99901
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Wang J, Chen L, Zhang X, Tong Y, Zheng T. OCRDetector: Accurately Detecting Open Chromatin Regions via Plasma Cell-Free DNA Sequencing Data. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115802. [PMID: 34071577 PMCID: PMC8198695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Open chromatin regions (OCRs) are special regions of the human genome that can be accessed by DNA regulatory elements. Several studies have reported that a series of OCRs are associated with mechanisms involved in human diseases, such as cancers. Identifying OCRs using ATAC-seq or DNase-seq is often expensive. It has become popular to detect OCRs from plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing data, because both the fragmentation modes of cfDNA and the sequencing coverage in OCRs are significantly different from those in other regions. However, it is a challenging computational problem to accurately detect OCRs from plasma cfDNA-seq data, as multiple factors—e.g., sequencing and mapping bias, insufficient read depth, etc.—often mislead the computational model. In this paper, we propose a novel bioinformatics pipeline, OCRDetector, for detecting OCRs from whole-genome cfDNA sequencing data. The pipeline calculates the window protection score (WPS) waveform and the cfDNA sequencing coverage. To validate the proposed pipeline, we compared the percentage overlap of our OCRs with those obtained by other methods. The experimental results show that 81% of the TSS regions of housekeeping genes are detected, and our results have obvious tissue specificity. In addition, the overlap percentage between our OCRs and the high-confidence OCRs obtained by ATAC-seq or DNase-seq is greater than 70%.
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99902
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Zou M, Jiang D, Wu T, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Wu D, Sun W, Cui J, Moreland L, Li G. Post-GWAS functional studies reveal an RA-associated CD40-induced NF-kB signal transduction and transcriptional regulation network targeted by class II HDAC inhibitors. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:823-835. [PMID: 33517445 PMCID: PMC8161515 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it remains difficult to identify which single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are functional and how various functional SNPs (fSNPs) interact and contribute to disease susceptibility. GWAS have identified a CD40 locus that is associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We previously used two techniques developed in our laboratory, single nucleotide polymorphism-next-generation sequencing (SNP-seq) and flanking restriction enhanced DNA pulldown-mass spectrometry (FREP-MS), to determine that the RA risk gene RBPJ regulates CD40 expression via a fSNP at the RA-associated CD40 locus. In the present work, by applying the same approach, we report the identification of six proteins that regulate RBPJ expression via binding to two fSNPs on the RA-associated RBPJ locus. Using these findings, together with the published data, we constructed an RA-associated signal transduction and transcriptional regulation network (STTRN) that functionally connects multiple RA-associated risk genes via transcriptional regulation networks (TRNs) linked by CD40-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling. Remarkably, this STTRN provides insight into the potential mechanism of action for the histone deacetylase inhibitor givinostat, an approved therapy for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Thus, the generation of disease-associated STTRNs based on post-GWAS functional studies is demonstrated as a novel and effective approach to apply GWAS for mechanistic studies and target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zou
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Danli Jiang
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Ting Wu
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yihan Zhao
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Larry Moreland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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99903
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Wang HX, Qin XH, Shen J, Liu QH, Shi YB, Xue L. Proteomic Analysis Reveals That Placenta-Specific Protein 9 Inhibits Proliferation and Stimulates Motility of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:628480. [PMID: 34123785 PMCID: PMC8194706 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.628480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Placenta-specific protein 9 (PLAC9) is a putative secretory protein that was initially identified in the placenta and is involved in cell proliferation and motility. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that PLAC9 is repressed in lung cancers (LCs), especially lung adenocarcinomas, compared to that in the paired adjacent normal tissues, indicating that PLAC9 might be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases. To investigate the potential role of PLAC9 in the abnormal reprogramming of airway epithelial cells (AECs), a key cause of pulmonary diseases, we constructed a stable PLAC9-overexpressing human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE-GFP-Plac9). We utilized the proteomic approach isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) to analyze the effect of PLAC9 on cellular protein composition. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses revealed that GO terms and pathways associated with cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cell motility and migration were significantly enriched among the proteins regulated by PLAC9. Our in vitro results showed that PLAC9 overexpression reduced cell proliferation, altered cell cycle progression, and increased cell motility, including migration and invasion. Our findings suggest that PLAC9 inhibits cell proliferation through S phase arrest by altering the expression levels of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and promotes cell motility, likely via the concerted actions of cyclins, E-cadherin, and vimentin. Since these mechanisms may underlie PLAC9-mediated abnormal human bronchial pathogenesis, our study provides a basis for the development of molecular targeted treatments for LCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Wang
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Hui Qin
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhua Shen
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Hua Liu
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lu Xue
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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99904
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BRD4 inhibition boosts the therapeutic effects of epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells in glioblastoma. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3011-3026. [PMID: 34058385 PMCID: PMC8531146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest brain malignancy without effective treatments. Here, we reported that epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells (EGFR CAR-T) were effective in suppressing the growth of GBM cells in vitro and xenografts derived from GBM cell lines and patients in mice. However, mice soon acquired resistance to EGFR CAR-T cell treatment, limiting its potential use in the clinic. To find ways to improve the efficacy of EGFR CAR-T cells, we performed genomics and transcriptomics analysis for GBM cells incubated with EGFR CAR-T cells and found that a large cohort of genes, including immunosuppressive genes, as well as enhancers in vicinity are activated. BRD4, an epigenetic modulator functioning on both promoters and enhancers, was required for the activation of these immunosuppressive genes. Accordingly, inhibition of BRD4 by JQ1 blocked the activation of these immunosuppressive genes. Combination therapy with EGFR CAR-T cells and JQ1 suppressed the growth and metastasis of GBM cells and prolonged survival in mice. We demonstrated that transcriptional modulation by targeting epigenetic regulators could improve the efficacy of immunotherapy including CAR-T, providing a therapeutic avenue for treating GBM in the clinic.
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99905
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Kwon YS, Nam KS, Kim S. Tamoxifen overcomes the trastuzumab-resistance of SK-BR-3 tumorspheres by targeting crosstalk between cytoplasmic estrogen receptor α and the EGFR/HER2 signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114635. [PMID: 34058187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Since trastuzumab-resistance remains a major obstacle to the successful treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms responsible is required to direct future pharmacotherapeutic strategies. Recently, several studies have indicated that the quiescent natures of cancer stem cells contribute to treatment resistance and tumor recurrence. Thus, in this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying trastuzumab resistance in a quiescent cell population using tumorsphere cultures and explored better therapeutic strategies to overcome trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. We observed that most cells in SK-BR-3 tumorspheres were quiescent, showing the accumulation of cells at the G0/G1 phase as compared to cells in monolayer culture. Furthermore, SK-BR-3 tumorspheres exhibited enhanced EGFR/HER2 signaling, which was incompletely inhibited by trastuzumab, and subsequently led to trastuzumab-resistance. Interestingly, cytoplasmic estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression was markedly elevated in tumorspheres and was associated with enhanced EGFR/HER2 signaling. Accordingly, inhibition of ERα with tamoxifen selectively targeted tumorspheres rather than cells in monolayer culture and overcame trastuzumab resistance in tumorspheres. Taken together, our findings indicate that crosstalk between cytoplasmic ERα and the HER2/EGFR signaling pathway can be considered a novel therapeutic target for quiescent cell populations within HER2-positive breast cancer and that simultaneous inhibition of ER and the EGFR/HER2 pathway may prevent trastuzumab resistance. We hope that these results provide a basis for the use of combinations of tamoxifen and trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Suk Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongdae-ro 123, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Nam
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongdae-ro 123, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongdae-ro 123, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea.
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99906
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de Souza N, de Oliveira ÉA, Faião-Flores F, Pimenta LA, Quincoces JAP, Sampaio SC, Maria-Engler SS. Metalloproteinases Suppression Driven by the Curcumin Analog DM-1 Modulates Invasion in BRAF-Resistant Melanomas. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1038-1050. [PMID: 32067622 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200218111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer, and BRAF (V600E) is the most frequent mutation that led to the development of BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi). However, patients treated with BRAFi usually present recidivism after 6-9 months. Curcumin is a turmeric substance, and it has been deeply investigated due to its anti-inflammatory and antitumoral effects. Still, the low bioavailability and biodisponibility encouraged the investigation of different analogs. DM-1 is a curcumin analog and has shown an antitumoral impact in previous studies. METHODS Evaluated DM-1 stability and cytotoxic effects for BRAFi-sensitive and resistant melanomas, as well as the role in the metalloproteinases modulation. RESULTS DM-1 showed growth inhibitory potential for melanoma cells, demonstrated by reduction of colony formation, migration and endothelial tube formation, and cell cycle arrest. Subtoxic doses were able to downregulate important Metalloproteinases (MMPs) related to invasiveness, such as MMP-1, -2 and -9. Negative modulations of TIMP-2 and MMP-14 reduced MMP-2 and -9 activity; however, the reverse effect is seen when increased TIMP-2 and MMP-14 resulted in raised MMP-2. CONCLUSION These findings provide essential details into the functional role of DM-1 in melanomas, encouraging further studies in the development of combinatorial treatments for melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayane de Souza
- Skin Biology Group, Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, FCF/USP, Brazil
| | - Érica Aparecida de Oliveira
- Skin Biology Group, Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, FCF/USP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Faião-Flores
- Skin Biology Group, Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, FCF/USP, Brazil
| | | | - José A P Quincoces
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra C Sampaio
- Butantan Institute, Pathophysiology Laboratory, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvya S Maria-Engler
- Skin Biology Group, Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, FCF/USP, Brazil
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99907
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Brindha S, Kibria MG, Saotome T, Unzai S, Kuroda Y. EGFR extracellular domain III expressed in Escherichia coli with SEP tag shows improved biophysical and functional properties and generate anti-sera inhibiting cancer cell growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:121-127. [PMID: 33813270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor extracellular domain III (EGFR-ECDIII) protein is a promising target of anti-cancer research, and its production in Escherichia coli would thus represent significant benefits. However, despite its moderate size (19 kDa), the expression of EGFR-ECDIII in E.coli is hampered by the presence of multiple cysteines producing misfolded proteins with incorrect S-S bonds. In our study, we show that a short 12-residue solubility enhancing peptide (SEP) tag containing nine arginines (C9R) attached at the C-terminus of EGFR-ECDIII reduces the inclusion body formation and increases the final yield by six times (20 mg/L). EGFR-ECDIII-C9R purified from the soluble fraction eluted as a sharp single RP-HPLC peak, suggesting a single S-S bond pairing. Biophysical characterization using circular dichroism, fluorescence, and light scattering confirmed its native-like properties together with reversible thermal denaturation. The binding activity of EGFR-ECDIII-C9R to anti-EGFR-VHH7D12, a single-domain antibody with specific binding to the ECDIII, was assessed by sandwich ELISA. Further, we produced anti-EGFR-ECDIII-C9R antisera in mouse models and anti-sera inhibited A431 cancer cells' growth. These results demonstrate that the SEP tag enables the rapid production of the multiple disulfide-bonded EGFR-ECDIII in E. coli having native-like biophysical properties and producing neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbaian Brindha
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomonori Saotome
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Satoru Unzai
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-Cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kuroda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
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99908
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Organoids and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112657. [PMID: 34071313 PMCID: PMC8197877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids were first established as a three-dimensional cell culture system from mouse small intestine. Subsequent development has made organoids a key system to study many human physiological and pathological processes that affect a variety of tissues and organs. In particular, organoids are becoming very useful tools to dissect colorectal cancer (CRC) by allowing the circumvention of classical problems and limitations, such as the impossibility of long-term culture of normal intestinal epithelial cells and the lack of good animal models for CRC. In this review, we describe the features and current knowledge of intestinal organoids and how they are largely contributing to our better understanding of intestinal cell biology and CRC genetics. Moreover, recent data show that organoids are appropriate systems for antitumoral drug testing and for the personalized treatment of CRC patients.
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99909
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Shama G. Uninvited Guests: a Chronology of Petri Dish Contaminations. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 116:169-200. [PMID: 34353504 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Petri dish contaminations are commonplace and personally witnessed by every microbiologist. The vast majority of such contaminations result in nothing more than annoyance following which the Petri dishes are discarded. However, a handful of incidents of contaminations have led to momentous outcomes, the most renowned of which being that perceived by Alexander Fleming on the basis of the immense number of lives saved by penicillin. Petri dish contaminations as reported upon in the literature fall broadly into two categories; those in which the contaminant caused antagonism toward the species being cultured, and those in which the contaminant was established to be a species novum. Accounts of both of these categories of contaminations are set out here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Shama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
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99910
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Wang X, Wu B, Yan Z, Wang G, Chen S, Zeng J, Tao F, Xu B, Ke H, Li M. Association of PTPRD/PTPRT Mutation With Better Clinical Outcomes in NSCLC Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Blockades. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650122. [PMID: 34123798 PMCID: PMC8192300 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The common gamma receptor–dependent cytokines and their JAK-STAT pathways play important roles in T cell immunity and have been demonstrated to be related with response to immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs). PTPRD and PTPRT are phosphatases involved in JAK-STAT pathway. However, their clinical significance for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with ICBs is still unclear. Genomic and survival data of NSCLC patients administrated with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 or anti–CTLA-4 antibodies (Rizvi2015; Hellmann2018; Rizvi2018 Samstein2019) were retrieved from publicly accessible data. Genomic, survival and mRNA data of 1007 patients with NSCLC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). PTPRD/PTPRT mutation was significantly associated with better progression-free survival (PFS) in three independent Rizvi2015, Hellmann2018 and Rizvi2018 cohorts. The median PFS for PTPRD/PTPRT mutant-type vs. wild-type NSCLC patients were not reached vs. 6.3 months (Rizvi2015, HR = 0.16; 95% CI, 0.02-1.17; P=0.03), 24.0 vs. 5.4 months (Hellmann2018, HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26-0.94; P=0.03), 5.6 vs. 3.0 months (Rizvi2018, HR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44-0.92; P=0.01) and 6.8 vs. 3.5 months (Pooled cohort, HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.39-0.73; P<0.0001) respectively. PTPRD/PTPRT mutation was an independent predictive factor for PFS in pooled cohort (P = 0.01). Additionally, PTPRD/PTPRT mutation associated with better overall survival (OS) in Samstein2019 cohort (19 vs. 10 months, P=0.03). While similar clinical benefits were not observed in patients without ICBs treatment (TCGA cohort, P=0.78). In the further exploratory analysis, PTPRD/PTPRT mutation was significantly associated with increased tumor mutation burden and higher mRNA expression of JAK1 and STAT1. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed prominent enrichment of signatures related to antigen processing and presentation in patients with PTPRD/PTPRT mutation. This work suggested that PTPRD/PTPRT mutation might be a potential positive predictor for ICBs in NSCLC. These results need to be further confirmed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chinese Medicine of Changxing County, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhengqing Yan
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqing Chen
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Bichun Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Honggang Ke
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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99911
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Lei Y, An Q, Shen XF, Sui M, Li C, Jia D, Luo Y, Sun Q. Structure-Guided Design of the First Noncovalent Small-Molecule Inhibitor of CRM1. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6596-6607. [PMID: 33974430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear export factor chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is an attractive anticancer and antiviral drug target that spurred several research efforts to develop its inhibitor. Noncovalent CRM1 inhibitors are desirable, but none is reported to date. Here, we present the crystal structure of yeast CRM1 in complex with S109, a substructure of CBS9106 (under clinical test). Superimposition with the LFS-829 (another covalent CRM1 inhibitor) complex inspired the design of a noncovalent CRM1 inhibitor. Among nine synthesized compounds, noncovalent CRM1 inhibitor 1 (NCI-1) showed a high affinity to human and yeast CRM1 in the absence or presence of GST-bound Ras-related nuclear protein (RanGTP). Unlike covalent inhibitors, the crystal structure showed that NCI-1 is bound in the "open" nuclear export signal (NES) groove of CRM1, simultaneously occupying two hydrophobic pockets. NCI-1 additionally inhibited the nuclear export and proliferation of cells harboring the human CRM1-C528S mutant. Our work opens up the avenue of noncovalent CRM1 inhibitor development toward a more potent, less toxic, and broad-spectrum anticancer/antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Lei
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neurology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Sui
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chungen Li
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neurology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
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99912
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Kanter K, Fish M, Mauri G, Horick NK, Allen JN, Blaszkowsky LS, Clark JW, Ryan DP, Nipp RD, Giantonio BJ, Goyal L, Dubois J, Murphy JE, Franses J, Klempner SJ, Roeland EJ, Weekes CD, Wo JY, Hong TS, Van Seventer EE, Corcoran RB, Parikh AR. Care Patterns and Overall Survival in Patients With Early-Onset Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. JCO Oncol Pract 2021; 17:e1846-e1855. [PMID: 34043449 DOI: 10.1200/op.20.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in patients younger than 50 years of age, commonly defined as early-onset (EO-CRC), is rising. EO-CRC often presents with distinct clinicopathologic features. However, data on prognosis are conflicting and outcomes with modern treatment approaches for metastatic disease are still limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively enrolled patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) to a biobanking and clinical data collection protocol from 2014 to 2018. We grouped the cohort based on age at initial diagnosis: < 40 years, 40-49 years, and ≥ 50 years. We used regression models to examine associations among age at initial diagnosis, treatments, clinicopathologic features, and survival. RESULTS We identified 466 patients with mCRC (45 [10%] age < 40 years, 109 [23%] age 40-49 years, and 312 [67%] age ≥ 50 years). Patients < 40 years of age were more likely to have received multiple metastatic resections (odds ratio [OR], 3.533; P = .0066) than their older counterparts. Patients with EO-CRC were more likely to receive triplet therapy than patients > 50 years of age (age < 40 years: OR, 6.738; P = .0002; age 40-49 years: OR, 2.949; P = .0166). Patients 40-49 years of age were more likely to have received anti-EGFR therapy (OR, 2.633; P = .0016). Despite differences in care patterns, age did not predict overall survival. CONCLUSION Despite patients with EO-CRC receiving more intensive treatments, survival was similar to the older counterpart. However, EO-CRC had clinical and molecular features associated with worse prognoses. Improved biologic understanding is needed to optimize clinical management of EO-CRC. The cost-benefit ratio of exposing patients with EO-CRC to more intensive treatments has to be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Kanter
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Madeleine Fish
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gianluca Mauri
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Dipartimento di Oncologia e Emato-Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano (La Statale), Milan, Italy
| | - Nora K Horick
- Department of Statistics, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jill N Allen
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lawrence S Blaszkowsky
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey W Clark
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David P Ryan
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ryan D Nipp
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce J Giantonio
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lipika Goyal
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jon Dubois
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Janet E Murphy
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph Franses
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samuel J Klempner
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eric J Roeland
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Colin D Weekes
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer Y Wo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Theodore S Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Emily E Van Seventer
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ryan B Corcoran
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aparna R Parikh
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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99913
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Khalaf K, Hana D, Chou JTT, Singh C, Mackiewicz A, Kaczmarek M. Aspects of the Tumor Microenvironment Involved in Immune Resistance and Drug Resistance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656364. [PMID: 34122412 PMCID: PMC8190405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and ever-changing "rogue organ" composed of its own blood supply, lymphatic and nervous systems, stroma, immune cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). These complex components, utilizing both benign and malignant cells, nurture the harsh, immunosuppressive and nutrient-deficient environment necessary for tumor cell growth, proliferation and phenotypic flexibility and variation. An important aspect of the TME is cellular crosstalk and cell-to-ECM communication. This interaction induces the release of soluble factors responsible for immune evasion and ECM remodeling, which further contribute to therapy resistance. Other aspects are the presence of exosomes contributed by both malignant and benign cells, circulating deregulated microRNAs and TME-specific metabolic patterns which further potentiate the progression and/or resistance to therapy. In addition to biochemical signaling, specific TME characteristics such as the hypoxic environment, metabolic derangements, and abnormal mechanical forces have been implicated in the development of treatment resistance. In this review, we will provide an overview of tumor microenvironmental composition, structure, and features that influence immune suppression and contribute to treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Khalaf
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Doris Hana
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jadzia Tin-Tsen Chou
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Chandpreet Singh
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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99914
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Giardina SF, Valdambrini E, Warren JD, Barany F. PROTACs: Promising Approaches for Epigenetic Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:306-325. [PMID: 33535953 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210203110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modulation of gene expression is essential for tissue-specific development and maintenance in mammalian cells. Disruption of epigenetic processes, and the subsequent alteration of gene functions, can result in inappropriate activation or inhibition of various cellular signaling pathways, leading to cancer. Recent advancements in the understanding of the role of epigenetics in cancer initiation and progression have uncovered functions for DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and non-coding RNAs. Epigenetic therapies have shown some promise for hematological malignancies, and a wide range of epigenetic-based drugs are undergoing clinical trials. However, in a dynamic survival strategy, cancer cells exploit their heterogeneous population which frequently results in the rapid acquisition of therapy resistance. Here, we describe novel approaches in drug discovery targeting the epigenome, highlighting recent advances the selective degradation of target proteins using Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) to address drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Giardina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, Box 62, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elena Valdambrini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, Box 62, New York, NY, United States
| | - J David Warren
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, Box 63, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Francis Barany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, Box 62, New York, NY, United States
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99915
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Martínez-Sánchez M, Hernandez-Monge J, Rangel M, Olivares-Illana V. Retinoblastoma: from discovery to clinical management. FEBS J 2021; 289:4371-4382. [PMID: 34042282 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma gene (RB1) was the first tumour suppressor cloned; the role of its protein product (RB) as the principal driver of the G1 checkpoint in cell cycle control has been extensively studied. However, many other RB functions are continuously reported. Its role in senescence, DNA repair and apoptosis, among others, is indications of the significance of RB in a vast network of cellular interactions, explaining why RB loss or its malfunction is one of the leading causes of a large number of paediatric and adult cancers. RB was first reported in retinoblastoma, a common intraocular malignancy in the paediatric population worldwide. Currently, its diagnosis is clinical, and in nondeveloped countries, where the incidence is higher, it is performed in advanced stages of the disease, compromising the integrity of the eye and the patient's life. Even though new treatments are being continuously developed, enucleation is still a major choice due to the late disease stage diagnosis and treatments costs. Research into biomarkers is our best option to improve the chances of good results in the treatment and hopes of patients' good quality of life. Here, we recapitulated the history of the disease and the first treatments to put the advances in its clinical management into perspective. We also review the different functions of the protein and the progress in the search for biomarkers. It is clear that there is still a long way to go, but we should offer these children and their families a better way to deal with the disease with the community's effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Martínez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Biomoleculares y Cancer, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernandez-Monge
- Catedra CONACyT - Laboratorio de Biomarcadores Moleculares, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Martha Rangel
- Departamento de Oftalmología. Hospital Central "Ignacio Morones Prieto", San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Vanesa Olivares-Illana
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Biomoleculares y Cancer, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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99916
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Pattarawat P, Hunt JT, Poloway J, Archibald CJ, Wang HCR. A triple combination gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin to effectively control triple-negative breast cancer tumor development, recurrence, and metastasis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:415-425. [PMID: 34043046 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive, lethal, heterogeneous type of breast cancer (BC). TNBC tends to have a lower response rate to chemotherapy and a lower 5-year survival rate than other types of BC due to recurrence and metastasis. Our previous study revealed that a combination of gemcitabine, romidepsin, and cisplatin was efficacious in controlling TNBC tumor development. In this study, we extended our investigation of gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin in controlling TNBC tumor recurrence and metastasis. METHODS We investigated the ability of gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin to control cell survival and invasiveness using cell viability, soft agar colony formation, and transwell invasion assays. We determined the efficacy of gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin in controlling tumor recurrence and metastasis using cell-derived xenograft animal models. We used immunoblotting to study signaling modulators regulated by gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin in TNBC cells and tumor tissues. RESULTS Treatment with gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin reduced the TNBC MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB468 cell survival to ~ 50% and ~ 15%, as well as invasiveness to ~ 31% and ~ 13%, respectively. Gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin suppressed modulators involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in an ROS-dependent manner. Controlling tumor recurrence, the Gem plus Rom + Cis regimen (~ 112%) was more efficacious than the Gem plus Cis regimen (~ 21%) in tumor growth inhibition. The Gem plus Rom + Cis regimen efficaciously reduced the development of metastatic nodules to 20% in animals. CONCLUSION The gemcitabine plus romidepsin + cisplatin regimen was highly efficacious in controlling TNBC tumor development, recurrence, and metastasis in animals. The combination regimen should be poised for efficient translation into clinical trials for controlling the recurrence and metastasis, ultimately contributing to reducing mortality and improving TNBC patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawat Pattarawat
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jessica T Hunt
- Animal Resource Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jacob Poloway
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Collin J Archibald
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Hwa-Chain Robert Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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99917
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Feghhi M, Rezaie J, Mostafanezhad K, Jabbari N. Bystander effects induced by electron beam-irradiated MCF-7 cells: a potential mechanism of therapy resistance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 187:657-671. [PMID: 34043123 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The distinct direct and non-targeting effects of electron beam radiation on MCF-7 cells remain obscure. We aimed to investigate the effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) and conditioned media (CM) of the irradiated MCF-7 cells on MCF-7 cells. The cytotoxic effects of CM from irradiated MCF-7 cells on the mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were also examined. METHODS Cell viability and apoptosis were assayed via MTT and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) was evaluated by the chemical fluorometric method, while the amount of extracellular vesicles was detected via acetylcholinesterase activity assay. Expression of genes involved in apoptosis, including caspase-3, -8, -9, and stemness such as Sox-2 and Oct-4, were calculated through qPCR. The wound healing rate of cells was monitored via in vitro scratch assay. RESULTS Compared to the control group, EBI groups showed decreased cell viability but increased apoptosis and ROS as well as acetylcholinesterase activity dose-dependently (P < 0.05). Concurrently with increasing the dose of the electron beam, the transcript levels of apoptotic genes (caspase-3, -8, -9) and stemness-related genes (Sox-2 and Oct-4) were up-regulated following EBI. The wound healing rate of irradiated MCF-7 cells increased dose-dependently (P < 0.05). Similar results were observed after treatment with CM from irradiated MCF-7 cells. Additionally, CM from irradiated MCF-7 cells decreased the viability of MCF-7 cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and HUVECs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION MCF-7 cells treated with an electron beam and CMs from irradiated MCF-7 cells exhibit an up-regulation in both genes involved in the apoptosis pathway and stemness. As a result, EBI can affect apoptosis and stemness in MCF-7 cells in direct and bystander manners. However, specific signaling pathways require careful evaluation to provide an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the EBI-induced alternation in tumor cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Feghhi
- Department of Medical Physics, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Nasrollah Jabbari
- Department of Medical Physics and Imaging, Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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99918
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Hijacked Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Molecular Mechanisms of Immunosuppression and Cues to Improve T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115736. [PMID: 34072260 PMCID: PMC8199456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been expanding in recent years in the context of interactions among different cell types, through direct cell–cell communication as well as through soluble factors. It has become evident that the development of a successful antitumor response depends on several TME factors. In this context, the number, type, and subsets of immune cells, as well as the functionality, memory, and exhaustion state of leukocytes are key factors of the TME. Both the presence and functionality of immune cells, in particular T cells, are regulated by cellular and soluble factors of the TME. In this regard, one fundamental reason for failure of antitumor responses is hijacked immune cells, which contribute to the immunosuppressive TME in multiple ways. Specifically, reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites, and anti-inflammatory cytokines have central roles in generating an immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we focused on recent developments in the immune cell constituents of the TME, and the micromilieu control of antitumor responses. Furthermore, we highlighted the current challenges of T cell-based immunotherapies and potential future strategies to consider for strengthening their effectiveness.
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99919
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Ikeda Y, Yasutake R, Yuki R, Saito Y, Nakayama Y. Combination Treatment of OSI-906 with Aurora B Inhibitor Reduces Cell Viability via Cyclin B1 Degradation-Induced Mitotic Slippage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115706. [PMID: 34071893 PMCID: PMC8197973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), a receptor-type tyrosine kinase, transduces signals related to cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. We recently reported that OSI-906, an IGF1R inhibitor, in combination with the Aurora B inhibitor ZM447439 suppresses cell proliferation. However, the mechanism underlying this suppressive effect is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we examined the effects of combination treatment with OSI-906 and ZM447439 on cell division, so as to understand how cell proliferation was suppressed. Morphological analysis showed that the combination treatment generated enlarged cells with aberrant nuclei, whereas neither OSI-906 nor ZM447439 treatment alone caused this morphological change. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that over-replicated cells were generated by the combination treatment, but not by the lone treatment with either inhibitors. Time-lapse imaging showed mitotic slippage following a severe delay in chromosome alignment and cytokinesis failure with furrow regression. Furthermore, in S-trityl-l-cysteine–treated cells, cyclin B1 was precociously degraded. These results suggest that the combination treatment caused severe defect in the chromosome alignment and spindle assembly checkpoint, which resulted in the generation of over-replicated cells. The generation of over-replicated cells with massive aneuploidy may be the cause of reduction of cell viability and cell death. This study provides new possibilities of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuji Nakayama
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-595-4653; Fax: +81-75-595-4758
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99920
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Kainoh K, Takano R, Sekiya M, Saito K, Sugasawa T, Ma Y, Murayama Y, Sugano Y, Osaki Y, Iwasaki H, Takeuchi Y, Yahagi N, Suzuki H, Miyamoto T, Nakagawa Y, Matsuzaka T, Shimano H. CtBP2 confers protection against oxidative stress through interactions with NRF1 and NRF2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 562:146-153. [PMID: 34052660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While molecular oxygen is essential for aerobic organisms, its utilization is inseparably connected with generation of oxidative insults. To cope with the detrimental aspects, cells evolved antioxidative defense systems, and insufficient management of the oxidative insults underlies the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases. A battery of genes for this antioxidative defense are regulated by the transcription factors nuclear factor-erythroid 2-like 1 and 2 (NRF1 and NRF2). While the regulatory steps for the activation of NRFs have been investigated with particular emphasis on nuclear translocation and proteosomal degradation, unknown redundancy may exist considering the indispensable nature of these defense systems. Here we unraveled that C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2), a transcriptional cofactor with redox-sensing capability, is an obligate partner of NRFs. CtBP2 forms transcriptional complexes with NRF1 and NRF2 that is required to promote the expression of antioxidant genes in response to oxidative insults. Our findings illustrate a basis for understanding the transcriptional regulation of antioxidative defense systems that may be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kainoh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ryo Takano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Kenji Saito
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takehito Sugasawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yang Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki Murayama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Sugano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Osaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iwasaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takeuchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoya Yahagi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nakagawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan; Department of Complex Biosystem Research, Division of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan; Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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99921
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Daver N, Venugopal S, Ravandi F. FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia: 2021 treatment algorithm. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:104. [PMID: 34045454 PMCID: PMC8159924 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30% of patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) harbor mutations in the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene. While the adverse prognostic impact of FLT3-ITDmut in AML has been clearly proven, the prognostic significance of FLT3-TKDmut remains speculative. Current guidelines recommend rapid molecular testing for FLT3mut at diagnosis and earlier incorporation of targeted agents to achieve deeper remissions and early consideration for allogeneic stem cell transplant (ASCT). Mounting evidence suggests that FLT3mut can emerge at any timepoint in the disease spectrum emphasizing the need for repetitive mutational testing not only at diagnosis but also at each relapse. The approval of multi-kinase FLT3 inhibitor (FLT3i) midostaurin with induction therapy for newly diagnosed FLT3mut AML, and a more specific, potent FLT3i, gilteritinib as monotherapy for relapsed/refractory (R/R) FLT3mut AML have improved outcomes in patients with FLT3mut AML. Nevertheless, the short duration of remission with single-agent FLT3i's in R/R FLT3mut AML in the absence of ASCT, limited options in patients refractory to gilteritinib therapy, and diverse primary and secondary mechanisms of resistance to different FLT3i's remain ongoing challenges that compel the development and rapid implementation of multi-agent combinatorial or sequential therapies for FLT3mut AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Sangeetha Venugopal
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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99922
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Zhao Y, Dong Y, Sun Y, Cheng C. AutoEncoder-Based Computational Framework for Tumor Microenvironment Decomposition and Biomarker Identification in Metastatic Melanoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:665065. [PMID: 34122516 PMCID: PMC8191580 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.665065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancer types whose prognosis is determined by both the tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic features as well as their interactions. In this study, we performed systematic and unbiased analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) melanoma RNA-seq data and identified two gene signatures that captured the intrinsic and extrinsic features, respectively. Specifically, we selected genes that best reflected the expression signals from tumor cells and immune infiltrate cells. Then, we applied an AutoEncoder-based method to decompose the expression of these genes into a small number of representative nodes. Many of these nodes were found to be significantly associated with patient prognosis. From them, we selected two most prognostic nodes and defined a tumor-intrinsic (TI) signature and a tumor-extrinsic (TE) signature. Pathway analysis confirmed that the TE signature recapitulated cytotoxic immune cell related pathways while the TI signature reflected MYC pathway activity. We leveraged these two signatures to investigate six independent melanoma microarray datasets and found that they were able to predict the prognosis of patients under standard care. Furthermore, we showed that the TE signature was also positively associated with patients' response to immunotherapies, including tumor vaccine therapy and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. This study developed a novel computational framework to capture the tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic features and identified robust prognostic and predictive biomarkers in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanding Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yadong Dong
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yongqi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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99923
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Wang C, Huang M, Chen C, Li Y, Qin N, Ma Z, Fan J, Gong L, Zeng H, Yang L, Xu X, Zhou J, Dai J, Jin G, Hu Z, Ma H, Tan F, Shen H. Identification of A-to-I RNA editing profiles and their clinical relevance in lung adenocarcinoma. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:19-32. [PMID: 34050895 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a widespread posttranscriptional modification that has been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis. Here, we evaluated a total of 19,316 RNA editing sites in the tissues of 80 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients from our Nanjing Lung Cancer Cohort (NJLCC) and 486 LUAD patients from the TCGA database. The global RNA editing level was significantly increased in tumor tissues and was highly heterogeneous across patients. The high RNA editing level in tumors was attributed to both RNA (ADAR1 expression) and DNA alterations (mutation load). Consensus clustering on RNA editing sites revealed a new molecular subtype (EC3) that was associated with the poorest prognosis of LUAD patients. Importantly, the new classification was independent of classic molecular subtypes based on gene expression or DNA methylation. We further proposed a simplified model including eight RNA editing sites to accurately distinguish the EC3 subtype in our patients. The model was further validated in the TCGA dataset and had an area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.93 (95%CI: 0.91-0.95). In addition, we found that LUAD cell lines with the EC3 subtype were sensitive to four chemotherapy drugs. These findings highlighted the importance of RNA editing events in the tumorigenesis of LUAD and provided insight into the application of RNA editing in the molecular subtyping and clinical treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mingtao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Congcong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuancheng Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Na Qin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zijian Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jingyi Fan
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Linnan Gong
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xianfeng Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Fengwei Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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99924
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Gao J, Hou S, Yuan S, Wang Y, Gao Y, Sun X, Wang W, Chu Y, Zhou Y, Feng X, Luo HR, Cheng T, Shi J, Yuan W, Wang X. Rheb1-Deficient Neutrophils Promote Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Proliferation via Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650599. [PMID: 34124040 PMCID: PMC8191467 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells have been identified as hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-regulating cells. However, the mechanisms by which myeloid cells regulate the function of HSCs are not fully defined. Our previous study indicated that the HSCs are over-expanded in Vav1-Cre;Rheb1 f l/fl mice. Here, using in vivo and in vitro models, we found that Rheb1-deficient neutrophils remodeled the bone marrow environment and induced expansion of HSCs in vivo. Further studies showed that loss of Rheb1 impaired neutrophils' ability to secrete IL-6, led mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to produce more SCF, and promote HSC proliferation. We further found that IL-6 suppressed SCF mRNA expression in human MSCs. Interesting, the high level of IL-6 was also related with poor survival of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, and higher expression of IL-6 in CML cells is associated with the lower expression of SCF in MSCs in patients. Our studies suggested that blocking IL-6 signaling pathway might stimulate MSCs to secrete more SCF, and to support hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuaibing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengnan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Weili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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99925
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Inoue T, Byrne T, Inoue M, Tait ME, Wall P, Wang A, Dermyer MR, Laklai H, Binder JJ, Lees C, Hollingsworth R, Maruri-Avidal L, Kirn DH, McDonald DM. Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Gene Modification and Cytokine Expression Effects on Tumor Infection, Immune Response, and Killing. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1481-1494. [PMID: 34045231 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic vaccinia viruses have promising efficacy and safety profiles in cancer therapy. Although antitumor activity can be increased by manipulating viral genes, the relative efficacy of individual modifications has been difficult to assess without side-by-side comparisons. This study sought to compare the initial antitumor activity after intravenous administration of five vaccinia virus variants of the same Western Reserve backbone and thymidine kinase gene deletion in RIP-Tag2 transgenic mice with spontaneous pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Tumors had focal regions of infection at 5 days after all viruses. Natural killer (NK) cells were restricted to these sites of infection, but CD8+ T cells and tumor cell apoptosis were widespread and varied among the viruses. Antitumor activity of virus VV-A34, bearing amino acid substitution A34K151E to increase viral spreading, and virus VV-IL2v, expressing a mouse IL2 variant (mIL2v) with attenuated IL2 receptor alpha subunit binding, was similar to control virus VV-GFP. However, antitumor activity was significantly greater after virus VV-A34/IL2v, which expressed mIL2v together with A34K151E mutation and viral B18R gene deletion, and virus VV-GMCSF that expressed mouse GM-CSF. Both viruses greatly increased expression of CD8 antigens Cd8a/Cd8b1 and cytotoxicity genes granzyme A, granzyme B, Fas ligand, and perforin-1 in tumors. VV-A34/IL2v led to higher serum IL2 and greater tumor expression of death receptor ligand TRAIL, but VV-GMCSF led to higher serum GM-CSF, greater expression of leukocyte chemokines and adhesion molecules, and more neutrophil recruitment. Together, the results show that antitumor activity is similarly increased by viral expression of GM-CSF or IL2v combined with additional genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Inoue
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas Byrne
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mitsuko Inoue
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Madeline E Tait
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Annabel Wang
- Cancer Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael R Dermyer
- Cancer Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer, La Jolla, California
| | - Hanane Laklai
- Cancer Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer, La Jolla, California
| | - Joseph J Binder
- Cancer Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer, La Jolla, California
| | - Clare Lees
- Cancer Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert Hollingsworth
- Cancer Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | - Donald M McDonald
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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99926
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Bacolod MD, Barany F. MGMT Epigenetics: The Influence of Gene Body Methylation and Other Insights Derived from Integrated Methylomic, Transcriptomic, and Chromatin Analyses in Various Cancer Types. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:360-374. [PMID: 33535955 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210203111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) is primarily responsible for limiting the activity of some widely used chemotherapeutic agents, including temozolomide (TMZ) and carmustine (BCNU). The gene encoding this protein is epigenetically regulated, and assessment of methylation at its promoter region is used to predict glioma patients' response to TMZ. METHODS In this report, we employed a bioinformatic approach to elucidate MGMT's epigenetic regulation. Integrated for the analysis were genome-wide methylation and transcription datasets for > 8,600 human tissue (representing 31 distinct cancer types) and 500 human cancer cell line samples. Also crucial to the interpretation of results were publicly available data from the ENCODE Project: tracks for histone modifications (via ChIP-seq) and DNase I hypersensitivity (via DNaseseq), as well as methylation and transcription data for representative cell lines (HeLa-S3, HMEC, K562). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We were able to validate (perhaps more comprehensively) the contrasting influences of CpG methylation at promoter region and at gene body on MGMT transcription. While the MGMT promoter is populated by CpG sites whose methylation levels displayed high negative correlation (R) with MGMT mRNA counts, the gene body harbors CpG sites exhibiting high positive R values. The promoter CpG sites with very high negative R's across cancer types include cg12981137, cg12434587, and cg00618725. Among the notable gene body CpG sites (high positive R's across cancer types) are cg00198994 (Intron 1), cg04473030 (Intron 2), and cg07367735 (Intron 4). For certain cancer types, such as melanoma, gene body methylation appears to be a better predictor of MGMT transcription (compared to promoter methylation). In general, the CpG methylation v. MGMT expression R values are higher in cell lines relative to tissues. Also, these correlations are noticeably more prominent in certain cancer types such as colorectal, adrenocortical, esophageal, skin, and head and neck cancers, as well as glioblastoma. As expected, hypomethylation at the promoter region is associated with more open chromatin, and enrichment of histone marks H3K4m1, H3K4m2, H3K4m3, and H3K9ac. CONCLUSION Overall, our analysis illustrated the contrasting influence of promoter and gene body methylation on MGMT expression. These observations may help improve diagnostic assays for MGMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manny D Bacolod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Francis Barany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
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99927
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The m 6A-epitranscriptome in brain plasticity, learning and memory. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 125:110-121. [PMID: 34053866 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activity-dependent gene expression and protein translation underlie the ability of neurons to dynamically adjust their synaptic strength in response to sensory experience and during learning. The emerging field of epitranscriptomics (RNA modifications) has rapidly shifted our views on the mechanisms that regulate gene expression. Among hundreds of biochemical modifications on RNA, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant reversible mRNA modification in the brain. Its dynamic nature and ability to regulate all aspects of mRNA processing have positioned m6A as an important and versatile regulator of nervous system functions, including neuronal plasticity, learning and memory. In this review, we summarise recent experimental evidence that supports the role of m6A signalling in learning and memory, as well as providing an overview of the underlying molecular mechanisms in neurons. We also discuss the consequences of perturbed m6A signalling and/or its regulatory networks which are increasingly being linked to various cognitive disorders in humans.
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99928
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Systemic metastasis-targeted nanotherapeutic reinforces tumor surgical resection and chemotherapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3187. [PMID: 34045459 PMCID: PMC8160269 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of conventional clinical therapies such as tumor resection and chemotherapy are mainly due to the ineffective control of tumor metastasis. Metastasis consists of three steps: (i) tumor cells extravasate from the primary sites into the circulation system via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), (ii) the circulating tumor cells (CTCs) form “micro-thrombi” with platelets to evade the immune surveillance in circulation, and (iii) the CTCs colonize in the pre-metastatic niche. Here, we design a systemic metastasis-targeted nanotherapeutic (H@CaPP) composed of an anti-inflammatory agent, piceatannol, and an anti-thrombotic agent, low molecular weight heparin, to hinder the multiple steps of tumor metastasis. H@CaPP is found efficiently impeded EMT, inhibited the formation of “micro-thrombi”, and prevented the development of pre-metastatic niche. When combined with surgical resection or chemotherapy, H@CaPP efficiently inhibits tumor metastasis and prolonged overall survival of tumor-bearing mice. Collectively, we provide a simple and effective systemic metastasis-targeted nanotherapeutic for combating tumor metastasis. Failure of conventional clinical therapies such as tumor resection and chemotherapy are mainly due to the ineffective control of tumor metastasis. Here, the authors show that a systemic metastasis-targeted nanotherapeutic may offer a powerful adjunct therapy for suppressing tumor metastasis.
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99929
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Santagostino SF, Assenmacher CA, Tarrant JC, Adedeji AO, Radaelli E. Mechanisms of Regulated Cell Death: Current Perspectives. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:596-623. [PMID: 34039100 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211005537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Balancing cell survival and cell death is fundamental to development and homeostasis. Cell death is regulated by multiple interconnected signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. Regulated cell death (RCD) is implicated in fundamental processes such as organogenesis and tissue remodeling, removal of unnecessary structures or cells, and regulation of cell numbers. RCD can also be triggered by exogenous perturbations of the intracellular or extracellular microenvironment when the adaptive processes that respond to stress fail. During the past few years, many novel forms of non-apoptotic RCD have been identified, and the characterization of RCD mechanisms at a molecular level has deepened our understanding of diseases encountered in human and veterinary medicine. Given the complexity of these processes, it has become clear that the identification of RCD cannot be based simply on morphologic characteristics and that descriptive and diagnostic terms presently used by pathologists-such as individual cell apoptosis or necrosis-appear inadequate and possibly misleading. In this review, the current understanding of the molecular machinery of each type of non-apoptotic RCD mechanisms is outlined. Due to the continuous discovery of new mechanisms or nuances of previously described processes, the limitations of the terms apoptosis and necrosis to indicate microscopic findings are also reported. In addition, the need for a standard panel of biomarkers and functional tests to adequately characterize the underlying RCD and its role as a mechanism of disease is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James C Tarrant
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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99930
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Zhao K, Zhang Q, Flanagan SA, Lang X, Jiang L, Parsels LA, Parsels JD, Zou W, Lawrence TS, Buisson R, Green MD, Morgan MA. Cytidine Deaminase APOBEC3A Regulates PD-L1 Expression in Cancer Cells in a JNK/c-JUN-Dependent Manner. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1571-1582. [PMID: 34045311 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) promotes tumor immune evasion by engaging the PD-1 receptor and inhibiting T-cell activity. While the regulation of PD-L1 expression is not fully understood, its expression is associated with tumor mutational burden and response to immune checkpoint therapy. Here, we report that Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3A (APOBEC3A) is an important regulator of PD-L1 expression. Using an APOBEC3A inducible expression system as well as siRNA against endogenous APOBEC3A, we found that APOBEC3A regulates PD-L1 mRNA and protein levels as well as PD-L1 cell surface expression in cancer. Mechanistically, APOBEC3A-induced PD-L1 expression was dependent on APOBEC3A catalytic activity as catalytically dead APOBEC3A mutant (E72A) failed to induce PD-L1 expression. Furthermore, APOBEC3A-induced PD-L1 expression was dependent on replication-associated DNA damage and JNK/c-JUN signaling but not interferon signaling. In addition, we confirmed the relevance of these finding in patient tumors as APOBEC3A expression and mutational signature correlated with PD-L1 expression in multiple patient cancer types. These data provide a novel link between APOBEC3A, its DNA mutagenic activity and PD-L1-mediated antitumoral immunity. This work nominates APOBEC3A as a mechanism of immune evasion and a potential biomarker for the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. IMPLICATIONS: APOBEC3A catalytic activity induces replication-associated DNA damage to promote PD-L1 expression implying that APOBEC3A-driven mutagenesis represents both a mechanism of tumor immune evasion and a therapeutically targetable vulnerability in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sheryl A Flanagan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xueting Lang
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Long Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leslie A Parsels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joshua D Parsels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Weiping Zou
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rémi Buisson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Michael D Green
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Meredith A Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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99931
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Vascular-immuno-phenotypic (VIP) model for locally advanced and oligo-metastatic cancer: A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2021; 152:110618. [PMID: 34102599 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Primary Hypothesis: In cancer therapy, normalization of the vasculature, and not disruption, to facilitate the reversal of the immuno-phenotypic changes, is the sine-qua-non for cancer elimination. The triad of normalization of the vasculature, leading to the improved immunological tumour microenvironment and increased susceptibility of resistant phenotypic cancer cells (VIP model), forms the basis of this hypothesis. This article hypothesizes the absolute need for vascular normalization for the eradication of cancer. Locally advanced and oligometastatic cancers have the potential to be cured with aggressive therapy. The focus on vascular normalization its clinical relevance in this situation is essential. Most traditional approaches have focused on the elimination of cancer by targeting and disrupting vasculature. Initially, antiangiogenic drugs showed significant promise in animal experiments. However, this vascular disruption approach has not paid the expected long-term dividends in the clinical setup. However, antiangiogenics are playing a significant role when used concurrently with chemotherapy/immunotherapy. Antiangiogenics have dual temporal actions - an initial normalization effect with improved oxygenation followed by pruning of blood vessels, resulting in exaggerated hypoxia along with a rebound progression. The literature is replete with phenomena of initial vascular normalization with a paradigm shift in the immuno-phenotypic milieu of cancer as part of vascular targeting approaches. The hypothesis in this article stresses the need to have strategies to extend this normalization window or to have pre-clinical trials to optimize the dose scheduling of antiangiogenics cyclically along with chemo/targeted/immune therapy and other combination therapies. We can implement this hypothesis by a combinatorial harmonization of present-day cancer therapies in the setting of tumor vasculature integrity. In addition, based on the proposed hypothesis, the current normalization effect of antiangiogenics and newer therapy development should focus primarily on normalization of the vasculature as well as targeting hypoxia-Inducible-factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 α) in the presence of differential genetic modulation of vascular endothelial cell resistance enhancement along with cancer cell sensitization. Also, the article enumerates six supporting hypotheses supplementing the primary hypothesis.
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99932
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Zampedri C, Martínez-Flores WA, Melendez-Zajgla J. The Use of Zebrafish Xenotransplant Assays to Analyze the Role of lncRNAs in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:687594. [PMID: 34123857 PMCID: PMC8190406 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.687594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents a great challenge since it is the first cause of death by cancer in women worldwide. LncRNAs are a newly described class of non-coding RNAs that participate in cancer progression. Their use as cancer markers and possible therapeutic targets has recently gained strength. Animal xenotransplants allows for in vivo monitoring of disease development, molecular elucidation of pathogenesis and the design of new therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, the cost and complexities of mice husbandry makes medium to high throughput assays difficult. Zebrafishes (Danio rerio) represent a novel model for these assays, given the ease with which xenotransplantation trials can be performed and the economic and experimental advantages it offers. In this review we propose the use of xenotransplants in zebrafish to study the role of breast cancer lncRNAs using low to medium high throughput assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Zampedri
- Functional Genomics Laboratories, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Melendez-Zajgla
- Functional Genomics Laboratories, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico City, Mexico
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99933
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Mongkolrob R, Tharabenjasin P, Bualuang A, Jarjanazi H, Pabalan N. Influence of Lysyl oxidase Polymorphisms in Cancer Risk: An Updated Meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:411-418. [PMID: 34042515 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between polymorphisms in the Lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene with susceptibility to cancer. The role of LOX in carcinogenesis prompted several association studies in various cancer types; however the outcomes of these studies have inconsistent. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to obtain more precise estimates. Materials and Methods: A literature search yielded 14 articles from which we examined five cancer groups: breast, bone, lung, gastrointestinal, and gynecological cancers. For each cancer group, pooled odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using standard genetic models. High significance (p-value for association [pa] < 0.00001), homogeneity (I2 = 0%), and high precision of effects (CI difference [CID] <1.0 [upper CI - lower CI]) comprised the three criteria for strength of evidence. We used sensitivity analysis to assess robustness of the outcomes. Results: We generated 28 comparisons from which 13 were significant (pa < 0.05), indicating increased risk, (OR >1.00) found in all cancer groups except breast (pa = 0.10-0.91). Of the 13, three met all criteria (core) for strength of evidence (pa < 0.00001, CIDs 0.49-0.56 and I2 = 0%), found in dominant/codominant models of gynecological cancers (ORs 1.52-1.62, 95% CIs 1.26-1.88) and codominant model of lung cancer (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.19-1.74). These three were deemed robust. Conclusion: Based on the three core outcomes, associations of LOX 473G/A with lung, ovarian, and cervical cancers indicate 1.4-1.6-fold increased risks, underpinned by robustness and high statistical power at the aggregate level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungrawee Mongkolrob
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Phuntila Tharabenjasin
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Aporn Bualuang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Hamdi Jarjanazi
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Canada
| | - Noel Pabalan
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
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99934
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Velazquez FN, Zhang L, Viscardi V, Trocchia C, Hannun YA, Obeid LM, Snider AJ. Loss of sphingosine kinase 1 increases lung metastases in the MMTV-PyMT mouse model of breast cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252311. [PMID: 34043703 PMCID: PMC8158862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease, and ~30% of breast cancer patients succumb to metastasis, highlighting the need to understand the mechanisms of breast cancer progression in order to identify new molecular targets for treatment. Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) has been shown to be upregulated in patients with breast cancer, and several studies have suggested its involvement in breast cancer progression and/or metastasis, mostly based on cell studies. In this work we evaluated the role of SK1 in breast cancer development and metastasis using a transgenic breast cancer model, mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle tumor-antigen (MMTV-PyMT), that closely resembles the characteristics and evolution of human breast cancer. The results show that SK1 deficiency does not alter tumor latency or growth, but significantly increases the number of metastatic lung nodules and the average metastasis size in the lung of MMTV-PyMT mice. Additionally, analysis of Kaplan-Meier plotter of human disease shows that high SK1 mRNA expression can be associated with a better prognosis for breast cancer patients. These results suggest a metastasis-suppressing function for SK1 in the MMTV-PyMT model of breast cancer, and that its role in regulating human breast cancer progression and metastasis may be dependent on the breast cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola N. Velazquez
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Leiqing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Valentina Viscardi
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Carolena Trocchia
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Lina M. Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Ashley J. Snider
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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99935
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Overexpression of S100A9 in tumor stroma contribute to immune evasion of NK/T cell lymphoma and predict poor response rate. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11220. [PMID: 34045609 PMCID: PMC8160340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) represents an aggressive lymphoid malignancy characterized by dismal prognosis. Immune-checkpoint blockade has shown promising efficacy in NKTCL. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying immune evasion in NKTCL have never been explored. Here, proteomic analysis was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins between NKTCL patients and healthy individuals. We found that S100A9, an immunosuppressive molecule, was much higher in NKTCL patients both in serum and tumor stroma. Elevated level of S100A9 was associated with advanced stage, poor overall response and early recurrence. Moreover, percentage of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in peripheral blood was positively correlated with levels of S100A9. Low concentration of S100A9 promoted proliferation of NKTCL cells, while did not affect cell apoptosis and cell cycles. Furthermore, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on NKTCL cells was up-regulated by S100A9 through activation of ERK1/2 signaling. Inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling significantly decreased tumor growth and PD-L1 expression induced by S100A9. In conclusion, our research firstly identified S100A9 as an immune suppressor in the tumorigenesis of NKTCL via accumulation of MDSCs and upregulation of PD-L1 expression. S100A9 may serve as a potential target to increase the efficacy of immunotherapy in NKTCL.
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99936
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von Keudell G, Salles G. The role of tazemetostat in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma. Ther Adv Hematol 2021; 12:20406207211015882. [PMID: 34104370 PMCID: PMC8165870 DOI: 10.1177/20406207211015882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Large strides have been made in the treatment of follicular lymphoma (FL) over the last few years. Although the majority of patients respond to upfront therapy, many experience disease progression with a progressive shortening of subsequent treatment free intervals. New treatment options are therefore crucial for such patients. Tazemetostat is a first-in-class, selective, oral inhibitor of enhancer of zester homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase that is mutated in about a quarter of FL cases. Tazemetostat was recently approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed FL after 2 or more prior lines of therapy in the presence of an EZH2 mutation and for those without any other available therapeutic option, independently of EZH2 mutation status. In this review, we will summarize the background and key data that led to the development of tazemetostat, and, ultimately, to its approval for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried von Keudell
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gilles Salles
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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99937
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Mahmud I, Pinto FG, Rubio VY, Lee B, Pavlovich CP, Perera RJ, Garrett TJ. Rapid Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer Disease Progression Using Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7774-7780. [PMID: 34043339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The limitation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis is well-recognized. The Gleason score (GS) has been the most widely used grading system for prostate tumor differentiation and represents the best-established prognostic indicator for prostate cancer progression. However, a rapid and sensitive noninvasive diagnostic marker that differentiates GS-based prostate cancer disease progression is needed. As PC is becoming a leading cause of cancer related death for men in the U.S. and worldwide, an immediate need exists for an improved, sensitive, noninvasive, and rapid diagnostic test for PC screening. Here, we employed paper spray ionization-mass spectrometry (PSI MS)-based global metabolomics of urine liquid biopsies to distinguish between healthy (negative for any prostate specific health problems) and progressive PC states (low grade PC such as GS6 and high-grade PC such as GS7, GS8, and GS9). For PSI-MS-based direct untargeted metabolic investigation, a raw urine sample was directly pipetted onto a triangular paper substrate, without any additional sample preparation. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed distinct GS-specific metabolic signatures compared to a healthy control. Variable importance in projection from partial least-squares-discriminant analysis showed distinct metabolic patterns that were correlatively elevated with progressive disease and could serve as biomarkers for diagnosis of prostate cancer risk categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Mahmud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Frederico G Pinto
- Instituto de Ciencias Exatas e Tecnologicas, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Y Rubio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Bongyong Lee
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, 600 Sixth Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, United States.,Department of Oncology, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 401 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Christian P Pavlovich
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 4940 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Ranjan J Perera
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, 600 Sixth Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, United States
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States.,Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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99938
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Yang S, Pang L, Dai W, Wu S, Ren T, Duan Y, Zheng Y, Bi S, Zhang X, Kong J. Role of Forkhead Box O Proteins in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Biology and Progression (Review). Front Oncol 2021; 11:667730. [PMID: 34123834 PMCID: PMC8190381 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.667730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of malignant tumor of the digestive system, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The main treatment for HCC is surgical resection. Advanced disease, recurrence, and metastasis are the main factors affecting prognosis. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are not sufficiently efficacious for the treatment of primary and metastatic HCC; therefore, optimizing targeted therapy is essential for improving outcomes. Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins are widely expressed in cells and function to integrate a variety of growth factors, oxidative stress signals, and other stimulatory signals, thereby inducing the specific expression of downstream signal factors and regulation of the cell cycle, senescence, apoptosis, oxidative stress, HCC development, and chemotherapy sensitivity. Accordingly, FOXO proteins are considered multifunctional targets of cancer treatment. The current review discusses the roles of FOXO proteins, particularly FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6, in HCC and establishes a theoretical basis for the potential targeted therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liwei Pang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanlin Dai
- Innovation Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tengqi Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunlong Duan
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiyuan Bi
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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99939
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Preusse C, Eede P, Heinzeling L, Freitag K, Koll R, Froehlich W, Schneider U, Allenbach Y, Benveniste O, Schänzer A, Goebel HH, Stenzel W, Radke J. NanoString technology distinguishes anti-TIF-1γ + from anti-Mi-2 + dermatomyositis patients. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12957. [PMID: 34043263 PMCID: PMC8412076 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatomyositis (DM) is a systemic idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting skeletal muscle and skin, clinically characterized by symmetrical proximal muscle weakness and typical skin lesions. Recently, myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) became of utmost importance because they strongly correlate with distinct clinical manifestations and prognosis. Antibodies against transcription intermediary factor 1γ (TIF-1γ) are frequently associated with increased risk of malignancy, a specific cutaneous phenotype and limited response to therapy in adult DM patients. Anti-Mi-2 autoantibodies, in contrast, are typically associated with classic DM rashes, prominent skeletal muscle weakness, better therapeutic response and prognosis, and less frequently with cancer. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of autoantibody testing is only moderate, and alternative reliable methods for DM patient stratification and prediction of cancer risk are needed. To further investigate these clinically distinct DM subgroups, we herein analyzed 30 DM patients (n = 15 Mi-2+ and n = 15 TIF-1 γ+ ) and n = 8 non-disease controls (NDC). We demonstrate that the NanoString technology can be used as a very sensitive method to clearly differentiate these two clinically distinct DM subgroups. Using the nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel™, we identified a set of significantly dysregulated genes in anti-TIF-1γ+ patient muscle biopsies including VEGFA, DDX58, IFNB1, CCL5, IL12RB2, and CD84. Investigation of type I IFN-regulated transcripts revealed a striking type I interferon signature in anti-Mi-2+ patient biopsies. Our results help to stratify both subgroups and predict, which DM patients require an intensified diagnostic procedure and might have a poorer outcome. Potentially, this could also have implications for the therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Preusse
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology with Institute for Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital (UKM), Münster, Germany
| | - Pascale Eede
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Heinzeling
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Kiara Freitag
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Randi Koll
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Waltraud Froehlich
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo Schneider
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yves Allenbach
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Benveniste
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Department of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Hilmar Goebel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Radke
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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99940
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Crawford A, Chiu D. Targeting Solid Tumors Using CD3 Bispecific Antibodies. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1350-1358. [PMID: 34045228 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies to treat cancer have made tremendous progress over the past decade. In particular, T cell-directed therapies have gained considerable attention with CD3 bispecific antibodies and CAR T cells showing potent responses against hematologic tumors. At present, the ability to adapt these therapeutics to treat solid tumors is less established. Herein, we discuss recent advances in T cell-engaging CD3 bispecific antibodies targeting solid tumors, potential mechanisms of resistance, and future prospects. A better understanding of the mechanisms of immune evasion in solid tumors will enable the development of strategies to overcome this resistance and inform choices of therapeutic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danica Chiu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
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99941
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Soriano O, Alcón-Pérez M, Vicente-Manzanares M, Castellano E. The Crossroads between RAS and RHO Signaling Pathways in Cellular Transformation, Motility and Contraction. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060819. [PMID: 34071831 PMCID: PMC8229961 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras and Rho proteins are GTP-regulated molecular switches that control multiple signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. Ras was among the first identified oncogenes, and it appears mutated in many forms of human cancer. It mainly promotes proliferation and survival through the MAPK pathway and the PI3K/AKT pathways, respectively. However, the myriad proteins close to the plasma membrane that activate or inhibit Ras make it a major regulator of many apparently unrelated pathways. On the other hand, Rho is weakly oncogenic by itself, but it critically regulates microfilament dynamics; that is, actin polymerization, disassembly and contraction. Polymerization is driven mainly by the Arp2/3 complex and formins, whereas contraction depends on myosin mini-filament assembly and activity. These two pathways intersect at numerous points: from Ras-dependent triggering of Rho activators, some of which act through PI3K, to mechanical feedback driven by actomyosin action. Here, we describe the main points of connection between the Ras and Rho pathways as they coordinately drive oncogenic transformation. We emphasize the biochemical crosstalk that drives actomyosin contraction driven by Ras in a Rho-dependent manner. We also describe possible routes of mechanical feedback through which myosin II activation may control Ras/Rho activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Soriano
- Tumor Biophysics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Marta Alcón-Pérez
- Tumour-Stroma Signalling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Tumor Biophysics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (E.C.)
| | - Esther Castellano
- Tumour-Stroma Signalling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (E.C.)
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99942
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Cruickshank BM, Wasson MCD, Brown JM, Fernando W, Venkatesh J, Walker OL, Morales-Quintanilla F, Dahn ML, Vidovic D, Dean CA, VanIderstine C, Dellaire G, Marcato P. LncRNA PART1 Promotes Proliferation and Migration, Is Associated with Cancer Stem Cells, and Alters the miRNA Landscape in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112644. [PMID: 34072264 PMCID: PMC8198907 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are aggressive, lack targeted therapies and are enriched in cancer stem cells (CSCs). Novel therapies which target CSCs within these tumors would likely lead to improved outcomes for TNBC patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are potential therapeutic targets for TNBC and CSCs. We demonstrate that lncRNA prostate androgen regulated transcript 1 (PART1) is enriched in TNBCs and in Aldefluorhigh CSCs, and is associated with worse outcomes among basal-like breast cancer patients. Although PART1 is androgen inducible in breast cancer cells, analysis of patient tumors indicates its androgen regulation has minimal clinical impact. Knockdown of PART1 in TNBC cell lines and a patient-derived xenograft decreased cell proliferation, migration, tumor growth, and mammosphere formation potential. Transcriptome analyses revealed that the lncRNA affects expression of hundreds of genes (e.g., myosin-Va, MYO5A; zinc fingers and homeoboxes protein 2, ZHX2). MiRNA 4.0 GeneChip and TaqMan assays identified multiple miRNAs that are regulated by cytoplasmic PART1, including miR-190a-3p, miR-937-5p, miR-22-5p, miR-30b-3p, and miR-6870-5p. We confirmed the novel interaction between PART1 and miR-937-5p. In general, miRNAs altered by PART1 were less abundant than PART1, potentially leading to cell line-specific effects in terms miRNA-PART1 interactions and gene regulation. Together, the altered miRNA landscape induced by PART1 explains most of the protein-coding gene regulation changes (e.g., MYO5A) induced by PART1 in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne M. Cruickshank
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Marie-Claire D. Wasson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Justin M. Brown
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Wasundara Fernando
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Jaganathan Venkatesh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Olivia L. Walker
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
| | | | - Margaret L. Dahn
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Dejan Vidovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Cheryl A. Dean
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Carter VanIderstine
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Paola Marcato
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.M.C.); (M.-C.D.W.); (J.M.B.); (W.F.); (J.V.); (O.L.W.); (M.L.D.); (D.V.); (C.A.D.); (C.V.); (G.D.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-494-4239
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99943
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Meireson A, Tavernier SJ, Van Gassen S, Sundahl N, Demeyer A, Spaas M, Kruse V, Ferdinande L, Van Dorpe J, Hennart B, Allorge D, Haerynck F, Decaestecker K, Rottey S, Saeys Y, Ost P, Brochez L. Immune Monitoring in Melanoma and Urothelial Cancer Patients Treated with Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy and SBRT Discloses Tumor Specific Immune Signatures. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112630. [PMID: 34071888 PMCID: PMC8198315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently available biomarkers for response to checkpoint inhibitors are incomplete and predominantly focus on tumor tissue analysis e.g., tumor mutational burden, programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. Biomarkers in peripheral blood would allow a more dynamic monitoring and could offer a way for sequential adaptation of treatment strategy. We conducted an in-depth analysis of baseline and on-treatment systemic immune features in a cohort of stage III/IV melanoma and stage IV urothelial cancer (UC) patients treated with anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) therapy combined with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in a similar regimen/schedule. Baseline immunity was clearly different between these two cohorts, indicating a less active immune landscape in UC patients. This study also detected signatures of proliferation in the CD8+ T-cell compartment pre-treatment and early after anti-PD-1 initiation that were positively correlated with clinical outcome in both tumor types. In addition our data support the biological relevance of PD-1/PD-L1 expression on circulating immune cell subsets, especially in melanoma. Abstract (1) Background: Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has revolutionized the oncology field in the last decade. However, the proportion of patients experiencing a durable response is still limited. In the current study, we performed an extensive immune monitoring in patients with stage III/IV melanoma and stage IV UC who received anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with SBRT. (2) Methods: In total 145 blood samples from 38 patients, collected at fixed time points before and during treatment, were phenotyped via high-parameter flow cytometry, luminex assay and UPLC-MS/MS. (3) Results: Baseline systemic immunity in melanoma and UC patients was different with a more prominent myeloid compartment and a higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in UC. Proliferation (Ki67+) of CD8+ T-cells and of the PD-1+/PD-L1+ CD8+ subset at baseline correlated with progression free survival in melanoma. In contrast a higher frequency of PD-1/PD-L1 expressing non-proliferating (Ki67−) CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells before treatment was associated with worse outcome in melanoma. In UC, the expansion of Ki67+ CD8+ T-cells and of the PD-L1+ subset relative to tumor burden correlated with clinical outcome. (4) Conclusion: This study reveals a clearly different immune landscape in melanoma and UC at baseline, which may impact immunotherapy response. Signatures of proliferation in the CD8+ T-cell compartment prior to and early after anti-PD-1 initiation were positively correlated with clinical outcome in both cohorts. PD-1/PD-L1 expression on circulating immune cell subsets seems of clinical relevance in the melanoma cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Meireson
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Dermatology Research Unit, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon J. Tavernier
- Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Primary Immune Deficiency Research Lab, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.J.T.); (F.H.)
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nora Sundahl
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Demeyer
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Dermatology Research Unit, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Spaas
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vibeke Kruse
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Benjamin Hennart
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.H.); (D.A.)
- ULR 4483-IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (IMPECS), Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Allorge
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.H.); (D.A.)
- ULR 4483-IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (IMPECS), Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Primary Immune Deficiency Research Lab, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.J.T.); (F.H.)
| | - Karel Decaestecker
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Rottey
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piet Ost
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Brochez
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Dermatology Research Unit, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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99944
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Lin CH, Lichtarge O. Using Interpretable Deep Learning to Model Cancer Dependencies. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:2675-2681. [PMID: 34042953 PMCID: PMC8428607 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Cancer dependencies provide potential drug targets. Unfortunately, dependencies differ among cancers and even individuals. To this end, visible neural networks (VNNs) are promising due to robust performance and the interpretability required for the biomedical field. Results We design Biological visible neural network (BioVNN) using pathway knowledge to predict cancer dependencies. Despite having fewer parameters, BioVNN marginally outperforms traditional neural networks (NNs) and converges faster. BioVNN also outperforms an NN based on randomized pathways. More importantly, dependency predictions can be explained by correlating with the neuron output states of relevant pathways, which suggest dependency mechanisms. In feature importance analysis, BioVNN recapitulates known reaction partners and proposes new ones. Such robust and interpretable VNNs may facilitate the understanding of cancer dependency and the development of targeted therapies. Availability and implementation Code and data are available at https://github.com/LichtargeLab/BioVNN Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Lichtarge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Department of Pharmacology
- Computational and Integrative Biomedical Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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99945
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Byun HK, Chang JS, Jung M, Koom WS, Chung KY, Oh BH, Roh MR, Kim KH, Lee CK, Shin SJ. Prediction of Immune-Checkpoint Blockade Monotherapy Response in Patients With Melanoma Based on Easily Accessible Clinical Indicators. Front Oncol 2021; 11:659754. [PMID: 34123816 PMCID: PMC8190329 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.659754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint blocker (ICB) has shown significant clinical activity in melanoma. However, there are no clinically approved biomarkers to aid patient selection. We aimed to identify patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma who are likely to benefit from ICB monotherapy using easily accessible clinical indicators. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 134 patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma who received ICB monotherapy between 2014 and 2018. Prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were determined using Cox regression analysis. Results During the median follow-up of 13.7 months, the median OS and PFS were 18.4 and 3.4 months, respectively. Visceral/central nervous system (CNS) metastasis (OS: adjusted hazards ratio [HR], 1.82; p=.014; PFS: HR, 1.59; p=.024), lymphopenia (<1000 cells/µL) within 3 months (OS: HR, 1.89, p=.006; PFS: HR, 1.70; p=.010), and elevated baseline lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level (OS: HR, 2.61; p<.001; PFS: HR, 2.66; p<.001) were independent prognostic factors for both poor OS and PFS. Development of immune-related adverse events (irAE; e.g., hypothyroidism or vitiligo) within 6 months showed a trend toward better OS in multivariable analysis (HR, 0.37; p=.058). Patients with normal LDH levels and no visceral/CNS metastasis had a substantially better OS than the others (median, 40.4 vs. 13.6 months; p<.001). Among others, patients who developed irAE within 6 months achieved long-term OS (median, 43.6 vs. 13.1 months; p=.008). A decision tree was suggested using four risk factors, and the risk stratification provided significant distinction between the survival curves. Conclusion The four easily accessible clinical indicators associated with better treatment outcomes after ICB monotherapy in patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma were LDH level, the extent of disease, lymphopenia, and irAE. The combined use of these indicators can be clinically useful in improving risk stratification of patients treated with ICB monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Kyung Byun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee Suk Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minkyu Jung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong Sub Koom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Yang Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Ryung Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong-Kun Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Shin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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99946
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Li Y, Wang X, Qi S, Gao L, Huang G, Ren Z, Li K, Peng Y, Yi G, Guo J, Yang R, Wang H, Zhang X, Liu Y. Spliceosome-regulated RSRP1-dependent NF-κB activation promotes the glioblastoma mesenchymal phenotype. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:1693-1708. [PMID: 34042961 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glioblastoma (GBM) mesenchymal (MES) phenotype, induced by NF-κB activation, is characterized by aggressive tumour progression and poor clinical outcomes. Our previous analysis indicated that MES GBM has a unique alternative splicing (AS) pattern; however, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. We aimed to reveal how splicing regulation contributes to MES phenotype promotion in GBM. METHODS We screened novel candidate splicing factors that participate in NF-κB activation and MES phenotype promotion in GBM. In vitro and in vivo assays were used to explore the function of RSRP1 in MES GBM. RESULTS Here, we identified that arginine/serine-rich protein 1 (RSRP1) promotes the MES phenotype by facilitating GBM cell invasion and apoptosis resistance. Proteomic, transcriptomic and functional analyses confirmed that RSRP1 regulates AS in MES GBM through mediating spliceosome assembly. One RSRP1-regulated AS event resulted in skipping PARP6 exon 18 to form truncated, oncogenic PARP6-s. This isoform was unable to effectively suppress NF-κB. Co-treatment of cultured GBM cells and GBM tumour-bearing mice with spliceosome and NF-κB inhibitors exerted a synergistic effect on MES GBM growth. CONCLUSION We identified a novel mechanism through which RSRP1-dependent splicing promotes the GBM MES phenotype. Targeting AS via RSRP1-related spliceosomal factors might constitute a promising treatment for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaomin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiran Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanglong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhonglu Ren
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaishu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuping Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhong Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinglin Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Runwei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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99947
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Chu C, Geng Y, Zhou Y, Sicinski P. Cyclin E in normal physiology and disease states. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:732-746. [PMID: 34052101 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
E-type cyclins, collectively called cyclin E, represent key components of the core cell cycle machinery. In mammalian cells, two E-type cyclins, E1 and E2, activate cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and drive cell cycle progression by phosphorylating several cellular proteins. Abnormally elevated activity of cyclin E-CDK2 has been documented in many human tumor types. Moreover, cyclin E overexpression mediates resistance of tumor cells to various therapeutic agents. Recent work has revealed that the role of cyclin E extends well beyond cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, and it may regulate a diverse array of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we discuss these various cyclin E functions and the potential for therapeutic targeting of cyclin E and cyclin E-CDK2 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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99948
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Ren Y, Li S, Zhu R, Wan C, Song D, Zhu J, Cai G, Long S, Kong L, Yu W. Discovery of STAT3 and Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Dual-Pathway Inhibitors for the Treatment of Solid Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7468-7482. [PMID: 34043359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, simultaneous inhibition of multiple targets through drug combination is an important anticancer strategy owing to the complex mechanism behind tumorigenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that the inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) will lead to compensated activation of a notorious cancer-related drug target, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), in breast cancer through a cascade, which probably limits the anti-proliferation effect of HDAC inhibitors in solid tumors. By incorporating the pharmacophore of the HDAC inhibitor SAHA (vorinostat) into the STAT3 inhibitor pterostilbene, a series of potent pterostilbene hydroxamic acid derivatives with dual-target inhibition activity were synthesized. An excellent hydroxamate derivate, compound 14, inhibited STAT3 (KD = 33 nM) and HDAC (IC50 = 23.15 nM) with robust potency in vitro. Compound 14 also showed potent anti-proliferation ability in vivo and in vitro. Our study provides the first STAT3 and HDAC dual-target inhibitor for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 206 1st Rd Optics Valley, East Lake New Technology Development District, Wuhan, Hubei 430205, China
| | - Chengying Wan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiping Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihui Long
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 206 1st Rd Optics Valley, East Lake New Technology Development District, Wuhan, Hubei 430205, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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99949
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Jain D, Roy-Chowdhuri S. Advances in cytology of lung cancer. Semin Diagn Pathol 2021; 38:109-115. [PMID: 34119361 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytopathology has emerged as a promising platform in precision oncology especially after the revolutionary change in our understanding of the concept of lung cancer etiopathogenesis. With increasing use of minimally invasive techniques for sample acquisition, it becomes almost mandatory to utilize precious cytology samples maximally and judiciously by appropriate triaging of the specimen and timely action of the cytopathology team. Existing patient management protocols require accurate morphologic and molecular diagnosis of the lung cancer specimens which needs knowledge about evolving techniques related to specimen procurement, updates of genomic variants of lung cancer and recently developed molecular testing platforms and algorithms which are capable enough to use even miniscule amount of diagnostic material. This review provides a brief knowledge about advances in cytology of lung cancer which are helpful for developing correct clinical management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Jain
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sinchita Roy-Chowdhuri
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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99950
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Zhang W, Wei L, Huang J, Zhong B, Li J, Xu H, He S, Liu Y, Liu J, Lv H, Wang X. cfDNApipe: A comprehensive quality control and analysis pipeline for cell-free DNA high-throughput sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:4251-4252. [PMID: 34042972 PMCID: PMC9502158 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is gaining substantial attention from both biological and clinical fields as a promising marker for liquid biopsy. Many aspects of disease-related features have been discovered from cfDNA high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data. However, there is still a lack of integrative and systematic tools for cfDNA HTS data analysis and quality control (QC). Results Here, we propose cfDNApipe, an easy-to-use and systematic python package for cfDNA whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data analysis. It covers the entire analysis pipeline for the cfDNA data, including raw sequencing data processing, QC and sophisticated statistical analysis such as detecting copy number variations (CNVs), differentially methylated regions and DNA fragment size alterations. cfDNApipe provides one-command-line-execution pipelines and flexible application programming interfaces for customized analysis. Availability and implementation https://xwanglabthu.github.io/cfDNApipe/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Department of Automation
| | - Lei Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Department of Automation
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bixi Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Department of Automation
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Department of Automation
| | - Hanwen Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Department of Automation
| | - Shuying He
- Fuzhou Institute for Data Technology Co., Ltd. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350207, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Fuzhou Institute for Data Technology Co., Ltd. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350207, China
| | - Juhong Liu
- Fuzhou Institute for Data Technology Co., Ltd. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350207, China
| | - Hairong Lv
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Department of Automation.,Fuzhou Institute for Data Technology Co., Ltd. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350207, China
| | - Xiaowo Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Department of Automation
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