. Clinical success in treating B-cell malignancies has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of CAR-T cells against cancer, and efforts are underway to expand the use of engineered T cells to the treatment of diverse medical conditions, including infections and autoimmune diseases. Here, we review current understanding of the molecular properties of CARs, how this knowledge informs the rational design and characterization of novel receptors, the successes and shortcomings of CAR-T cells in the clinic, and emerging solutions for the continued improvement of CAR-T cell therapy.
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936
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Aka AA, Rappaport JA, Pattison AM, Sato T, Snook AE, Waldman SA. Guanylate cyclase C as a target for prevention, detection, and therapy in colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:549-557. [PMID: 28162021 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1292124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, and new strategies to prevent, detect, and treat the disease are needed. The receptor, guanylate cyclase C (GUCY2C), a tumor suppressor expressed by the intestinal epithelium, has emerged as a promising target. Areas covered: This review outlines the role of GUCY2C in tumorigenesis, and steps to translate GUCY2C-targeting schemes to the clinic. Endogenous GUCY2C-activating ligands disappear early in tumorigenesis, silencing its signaling axis and enabling transformation. Pre-clinical models support GUCY2C ligand supplementation as a novel disease prevention paradigm. With the recent FDA approval of the GUCY2C ligand, linaclotide, and two more synthetic ligands in the pipeline, this strategy can be tested in human trials. In addition to primary tumor prevention, we also review immunotherapies targeting GUCY2C expressed by metastatic lesions, and platforms using GUCY2C as a biomarker for detection and patient staging. Expert commentary: Results of the first GUCY2C targeting schemes in patients will become available in the coming years. The identification of GUCY2C ligand loss as a requirement for colorectal tumorigenesis has the potential to change the treatment paradigm from an irreversible disease of genetic mutation, to a treatable disease of ligand insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Aka
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Jeff A Rappaport
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Amanda M Pattison
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Takami Sato
- c Department of Medical Oncology , Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Adam E Snook
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Scott A Waldman
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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937
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Fearon DT. Explaining the Paucity of Intratumoral T Cells: A Construction Out of Known Entities. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 81:219-226. [PMID: 28389597 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This essay addresses the question of how tumors escape control by the immune system. The literature strongly points to inadequate accumulation of T cells among cancer cells as being the proximate cause, but this observation has no acceptable explanation as yet. An approach to this problem is adopted wherein the chemokines and chemokine receptors that normally mediate the trafficking of T cells to inflamed tissues are reviewed and considered in the context of their relative levels of expression in a transplanted colorectal tumor model. This method of reasoning-consistent with Bertrand Russell's (1985) advice, "Whenever possible, substitute constructions out of known entities for inferences to unknown entities"-leads to the proposal that signaling via the chemokine receptor, CXCR4, impairs the function of CXCR3 on the immune cells that are responsible for suppressing the growth of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas T Fearon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York 10065.,University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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938
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Abstract
The past decade of cancer research has been marked by a growing appreciation of the role of immunity in cancer. Mutations in the tumour genome can cause tumours to express mutant proteins that are tumour specific and not expressed on normal cells (neoantigens). These neoantigens are an attractive immune target because their selective expression on tumours may minimize immune tolerance as well as the risk of autoimmunity. In this Review we discuss the emerging evidence that neoantigens are recognized by the immune system and can be targeted to increase antitumour immunity. We also provide a framework for personalized cancer immunotherapy through the identification and selective targeting of individual tumour neoantigens, and present the potential benefits and obstacles to this approach of targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Yarchoan
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Burles A Johnson
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Eric R Lutz
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Daniel A Laheru
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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939
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MHC class II restricted neoantigen: A promising target in tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2017; 392:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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940
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Jiang N. Immune engineering: from systems immunology to engineering immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 1:54-62. [PMID: 29038795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The smallpox vaccine represents the earliest attempt in engineering immunity. The recent success of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) in cancer once again demonstrates the clinical potential of immune engineering. Inspired by this success, diverse approaches have been used to boost various aspects of immunity: engineering dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, antibodies, cytokines, small peptides, and others. With recent development of various high-throughput technologies (of which engineers, especially biomedical engineers/bioengineers contributed significantly), such as immune repertoire sequencing, and analytical methods, a systems level of understanding immunity (or the lack of it) beyond model animals has provided critical insights into the human immune system. This review focuses on recent progressed made in systems biology and the engineering of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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941
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Scarfò I, Maus MV. Current approaches to increase CAR T cell potency in solid tumors: targeting the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:28. [PMID: 28331617 PMCID: PMC5359946 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy represents a revolutionary treatment for haematological malignancies (i.e. B-ALL). However, the success of this type of treatment has not yet been achieved in solid tumors. One hypothesis is that the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) influences and affects the efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy. Understanding the role of the TME and its interaction with CAR T-cells is crucial to improve the potency of adoptive immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the strategies and potential combinatorial approaches recently developed in mouse models to enhance the efficacy of CAR T-cells, with particular emphasis on the translational potential of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Scarfò
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 7.219, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129 USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 7.219, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129 USA
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942
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Yang JC. Debugging the Black Box. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:250-251. [PMID: 28264866 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
<b/> A better understanding of the mechanisms by which tumor rejection succeeds and fails is needed to improve immunotherapies. Here, Anagnostou and colleagues find that mutations predicted to be the most immunogenic are preferentially lost when cancer progresses through checkpoint blockade. Cancer Discov; 7(3); 250-1. ©2017 AACRSee related article by Anagnostou et al., p. 264.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Yang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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943
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944
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945
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Rosenberg SA, Tran E, Robbins PF. T-Cell Transfer Therapy Targeting Mutant KRAS. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:e11. [PMID: 28199803 PMCID: PMC6697099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Tran
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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946
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Martin-Liberal J, Ochoa de Olza M, Hierro C, Gros A, Rodon J, Tabernero J. The expanding role of immunotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 54:74-86. [PMID: 28231560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of agents able to modulate the immune system to induce or potentiate its anti-tumour activity is not a new strategy in oncology. However, the development of new agents such as immune checkpoint inhibitors has achieved unprecedented efficacy results in a wide variety of tumours, dramatically changing the landscape of cancer treatment in recent years. Ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab or atezolizumab are now standard of care options in several malignancies and new indications are being approved on a regular basis in different tumours. Moreover, there are many other novel immunotherapy strategies that are currently being assessed in clinical trials. Agonists of co-stimulatory signals, adoptive cell therapies, vaccines, virotherapy and others have raised interest as therapeutic options against cancer. In addition, many of these novel approaches are being developed both in monotherapy and as part of combinatory regimes in order to synergize their activity. The results from those studies will help to define the expanding role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment in a forthcoming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Martin-Liberal
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Ochoa de Olza
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinta Hierro
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alena Gros
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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947
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Research Highlights. Nat Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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948
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Haebe S, Weigert O. It's a long way to the top (if you want to personalize immunotherapy). J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:6. [PMID: 28116089 PMCID: PMC5240409 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the immune system to attack tumor cells by targeting tumor-associated or –preferably– tumor-specific antigens has emerged as a promising but challenging treatment option for malignant lymphomas. Follicular lymphoma is among the most common lymphomas worldwide and remains incurable for most patients. Considered to be an immunogenic disease it represents an interesting disease entity for various immunotherapeutic approaches. In an article published in the May issue of Clinical Cancer Research, Nielsen and colleagues provided important proof-of-principle data on the immunogenicity of follicular lymphoma that might represent a first step towards personalized adoptive immunotherapies in this disease. The authors combined targeted next-generation sequencing and in silico analyses to explore the concept of somatic neoepitope prediction. Neoantigen-specific CD8+ T-cells could be identified in a small subset of patients selected for in vitro immunogenicity experiments, however at remarkably low frequencies and in only a few patients at single time-points. Of note, the immunogenic neoepitopes were derived from mutant CREBBP and MEF2B, two genes that have previously been shown to be functionally and prognostically relevant in this disease. In this commentary we discuss the promises but also the challenges of how to translate these findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Haebe
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Max-Lebsche Platz 30, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Weigert
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Max-Lebsche Platz 30, 81377 Munich, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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949
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Abstract
Harnessing the immune system to eradicate malignant cells is becoming a most powerful new approach to cancer therapy. FDA approval of the immunotherapy-based drugs, sipuleucel-T (Provenge), ipilimumab (Yervoy, anti-CTLA-4), and more recently, the programmed cell death (PD)-1 antibody (pembrolizumab, Keytruda), for the treatment of multiple types of cancer has greatly advanced research and clinical studies in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, recent clinical trials, using NY-ESO-1-specific T cell receptor (TCR) or CD19-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), have shown promising clinical results for patients with metastatic cancer. Current success of cancer immunotherapy is built upon the work of cancer antigens and co-inhibitory signaling molecules identified 20 years ago. Among the large numbers of target antigens, CD19 is the best target for CAR T cell therapy for blood cancer, but CAR-engineered T cell immunotherapy does not yet work in solid cancer. NY-ESO-1 is one of the best targets for TCR-based immunotherapy in solid cancer. Despite the great success of checkpoint blockade therapy, more than 50% of cancer patients fail to respond to blockade therapy. The advent of new technologies such as next-generation sequencing has enhanced our ability to search for new immune targets in onco-immunology and accelerated the development of immunotherapy with potentially broader coverage of cancer patients. In this review, we will discuss the recent progresses of cancer immunotherapy and novel strategies in the identification of new immune targets and mutation-derived antigens (neoantigens) for cancer immunotherapy and immunoprecision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A & M University, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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950
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Velpurisiva P, Gad A, Piel B, Jadia R, Rai P. Nanoparticle Design Strategies for Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICINE (SYDNEY, NSW) 2017; 2:64-77. [PMID: 28503405 PMCID: PMC5426812 DOI: 10.7150/jbm.18877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving and paradigm shifting treatment modality that adds a strong tool to the collective cancer treatment arsenal. It can be effective even for late stage diagnoses and has already received clinical approval. Tumors are known to not only avoid immune surveillance but also exploit the immune system to continue local tumor growth and metastasis. Because of this, most immunotherapies, particularly those directed against solid cancers, have thus far only benefited a small minority of patients. Early clinical substantiation lends weight to the claim that cancer immunotherapies, which are adaptive and enduring treatment methods, generate much more sustained and robust anticancer effects when they are effectively formulated in nanoparticles or scaffolds than when they are administered as free drugs. Engineering cancer immunotherapies using nanomaterials is, therefore, a very promising area worthy of further consideration and investigation. This review focuses on the recent advances in cancer immunoengineering using nanoparticles for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of a diverse range of immunotherapies. The delivery of immunostimulatory agents to antitumor immune cells, such as dendritic or antigen presenting cells, may be a far more efficient tactic to eradicate tumors than delivery of conventional chemotherapeutic and cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells. In addition to its immense therapeutic potential, immunoengineering using nanoparticles also provides a valuable tool for unearthing and understanding the basics of tumor biology. Recent research using nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated the advantage of physicochemical manipulation in improving the delivery of immunostimulatory agents. In vivo studies have tested a range of particle sizes, mostly less than 300 nm, and particles with both positive and negative zeta potentials for various applications. Material composition and surface modifications have been shown to contribute significantly in selective targeting, efficient delivery and active stimulation of immune system targets. Thus, these investigations, including a wide array of nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy, substantiate the employment of nanocarriers for efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveena Velpurisiva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
| | - Aniket Gad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
| | - Brandon Piel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
| | - Rahul Jadia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
| | - Prakash Rai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
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