99801
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Abstract
Working memory (WM) plays an essential role in children's mathematical learning. WM influences both the early foundational phases of number knowledge acquisition and subsequent maturation of problem solving skills. The role of individual WM components in mathematical cognition depends not only on problem complexity but also on individual differences in mathematical abilities. Furthermore, the contributions of individual WM components change dynamically over development with visuospatial processes playing an increasingly important role in learning and enhancing mathematical proficiency. Convergent findings from neuroimaging studies are now providing fundamental insights into the link between WM and mathematical cognition, and the mechanisms by which poor WM contributes to learning disabilities. Evidence to date suggests that visuospatial WM is a specific source of vulnerability in children with mathematical learning disabilities and needs to be considered as a key component in cognitive, neurobiological, and developmental models of typical and atypical mathematical skill acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Menon
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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99802
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Borjon JI, Takahashi DY, Cervantes DC, Ghazanfar AA. Arousal dynamics drive vocal production in marmoset monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:753-64. [PMID: 27250909 PMCID: PMC6208312 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00136.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal production is the result of interacting cognitive and autonomic processes. Despite claims that changes in one interoceptive state (arousal) govern primate vocalizations, we know very little about how it influences their likelihood and timing. In this study we investigated the role of arousal during naturally occurring vocal production in marmoset monkeys. Throughout each session, naturally occurring contact calls are produced more quickly, and with greater probability, during higher levels of arousal, as measured by heart rate. On average, we observed a steady increase in heart rate 23 s before the production of a call. Following call production, there is a sharp and steep cardiac deceleration lasting ∼8 s. The dynamics of cardiac fluctuations around a vocalization cannot be completely predicted by the animal's respiration or movement. Moreover, the timing of vocal production was tightly correlated to the phase of a 0.1-Hz autonomic nervous system rhythm known as the Mayer wave. Finally, a compilation of the state space of arousal dynamics during vocalization illustrated that perturbations to the resting state space increase the likelihood of a call occurring. Together, these data suggest that arousal dynamics are critical for spontaneous primate vocal production, not only as a robust predictor of the likelihood of vocal onset but also as scaffolding on which behavior can unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy I Borjon
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton New Jersey
| | - Daniel Y Takahashi
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton New Jersey
| | - Diego C Cervantes
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton New Jersey
| | - Asif A Ghazanfar
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton New Jersey
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99803
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Transcranial direct current stimulation of the frontal-parietal-temporal area attenuates cue-induced craving for heroin. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 79:1-3. [PMID: 27115508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an effective approach to modulate brain region functions. We assessed if a single tDCS session over the bilateral frontal-parietal-temporal (FPT) areas would reduce cue induced craving in heroin addicts. METHODS Twenty non-treated, long-term heroin-addicted subjects were randomly assigned to receive either real tDCS (1.5 mA, cathodal over bilateral FPT for 20 min) or control tDCS stimulation (turning off the stimulation after 30 s). The participants received heroin cue exposure (containing both injection and inhalation procedures) before and after stimulation and rated their craving after each block of cue presentation. RESULTS Stimulation of the bilateral FPT with real tDCS for 20 min reduced craving scores significantly (68 ± 8.4 pre-stimulation vs. 43 ± 7.6 post-stimulation, p = 0.003), while the control stimulation group showed no significant changes. No side effects of tDCS were reported. CONCLUSIONS One session of tDCS over bilateral FPT area significantly reduced subjective craving score induced by heroin cues in heroin addicted subjects.
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99804
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99805
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Dimensionality and measurement invariance of the Other as Shamer Scale across diverse adolescent samples. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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99806
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Bennett DS, Hersh J, Herres J, Foster J. HIV-Related Stigma, Shame, and Avoidant Coping: Risk Factors for Internalizing Symptoms Among Youth Living with HIV? Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:657-64. [PMID: 26458909 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Youth living with HIV (YLH) are at elevated risk of internalizing symptoms, although there is substantial individual variability in adjustment. We examined perceived HIV-related stigma, shame-proneness, and avoidant coping as risk factors of internalizing symptoms among YLH. Participants (N = 88; ages 12-24) completed self-report measures of these potential risk factors and three domains of internalizing symptoms (depressive, anxiety, and PTSD) during a regularly scheduled HIV clinic visit. Hierarchical regressions were conducted for each internalizing symptoms domain, examining the effects of age, gender, and maternal education (step 1), HIV-related stigma (step 2), shame- and guilt-proneness (step 3), and avoidant coping (step 4). HIV-related stigma, shame-proneness, and avoidant coping were each correlated with greater depressive, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Specificity was observed in that shame-proneness, but not guilt-proneness, was associated with greater internalizing symptoms. In multivariable analyses, HIV-related stigma and shame-proneness were each related to greater depressive and PTSD symptoms. Controlling for the effects of HIV-related stigma and shame-proneness, avoidant coping was associated with PTSD symptoms. The current findings highlight the potential importance of HIV-related stigma, shame, and avoidant coping on the adjustment of YLH, as interventions addressing these risk factors could lead to decreased internalizing symptoms among YLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, GLAD Program, Drexel University, 4700 Wissahickon Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19144, USA.
| | - Jill Hersh
- Psychology Department, Immaculata University, Immaculata, PA, USA
| | - Joanna Herres
- Center for Family Intervention Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jill Foster
- Government Affairs, Gilead Sciences Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
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99807
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Huỳnh C, Caron J, Fleury MJ. Mental health services use among adults with or without mental disorders: Do development stages matter? Int J Soc Psychiatry 2016; 62:434-51. [PMID: 27074802 DOI: 10.1177/0020764016641906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health services (MHS) use is a complex behaviour that does not only concern individuals with current mental disorder. To date, few studies have examined age-related contextualisation of MHS use. Reasons for seeking help may vary according to development stages in adulthood. AIMS This study aimed to determine which predisposing, enabling and need factors, using Andersen's model, were associated with MHS use according to adult development stages among individuals with or without current psychiatric diagnosis. METHODS Three age groups were examined: 18- to 29-year-olds (n = 775), 30- to 49-year-olds (n = 1,560) and 50- to 64-year-olds (n = 960). Data were obtained from the Montreal Longitudinal Catchment Area Study. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted for each age group separately to determine which predisposing, enabling and need factors were associated with MHS use in the past 12 months. RESULTS For 18- to 29-year-olds, one enabling factor (Internet search) and two need factors (presence of major depressive disorder and number of stressful events) were positively associated with MHS use. For 30- to 49-year-olds, one predisposing factor (family history of mental disorder), four enabling factors (not currently working or in school, perceiving neighbourhood disorder, social cohesion and Internet searching) and one need factor (major depressive disorder) correlated with help seeking. For 50- to 64-year-olds, two predisposing factors (family history of mental disorder and higher self-perceived stigma), two enabling factors (low satisfaction in personal relationship and Internet searching) and one need factor (alcohol dependence) were associated with MHS use. CONCLUSIONS Factors associated with MHS use differ according to adult development stages. Programmes and policies should be based on age-related contextualisation to increase MHS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Huỳnh
- Centre de réadaptation en dépendance de Montréal - Institut universitaire, Montréal, QC, Canada Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Caron
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Fleury
- Centre de réadaptation en dépendance de Montréal - Institut universitaire, Montréal, QC, Canada Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
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99808
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Russell MA, Vasilenko SA, Lanza ST. Age-Varying Links Between Violence Exposure and Behavioral, Mental, and Physical Health. J Adolesc Health 2016; 59:189-96. [PMID: 27222356 PMCID: PMC4958611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine age-varying prevalence rates and health implications of weapon-related violence exposure (WRVE) from adolescence to young adulthood (ages 14-30) using time-varying effect modeling. METHODS Data were from the Add Health study, a longitudinal study of adolescents in the United States (N = 5,103) followed into young adulthood across four assessment waves from age 14-30. RESULTS WRVE rates varied with age, peaking during mid-to-late adolescence (ages 16-18). Rates were higher for males (vs. females) and African-American youth (vs. white) across nearly all ages. Rates were higher for Hispanic youth (vs. white) during adolescence. WRVE was positively associated with frequent heavy episodic drinking and negatively associated with self-reported general health; these associations were significant during adolescence and early adulthood (ages 15-24). WRVE was positively associated with depressive symptoms. This association remained stable over age and was stronger for females from ages 16-21. The association between violence exposure and decreased general physical health was stronger for white versus African-American youth from ages 15-17, with no significant association observed for African-American youth at any age. CONCLUSIONS Despite its severity, WRVE is prevalent among U.S. youth during adolescence and young adulthood, particularly among males and African-Americans during mid-to-late adolescence. The associations between WRVE and health were stronger during adolescence and differed by sex and race/ethnicity. This information may assist in the timing and targeting of intervention efforts aimed at interrupting the effects of violence exposure on youth behavioral, mental, and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Russell
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
| | - Sara A Vasilenko
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie T Lanza
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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99809
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Niec LN, Barnett ML, Prewett MS, Shanley Chatham JR. Group parent-child interaction therapy: A randomized control trial for the treatment of conduct problems in young children. J Consult Clin Psychol 2016; 84:682-698. [PMID: 27018531 PMCID: PMC5325686 DOI: 10.1037/a0040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although efficacious interventions exist for childhood conduct problems, a majority of families in need of services do not receive them. To address problems of treatment access and adherence, innovative adaptations of current interventions are needed. This randomized control trial investigated the relative efficacy of a novel format of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), a treatment for young children with conduct problems. METHOD Eighty-one families with 3- to 6-year-old children (71.6% boys, 85.2% White) with diagnoses of oppositional defiant or conduct disorder were randomized to individual PCIT (n = 42) or the novel format, Group PCIT. Parents completed standardized measures of children's conduct problems, parenting stress, and social support at intake, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. Therapist ratings, parent attendance, and homework completion provided measures of treatment adherence. Throughout treatment, parenting skills were assessed using the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System. RESULTS Parents in both group and individual PCIT reported significant improvements from intake to posttreatment and follow-up in their children's conduct problems and adaptive functioning, as well as significant decreases in parenting stress. Parents in both treatment conditions also showed significant improvements in their parenting skills. There were no interactions between time and treatment format. Contrary to expectation, parents in Group PCIT did not experience greater social support or treatment adherence. CONCLUSIONS Group PCIT was not inferior to individual PCIT and may be a valuable format to reach more families in need of services. Future work should explore the efficiency and sustainability of Group PCIT in community settings. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa N Niec
- Center for Children, Families, and Communities, Central Michigan University
| | - Miya L Barnett
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
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99810
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Abstract
How are the meanings of words, events, and objects represented and organized in the brain? This question, perhaps more than any other in the field, probes some of the deepest and most foundational puzzles regarding the structure of the mind and brain. Accordingly, it has spawned a field of inquiry that is diverse and multidisciplinary, has led to the discovery of numerous empirical phenomena, and has spurred the development of a wide range of theoretical positions. This special issue brings together the most recent theoretical developments from the leaders in the field, representing a range of viewpoints on issues of fundamental significance to a theory of meaning representation. Here we introduce the special issue by way of pulling out some key themes that cut across the contributions that form this issue and situating those themes in the broader literature. The core issues around which research on conceptual representation can be organized are representational format, representational content, the organization of concepts in the brain, and the processing dynamics that govern interactions between the conceptual system and sensorimotor representations. We highlight areas in which consensus has formed; for those areas in which opinion is divided, we seek to clarify the relation of theory and evidence and to set in relief the bridging assumptions that undergird current discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford Z Mahon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Meliora Hall, Rochester, NY, 14627-0268, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Center for Language Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Gregory Hickok
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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99811
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Wauters M, Vanhoucke M. A Study on Complexity and Uncertainty Perception and Solution Strategies for the Time/Cost Trade-Off Problem. PROJECT MANAGEMENT JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/875697281604700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the Discrete Time/Cost Tradeoff Problem (DTCTP) is revisited in light of a student experiment. Two solution strategies are distilled from the data of 444 participants and are structured by means of five building blocks: focus, activity criticality, ranking, intensity, and action. The impact of complexity and uncertainty on the cost objective is quantified in a large computational experiment. Specific attention is allocated to the influence of the actual and perceived complexity and uncertainty and the cost repercussions when reality and perception do not coincide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Wauters
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mario Vanhoucke
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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99812
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Kazemi A, Eek D, Gärling T. Allocation of Public Goods. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Seventy-two undergraduates participating in a step-level asymmetric public good dilemma were requested to distribute the provided public good among the group members to achieve different group goals. In line with the hypotheses, economic productivity resulted in equitable allocations, harmony in equal allocations, and social concern in need-based allocations. The results also supported the hypotheses that salience of group goal minimizes influences of self-interest on allocations and that perceived fairness accounts for why people pursuing different group goals differ in their preferences for allocation of public goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kazemi
- School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Sweden
| | - Daniel Eek
- Department of Psychology, Göteborg University, Sweden
| | - Tommy Gärling
- Department of Psychology, Göteborg University, Sweden
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99813
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Buffering emotional job demands: The interplay between proactive personality and team potency. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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99814
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CORR Insights(®): Among Musculoskeletal Surgeons, Job Dissatisfaction Is Associated With Burnout. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2016; 474:1864-6. [PMID: 27230470 PMCID: PMC4925423 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-016-4899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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99815
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Atkinson L, Jamieson B, Khoury J, Ludmer J, Gonzalez A. Stress Physiology in Infancy and Early Childhood: Cortisol Flexibility, Attunement and Coordination. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27344031 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research on stress physiology in infancy has assumed increasing importance due to its lifelong implications. In this review, we focus on measurement of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function, in particular, and on complementary autonomic processes. We suggest that the measure of HPA function has been overly exclusive, focusing on individual reactivity to single, pragmatically selected laboratory challenges. We advocate use of multiple, strategically chosen challenges and within-subject designs. By administering one challenge that typically does not provoke reactivity and another that does, it is possible to represent allostatic load in terms of "flexibility," the capacity to titrate response to challenge. We also recommend assessing infant reactivity in the context of the primary caregiver's physiological function. Infant-mother "attunement" is central to developmental psychology, permeating diverse developmental domains with varied consequences. A review of adrenocortical attunement suggests that attunement is a reliable process, manifest across varied populations. However, attunement appears stronger in the context of more highly stressful circumstances, such that administration of multiple, selected challenges may help evaluate the degree to which individuals titrate attunement to challenge and determine the correlates of this differential attunement. Finally, we advocate studying the "coordination" of HPA function with other aspects of stress physiology and variation in the degree of this coordination. The use of multiple stressors is important here because each stress system is differentially sensitive to different types of challenge. Therefore, use of single stressors in between-subject designs impedes full recognition of the role played by each system. Overall, we recommend measure of flexibility, attunement, and coordination in the context of multiple challenges to capture allostasis in environmental and physiological context. The simultaneous use of such inclusive and integrative metrics may yield more reliable findings than has hitherto been the case. The interrelation of these metrics can be understood in the context of the adaptive calibration model..
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Affiliation(s)
- L Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - B Jamieson
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Khoury
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Ludmer
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - A Gonzalez
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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99816
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Wiemer J, Pauli P. Fear-relevant illusory correlations in different fears and anxiety disorders: A review of the literature. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 42:113-28. [PMID: 27454587 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fearful individuals often overestimate the relationship between fear-relevant stimuli and aversive consequences. Such fear-relevant illusory correlations (ICs) might be involved in the maintenance of anxiety disorders. In this literature review, we found clear evidence that ICs are present and enhanced in fear of animals. We also revealed some evidence for ICs related to fear of flying, social anxiety, contamination fear, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, but with considerably less clarity. Fear-relevant ICs seem to be best explained by both a priori expectancies and biased encoding of the experienced associations. Studies to date suggest that one important biased encoding process is the enhanced aversiveness/salience of fear-relevant outcomes. Future studies may improve insight by developing more reliable IC measures and testing the effect of encoding processes on treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wiemer
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Center of Mental Health, Medical Faculty, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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99817
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Parental Involvement in Infant Sleep Routines Predicts Differential Sleep Patterns in Children With and Without Anxiety Disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:636-46. [PMID: 26493392 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study compared parents' retrospective reports of their involvement in infant settling strategies and their relation to current sleep patterns among children (N = 84, ages 7-11) with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and healthy controls. Parents of children with GAD were significantly more likely to report rocking their infants to sleep and putting infants down when they were already asleep than parents of healthy controls, even when accounting for infant health-related factors and parental anxiety. Greater involvement in infant sleep routines also predicted sleep patterns (measured via actigraphy) during childhood, though opposite relationships were observed in the two groups. Early involvement was related to poorer sleep in control children but better sleep for children with GAD even after controlling for current parenting practices. Findings suggest differential effects of early sleep-related parenting for children with and without later anxiety disorders with possible implications for early intervention.
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99818
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Caleyachetty R, Khaw KT, Surtees PG, Wainwright NWJ, Wareham N, Griffin SJ. Cumulative social risk exposure in childhood and smoking and excessive alcohol use in adulthood. Eur J Public Health 2016; 26:575-81. [PMID: 26847204 PMCID: PMC5548232 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social inequalities in adult smoking and excessive alcohol intake may be associated with exposure to multiple childhood social risk factors across different domains of risk within the household. METHODS We used data from a cross-sectional cohort study of adults (40-75 years) in 1993-97 living in England (N = 19466) to examine the association between clusters of childhood social risks across different domains with adult smoking and excessive alcohol use. Participants reported exposure to six childhood social risk factors, current smoking behaviour and alcohol intake. Factor analysis was used to identify domains of social risk. We created a childhood cumulative domain social risk score (range 0-2) from summing the total number of domains. RESULTS Factor analysis identified two domains of childhood social risk within the household: maladaptive family functioning (parental unemployment, substance misuse, physical abuse) and parental separation experiences : maternal separation, divorce, being sent away from home). Compared to those children with risk exposure in no single domain, children with risk exposure in both domains (i.e. maladaptive family functioning, parental separation experiences) had a higher prevalence of adult smoking [men: Prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.74, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.35-2.26; women: PR = 1.71 95% CI: 1.34-2.18]. There was a trend association between the number of childhood social risk domains and adult smoking (both sexes: P < 0.001) and excessive alcohol use (men: P <0.008). CONCLUSIONS Further work is needed to understand if addressing cumulative risk exposure to maladaptive family functioning and parental separation experiences can reduce social inequalities in adult smoking and excessive alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Caleyachetty
- 1 Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- 2 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul G Surtees
- 2 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas W J Wainwright
- 2 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas Wareham
- 1 Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon J Griffin
- 1 Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 2 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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99819
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Peer influence effects on risk-taking and prosocial decision-making in adolescence: insights from neuroimaging studies. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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99820
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Herpertz SC, Mancke F, Bertsch K. Aggressivität, emotionale Instabilität und Impulsivität bei der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung. FORENSISCHE PSYCHIATRIE, PSYCHOLOGIE, KRIMINOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11757-016-0379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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99821
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Kuzina EA, Gorkin AG, Aleksandrov YI. Neuron Activity in the Retrosplenial Cortex of the Rat at the Early and Late Stages of Memory Consolidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-016-0312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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99822
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Armstrong T, Rockloff M, Donaldson P. Crimping the Croupier: Electronic and mechanical automation of table, community and novelty games in Australia. JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES 2016. [DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2016.33.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Technological innovation has increased electronic and mechanical automation to traditional games that replace or augment human croupiers, and also change how the games are enjoyed. Little is known about how these automated products may influence people's gambling or entice new players to try these table and community games. Research regarding the characteristics of electronic gaming machines (EGMs) has provided insights into the potential consequences associated with technological enhancements. However, without knowing how these products differ to their traditional counterparts, it is difficult to begin to understand their implications on player expenditures and product safety. An Australian national environmental scan of these electronically and mechanically enhanced table-game and community-game products was conducted to identify the characteristics of these automated products Australia-wide. Based on EGM research (Armstrong & Rockloff, 2015), the "VICES" framework was identified as an appropriate organising principle for surveying the features of automated products. The VICES acronym specifies 5 criteria by which automated products might differ from traditional table-games: (v)isual and auditory enhancements, (i)llusion of control, (c)ognitive complexity, (e)xpedited play, and (s)ocial customisation. The findings suggest that automation provides the potential for the provision of products that intensify gambling engagement with the attendant potential for gambling-related harm. Further research, however, is needed to find if this potential harm is manifest in real-world gambling environments.
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99823
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Windhorst DA, Mileva-Seitz VR, Rippe RCA, Tiemeier H, Jaddoe VWV, Verhulst FC, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Beyond main effects of gene-sets: harsh parenting moderates the association between a dopamine gene-set and child externalizing behavior. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00498. [PMID: 27547500 PMCID: PMC4980469 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a longitudinal cohort study, we investigated the interplay of harsh parenting and genetic variation across a set of functionally related dopamine genes, in association with children's externalizing behavior. This is one of the first studies to employ gene-based and gene-set approaches in tests of Gene by Environment (G × E) effects on complex behavior. This approach can offer an important alternative or complement to candidate gene and genome-wide environmental interaction (GWEI) studies in the search for genetic variation underlying individual differences in behavior. METHODS Genetic variants in 12 autosomal dopaminergic genes were available in an ethnically homogenous part of a population-based cohort. Harsh parenting was assessed with maternal (n = 1881) and paternal (n = 1710) reports at age 3. Externalizing behavior was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at age 5 (71 ± 3.7 months). We conducted gene-set analyses of the association between variation in dopaminergic genes and externalizing behavior, stratified for harsh parenting. RESULTS The association was statistically significant or approached significance for children without harsh parenting experiences, but was absent in the group with harsh parenting. Similarly, significant associations between single genes and externalizing behavior were only found in the group without harsh parenting. Effect sizes in the groups with and without harsh parenting did not differ significantly. Gene-environment interaction tests were conducted for individual genetic variants, resulting in two significant interaction effects (rs1497023 and rs4922132) after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSION Our findings are suggestive of G × E interplay, with associations between dopamine genes and externalizing behavior present in children without harsh parenting, but not in children with harsh parenting experiences. Harsh parenting may overrule the role of genetic factors in externalizing behavior. Gene-based and gene-set analyses offer promising new alternatives to analyses focusing on single candidate polymorphisms when examining the interplay between genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafna A Windhorst
- Centre for Child and Family Studies Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Viara R Mileva-Seitz
- Centre for Child and Family Studies Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ralph C A Rippe
- Centre for Child and Family Studies Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Centre for Child and Family Studies Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands; School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences Erasmus University Rotterdam The Netherlands
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99824
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Carlson SE, Colombo J. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid Nutrition in Early Development. Adv Pediatr 2016; 63:453-71. [PMID: 27426911 PMCID: PMC5207030 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, MS 4013, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - John Colombo
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Psychology, Life Span Institute, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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99825
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Rodebaugh TL, Scullin RB, Langer JK, Dixon DJ, Huppert JD, Bernstein A, Zvielli A, Lenze EJ. Unreliability as a threat to understanding psychopathology: The cautionary tale of attentional bias. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 125:840-51. [PMID: 27322741 PMCID: PMC4980228 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of unreliable measures constitutes a threat to our understanding of psychopathology, because advancement of science using both behavioral and biologically oriented measures can only be certain if such measurements are reliable. Two pillars of the National Institute of Mental Health's portfolio-the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative for psychopathology and the target engagement initiative in clinical trials-cannot succeed without measures that possess the high reliability necessary for tests involving mediation and selection based on individual differences. We focus on the historical lack of reliability of attentional bias measures as an illustration of how reliability can pose a threat to our understanding. Our own data replicate previous findings of poor reliability for traditionally used scores, which suggests a serious problem with the ability to test theories regarding attentional bias. This lack of reliability may also suggest problems with the assumption (in both theory and the formula for the scores) that attentional bias is consistent and stable across time. In contrast, measures accounting for attention as a dynamic process in time show good reliability in our data. The field is sorely in need of research reporting findings and reliability for attentional bias scores using multiple methods, including those focusing on dynamic processes over time. We urge researchers to test and report reliability of all measures, considering findings of low reliability not just as a nuisance but as an opportunity to modify and improve upon the underlying theory. Full assessment of reliability of measures will maximize the possibility that RDoC (and psychological science more generally) will succeed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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99826
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Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ. A National Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual (LGB), and Non-LGB Youth Sexual Behavior Online and In-Person. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:1357-72. [PMID: 25894645 PMCID: PMC4609578 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Online and in-person sexual behaviors of cisgender lesbian, gay, queer, bisexual, heterosexual, questioning, unsure, and youth of other sexual identities were examined using data from the Teen Health and Technology study. Data were collected online between August 2010 and January 2011 from 5,078 youth 13-18 years old. Results suggested that, depending on sexual identity, between 4-35 % of youth had sexual conversations and 2-24 % shared sexual photos with someone online in the past year. Among the 22 % of youth who had oral, vaginal, and/or anal sex, between 5-30 % met one of their two most recent sexual partners online. Inconsistent condom use was associated with increased odds of meeting one's most recent partner online for heterosexual adolescent men. For gay and queer adolescent men, having an older partner, a partner with a lifetime history of sexually transmitted infections (STI), and concurrent sex partners were each significantly associated with increased odds of having met one's most recent sex partner online. None of the examined characteristics significantly predicted meeting one's most recent sexual partner online versus in-person for heterosexual; bisexual; or gay, lesbian, and queer women. The Internet is not replacing in-person exploration and expression of one's sexuality and meeting sexual partners online appears to be uncommon in adolescence across sexual identities. Healthy sexuality programming that acknowledges some youth are meeting partners online is warranted, but this should not be a main focal point. Instead, inclusive STI prevention programming that provides skills to reduce risk when engaging in all types of sex is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Ybarra
- Center for Innovative Public Health Research, 555 El Camino Real #A347, San Clemente, CA, 92672, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Mitchell
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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99827
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Older-adult marijuana users and ex-users: Comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics and mental and substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 165:94-102. [PMID: 27282425 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing numbers of older-adult marijuana users call for better understanding of their mental and substance use disorders (MSUDs). METHODS Data came from the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III; N=14,715 respondents aged 50 +). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to compare never users, past-year users, and ex-users on past-year and lifetime MSUDs. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association of marijuana use patterns in the past year and during the peak use period with lifetime MSUDs. RESULTS Of the 50+ age group, 3.9% were past-year marijuana users and 21.7% were ex-users. Past-year users did not differ from ex-users with respect to past-year or lifetime mental disorders, but they had higher risks of past-year other drug use (RRR=2.73, 95% CI=1.63-4.55), alcohol use (RRR=2.30, 95% CI=1.78-2.98), and tobacco/nicotine use (RRR=1.87, 95% CI=1.50-2.34) disorders. Among past-year users, the number of joints smoked during the peak use period (OR=1.14, 95% CI=1.04-1.26) and past-year use frequency (OR=2.20, 95% CI=1.37-3.52) were significantly associated with greater odds of lifetime marijuana/other drug use disorder. Among ex-users, the number of joints smoked during the peak use period was significantly associated with any mental (OR=1.05, 95% CI=1.01-1.09) and marijuana and/or other drug use (OR=1.13, 95% CI=1.06-1.21) disorder. CONCLUSIONS Older-adult past-year marijuana users and ex-users had similarly high risks for past-year and lifetime mental disorders, but past-year users had a higher risk for substance use disorders. Health/mental health providers should be concerned about the increasing number of older-adult long-term marijuana users with MSUDs.
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99828
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Bigler RS, Rohrbach JM, Sanchez KL. Children's Intergroup Relations and Attitudes. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 51:131-69. [PMID: 27474425 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The existence of warm, intimate, supportive, and egalitarian relationships between members of differing social outgroups is likely, at the societal level, to facilitate cooperation and cohesion, and at the individual level, to promote positive social, educational, and occupational outcomes. The developmental pathway from intergroup contact to intergroup attitudes as it operates among children is not, however, well understood. In our chapter, we review and integrate selected social and developmental science related to intergroup relations and attitudes with the goal of proposing a conceptual model of the pathway from intergroup contact to positive intergroup attitudes among youth.
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99829
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Good GE, Hepper MJ, Hillenbrand-Gunn T, Wang LF. Sexual and Psychological Violence: An Exploratory Study of Predictors in College Men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/106082659500400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn E. Good
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Columbia
| | - Mary J. Hepper
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Columbia
| | | | - Li-Fei Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Columbia
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99830
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Bullock B, Murray G, Anderson JL, Cooper-O'Neill T, Gooley JJ, Cain SW, Lockley SW. Constraint is associated with earlier circadian phase and morningness: Confirmation of relationships between personality and circadian phase using a constant routine protocol. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016; 104:69-74. [PMID: 28216802 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Associations among personality, diurnal preference, and circadian phase were investigated using a constant routine laboratory protocol. One hundred and sixty-eight healthy participants aged 18-30 years (Women n = 68) completed either a 30- or 50-hour constant routine under dim-light conditions (<3 lux), during which circadian phase was measured from core body temperature and melatonin. Prior to laboratory admission, self-report measures of personality and diurnal preference were also obtained. The personality trait of Constraint correlated positively with morning diurnal preference and earlier circadian phase, with circadian phase partially mediating the relationship between Constraint and diurnal preference. No other personality variables correlated with circadian phase. Sex was an important covariate in several of the relationships investigated due to lower levels of Constraint and later CBT phase amongst men and was thus controlled for in all relevant analyses. Findings from this highly controlled study are consistent with previous field research in suggesting that earlier circadian phase is associated with the personality trait of Constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bullock
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G Murray
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J L Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - T Cooper-O'Neill
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - J J Gooley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - S W Cain
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - S W Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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99831
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Santtila P, Ritvanen A, Mokros A. Predicting Burglar Characteristics from Crime Scene Behaviour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1350/ijps.6.3.136.39127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to predict offender characteristics on the basis of crime scene behaviour in urban burglaries. The police files of 633 burglaries in the Finnish Metropolitan Area between 1990 and 2001 were content analysed using a predetermined list of variables. The crime scene behaviour variables were subjected to a principal component analysis. Fourteen factors indicative of different types of burglaries were identified and used to predict the characteristics of the 244 offenders using regression models. Statistically significant predictors of almost all offender characteristics were identified. From a practical point of view, the predictive models could be used in police investigations to narrow down the number of suspects.
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99832
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Hassan H, MoatySheha EAA, Nasr E. LEVEL OF STRESS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN WITH HEART PROBLEMS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH -GRANTHAALAYAH 2016; 4:220-230. [DOI: 10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i7.2016.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Although its prevalence is comparatively low in pregnant women, heart disease is the most significant cause of maternal mortality. About 2% of pregnancies involve maternal cardiovascular disease and this poses an increased risk to both mother and fetus. In-depth interviews for the convenience of 178 pregnant women with heart disease going through 400 pregnancies associated with medical disorders, which were booked in the high-risk obstetric departments and the antenatal outpatient clinics at all governmental hospitals in Beni-Surf City. The prevalence of heart disease of Pregnancy was 44.5%. The severity level of stress was found in the age group of 25-30 years, obese women, urban areas and women who were in their first trimester, Multigravida and who had a history still birth/birth defects. Statistically significant correlation was found between stress levels and age, education, occupation, income, obesity and residence. There is substantial evidence that heart disease with pregnancy is risk factors for adverse stress outcomes for mothers. More specifically, heart disease with pregnancy is associated with severe level of stress.
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99833
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Kelaher M, Ferdinand AS, Paradies Y, Warr D. Exploring the mental health benefits of participation in an Australian anti-racism intervention. Health Promot Int 2016; 33:107-114. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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99834
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Abstract
In Unfit for the Future, Ingmar Persson and Julian Savulescu present a sophisticated argument in defense of the imperative of moral enhancement. They claim that without moral enhancement, the future of humanity is seriously compromised. The possibility of ultimate harm, caused by a dreadful terrorist attack or by a final unpreventable escalation of the present environmental crisis aggravated by the availability of cognitive enhancement, makes moral enhancement a top priority. It may be considered optimistic to think that our present moral capabilities can be successfully improved by means of moral education, moral persuasion, and fear of punishment. So, without moral enhancement, drastic restrictions on human freedom would become the only alternative to prevent those dramatic potential outcomes. In this article, I will try to show that we still have reason to be less pessimistic and that Persson & Savulescu's arguments are fortunately unconvincing.
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99835
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Koger SM, Scott BA. Teaching Psychology for Sustainability: The Why and How. PSYCHOLOGY LEARNING AND TEACHING-PLAT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1475725716648238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral sciences can make vital contributions to environmental sustainability efforts, as relevant basic and applied psychological research has grown considerably over the past dozen years. Recently, conservation biologists, environmental policy makers, and other experts have recognized the importance of engaging with experts on human behavior (i.e., psychologists) in order to effect behavioral change in a sustainable direction. Lagging behind this trend, however, is the curricular integration of psychology and environmental sustainability in most psychology or environmental science/studies programs (ESS). Consequently, most psychology majors are graduating with no background in applying the field to promoting sustainability, and ESS students lack explicit education focused on understanding and changing human behavior. This paper provides an introduction to the rationale for integrating sustainability topics into psychology courses, and psychological concepts into ESS classes, along with some strategies for doing so at the level of individual course units as well as full courses.
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99836
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Upton D, Cooper CD. Online Health Psychology: Do Students Need it, Use it, like it and Want it? PSYCHOLOGY LEARNING AND TEACHING-PLAT 2016. [DOI: 10.2304/plat.2003.3.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Health psychology is taught across a range of courses throughout higher education institutions in the UK. This study aimed firstly to produce online teaching material in health psychology, ensuring that students from a range of courses and levels can access appropriate material. The second aim, which is the focus of this report, was to explore students' views on the material, their performance with the material and to explore any student group differences. Results suggested that some students taught through the online medium performed at a higher level in examinations than those taught through ‘traditional lectures’, and performance was correlated with usage of the material for psychology students. Furthermore, students appeared to enjoy the material although there was some reluctance to develop an independent learning style. There was also a noted difference between different student groups in terms of their views on the material and the rewards derived from it. It was apparent that material has to be developed that can both engage and motivate learners, thereby further developing independent learning, and that this may have to be tailored dependent on a number of student factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Upton
- University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK and The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carol D. Cooper
- University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK and The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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99837
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Cotrena C, Branco LD, Kochhann R, Shansis FM, Fonseca RP. Quality of life, functioning and cognition in bipolar disorder and major depression: A latent profile analysis. Psychiatry Res 2016; 241:289-96. [PMID: 27209359 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify profiles of functioning and quality of life (QOL) in depression (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy adults, as well as the clinical, demographic and cognitive variables associated with each of these profiles. Participants completed the WHODAS 2.0 and WHOQOL-BREF, which were submitted to latent profile analysis. The four cluster solution provided the best fit for our data. Cluster 1 consisted mostly of healthy adults, and had the highest functioning and QOL. Clusters 2 contained older patients with subclinical depressive symptoms and psychiatric comorbidities, whose impairments in QOL and functioning were associated with mood symptoms and several cognitive abilities. Patients with MDD, BDI or BDII with mild to moderate depression, such as those in cluster 3, may benefit more significantly from interventions in cognitive flexibility, inhibition, planning, and sustained attention. Lastly, patients with mood disorders and clinically significant levels of depression, as well as a history of suicide attempts, like those in cluster 4, may benefit from interventions aimed at working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility; that is, the three core executive functions. These findings should be further investigated, and used to guide treatments for patients with mood disorders and different patterns of functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Cotrena
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Laura Damiani Branco
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Renata Kochhann
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Flávio Milman Shansis
- Program for the Study and Research of Mood Disorders (PROPESTH), São Pedro Psychiatric Hospital, Brazil
| | - Rochele Paz Fonseca
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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99838
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Alqaderi H, Tavares M, Hartman M, Goodson JM. Effect of Sleep and Salivary Glucose on Gingivitis in Children. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1387-1393. [PMID: 27470068 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516661509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that inadequate sleep has deleterious effects on health by suppressing immunity and promoting inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sleep and salivary glucose levels on the development of gingivitis in a prospective longitudinal study of Kuwaiti children. Data were collected from 10-y-old children ( N = 6,316) in 2012 and again in 2014. Children were approximately equally distributed from 138 elementary schools representing the 6 governorates of Kuwait. Calibrated examiners conducted oral examination, self-reported sleep evaluation interviews, anthropomorphic measurements, and unstimulated whole saliva sample collection. Salivary glucose levels were measured by a florescent glucose oxidase method; values of salivary glucose ≥1.13 mg/dL were defined as high glucose levels. A multilevel random intercept and slope analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between sleep duration and gingivitis on 3 levels: within schools, among children, and over time. The outcome was the progression of the extent of gingival inflammation in children over time. The main independent variables were the number of daily sleep hours and salivary glucose levels. Other explanatory variables and confounders assessed were governorate, dental caries and restorations, and obesity by waist circumference (adjusted for snacking and sex). Gingivitis increased over time in children who had shorter sleep duration ( P < 0.05). Salivary glucose levels >1.13 mg/dL predicted gingivitis ( P < 0.05). Children who had more decayed or filled teeth had more gingivitis ( P < 0.05). No significant association was found between gingivitis and obesity. The level of gingivitis was different among the 6 governorates of Kuwait. Additionally, there was a strong clustering effect of the observations within schools and among children across time. Longitudinal analysis of 6,316 Kuwaiti children revealed that shorter sleep duration and higher salivary glucose levels were both associated with increased gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Alqaderi
- 1 Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Tavares
- 1 Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,2 Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Hartman
- 2 Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J M Goodson
- 2 Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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99839
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Stanciu A, Vos MW. Stereotype-based faultlines and out-group derogation in diverse teams: The moderating roles of task stereotypicality and need for cognition. The Journal of Social Psychology 2016; 157:352-365. [PMID: 27472245 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2016.1218321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alignment of individuals on more than one diversity attribute (i.e., faultlines) may lead to intergroup biases in teams, disrupting the efficiency expectancies. Research has yet to examine if this can be a consequence of a stereotypical consistency between social and information attributes of diversity. The present study tests the hypothesis that, in a team with a stereotype-based faultline (a stereotypical consistency between gender and skills), there is increased out-group derogation compared to a team with a stereotype-inconsistent faultline. Furthermore, the study proposes that tasks can activate stereotypes, and the need for cognition dictates whether stereotypes are applied. The findings confirm the hypothesis and additionally provide evidence that tasks that activate gender stereotypes emphasize out-group derogation, especially for team members with low need for cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Stanciu
- a Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences
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99840
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Guerra RC, White BA. Psychopathy and Functions of Aggression in Emerging Adulthood: Moderation by Anger Rumination and Gender. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-016-9563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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99841
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Sevos J, Grosselin A, Fedotova T, Massoubre C. Behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid emotional words in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2016; 241:195-200. [PMID: 27179694 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Many data suggest a disjunction between decreased emotional expressions and relatively preserved experience of and ability to assess emotions in schizophrenia. Based in an embodied approach of cognition, several studies have highlighted affective stimulus-response congruency effect in healthy subjects that show a direct link between the perception of emotion and associated motor responses. This study investigated whether the categorization of emotional words involves an automatic sensorimotor simulation of approach and avoidance behaviors. We asked 28 subjects with schizophrenia and 28 controls to execute arm movements of approach or avoidance to categorize emotional words, according to their valence (positive or negative). Controls were faster to respond to a positive stimulus with a movement of approach and a negative stimulus with a movement of avoidance (congruent condition) than to perform the inverted response movements (incongruent condition). However, responses of patients with schizophrenia did not differ according to congruence condition. Our results support the apparent non-involvement of covert sensorimotor simulation of approach and avoidance in the categorization of emotional stimuli by patients with schizophrenia, despite their understanding of the emotional valence of words. This absence of affective stimulus-response compatibility effect would imply a decoupling between emotional and bodily states in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sevos
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; Epsylon Laboratory, EA4556, Dynamics of Human Abilities and Health Behaviors, University of Montpellier III, Montpellier, France.
| | - Anne Grosselin
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; Epsylon Laboratory, EA4556, Dynamics of Human Abilities and Health Behaviors, University of Montpellier III, Montpellier, France
| | - Tatyana Fedotova
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Catherine Massoubre
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; EA TAPE, University of Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
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99842
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Linking cognitive and visual perceptual decline in healthy aging: The information degradation hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 69:166-73. [PMID: 27484869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several hypotheses attempt to explain the relation between cognitive and perceptual decline in aging (e.g., common-cause, sensory deprivation, cognitive load on perception, information degradation). Unfortunately, the majority of past studies examining this association have used correlational analyses, not allowing for these hypotheses to be tested sufficiently. This correlational issue is especially relevant for the information degradation hypothesis, which states that degraded perceptual signal inputs, resulting from either age-related neurobiological processes (e.g., retinal degeneration) or experimental manipulations (e.g., reduced visual contrast), lead to errors in perceptual processing, which in turn may affect non-perceptual, higher-order cognitive processes. Even though the majority of studies examining the relation between age-related cognitive and perceptual decline have been correlational, we reviewed several studies demonstrating that visual manipulations affect both younger and older adults' cognitive performance, supporting the information degradation hypothesis and contradicting implications of other hypotheses (e.g., common-cause, sensory deprivation, cognitive load on perception). The reviewed evidence indicates the necessity to further examine the information degradation hypothesis in order to identify mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline.
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99843
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What’s the value in it? Corporate giving under uncertainty. ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10490-016-9478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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99844
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Experience Playing a Musical Instrument and Overnight Sleep Enhance Performance on a Sequential Typing Task. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159608. [PMID: 27472398 PMCID: PMC4966959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The smooth, coordinated fine motor movements required to play a musical instrument are not only highly valued in our society; they also predict academic success in areas that generalize beyond the motor domain, including reading and math readiness, and verbal abilities. Interestingly, motor skills that overlap with those required to play a musical instrument (e.g., sequential finger tapping) markedly improve (get faster) over a night of sleep, but not after a day spent awake. Here we studied whether individuals who play musical instruments that require fine finger motor skill are better able to learn and consolidate a simple motor skill task compared to those who do not play an instrument, and whether sleep-specific motor skill benefits interact with those imparted by musical experience. We used the motor sequence task (MST), which taps into a core skill learned and used by musicians, namely, the repetition of learned sequences of key presses. Not surprisingly, we found that musicians were faster than non-musicians throughout the learning session, typing more correct sequences per 30-sec trial. In the 12hrs that followed learning we found that sleep and musical experience both led to greater improvement in performance. Surprisingly, musicians retested after a day of wake performed slightly better than non-musicians who had slept between training and retest, suggesting that musicians have the capacity to consolidate a motor skill across waking hours, while non-musicians appear to lack this capacity. These findings suggest that the musically trained brain is optimized for motor skill consolidation across both wake and sleep, and that sleep may simply promote a more effective use of this machinery. In sum, there may be something special about musicians, perhaps a neurophysiological advantage, that leads to both the expected-greater motor speed at learning-and the surprising-greater motor skill improvement over time.
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99845
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Fletcher EA, McNaughton SA, Lacy KE, Dunstan DW, Carson V, Salmon J. Mediating effects of dietary intake on associations of TV viewing, body mass index and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Obes Sci Pract 2016; 2:232-240. [PMID: 27708839 PMCID: PMC5043492 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence suggests that TV viewing is associated with body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents. However, it is unclear whether dietary intake mediates these relationships. Methods A cross‐sectional analysis was conducted in adolescents (12–19 years) participating in the 2003–2006 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. BMI z scores (zBMI) (n = 3,161) and MetS (n = 1,379) were calculated using age‐ and sex‐specific criteria for adolescents. TV viewing (h/day) was measured via a self‐reported questionnaire, and dietary intake was assessed using two 24‐h recalls. Using the MacKinnon method, a series of mediation analyses were conducted examining five dietary mediators (total energy intake, fruit and vegetable intake, discretionary snacks, sugar‐sweetened beverages and diet quality) of the relationships between TV viewing and zBMI and MetS. Results Small positive relationships were observed between TV viewing and zBMI (β = 0.99, p < 0.001) and TV viewing and MetS (OR = 1.18, p = 0.046). No dietary element appeared to mediate the relationship between TV viewing and zBMI. However, sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption and fruit and vegetable intake partially mediated the relationship between TV viewing and MetS, explaining 8.7% and 4.1% of the relationship, respectively. Conclusions These findings highlight the complexity of the relationships between TV viewing, dietary intake and cardiometabolic health outcomes, and that TV viewing should remain a target for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Fletcher
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - S A McNaughton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - K E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - D W Dunstan
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Australia; School of Public Health The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia; Department of Medicine Monash University Melbourne Australia; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health The University of Western Australia Perth Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research Australian Catholic University Melbourne Australia
| | - V Carson
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - J Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
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99846
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Ability–motivation–opportunity enhancing human resource practices and firm performance: Evidence from India. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/jmo.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study investigates the diverse performance outcomes related to the bundles/components of high-performance work systems on the basis of ability–motivation–opportunity model. Using the primary data from 563 employees of 204 firms operating in India (collected during the time period between March, 2012 and January, 2013), the study has indicated that employees’ perceptions regarding the applicability of ability-enhancing, motivation-enhancing, and opportunity-enhancing human resource practices result in enhanced affective commitment and superior firm performance. The results have revealed that affective commitment fully mediates the relationship of opportunity-enhancing human resource practices with firm performance and partially mediates the relationships of ability-enhancing and motivation-enhancing human resource practices with firm performance. The study contributes in unlocking the ‘black box’ related to the high-performance work systems and firm performance relationship by stressing upon the importance of affective commitment as a mediator. Managerial implications and directions for future research are also discussed.
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99847
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de Koning BB, Wassenburg SI, Bos LT, Van der Schoot M. Size Does Matter: Implied Object Size is Mentally Simulated During Language Comprehension. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/0163853x.2015.1119604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn B. de Koning
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie I. Wassenburg
- Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne T. Bos
- Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Van der Schoot
- Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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99848
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Corazza GE. Potential Originality and Effectiveness: The Dynamic Definition of Creativity. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2016.1195627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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99849
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Hall WJ, Chapman MV. Fidelity of Implementation of a State Antibullying Policy With a Focus on Protected Social Classes. JOURNAL OF SCHOOL VIOLENCE 2016; 17:58-73. [PMID: 29430215 PMCID: PMC5802375 DOI: 10.1080/15388220.2016.1208571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bullying threatens the mental and educational well-being of students. All states have enacted antibullying laws. This study surveyed 634 educators about the implementation of the North Carolina School Violence Prevention Act, which enumerated social classes protected from bullying: race, national origin, gender, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, gender identity, appearance, and disability. Results showed that local antibullying policies most often included race as a protected class and least often included sexual orientation and gender identity. More educators had been trained on bullying based on race than any other social class. Students were more often informed that bullying based on race was prohibited and were least often informed about prohibitions regarding sexual orientation and gender identity. Reporting, investigating, and remediating bullying was highest for racial bullying, followed by disability bullying, and was lowest for bullying based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Hall
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mimi V. Chapman
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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99850
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Brandt MJ, Crawford JT. Answering Unresolved Questions About the Relationship Between Cognitive Ability and Prejudice. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550616660592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research finds that lower cognitive ability predicts greater prejudice. We test two unresolved questions about this association using a heterogeneous set of target groups and data from a representative sample of the United States ( N = 5,914). First, we test “who are the targets of prejudice?” We replicate prior negative associations between cognitive ability and prejudice for groups who are perceived as liberal, unconventional, and having lower levels of choice over group membership. We find the opposite (i.e., positive associations), however, for groups perceived as conservative, conventional, and having higher levels of choice over group membership. Second, we test “who shows intergroup bias?” and find that people with both relatively higher and lower levels of cognitive ability show approximately equal levels of intergroup bias but toward different sets of groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Brandt
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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