99801
|
Paek SY, Miyagawa F, Zhang H, Linton JT, Hoover SB, Simpson RM, Katz SI. Soluble peptide treatment reverses CD8 T-cell-induced disease in a mouse model of spontaneous tissue-selective autoimmunity. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:677-86. [PMID: 22089830 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic (Tg) mouse models of autoimmunity have been used to express model antigens that can be recognized by T cells or by autoantibodies. To identify mechanisms of CD8-mediated tissue-specific autoimmune reactions and to identify potential treatments, we generated a double-transgenic (DTg) murine model of autoimmunity by crossing keratin-14 (K14)-soluble chicken ovalbumin (sOVA) mice, which express sOVA predominantly in external ear skin, with OT-I mice whose CD8 T cells express Vα2/Vβ5 regions of the TCR and are specific for SIINFEKL peptide (chicken ovalbumin (OVA) peptide 257-264) in association with class I major histocompatibility complex. The K14-sOVA/OT-I DTg mice develop a destructive process selectively targeting the external ear pinnae in the first 6 days of life. The ear bud area develops an intense inflammatory infiltrate of OT-I cells. Administration of the SIINFEKL peptide intravenously to pregnant F1 (filial 1, first filial generation of animal offspring from cross-mating two parental types) mice and subsequently intraperitoneally to newborn pups resulted in normal external ear development. Treatment with this self-peptide markedly reduced OT-I cell numbers, as well as downregulated the CD8 co-receptor. This model can be useful in studying localized, tissue-specific, immune-mediated skin disease, and provide information about potential therapies for autoimmune diseases in which specific molecular targets are known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Paek
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99802
|
Cormet-Boyaka E, Jolivette K, Bonnegarde-Bernard A, Rennolds J, Hassan F, Mehta P, Tridandapani S, Webster-Marketon J, Boyaka PN. An NF-κB-independent and Erk1/2-dependent mechanism controls CXCL8/IL-8 responses of airway epithelial cells to cadmium. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:418-29. [PMID: 22094458 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells in the lung are the first line of defense against pathogens and environmental pollutants. Inhalation of the environmental pollutant cadmium has been linked to the development of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. To address the role of airway epithelial cells in cadmium-induced lung inflammation, we investigated how cadmium regulates secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8) by airway epithelial cells. We show that exposure of human airway epithelial cells to subtoxic doses of cadmium in vitro promotes a characteristic inflammatory cytokine response consisting of IL-8, but not IL-1β or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. We also found that intranasal delivery of cadmium increases lung levels of the murine IL-8 homologs macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and keracinocyte-derived chemokine and results in an influx of Gr1+ cells into the lung. We determined that inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway had no effect on cadmium-induced IL-8 secretion by human airway epithelial cells, suggesting that IL-8 production was mediated through an NF-κB-independent pathway. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are often involved in proinflammatory signaling. Cadmium could activate the main MAPKs (i.e., p38, JNK, and Erk1/2) in human airway epithelial cells. However, only pharmacological inhibition of Erk1/2 pathway or knockdown of the expression of Erk1 and Erk2 using small interfering RNAs suppressed secretion of IL-8 induced by cadmium. Our findings identify cadmium as a potent activator of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 in lung epithelial cells and reveal for the first time the role of an NF-κB-independent but Erk1/2-dependent pathway in cadmium-induced lung inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99803
|
|
99804
|
Poly-γ-glutamic acid nanoparticles and aluminum adjuvant used as an adjuvant with a single dose of Japanese encephalitis virus-like particles provide effective protection from Japanese encephalitis virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 19:17-22. [PMID: 22089248 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05412-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To maintain immunity against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a formalin-inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine should be administered several times. The repeated vaccination is not helpful in the case of a sudden outbreak of JEV or when urgent travel to a high-JEV-risk region is required; however, there are few single-injection JE vaccine options. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of a single dose of a new effective JE virus-like particle preparation containing the JE envelope protein (JE-VLP). Although single administration with JE-VLP protected less than 50% of mice against lethal JEV infection, adding poly(γ-glutamic acid) nanoparticles (γ-PGA-NPs) or aluminum adjuvant (alum) to JE-VLP significantly protected more than 90% of the mice. A single injection of JE-VLP with either γ-PGA-NPs or alum induced a significantly greater anti-JEV neutralizing antibody titer than JE-VLP alone. The enhanced titers were maintained for more than 6 months, resulting in long-lasting protection of 90% of the immunized mice. Although the vaccine design needs further modification to reach 100% protection, a single dose of JE-VLP with γ-PGA-NPs may be a useful step in developing a next-generation vaccine to stop a JE outbreak or to immunize travelers or military personnel.
Collapse
|
99805
|
Waight JD, Hu Q, Miller A, Liu S, Abrams SI. Tumor-derived G-CSF facilitates neoplastic growth through a granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27690. [PMID: 22110722 PMCID: PMC3218014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are induced under diverse pathologic conditions, including neoplasia, and suppress innate and adaptive immunity. While the mechanisms by which MDSC mediate immunosuppression are well-characterized, details on how they develop remain less understood. This is complicated further by the fact that MDSC comprise multiple myeloid cell types, namely monocytes and granulocytes, reflecting diverse stages of differentiation and the proportion of these subpopulations vary among different neoplastic models. Thus, it is thought that the type and quantities of inflammatory mediators generated during neoplasia dictate the composition of the resultant MDSC response. Although much interest has been devoted to monocytic MDSC biology, a fundamental gap remains in our understanding of the derivation of granulocytic MDSC. In settings of heightened granulocytic MDSC responses, we hypothesized that inappropriate production of G-CSF is a key initiator of granulocytic MDSC accumulation. We observed abundant amounts of G-CSF in vivo, which correlated with robust granulocytic MDSC responses in multiple tumor models. Using G-CSF loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we demonstrated for the first time that: 1) abrogating G-CSF production significantly diminished granulocytic MDSC accumulation and tumor growth; 2) ectopically over-expressing G-CSF in G-CSF-negative tumors significantly augmented granulocytic MDSC accumulation and tumor growth; and 3) treatment of naïve healthy mice with recombinant G-CSF protein elicited granulocytic-like MDSC remarkably similar to those induced under tumor-bearing conditions. Collectively, we demonstrated that tumor-derived G-CSF enhances tumor growth through granulocytic MDSC-dependent mechanisms. These findings provide us with novel insights into MDSC subset development and potentially new biomarkers or targets for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Waight
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Austin Miller
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott I. Abrams
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
99806
|
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 is critical for protection against Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Virol 2011; 86:1531-43. [PMID: 22090123 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06457-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of dendritic and glial cells with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces various cytokines via Toll-like receptor- and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-dependent pathways. However, the involvement and role of MDA5 in cytokine gene activation and the pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that MDA5 plays a critical role in the production of TMEV-induced alpha interferon (IFN-α) during early viral infection and in protection against the development of virus-induced demyelinating disease. Our results indicate that MDA5-deficient 129SvJ mice display significantly higher viral loads and apparent demyelinating lesions in the central nerve system (CNS) accompanied by clinical symptoms compared with wild-type 129SvJ mice. During acute viral infection, MDA5-deficient mice produced elevated levels of chemokines, consistent with increased cellular infiltration, but reduced levels of IFN-α, known to control T cell responses and cellular infiltration. Additional studies with isolated CNS glial cells from these mice suggest that cells from MDA5-deficient mice are severely compromised in the production of IFN-α upon viral infection, which results in increased cellular infiltration and viral loads in the CNS. Despite inadequate stimulation, the overall T cell responses to the viral determinants were significantly elevated in MDA5-deficient mice, reflecting the increased cellular infiltration. Therefore, the lack of MDA5-mediated IFN-α production may facilitate a massive viral load and elevated cellular infiltration in the CNS during early viral infection, leading to the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease.
Collapse
|
99807
|
Mukai Y, Yoshinaga T, Yoshikawa M, Matsuo K, Yoshikawa T, Matsuo K, Niki K, Yoshioka Y, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum-endosome fusion for antigen cross-presentation induced by poly (γ-glutamic acid) nanoparticles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6249-55. [PMID: 22095716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that poly (γ-glutamic acid)-based nanoparticles (γ-PGA NPs) are excellent vaccine carriers for inducing efficient cross-presentation in dendritic cells, thereby producing strong antitumor immunity in vivo. Analyzing the mechanism of cross-presentation induced by γ-PGA NPs will be useful toward designing novel vaccine carriers. In this study, we show an intracellular mechanism of efficient cross-presentation induced by OVA-loaded γ-PGA NPs. Cross-presentation induced by γ-PGA NPs depended on cytoplasmic proteasomes and TAP, similar to the classical MHC class I presentation pathway for endogenous Ags. Intracellular behavior analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that encapsulated OVA and γ-PGA accumulated in both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and endosome compartments within 2 h. At the same time, electron microscopy analysis clearly showed that intracellular γ-PGA NPs and encapsulated Au NPs were enveloped in endosome-like vesicles, not in the ER. These findings strongly suggest that γ-PGA NPs enhance ER-endosome fusion for cross-presentation. Moreover, inhibition of ER translocon sec61 significantly decreased the γ-PGA NP/OVA-mediated cross-presentation efficiency, indicating that sec61 is important for transporting Ags from the fused ER-endosome to the cytoplasm. These findings imply that the ER-endosome complex is key for the efficient cross-presentation of Ags encapsulated in γ-PGA NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Mukai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99808
|
Marron TU, Martinez-Gallo M, Yu JE, Cunningham-Rundles C. Toll-like receptor 4-, 7-, and 8-activated myeloid cells from patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia produce enhanced inflammatory cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:184-90.e1-4. [PMID: 22088613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a component of signaling pathways downstream from Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, 7, 8, and 9. Previous work in BTK-deficient mice, cell lines, and cultured cells from patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) suggested defective TLR-driven cytokine production. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare TLR-4-, TLR-7-, and TLR-8-induced cytokine production of primary cells from patients with XLA with that seen in control cells. METHODS PBMCs from patients with XLA, freshly isolated plasmacytoid dendritic cells, monocytes, and monocytoid dendritic cells were activated with TLR-4, TLR-7, and TLR-8 agonists. Signaling intermediates and intracellular and secreted cytokine levels were compared with those seen in control cells. RESULTS Although TLR-4, TLR-7, and TLR-8 activation of nuclear factor κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in cells from patients with XLA and control cells were comparable, TLR-activated freshly isolated monocytes and monocytoid dendritic cells from patients with XLA produced significantly more TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 than control cells. TLR-7/8-activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells produced normal amounts of IFN-α. In murine models BTK regulates the degradation of Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein, terminating TLR-4-induced cytokine production. Although this might explain the heightened TLR-4-driven cytokine production we observed, Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein degradation is intact in cells from patients with XLA, excluding this explanation. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous studies with BTK-deficient mice, cell lines, and cultured cells from patients with XLA suggesting impaired TLR-driven cytokine production, these data suggest that BTK inhibits TLR-induced cytokine production in primary human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas U Marron
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99809
|
Hu Y, Wang J, Yang B, Zheng N, Qin M, Ji Y, Lin G, Tian L, Wu X, Wu L, Sun B. Guanylate binding protein 4 negatively regulates virus-induced type I IFN and antiviral response by targeting IFN regulatory factor 7. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6456-62. [PMID: 22095711 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IRF7 is known as the master regulator in virus-triggered induction of type I IFNs (IFN-I). In this study, we identify GBP4 virus-induced protein interacting with IRF7 as a negative regulator for IFN-I response. Overexpression of GBP4 inhibits virus-triggered activation of IRF7-dependent signaling, but has no effect on NF-κB signaling, whereas the knockdown of GBP4 has opposite effects. Furthermore, the supernatant from Sendai virus-infected cells in which GBP4 have been silenced inhibits the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus more efficiently. Competitive coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicate that overexpression of GBP4 disrupts the interactions between TRAF6 and IRF7, resulting in impaired TRAF6-mediated IRF7 ubiquitination. Our results suggest that GBP4 is a negative regulator of virus-triggered IFN-I production, and it is identified as a novel protein targeting IRF7 and inhibiting its function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99810
|
Moon PD, Kim HM. The suppression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression by selenium. Amino Acids 2011; 43:999-1004. [PMID: 22086213 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a key mediator of allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Selenium (Se) has various effects such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiulcer, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effect of Se on the production of TSLP has not been clarified. Thus, we investigated how Se inhibits the production of TSLP in the human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells. Se suppressed the production and mRNA expression of TSLP in HMC-1 cells. The maximal inhibition rate of TSLP production by Se (10 μM) was 59.14 ± 1.10%. In addition, Se suppressed the nuclear factor-κB luciferase activity induced by phorbol myristate acetate plus A23187. In the activated HMC-1 cells, the activation of caspase-1 was increased; whereas the activation of caspase-1 was decreased by pretreatment with Se. These results suggest that Se can be used to treat inflammatory and atopic diseases through the suppression of TSLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phil-Dong Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
99811
|
Mishra PK, Wu W, Rozo C, Hallab NJ, Benevenia J, Gause WC. Micrometer-sized titanium particles can induce potent Th2-type responses through TLR4-independent pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6491-8. [PMID: 22095717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wear debris in joint replacements has been suggested as a cause of associated tissue-damaging inflammation. In this study, we examined whether solid titanium microparticles (mTi) of sufficient size to accumulate as wear debris could stimulate innate or adaptive immunity in vivo. mTi, administered in conjunction with OVA, promoted total and Ag-specific elevations in serum IgE and IgG1. Analysis of transferred transgenic OVA-specific naive T cells further showed that mTi acted as an adjuvant to drive Ag-specific Th2 cell differentiation in vivo. Assessment of the innate response indicated that mTi induced rapid recruitment and differentiation of alternatively activated macrophages in vivo, through IL-4- and TLR4-independent pathways. These studies suggest that solid microparticles alone can act as adjuvants to induce potent innate and adaptive Th2-type immune responses and further suggest that wear debris in joint replacements may have Th2-type inflammatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj K Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99812
|
Bonafè M, Storci G, Franceschi C. Inflamm-aging of the stem cell niche: breast cancer as a paradigmatic example: breakdown of the multi-shell cytokine network fuels cancer in aged people. Bioessays 2011; 34:40-9. [PMID: 22086861 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflamm-aging is a relatively new terminology used to describe the age-related increase in the systemic pro-inflammatory status of humans. Here, we represent inflamm-aging as a breakdown in the multi-shell cytokine network, in which stem cells and stromal fibroblasts (referred to as the stem cell niche) become pro-inflammatory cytokine over-expressing cells due to the accumulation of DNA damage. Inflamm-aging self-propagates owing to the capability of pro-inflammatory cytokines to ignite the DNA-damage response in other cells surrounding DNA-damaged cells. Macrophages, the major cellular player in inflamm-aging, amplify the phenomenon, by broadcasting pro-inflammatory signals at both local and systemic levels. On the basis of this, we propose that inflamm-aging is a major contributor to the increase in cancer incidence and progression in aged people. Breast cancer will be presented as a paradigmatic example for this relationship.
Collapse
|
99813
|
Shimoyama A, Saeki A, Tanimura N, Tsutsui H, Miyake K, Suda Y, Fujimoto Y, Fukase K. Chemical synthesis of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide partial structures and their selective proinflammatory responses. Chemistry 2011; 17:14464-74. [PMID: 22095469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a common cause of gastroduodenal inflammatory diseases such as chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers and also an important factor in gastric carcinogenesis. Recent reports have demonstrated that bacterial inflammatory processes, such as stimulation with H. pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS), initiate atherosclerosis. To establish the structures responsible for the inflammatory response of H. pylori LPS, we synthesized various kinds of lipid A structures (i.e., triacylated lipid A and Kdo-lipid A compounds), with or without the ethanolamine group at the 1-phosphate moiety, by a new divergent synthetic route. Stereoselective α-glycosylation of Kdo N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidate was achieved by use of microfluidic methods. None of the lipid A and Kdo-lipid A compounds were a strong inducer of IL-1β, IL-6, or IL-8, suggesting that H. pylori LPS is unable to induce acute inflammation. In fact, the lipid A and Kdo-lipid A compounds showed antagonistic activity against cytokine induction by E. coli LPS, except for the lipid A compound with the ethanolamine group, which showed very weak agonistic activity. On the other hand, these H. pylori LPS partial structures showed potent IL-18- and IL-12-inducing activities. IL-18 has been shown to correlate with chronic inflammation, so H. pylori LPS might be implicated in the chronic inflammatory responses induced by H. pylori. These results also indicated that H. pylori LPS can modulate the immune response: NF-κB activation through hTLR4/MD-2 was suppressed, whereas production of IL-18 and IL-12 was promoted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99814
|
Bosurgi L, Manfredi AA, Rovere-Querini P. Macrophages in injured skeletal muscle: a perpetuum mobile causing and limiting fibrosis, prompting or restricting resolution and regeneration. Front Immunol 2011; 2:62. [PMID: 22566851 PMCID: PMC3341990 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are present in regenerating skeletal muscles and participate in the repair process. This is due to a unique feature of macrophages, i.e., their ability to perceive signals heralding ongoing tissue injury and to broadcast the news to cells suited at regenerating the tissue such as stem and progenitor cells. Macrophages play a complex role in the skeletal muscle, probably conveying information on the pattern of healing which is appropriate to ensure an effective healing of the tissue, yielding novel functional fibers. Conversely, they are likely to be involved in limiting the efficacy of regeneration, with formation of fibrotic scars and fat replacement of the tissue when the original insult persists. In this review we consider the beneficial versus the detrimental actions of macrophages during the response to muscle injury, with attention to the available information on the molecular code macrophages rely on to guide, throughout the various phases of muscle healing, the function of conventional and unconventional stem cells. Decrypting this code would represent a major step forward toward the establishment of novel targeted therapies for muscle diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bosurgi
- Unit of Innate Immunity and Tissue Remodelling, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele Milano, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99815
|
Double-walled carbon nanotubes trigger IL-1β release in human monocytes through Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 8:987-95. [PMID: 22100755 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of their outstanding physical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising new materials in the field of nanotechnology. It is therefore imperative to assess their adverse effects on human health. Monocytes/macrophages that recognize and eliminate the inert particles constitute the main target of CNTs. In this article, we report our finding that double-walled CNTs (DWCNTs) synergize with Toll-like receptor agonists to enhance IL-1β release in human monocytes. We show that DWCNTs-induced IL-1β secretion is exclusively linked to caspase-1 and to Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in human monocytes. We also establish that this activation requires DWCNTs phagocytosis and potassium efflux, but not reactive oxygen specied (ROS) generation. Moreover, inhibition of lysosomal acidification or cathepsin-B activation reduces DWCNT-induced IL-1β secretion, suggesting that Nlrp3 inflammasome activation occurs via lysosomal destabilization. Thus, DWCNTs present a health hazard due to their capacity to activate Nlrp3 inflammasome, recalling the inflammation caused by asbestos and hence demonstrating that they should be used with caution.
Collapse
|
99816
|
Savilahti EM, Kukkonen AK, Haahtela T, Tuure T, Kuitunen M, Savilahti E. Intestinal defensin secretion in infancy is associated with the emergence of sensitization and atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:405-11. [PMID: 22093109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal flora and innate immunity, and their interactions impact adaptive immunity. OBJECTIVE To study the association of fecal defensin levels in infancy with synbiotic treatment and with the emergence of atopy. METHODS The randomly selected group of 102 infants belonged to a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial where 1223 infants in high risk for allergy received, from birth to 6 months, a mixture of synbiotics, or placebo. Clinical trials registration number for the clinical trial is NCT00298337. In the subgroup, 45 received active treatment and 56 received placebo treatment. Follow-up for the emergence of sensitization and allergic diseases lasted 5 years. At the age of 3 (n = 96) and 6 (n = 87) months, we measured fecal levels of human neutrophil peptide (HNP) 1-3 and of β-defensin 2 (HBD2) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays and concentrations of lactic acid bacteria on MRS agar. We used multifactorial regression in data analysis. RESULTS Fecal levels of HNP1-3 and HBD2 decreased from the age of 3-6 months (P < 0.0001). HBD2 levels decreased less in the synbiotics group compared with placebo (P < 0.02). High fecal HBD2 levels at 6 months were associated with an increased risk for sensitization by the age of 5 years (OR 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1-5.8, P < 0.03). High fecal HNP1-3 levels at 6 months were associated with a decreased risk for atopic dermatitis (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1-1.0, P < 0.05). Samples with very low or high HBD2 levels at 6 months had low concentrations of lactic acid bacteria (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Early innate immunity responses in the gut are associated with the emergence of sensitization and atopic dermatitis later in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Savilahti
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99817
|
Ohyashiki M, Ohyashiki JH, Hirota A, Kobayashi C, Ohyashiki K. Age-related decrease of miRNA-92a levels in human CD8+ T-cells correlates with a reduction of naïve T lymphocytes. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2011; 8:11. [PMID: 22082184 PMCID: PMC3225295 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-17-92a expression plays a crucial role in lymphocyte ontogeny. We therefore set out to determine miR-92a expression levels in peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy subjects to ascertain any association between these levels and ageing. We found a positive correlation between the miR-92a expression level and the percentages of RO-CD8+CD27+ (P = 0.0046) and CD3+CD8+CD62L+ (P = 0.0011). This suggests that the majority of miR-92a of CD8+ T cells is derived from naïve cells, and the miR-92a expression level in CD8+ T cells declines progressively with age. These results indicate that the age-related attrition of naïve T cells is linked to a reduction of miR-92a in human T -lymphocytes. Therefore, we should careful attention when evaluating human miRNA levels in T lymphocytes to use normal control values.
Collapse
|
99818
|
Garrone P, Fluckiger AC, Mangeot PE, Gauthier E, Dupeyrot-Lacas P, Mancip J, Cangialosi A, Du Chéné I, LeGrand R, Mangeot I, Lavillette D, Bellier B, Cosset FL, Tangy F, Klatzmann D, Dalba C. A prime-boost strategy using virus-like particles pseudotyped for HCV proteins triggers broadly neutralizing antibodies in macaques. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:94ra71. [PMID: 21813755 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with its cohort of life-threatening complications, affects more than 200 million persons worldwide and has a prevalence of more than 10% in certain countries. Preventive and therapeutic vaccines against HCV are thus much needed. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are the foundation for successful disease prevention for most established vaccines. However, for viruses that cause chronic infection such as HIV or HCV, induction of broad NAbs from recombinant vaccines has remained elusive. We developed a vaccine platform specifically aimed at inducing NAbs based on pseudotyped virus-like particles (VLPs) made with retroviral Gag. We report that VLPs pseudotyped with E2 and/or E1 HCV envelope glycoproteins induced high-titer anti-E2 and/or anti-E1 antibodies, as well as NAbs, in both mouse and macaque. The NAbs, which were raised against HCV 1a, cross-neutralized the five other genotypes tested (1b, 2a, 2b, 4, and 5). Thus, the described VLP platform, which can be pseudotyped with a vast array of virus envelope glycoproteins, represents a new approach to viral vaccine development.
Collapse
|
99819
|
Hashimoto D, Miller J, Merad M. Dendritic cell and macrophage heterogeneity in vivo. Immunity 2011; 35:323-35. [PMID: 21943488 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) are hematopoietic cells found in all tissues in the steady state that share the ability to sample the environment but have distinct function in tissue immunity. Controversies remain on the best way to distinguish macrophages from DCs in vivo. In this Perspective, we discuss how recent discoveries in the origin of the DC and macrophage lineage help establish key functional differences between tissue DC and macrophage subsets. We also emphasize the need to further understand the functional heterogeneity of the tissue DC and macrophage lineages to better comprehend the complex role of these cells in tissue homeostasis and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Hashimoto
- Department of Oncological Sciences, 1425 Madison Avenue, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99820
|
The confluence of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy and tumor immunology. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:439752. [PMID: 22162711 PMCID: PMC3227385 DOI: 10.1155/2011/439752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stereotactic radiation approaches are gaining more popularity for the treatment of intracranial as well as extracranial tumors in organs such as the liver and lung. Technology, rather than biology, is driving the rapid adoption of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), also known as stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), in the clinic due to advances in precise positioning and targeting. Dramatic improvements in tumor control have been demonstrated; however, our knowledge of normal tissue biology response mechanisms to large fraction sizes is lacking. Herein, we will discuss how SABR can induce cellular expression of MHC I, adhesion molecules, costimulatory molecules, heat shock proteins, inflammatory mediators, immunomodulatory cytokines, and death receptors to enhance antitumor immune responses.
Collapse
|
99821
|
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins and transcription factors. There is abundant evidence that these enzymes regulate the acetylation state of many cytoplasmic proteins, including lysine residues in important metabolic enzymes. Lysine acetylation regulates major cellular functions as a common post-transcriptional modification of proteins, conserved from prokaryotes to humans. In this article, we refer to HATs and HDACs broadly as lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and deacetylases (KDACs). Lysine acetylation is vitally important in both immunological and metabolic pathways and may regulate the balance between energy storage and expenditure. Obesity, type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease (metabolic syndrome) are widely recognised as features of a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, involving significant alterations in primary immunometabolism. Identifying effective therapeutic and preventive options to treat this multi-factorial syndrome has proven to be very challenging, with an emerging focus on developing anti-inflammatory agents that can combat adiposity and metabolic disease. Here, we summarise current evidence and understanding of innate immune and metabolic pathways relevant to adiposity and metabolic disease regulated by lysine acetylation. Developing this understanding in greater detail may facilitate strategic development of novel and enzyme-specific lysine deacetylase modulators that regulate both metabolic and immune systems.
Collapse
|
99822
|
Regulatory T cells accumulate in the lung allergic inflammation and efficiently suppress T-cell proliferation but not Th2 cytokine production. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:721817. [PMID: 22162718 PMCID: PMC3227414 DOI: 10.1155/2012/721817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells are vital for peripheral tolerance and control of tissue inflammation. In this study, we characterized the phenotype and monitored the migration and activity of regulatory T cells present in the airways of allergic or tolerant mice after allergen challenge. To induce lung allergic inflammation, mice were sensitized twice with ovalbumin/aluminum hydroxide gel and challenged twice with intranasal ovalbumin. Tolerance was induced by oral administration of ovalbumin for 5 consecutive days prior to OVA sensitization and challenge. We detected regulatory T cells (Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ T cells) in the airways of allergic and tolerant mice; however, the number of regulatory T cells was more than 40-fold higher in allergic mice than in tolerant mice. Lung regulatory T cells expressed an effector/memory phenotype (CCR4highCD62LlowCD44highCD54highCD69+) that distinguished them from naive regulatory T cells (CCR4intCD62LhighCD44intCD54intCD69−). These regulatory T cells efficiently suppressed pulmonary T-cell proliferation but not Th2 cytokine production.
Collapse
|
99823
|
Pontikoglou C, Deschaseaux F, Sensebé L, Papadaki HA. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: biological properties and their role in hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:569-89. [PMID: 21249477 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells that are present in practically all tissues as a specialized population of mural cells/pericytes that lie on the abluminal side of blood vessels. Originally identified within the bone marrow (BM) stroma, not only do they provide microenvironmental support for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but can also differentiate into various mesodermal lineages. MSCs can easily be isolated from the BM and subsequently expand in vitro and in addition they exhibit intriguing immunomodulatory properties, thereby emerging as attractive candidates for various therapeutic applications. This review addresses the concept of BM MSCs via a hematologist's point of view. In this context it discusses the stem cell properties that have been attributed to BM MSCs, as compared to those of the prototypic hematopoietic stem cell model and then gives a brief overview of the in vitro and vivo features of the former, emphasizing on their immunoregulatory properties and their hematopoiesis-supporting role. In addition, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of BM MSCs within the context of a defective microenvironment, such as the one characterizing Myelodysplastic Syndromes are described and the potential involvement of these cells in the pathophysiology of the disease is discussed. Finally, emerging clinical applications of BM MSCs in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are reviewed and potential hazards from MSC use are outlined.
Collapse
|
99824
|
Arginase-dependent suppression by CpG-ODN plus IFA-induced splenic myeloid CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:710-21. [PMID: 22083526 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine guanine motifs (CpG-ODN) to induce both stimulatory and counter-regulatory responses offers novel opportunities for using these molecules as immunomodulatory agents in different therapeutic strategies. Here, we investigated the potential of CpG-ODN to activate the arginase (ARG) enzyme in vivo and focused on the consequences of this activation in T-cell proliferation. Challenging mice subcutaneously with CpG-ODN emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) induced ARG and reduced T-cell proliferation associated with CD3ζ chain downregulation. Interestingly, impaired T-cell expansion correlated with elevated levels of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) myeloid cells localized near T-cell areas in the spleen. In addition, purified CD11b(+) cells obtained from the spleen of CpG-ODN+IFA-treated mice exhibited increased ARG activity and ARG I expression along with an augmented [(3)H]-L-arginine uptake. CD11b(+) myeloid cells significantly suppressed T-cell proliferation and CD3ζ chain expression induced by a polyclonal stimulus. Furthermore, these effects could be recovered by the addition of excess L-arginine or by treatment of CD11b(+) cells with a specific ARG inhibitor. This study provides a novel evidence that CpG-ODN+IFA are able to induce splenic CD11b(+) cells with ARG activity, with this population being responsible for the impaired T-cell proliferation observed after the treatment with CpG-ODN+IFA. These results underscore a key role of CpG-ODN on ARG activity in vivo and add support to the growing body of evidence in favor of a counter-regulatory role for CpG-ODN in an immune response.
Collapse
|
99825
|
Barbosa-Lorenzi VC, Buranello PADA, Roque-Barreira MC, Jamur MC, Oliver C, Pereira-da-Silva G. The lectin ArtinM binds to mast cells inducing cell activation and mediator release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:318-24. [PMID: 22108054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are inflammatory cells that respond to signals of innate and adaptive immunity with immediate and delayed release of mediators. ArtinM, a lectin from Artocarpus integrifolia with immunomodulatory activities, is able to induce mast cell activation, but the mechanisms remain unknown. This study sought to further investigate the effects of the lectin on mast cells. We showed that ArtinM binds to mast cells, possibly to the high affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) - FcεRI - and/or to IgE bound to FcεRI. Binding of the lectin resulted in protein tyrosine phosphorylation and release of the pre- and newly-formed mediators, β-hexosaminidase and LTB(4) by mast cells, activities that were potentiated in the presence of IgE. ArtinM also induced the activation of the transcription factors NFκB and NFAT, resulting in expression of some of their target genes such as IL-4 and TNF-α. In view of the established significance of mast cells in many immunological and inflammatory reactions, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in mast cell activation by ArtinM is crucial to the pharmacological application of the lectin.
Collapse
|
99826
|
Kadl A, Sharma PR, Chen W, Agrawal R, Meher AK, Rudraiah S, Grubbs N, Sharma R, Leitinger N. Oxidized phospholipid-induced inflammation is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1903-9. [PMID: 21925592 PMCID: PMC3197756 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative tissue damage is a hallmark of many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the precise mechanisms linking oxidative changes to inflammatory reactions remain unclear. Herein we show that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) translates oxidative tissue damage into inflammatory responses by mediating the effects of oxidized phospholipids. Intraperitoneal injection of oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-3-glycerophosphorylcholine (OxPAPC) resulted in upregulation of inflammatory genes in wild-type, but not in TLR2(-/-) mice. In vitro, OxPAPC induced TLR2 (but not TLR4)-dependent inflammatory gene expression and JNK and p38 signaling in macrophages. Induction of TLR2-dependent gene expression required reducible functional groups on sn-2 acyl chains of oxidized phospholipids, as well as serum cofactors. Finally, TLR2(-/-) mice were protected against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative tissue damage and inflammation, which was accompanied by accumulation of oxidized phospholipids in livers. Together, our findings demonstrate that TLR2 mediates cellular responses to oxidative tissue damage and they provide new insights into how oxidative stress is linked to acute and chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kadl
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Poonam R. Sharma
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Wenshu Chen
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rachana Agrawal
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Akshaya K. Meher
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Nathaniel Grubbs
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| |
Collapse
|
99827
|
Orthwein A, Zahn A, Methot SP, Godin D, Conticello SG, Terada K, Di Noia JM. Optimal functional levels of activation-induced deaminase specifically require the Hsp40 DnaJa1. EMBO J 2011; 31:679-91. [PMID: 22085931 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme activation-induced deaminase (AID) deaminates deoxycytidine at the immunoglobulin genes, thereby initiating antibody affinity maturation and isotype class switching during immune responses. In contrast, off-target DNA damage caused by AID is oncogenic. Central to balancing immunity and cancer is AID regulation, including the mechanisms determining AID protein levels. We describe a specific functional interaction between AID and the Hsp40 DnaJa1, which provides insight into the function of both proteins. Although both major cytoplasmic type I Hsp40s, DnaJa1 and DnaJa2, are induced upon B-cell activation and interact with AID in vitro, only DnaJa1 overexpression increases AID levels and biological activity in cell lines. Conversely, DnaJa1, but not DnaJa2, depletion reduces AID levels, stability and isotype switching. In vivo, DnaJa1-deficient mice display compromised response to immunization, AID protein and isotype switching levels being reduced by half. Moreover, DnaJa1 farnesylation is required to maintain, and farnesyltransferase inhibition reduces, AID protein levels in B cells. Thus, DnaJa1 is a limiting factor that plays a non-redundant role in the functional stabilization of AID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Orthwein
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Genetic Diversity, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99828
|
Chen Y, Gu J, Li D, Li S. Time-course network analysis reveals TNF-α can promote G1/S transition of cell cycle in vascular endothelial cells. Bioinformatics 2011; 28:1-4. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
|
99829
|
Marietta EV, David CS, Murray JA. Important lessons derived from animal models of celiac disease. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 30:197-206. [PMID: 21787225 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.598978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several animal models have been recently developed to recapitulate various components of the complex process that is celiac disease. In addition to the increasing diversity of murine models there are now monkey models of celiac disease. Mouse strains and protocols have been developed that are now just beginning to address the complex interactions among the innate and adaptive immune responses to gluten, as well as gluten-dependent autoimmunity in celiac disease. The most important conclusion that these models have provided us with so far is that while all three components (innate gluten sensitivity, adaptive gluten sensitivity, and autoimmunity) are independent phenomena, all are necessary for celiac disease to develop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E V Marietta
- Department of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99830
|
CD40L-containing virus-like particle as a candidate HIV-1 vaccine targeting dendritic cells. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 56:393-400. [PMID: 21239998 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31820b844e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The central role of dendritic cell (DC) in mounting an immune response to a novel antigen is now well established. We sought to demonstrate the use of a particular vaccine strategy based on directing HIV-1 Gag proteins to DCs in conjunction with an activation signal. CD40L was expressed on the surface of virus-like particles (VLPs) to target HIV-1 Gag antigens to the CD40 receptor on DCs, whereas CD40L-CD40 interaction would also result in cellular activation. Multiple CD40L VLP constructs were made and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, one VLP that expressed CD40L to the highest level showed greatest capacity to activate DCs in vitro. Correspondingly, this CD40L-VLP also proved to be most immunogenic in mice in raising both humoral and cellular responses to HIV-1 Gag. Confirmatory studies were performed to demonstrate the increased immunogenicity of CD40L-VLP is no longer observed when tested in CD40-/- mice. Our findings lend support to the belief that vaccine strategies that both target and activate DCs could yield a superior immune response.
Collapse
|
99831
|
Modifiers of complement activation for prevention of antibody-mediated injury to allografts. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2011; 16:425-33. [PMID: 21681097 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283489a5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Improvements in prevention and management of cellular rejection of solid organ transplants, coupled with increasing numbers of sensitized patients, have focused attention on antibody-mediated rejection (AbMR). Complement is a critical component of AbMR, in addition to interfacing between innate and adaptive immunity and the coagulation cascade. This article reviews complement biology and strategies to overcome complement in AbMR, cognisant that antibody can act independently of complement. RECENT FINDINGS The past decade has witnessed an improvement in the prevention and treatment of AbMR as a result of solid-phase assays to determine antibody specificity, definition of histopathological criteria, and use of plasmapheresis and/or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Nonetheless, AbMR continues to impact adversely on short- and long-term graft survival. Use of B and/or T-lymphocyte-depleting therapies has not shown measurable benefit, and the need remains for therapies that deplete antibody, or provide better protection from complement-mediated damage. Disordered complement activity in human diseases such as paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, has provided additional impetus to pursuing therapeutic complement inhibition. Preliminary data from C5 inhibition with eculizumab in the treatment and prevention of AbMR have shown promise. Trials with recombinant human inhibitors of C1 (effective in angioedema) to prevent or treat AbMR are beginning. SUMMARY Despite current limitations, 'protection' of the transplant through plasmapheresis and/or IVIG enables many allografts to survive in sensitized recipients. Elucidating the pathways mediating graft acceptance, by constitutive antibody deletion, or 'accommodation' (wherein donor organ remains uninjured despite antibody binding), or other local protective mechanism(s), is an equally important challenge in the quest to overcome AbMR.
Collapse
|
99832
|
Coghill AE, Newcomb PA, Poole EM, Hutter CM, Makar KW, Duggan D, Potter JD, Ulrich CM. Genetic variation in inflammatory pathways is related to colorectal cancer survival. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:7139-47. [PMID: 21976545 PMCID: PMC3218294 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with systemic inflammation, and anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce both CRC incidence and mortality. Genetic variation in proinflammatory pathways can affect an individual's CRC risk. However, few studies have investigated the prognostic importance of this genetic variation in CRC patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the association between CRC survival and genetic variation in proinflammatory pathways among patients from the Puget Sound Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in five genes (PTGS-1, PTGS-2, MRP4, NFκB, and IκBKβ). Vital status was ascertained through linkage to the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The false discovery rate method of Benjamini and Hochberg was applied to address multiple testing. RESULTS Four PTGS-1 variants were associated with CRC survival. One, G>A intron 9 (rs1213266), was associated with approximately 50% lower CRC mortality (HR(AA/AG vs. GG) = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.25-0.93). Three variants, including L237M, resulted in significantly elevated CRC mortality risk, with HRs ranging from approximately 1.5 to 2.0. Two variants in IκBKβ, including R526Q, were significantly associated with CRC survival. Correction for multiple testing indicated that variants in both PTGS-1 and IκBKβ are reproducibly associated with CRC survival. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that genetic variation in proinflammatory pathways may be important for CRC prognosis. This investigation represents one of the first descriptions of the relationship between inherited polymorphisms and mortality in CRC patients and provides a starting point for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Coghill
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99833
|
Targeted immunosuppression: no longer naïve. Clin Immunol 2011; 142:95-6. [PMID: 22079331 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
99834
|
Methods for the identification, characterization and banking of human DPSCs: current strategies and perspectives. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:608-15. [PMID: 21318597 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), originating from neural crests, can be found within dental pulp. Up to now, it has been demonstrated that these cells are capable of producing bone tissue, both in vitro and in vivo and differentiate into adipocytes, endotheliocytes, melanocytes, neurons, glial cells, and can be easily cryopreserved and stored. Moreover, recent attention has been focused on tissue engineering and on the properties of these cells. In addition, adult bone tissue with good vascularisation has been obtained in grafts. The latest use in clinical trials for bone repair enforces the notion that DPSCs can be used successfully in patients. Therefore, their isolation, selection, differentiation and banking is of great importance. The isolation and detection techniques used in most laboratories are based on the use of antibodies revealed by flow-cytometers with cell sorter termed FACS (fluorescent activated cell sorter). In this report, we focus our attention on the main procedures used in the selection of DPSCs by flow cytometry, cell culture, freezing/thawing, cell cycle evaluation, histochemistry/immunofluorescence and differentiation of DPSCs. In addition, new methods/protocols to select and isolate stem cells without staining by fluorescent markers for implementation in biomedical/clinical laboratories are discuss. We emphasize that the new methods must address simplicity and short times of preparation and use of samples, complete sterility of cells, the potential disposable, low cost and complete maintenance of the viability and integrity of the cells with real-time response for subsequent applications in the biomedical/clinical/surgical fields.
Collapse
|
99835
|
Ogawa T, Watanabe M, Naganuma T, Muramoto K. Diversified carbohydrate-binding lectins from marine resources. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2011; 2011:838914. [PMID: 22312473 PMCID: PMC3269628 DOI: 10.4061/2011/838914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Marine bioresources produce a great variety of specific and potent bioactive molecules including natural organic compounds such as fatty acids, polysaccharides, polyether, peptides, proteins, and enzymes. Lectins are also one of the promising candidates for useful therapeutic agents because they can recognize the specific carbohydrate structures such as proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, resulting in the regulation of various cells via glycoconjugates and their physiological and pathological phenomenon through the host-pathogen interactions and cell-cell communications. Here, we review the multiple lectins from marine resources including fishes and sea invertebrate in terms of their structure-activity relationships and molecular evolution. Especially, we focus on the unique structural properties and molecular evolution of C-type lectins, galectin, F-type lectin, and rhamnose-binding lectin families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Ogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99836
|
Desel C, Dorhoi A, Bandermann S, Grode L, Eisele B, Kaufmann SHE. Recombinant BCG ΔureC hly+ induces superior protection over parental BCG by stimulating a balanced combination of type 1 and type 17 cytokine responses. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1573-84. [PMID: 21933877 PMCID: PMC3192191 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New vaccines against tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed because the only available vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), fails to protect against pulmonary TB in adults. The recombinant ΔureC hly+ BCG (rBCG) is more efficient than parental BCG (pBCG) against pulmonary TB in preclinical studies and has proven safe and immunogenic in phase I clinical trials. METHODS In an attempt to identify the mechanisms underlying the superior protection of rBCG, we compared the immune responses elicited after vaccination and subsequent aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in mice. RESULTS We demonstrate that both rBCG and pBCG induce marked type 1 cytokine responses, whereas only rBCG elicits a profound type 17 cytokine response in addition. We observed earlier recruitment of antigen-specific T lymphocytes to the lung upon MTB infection of rBCG-vaccinated mice. These T cells produced abundant type 1 cytokines after restimulation, resulting in 10-fold reduced bacterial burden 90 days after infection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify a general immunologic pathway for improved vaccination strategies against TB that can also be harnessed by other vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Desel
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99837
|
Ovocalyxin-36 and other LBP/BPI/PLUNC-like proteins as molecular actors of the mechanisms of the avian egg natural defences. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:971-6. [PMID: 21787332 DOI: 10.1042/bst0390971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The chicken egg possesses physical and chemical barriers to protect the embryo from pathogens. OCX-36 (ovocalyxin-36) was suggested to be a 36 kDa eggshell-specific protein that is secreted by the regions of the oviduct responsible for eggshell formation. Its expression is strongly up-regulated during shell calcification. This protein was also detected in vitelline membrane and expressed in gut tissues. Analysis of the OCX-36 protein sequence revealed that OCX-36 is related to the BPI (bactericidal permeability-increasing proteins)/LBP [LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-binding proteins]/PLUNC (palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone) superfamily, and that there are strong similarities between the exon/intron organization of the mammalian LBP/BPI and the avian OCX-36 genes. A recent study revealed that OCX-36 originates from a tandem duplication of an ancestral BPI/LBP/PLUNC gene, after the divergence of birds and mammals. Its antimicrobial activity was recently investigated and it was shown that OCX-36 binds to LPS from Escherichia coli. High-throughput methodologies have led to the identification of approximately 1000 new egg proteins. Among these are LBP/BPI proteins that might play a role in the natural defences of the egg to protect the embryo during its development in the external milieu, and may function to keep the table egg free of pathogens. The function of these BPI-like molecules is the subject of intense research to characterize their putative LPS-binding properties and antimicrobial activity.
Collapse
|
99838
|
Popoff MR. Multifaceted interactions of bacterial toxins with the gastrointestinal mucosa. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:763-97. [PMID: 21797691 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive tract is one of the ecosystems that harbors the largest number and greatest variety of bacteria. Among them, certain bacteria have developed various strategies, including the synthesis of virulence factors such as toxins, to interact with the intestinal mucosa, and are responsible for various pathologies. A large variety of bacterial toxins of different sizes, structures and modes of action are able to interact with the gastrointestinal mucosa. Some toxins, termed enterotoxins, directly stimulate fluid secretion in enterocytes or cause their death, whereas other toxins pass through the intestinal barrier and disseminate by the general circulation to remote organs or tissues, where they are active. After recognition of a membrane receptor on target cells, toxins can act at the cell membrane by transducing a signal across the membrane in a hormone-like manner, by pore formation or by damaging membrane compounds. Other toxins can enter the cells and modify an intracellular target leading to a disregulation of certain physiological processes or disorganization of some structural architectures and cell death. Toxins are fascinating molecules, which mimic or interfere with eukaryotic physiological processes. Thereby, they have permitted the identification and characterization of new natural hormones or regulatory pathways. Besides use as protective antigens in vaccines, toxins offer multiple possibilities in pharmacology, such as immune modulation or specific delivery of a protein of interest into target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 757245 Paris cedex 15, France.
| |
Collapse
|
99839
|
Wen X, He L, Chi Y, Zhou S, Hoellwarth J, Zhang C, Zhu J, Wu C, Dhesi S, Wang X, Liu F, Su C. Dynamics of Th17 cells and their role in Schistosoma japonicum infection in C57BL/6 mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1399. [PMID: 22102924 PMCID: PMC3216943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current knowledge of immunological responses to schistosomiasis, a major tropical helminthic disease, is insufficient, and a better understanding of these responses would support vaccine development or therapies to control granuloma-associated immunopathology. CD4(+) T cells play critical roles in both host immune responses against parasitic infection and immunopathology in schistosomiasis. The induction of T helper (Th)1, Th2 and T regulatory (Treg) cells and their roles in schistosome infections are well-illustrated. However, little in vivo data are available on the dynamics of Th17 cells, another important CD4(+) T cell subset, after Schistosoma japonicum infection or whether these cells and their defining IL-17 cytokine mediate host protective responses early in infection. METHODOLOGY Levels of Th17 and the other three CD4(+) T cell subpopulations and the cytokines related to induction or repression of Th17 cell generation in different stages of S. japonicum infection were observed. Contrary to reported in vitro studies, our results showed that the Th17 cells were induced along with the Th1, Th2, Treg cells and the IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines in S. japonicum infected mice. The results also suggested that S. japonicum egg antigens but not adult worm antigens preferentially induced Th17 cell generation. Furthermore, decreasing IL-17 with a neutralizing anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibody (mAb) increased schistosome-specific antibody levels and partial protection against S. japonicum infection in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to report the dynamics of Th17 cells during S. japonicum infection and indicate that Th17 cell differentiation results from the integrated impact of inducing and suppressive factors promoted by the parasite. Importantly, our findings suggest that lower IL-17 levels may result in favorable host protective responses. This study significantly contributes to the understanding of immunity to schistosomiasis and may aid in developing interventions to protect hosts from infection or restrain immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason Hoellwarth
- Department of Educational Affairs, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Cui Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Calvin Wu
- Department of Educational Affairs, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shawn Dhesi
- Department of Educational Affairs, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Su
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
99840
|
Sherwood AM, Desmarais C, Livingston RJ, Andriesen J, Haussler M, Carlson CS, Robins H. Deep sequencing of the human TCRγ and TCRβ repertoires suggests that TCRβ rearranges after αβ and γδ T cell commitment. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:90ra61. [PMID: 21734177 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes respond to a broad array of pathogens with the combinatorial diversity of the T cell receptor (TCR). This adaptive response is possible because of the unique structure of the TCR, which is composed of two chains, either αβ or γδ, that undergo genetic rearrangement in the thymus. αβ and γδ T cells are functionally distinct within the host but are derived from a common multipotent precursor. The canonical model for T cell lineage commitment assumes that the γ, δ, and β chains rearrange before αβ or γδ T cell commitment. To test the standard model in humans, we used high-throughput sequencing to catalog millions of TCRγ and TCRβ chains from peripheral blood αβ and γδ T cells from three unrelated individuals. Almost all sampled αβ and γδ T cells had rearranged TCRγ sequences. Although sampled αβ T cells had a diverse repertoire of rearranged TCRβ chains, less than 4% of γδ T cells in peripheral blood had a rearranged TCRβ chain. Our data suggest that TCRγ rearranges in all T lymphocytes, consistent with TCRγ rearranging before T cell lineage commitment. However, rearrangement of the TCRβ locus appears to be restricted after T cell precursors commit to the αβ T cell lineage. Indeed, in T cell leukemias and lymphomas, TCRγ is almost always rearranged and TCRβ is only rearranged in a subset of cancers. Because high-throughput sequencing of TCRs is translated into the clinic for monitoring minimal residual for leukemia/lymphoma, our data suggest the sequencing target should be TCRγ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Sherwood
- Adaptive TCR, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99841
|
Chemokines and their receptors in the allergic airway inflammatory process. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 41:76-88. [PMID: 20352527 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of the allergic airway disease conveys several cell types, such as T-cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells, which act in a special and temporal synchronization. Cellular mobilization and its complex interactions are coordinated by a broad range of bioactive mediators known as chemokines. These molecules are an increasing family of small proteins with common structural motifs and play an important role in the recruitment and cell activation of both leukocytes and resident cells at the allergic inflammatory site via their receptors. Trafficking and recruitment of cell populations with specific chemokines receptors assure the presence of reactive allergen-specific T-cells in the lung, and therefore the establishment of an allergic inflammatory process. Different approaches directed against chemokines receptors have been developed during the last decades with promising therapeutic results in the treatment of asthma. In this review we explore the role of the chemokines and chemokine receptors in allergy and asthma and discuss their potential as targets for therapy.
Collapse
|
99842
|
Montoro JRDMC, Mamede RCM, Neder Serafini L, Saggioro FP, Figueiredo DLA, Silva WAD, Jungbluth AA, Spagnoli GC, Zago MA. Expression of cancer-testis antigens MAGE-A4 and MAGE-C1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2011; 34:1123-8. [PMID: 22083937 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor markers are genes or their products expressed exclusively or preferentially in tumor cells and cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) form a group of genes with a typical expression pattern expressed in a variety of malignant neoplasms. CTAs are considered potential targets for cancer vaccines. It is possible that the CTA MAGE-A4 (melanoma antigen) and MAGE-C1 are expressed in carcinoma of the oral cavity and are related with survival. METHODS This study involved immunohistochemical analysis of 23 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and was carried out using antibodies for MAGE-A4 and MAGE-C1. Fisher's exact test and log-rank test were used to evaluate the results. RESULTS The expression of the MAGE-A4 and MAGE-C1 were 56.5% and 47.8% without statistical difference in studied variables and survival. CONCLUSION The expression of at least 1 CTA was present in 78.3% of the patients, however, without correlation with clinicopathologic variables and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Raphael de Moura Campos Montoro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99843
|
Lang PO, Samaras D. Aging adults and seasonal influenza: does the vitamin d status (h)arm the body? J Aging Res 2011; 2012:806198. [PMID: 22162810 PMCID: PMC3228300 DOI: 10.1155/2012/806198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD), although originally described as an essential hormone for bone and mineral homeostasis, appears to have an active role in regulating specific facets of human immunity. Indeed, VitD has been shown to have significant effects on cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation. Evidence that VitD affects clearance of selected pathogens is supported by epidemiological and clinical data, while its coadministration with influenza vaccine in mice enhanced both mucosal and systemic antibody responses. This paper aims to examine how VitD may contribute to limiting the burden of influenza infection in the aging and aged adults, a population in which this burden remains considerable. Furthermore, we discuss how VitD status may play a role in host resistance to influenza virus and influence the immunogenicity of the influenza vaccines currently licensed for adults aged 65 years or over by its effects on innate and adaptive immunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Olivier Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Medical School and University Hospitals of Geneva, Hospital of Trois-Chêne, Chemin du Pont-Bochet 3, CH-1226 Thônex-Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
99844
|
Tumor evasion from T cell surveillance. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:918471. [PMID: 22190859 PMCID: PMC3228689 DOI: 10.1155/2011/918471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An intact immune system is essential to prevent the development and progression of neoplastic cells in a process termed immune surveillance. During this process the innate and the adaptive immune systems closely cooperate and especially T cells play an important role to detect and eliminate tumor cells. Due to the mechanism of central tolerance the frequency of T cells displaying appropriate arranged tumor-peptide-specific-T-cell receptors is very low and their activation by professional antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, is frequently hampered by insufficient costimulation resulting in peripheral tolerance. In addition, inhibitory immune circuits can impair an efficient antitumoral response of reactive T cells. It also has been demonstrated that large tumor burden can promote a state of immunosuppression that in turn can facilitate neoplastic progression. Moreover, tumor cells, which mostly are genetically instable, can gain rescue mechanisms which further impair immune surveillance by T cells. Herein, we summarize the data on how tumor cells evade T-cell immune surveillance with the focus on solid tumors and describe approaches to improve anticancer capacity of T cells.
Collapse
|
99845
|
Castro M, Mathur S, Hargreave F, Boulet LP, Xie F, Young J, Wilkins HJ, Henkel T, Nair P. Reslizumab for Poorly Controlled, Eosinophilic Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:1125-32. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201103-0396oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
99846
|
Banister CE, Koestler DC, Maccani MA, Padbury JF, Houseman EA, Marsit CJ. Infant growth restriction is associated with distinct patterns of DNA methylation in human placentas. Epigenetics 2011; 6:920-7. [PMID: 21758004 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.7.16079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta acts not only as a conduit of nutrient and waste exchange between mother and developing fetus, but also functions as a regulator of the intrauterine environment. Recent work has identified changes in the expression of candidate genes, often through epigenetic alteration, which alter the placenta's function and impact fetal growth. In this study, we used the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip array to examine genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in 206 term human placentas. Semi-supervised recursively partitioned mixture modeling was implemented to identify specific patterns of placental DNA methylation that could differentially classify intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and small for gestational age (SGA) placentas from appropriate for gestational age (AGA) placentas, and these associations were validated in a masked testing series of samples. Our work demonstrates that patterns of DNA methylation in human placenta are reliably and significantly associated with infant growth and serve as a proof of principle that methylation status in the human term placenta can function as a marker for the intrauterine environment, and could potentially play a critical functional role in fetal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Banister
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99847
|
Deficient expression of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in immunocompromised hosts: translational potential of replacement therapy. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:994-9. [PMID: 21787336 DOI: 10.1042/bst0390994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BPI (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein) is a 55 kDa anti-infective molecule expressed in neutrophil and eosinophil granules and on some epithelial cells. BPI's high affinity for the lipid A region of endotoxin targets its opsonizing, microbicidal and endotoxin-neutralizing activities towards Gram-negative bacteria. Several immunocompromised patient populations demonstrate BPI deficiency, including newborns, those with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (as in cystic fibrosis and HIV infection) and those exposed to radiochemotherapy. BPI may be replenished by administering agents that induce its expression or by administration of recombinant BPI congeners, potentially shielding BPI-deficient individuals against Gram-negative bacterial infection, endotoxemia and its toxic sequelae.
Collapse
|
99848
|
Abstract
The role of telomeres and telomerase as a target for cancer therapeutics is an area of continuing interest. This review is intended to provide an update on the field, pointing to areas in which our knowledge remains deficient and exploring the details of the most promising areas being advanced into clinical trials. Topics that will be covered include the role of dysfunctional telomeres in cellular aging and how replicative senescence provides an initial barrier to the emergence of immortalized cells, a hallmark of cancer. As an important translational theme, this review will consider possibilities for selectively targeting telomeres and telomerase to enhance cancer therapy. The role of telomerase as an immunotherapy, as a gene therapy approach using telomerase promoter driven oncolytic viruses and as a small oligonucleotide targeted therapy (Imetelstat) will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel M Ouellette
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99849
|
White JH. Regulation of intracrine production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and its role in innate immune defense against infection. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 523:58-63. [PMID: 22107948 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D was discovered as the cure for nutritional rickets. Classically, hormonal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), produced in the kidney by CYP27B1-catalyzed 1α-hydroxylation from its circulating 25-hydroxy precursor, has been considered to function as a critical endocrine regulator of calcium homeostasis. However, our appreciation of vitamin D metabolism and physiological function has evolved dramatically in recent years. First, vitamin D is now recognized as a pleiotropic regulator of human physiology, with emerging roles in cancer chemoprevention, cardio-protection, and, in particular, regulation of immune system functions. Moreover, CYP27B1 is very widely expressed, and evidence is rapidly accumulating that local CYP27B1-catalyzed production of 1,25D, controlled by tissue-specific signals, is critical for its physiological actions. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the innate immune system, where recent studies have shown that CYP27B1 expression is under control of several immune signaling pathways, and that signaling by 1,25D in macrophages and dendritic cells is critical for innate immune responses to infection. This review will describe our current knowledge of the signaling pathways that lead to 1,25D production in the immune system and the downstream signaling events it controls in response to pathogen recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H White
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Bldg., Rm. 1112, 3655 Drummond St., Montreal, Qc, Canada H3G 1Y6.
| |
Collapse
|
99850
|
|