99901
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Handa JT, Cano M, Wang L, Datta S, Liu T. Lipids, oxidized lipids, oxidation-specific epitopes, and Age-related Macular Degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:430-440. [PMID: 27480216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among the elderly in western societies. While antioxidant micronutrient treatment is available for intermediate non-neovascular disease, and effective anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment is available for neovascular disease, treatment for early AMD is lacking due to an incomplete understanding of the early molecular events. The role of lipids, which accumulate in the macula, and their oxidation, has emerged as an important factor in disease development. These oxidized lipids can either directly contribute to tissue injury or react with amine on proteins to form oxidation-specific epitopes, which can induce an innate immune response. If inadequately neutralized, the inflammatory response from these epitopes can incite tissue injury during disease development. This review explores how the accumulation of lipids, their oxidation, and the ensuing inflammatory response might contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity and inflammation edited by Christoph J. Binder .
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Marisol Cano
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Lei Wang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Sayantan Datta
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Tongyun Liu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
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99902
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Molecular Mechanisms of Cutaneous Inflammatory Disorder: Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081234. [PMID: 27483258 PMCID: PMC5000632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disease resulting from interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. The pathogenesis of AD is poorly understood, and the treatment of recalcitrant AD is still challenging. There is accumulating evidence for new gene polymorphisms related to the epidermal barrier function and innate and adaptive immunity in patients with AD. Newly-found T cells and dendritic cell subsets, cytokines, chemokines and signaling pathways have extended our understanding of the molecular pathomechanism underlying AD. Genetic changes caused by environmental factors have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. We herein present a review of the genetics, epigenetics, barrier dysfunction and immunological abnormalities in AD with a focus on updated molecular biology.
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99903
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Fontana F, Liu D, Hirvonen J, Santos HA. Delivery of therapeutics with nanoparticles: what's new in cancer immunotherapy? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27470448 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology to the treatment of cancer or other diseases has been boosted during the last decades due to the possibility to precise deliver drugs where needed, enabling a decrease in the drug's side effects. Nanocarriers are particularly valuable for potentiating the simultaneous co-delivery of multiple drugs in the same particle for the treatment of heavily burdening diseases like cancer. Immunotherapy represents a new concept in the treatment of cancer and has shown outstanding results in patients treated with check-point inhibitors. Thereby, researchers are applying nanotechnology to cancer immunotherapy toward the development of nanocarriers for delivery of cancer vaccines and chemo-immunotherapies. Cancer nanovaccines can be envisioned as nanocarriers co-delivering antigens and adjuvants, molecules often presenting different physicochemical properties, in cancer therapy. A wide range of nanocarriers (e.g., polymeric, lipid-based and inorganic) allow the co-formulation of these molecules, or the delivery of chemo- and immune-therapeutics in the same system. Finally, there is a trend toward the use of biologically inspired and derived nanocarriers. In this review, we present the recent developments in the field of immunotherapy, describing the different systems proposed by categories: polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanosystems, metallic and inorganic nanosystems and, finally, biologically inspired and derived nanovaccines. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1421. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1421 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fontana
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dongfei Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Hirvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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99904
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Mensali N, Ying F, Sheng VOY, Yang W, Walseng E, Kumari S, Fallang LE, Kolstad A, Uckert W, Malmberg KJ, Wälchli S, Olweus J. Targeting B-cell neoplasia with T-cell receptors recognizing a CD20-derived peptide on patient-specific HLA. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1138199. [PMID: 27467957 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1138199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeted to CD19 are effective in treatment of B-lymphoid malignancies. However, CARs recognize all CD19 positive (pos) cells, and durable responses are linked to profound depletion of normal B cells. Here, we designed a strategy to specifically target patient B cells by utilizing the fact that T-cell receptors (TCRs), in contrast to CARs, are restricted by HLA. Two TCRs recognizing a peptide from CD20 (SLFLGILSV) in the context of foreign HLA-A*02:01 (CD20p/HLA-A2) were expressed as 2A-bicistronic constructs. T cells re-directed with the A23 and A94 TCR constructs efficiently recognized malignant HLA-A2(pos) B cells endogenously expressing CD20, including patient-derived follicular lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. In contrast, a wide range of HLA-A2(pos)CD20(neg) cells representing different tissue origins, and HLA-A2(neg)CD20(pos) cells, were not recognized. Cytotoxic T cells re-directed with CD20p/HLA-A2-specific TCRs or CD19 CARs responded with similar potencies to cells endogenously expressing comparable levels of CD20 and CD19. The CD20p/HLA-A2-specific TCRs recognized CD20p bound to HLA-A2 with high functional avidity. The results show that T cells expressing CD20p/HLA-A2-specific TCRs efficiently and specifically target B cells. When used in context of an HLA-haploidentical allogeneic stem cell transplantation where the donor is HLA-A2(neg) and the patient HLA-A2(pos), these T cells would selectively kill patient-derived B cells and allow reconstitution of the B-cell compartment with HLA-A2(neg) donor cells. These results should pave the way for clinical testing of T cells genetically engineered to target malignant B cells without permanent depletion of normal B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Mensali
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fan Ying
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vincent Oei Yi Sheng
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Weiwen Yang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Walseng
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet , Oslo, Norway
| | - Shraddha Kumari
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars-Egil Fallang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet , Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Kolstad
- K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Uckert
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biology, Humboldt University , Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Johan Malmberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cell Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna Olweus
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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99905
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Grassl J, Peng Y, Baer-Imhoof B, Welch M, Millar AH, Baer B. Infections with the Sexually Transmitted Pathogen Nosema apis Trigger an Immune Response in the Seminal Fluid of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera). J Proteome Res 2016; 16:319-334. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Grassl
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yan Peng
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barbara Baer-Imhoof
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mat Welch
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - A. Harvey Millar
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Boris Baer
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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99906
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Hsu H, Boudova S, Mvula G, Divala TH, Mungwira RG, Harman C, Laufer MK, Pauza CD, Cairo C. Prolonged PD1 Expression on Neonatal Vδ2 Lymphocytes Dampens Proinflammatory Responses: Role of Epigenetic Regulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1884-92. [PMID: 27474072 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A successful pregnancy depends on the maintenance of tolerance at the fetal-maternal interface; strong inflammation in the placental bed is generally associated with adverse fetal outcomes. Among the mechanisms that foster tolerance and limit inflammation, the fetal immune system favors Th2 or regulatory responses over Th1 responses. The unintended consequence of this functional program is high susceptibility to infections. Human Vδ2 T cells mount innate-like responses to a broad range of microorganisms and are poised for Th1 responses before birth. In infants they likely play a key role in protection against pathogens by exerting early Th1 effector functions, improving function of other innate cells, and promoting Th1 polarization of adaptive responses. However, their propensity to release Th1 mediators may require careful regulation during fetal life to avoid exaggerated proinflammatory responses. We investigated molecules with the potential to act as a rheostat for fetal Vδ2 cells. Programmed death 1 (PD1) is a negative regulator of T cell responses and a determinant of tolerance, particularly at the fetal-maternal interface. Neonatal Vδ2 cells upregulate PD1 shortly after activation and, unlike their adult counterparts, express this molecule for at least 28 d. Engagement of PD1 by one of its ligands, PDL1, effectively dampens TCR-mediated responses (TNF-α production and degranulation) by neonatal Vδ2 cells and may thus help maintain their activity within safe limits. PD1 expression by neonatal Vδ2 cells is inversely associated with promoter DNA methylation. Prolonged PD1 expression may be part of a functional program to control Vδ2 cell inflammatory responses during fetal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoting Hsu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Sarah Boudova
- Division of Malaria Research at the Institute for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Godfrey Mvula
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi; and
| | - Titus H Divala
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi; and
| | - Randy G Mungwira
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi; and
| | - Christopher Harman
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Miriam K Laufer
- Division of Malaria Research at the Institute for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - C David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201;
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99907
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Hatzioannou A, Nayar S, Gaitanis A, Barone F, Anagnostopoulos C, Verginis P. Intratumoral accumulation of podoplanin-expressing lymph node stromal cells promote tumor growth through elimination of CD4 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1216289. [PMID: 27757315 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1216289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of checkpoint blockade in tumor immunotherapy are limited to patients with increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Delineation of the regulatory networks that orchestrate the presence of TILs holds great promise for the design of effective immunotherapies. Podoplanin/gp38 (PDPN)-expressing lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) are present in tumor stroma; however, their effect in the regulation of TILs remains elusive. Herein we demonstrate that intratumor injection of ex-vivo-isolated PDPN+ LNSCs into melanoma-bearing mice induces elimination of TILs and promotes tumor growth. In support, PDPN+ LNSCs exert their function through direct inhibition of CD4+ T cell proliferation in a cell-to-cell contact independent fashion. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that PDPN+ LNSCs mediate T cell growth arrest and induction of apoptosis to activated CD69+CD4+ T cells. Importantly, LTbR-Ig-mediated blockade of PDPN+ LNSCs expansion and function significantly attenuates melanoma tumor growth and enhances the infiltration and proliferation of CD4+ TILs. Overall, our findings decipher a novel role of PDPN-expressing LNSCs in the elimination of CD4+ TILs and propose a new target for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Hatzioannou
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Saba Nayar
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Anastasios Gaitanis
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Francesca Barone
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Constantinos Anagnostopoulos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Panayotis Verginis
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens , Athens, Greece
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99908
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Chow KV, Delconte RB, Huntington ND, Tarlinton DM, Sutherland RM, Zhan Y, Lew AM. Innate Allorecognition Results in Rapid Accumulation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2000-8. [PMID: 27474076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms governing the innate recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns have been well defined, how allogeneic cellular stimuli evoke innate responses remains less so. In this article, we report that upon i.v. transfer (to avoid major iatrogenic interference), allogeneic but not syngeneic leukocytes could induce a rapid (after 1 d) accumulation of host monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) without any increase in conventional DCs. This occurred in various donor-host strain combinations, did not require MHC mismatch, and could be induced by various donor cell types including B cells, T cells, or NK cells. Using RAG(-/-)γc(-/-) and scid γc(-/-)mice with different MHC, we found that the presence of either donor or host lymphoid cells was required. Alloinduced moDC accumulation was significantly reduced when splenocytes from mice deficient in NK cells by genetic ablation were used as donors. A major component of this moDC accumulation appears to be recruitment. Our findings provide new insights into how the innate and adaptive immune system may interact during allogeneic encounters and thus transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Chow
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Rebecca B Delconte
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and
| | - Robyn M Sutherland
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yifan Zhan
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - Andrew M Lew
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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99909
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Choi EY, Lee SS, Hyeon JY, Choe SH, Keum BR, Lim JM, Park DC, Choi IS, Cho KK. Effects of β-Glucan on the Release of Nitric Oxide by Macrophages Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1664-1674. [PMID: 27488844 PMCID: PMC5088388 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This research analyzed the effect of β-glucan that is expected to alleviate the production of the inflammatory mediator in macrophagocytes, which are processed by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia. The incubated layer was used for a nitric oxide (NO) analysis. The DNA-binding activation of the small unit of nuclear factor-κB was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kit. In the RAW264.7 cells that were vitalized by Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS, the β-glucan inhibited both the combatant and rendering phases of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-derived NO. β-Glucan increased the expression of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the cells that were stimulated by E. coli LPS, and the HO-1 activation was inhibited by the tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP). This shows that the NO production induced by LPS is related to the inhibition effect of β-glucan. The phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and the p38 induced by the LPS were not influenced by the β-glucan, and the inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α) decomposition was not influenced either. Instead, β-glucan remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) that was induced by the E. coli LPS. Overall, the β-glucan inhibited the production of NO in macrophagocytes that was vitalized by the E .coli LPS through the HO-1 induction and the STAT1 pathways inhibition in this research. As the host immune response control by β-glucan weakens the progress of the inflammatory disease, β-glucan can be used as an effective immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Choi
- Department of Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
| | - S S Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, IALS, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - J Y Hyeon
- Department of Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
| | - S H Choe
- Department of Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
| | - B R Keum
- Department of Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
| | - J M Lim
- Glucan Corporation, Gijang-gun, Busan 46048, Korea
| | - D C Park
- Glucan Corporation, Gijang-gun, Busan 46048, Korea
| | - I S Choi
- Department of Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
| | - K K Cho
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea
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99910
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Pathogen-associated porin turns IL-10 competent B-1a cells toward proinflammatory cytokine response. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1369-1373. [PMID: 27498179 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Shigellosis is a major problem in the developing countries causing mortality and morbidity particularly among the children. Shigella spp. harbours the epithelial cells of the human colon to infect the host and spread the disease. We analyzed the response of B-1a cells, the major component of the mucosal immune system to porin of Shigella dysenteriae type 1. We show that porin while proliferating B-1a cells, deplete Siglec-G, the inhibitory molecule present on B-1a cells. Adjuvanticity of porin has been shown to govern innate signaling for promoting host adaptive immune response. Up-regulation of CD69 and CD40 denotes activation of the cells parallel to abrogation of Siglec-G. As a result of cell activation, porin stimulated the inflammatory cytokines of CD5+ B-1a cells, otherwise rich in IL-10. The work shows B-1a cell responses promote the immunopotentiating activity of porin.
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99911
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Yang Y, Tong M, Yi L, Cheng Y, Zhang M, Cao Z, Wang J, Lin P, Cheng S. Identification and characterization of the toll-like receptor 8 gene in the Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). Immunol Lett 2016; 178:50-60. [PMID: 27481482 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
TLR8 is an important sensor of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) from the viral genome and plays an essential role in innate antiviral responses via the recognition of conserved viral molecular patterns. In this report, TLR8 in the Chinese raccoon dog was characterized and analyzed for the first time. The full-length sequence of raccoon dog TLR8 (RdTLR8) cDNA was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and is 3191bp with a 3117-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1038 amino acids. The putative protein exhibits typical features of the TLR families, with 19 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) in the extracellular domain and a cytoplasmic TIR domain. Comparative analyses of the RdTLR8 amino acid sequence indicated a 73.6-99.4% sequence identity with dog, horse, pig, sheep, cattle, human and mouse TLR8. Phylogenetic analysis grouped 71 mammalian TLR proteins into five sub-families, wherein RdTLR8 was clustered into a monophyletic TLR8 clade in the TLR9 family, which was completely coincident with the evolutionary relationship among mammals. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed extensive expression of RdTLR8 in tissues from healthy Chinese raccoon dogs with the highest expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the lowest expression in the skeletal muscle. HEK293 cells cotransfected with a RdTLR8 expression plasmid and an NF-κB-luciferase reporter plasmid significantly responded to the agonist 3M-002, indicating a functional TLR8 homolog. In addition, raccoon dog PBMCs exposed to the canine distemper virus (CDV) wild strain CDV-PS and the TLR8 agonist 3M-002 showed significant upregulation of RdTLR8 mRNA and proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-α, suggesting that RdTLR8 might play an important role in the immune response to viral infections in the Chinese raccoon dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Wu Xi Medical School, Jiangnan University, China; Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Mingwei Tong
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Li Yi
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yuening Cheng
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Zhigang Cao
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jianke Wang
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China.
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99912
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Zhang R, Zhu W, Mao S. High-concentrate feeding upregulates the expression of inflammation-related genes in the ruminal epithelium of dairy cattle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:42. [PMID: 27478614 PMCID: PMC4966727 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to characterize the mRNA expression profile related to rumen epithelial inflammation through the in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the in vivo experiment, rumen papillae were collected from four dairy cows adapted to either a 40 % (LC) or 70 % (HC) concentrate feeds for microarray analysis. Results Results showed that 245 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the cows fed the HC relative to the LC diet. The DEGs were first annotated, and results revealed that the expression of inflammation-related genes, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-22, CCL19, CCL8, CX3CR1, CXCL6, INHBE, LEPR, PRL, and TNFRSF9 found in the cytokine-cytokine receptor pathway were up-regulated in the HC-fed cows, indicating local inflammation in the rumen epithelium was triggered. The expression of IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6 was further validated by qRT-PCR. To demonstrate whether there were relationships between cytokine mRNA expression and ruminal factors (pH and LPS), the isolated ruminal epithelial cells were cultured in vitro. Results showed that the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 increased after the LPS treatment, while low-pH treatment elevated the mRNA expression of TNF-α, suggesting that low-pH coupled with higher levels of LPS in rumen of cows fed the HC may be mainly responsible for the triggered local ruminal inflammation. Conclusions Our results indicate that ruminal local inflammation response might be triggered during HC feeding, and these findings also enhance the knowledge of rumen epithelial adaptation to HC at the molecular level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40104-016-0100-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Peoples Republic of China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Peoples Republic of China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Peoples Republic of China
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99913
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Voisinne G, García-Blesa A, Chaoui K, Fiore F, Bergot E, Girard L, Malissen M, Burlet-Schiltz O, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Malissen B, Roncagalli R. Co-recruitment analysis of the CBL and CBLB signalosomes in primary T cells identifies CD5 as a key regulator of TCR-induced ubiquitylation. Mol Syst Biol 2016; 12:876. [PMID: 27474268 PMCID: PMC4965873 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20166837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling is essential for the function of T cells and negatively regulated by the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases CBL and CBLB Here, we combined mouse genetics and affinity purification coupled to quantitative mass spectrometry to monitor the dynamics of the CBL and CBLB signaling complexes that assemble in normal T cells over 600 seconds of TCR stimulation. We identify most previously known CBL and CBLB interacting partners, as well as a majority of proteins that have not yet been implicated in those signaling complexes. We exploit correlations in protein association with CBL and CBLB as a function of time of TCR stimulation for predicting the occurrence of direct physical association between them. By combining co-recruitment analysis with biochemical analysis, we demonstrated that the CD5 transmembrane receptor constitutes a key scaffold for CBL- and CBLB-mediated ubiquitylation following TCR engagement. Our results offer an integrated view of the CBL and CBLB signaling complexes induced by TCR stimulation and provide a molecular basis for their negative regulatory function in normal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Antonio García-Blesa
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Karima Chaoui
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Elise Bergot
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Girard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
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99914
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Debusschere K, Lories RJ, Elewaut D. MAIT cells: not just another brick in the wall. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:2057-2059. [PMID: 27474762 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn Debusschere
- Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Inflammation Research Center-VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rik J Lories
- KU Leuven and Division of Rheumatology, Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Inflammation Research Center-VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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99915
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Alferink J, Specht S, Arends H, Schumak B, Schmidt K, Ruland C, Lundt R, Kemter A, Dlugos A, Kuepper JM, Poppensieker K, Findeiss M, Albayram Ö, Otte DM, Marazzi J, Gertsch J, Förster I, Maier W, Scheu S, Hoerauf A, Zimmer A. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Modulates Susceptibility to Experimental Cerebral Malaria through a CCL17-dependent Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19517-31. [PMID: 27474745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a severe and often fatal complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. It is characterized by parasite sequestration, a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and a strong inflammation in the brain. We investigated the role of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), an important modulator of neuroinflammatory responses, in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Strikingly, mice with a deletion of the CB2-encoding gene (Cnr2(-/-)) inoculated with Plasmodium berghei ANKA erythrocytes exhibited enhanced survival and a diminished blood-brain barrier disruption. Therapeutic application of a specific CB2 antagonist also conferred increased ECM resistance in wild type mice. Hematopoietic derived immune cells were responsible for the enhanced protection in bone marrow (BM) chimeric Cnr2(-/-) mice. Mixed BM chimeras further revealed that CB2-expressing cells contributed to ECM development. A heterogeneous CD11b(+) cell population, containing macrophages and neutrophils, expanded in the Cnr2(-/-) spleen after infection and expressed macrophage mannose receptors, arginase-1 activity, and IL-10. Also in the Cnr2(-/-) brain, CD11b(+) cells that expressed selected anti-inflammatory markers accumulated, and expression of inflammatory mediators IFN-γ and TNF-α was reduced. Finally, the M2 macrophage chemokine CCL17 was identified as an essential factor for enhanced survival in the absence of CB2, because CCL17 × Cnr2 double-deficient mice were fully susceptible to ECM. Thus, targeting CB2 may be promising for the development of alternative treatment regimes of ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Alferink
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany, the Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, 48149 Münster, Germany,
| | - Sabine Specht
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology and
| | - Hannah Arends
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
| | - Beatrix Schumak
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology and
| | - Kim Schmidt
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology and
| | - Christina Ruland
- the Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ramona Lundt
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
| | - Andrea Kemter
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
| | - Andrea Dlugos
- the Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Janina M Kuepper
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology and
| | | | | | - Önder Albayram
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
| | - David-M Otte
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
| | - Janine Marazzi
- the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland, and
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland, and
| | - Irmgard Förster
- the Department of Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- the Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology and
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
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99916
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Maizels RM, McSorley HJ. Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:666-675. [PMID: 27476889 PMCID: PMC5010150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Helminth parasite infections are associated with a battery of immunomodulatory mechanisms that affect all facets of the host immune response to ensure their persistence within the host. This broad-spectrum modulation of host immunity has intended and unintended consequences, both advantageous and disadvantageous. Thus the host can benefit from suppression of collateral damage during parasite infection and from reduced allergic, autoimmune, and inflammatory reactions. However, helminth infection can also be detrimental in reducing vaccine responses, increasing susceptibility to coinfection and potentially reducing tumor immunosurveillance. In this review we will summarize the panoply of immunomodulatory mechanisms used by helminths, their potential utility in human disease, and prospective areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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99917
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Nayar S, Campos J, Chung MM, Navarro-Núñez L, Chachlani M, Steinthal N, Gardner DH, Rankin P, Cloake T, Caamaño JH, McGettrick HM, Watson SP, Luther S, Buckley CD, Barone F. Bimodal Expansion of the Lymphatic Vessels Is Regulated by the Sequential Expression of IL-7 and Lymphotoxin α1β2 in Newly Formed Tertiary Lymphoid Structures. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1957-67. [PMID: 27474071 PMCID: PMC4991245 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis associated with tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) has been reported in numerous studies. However, the kinetics and dynamic changes occurring to the lymphatic vascular network during TLS development have not been studied. Using a viral-induced, resolving model of TLS formation in the salivary glands of adult mice we demonstrate that the expansion of the lymphatic vascular network is tightly regulated. Lymphatic vessel expansion occurs in two distinct phases. The first wave of expansion is dependent on IL-7. The second phase, responsible for leukocyte exit from the glands, is regulated by lymphotoxin (LT)βR signaling. These findings, while highlighting the tight regulation of the lymphatic response to inflammation, suggest that targeting the LTα1β2/LTβR pathway in TLS-associated pathologies might impair a natural proresolving mechanism for lymphocyte exit from the tissues and account for the failure of therapeutic strategies that target these molecules in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Campos
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Ming May Chung
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Leyre Navarro-Núñez
- Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Menka Chachlani
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Steinthal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - David H Gardner
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Rankin
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cloake
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge H Caamaño
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiv Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom;
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99918
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Cheng WK, Plumb AW, Lai JCY, Abraham N, Dutz JP. Topical CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Adjuvant Enhances the Adaptive Immune Response against Influenza A Infections. Front Immunol 2016; 7:284. [PMID: 27524984 PMCID: PMC4965457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines generate humoral immunity, targeting highly variable epitopes and thus fail to achieve long-term protection. T cells recognize and respond to several highly conserved epitopes across influenza serotypes. A strategy of raising strong cytotoxic T cell memory responses to epitopes conserved across serotypes would provide cross serotype protection, eliminating the need for annual vaccination. We explored the adjuvant potential of epicutaneous (ec) and subcutaneous (sc) delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide in conjunction with sc protein immunization to improve protection against influenza A virus (IAV) infections using a mouse model. We found enhanced long-term protection with epicutaneous CpG ODN (ecCpG) compared to subcutaneous CpG ODN (scCpG) as demonstrated by reduced viral titers in the lungs. This correlated with increased antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the airways and the lungs. The memory T cell response after immunization with ecCpG adjuvant was comparable to memory response by priming with IAV infection in the lungs. In addition, ecCpG was more efficient than scCpG in inducing the generation of IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells. The adjuvant effect of ecCpG was accompanied with its ability to modulate tissue-homing molecules on T cells that may direct them to the site of infection. Together, this work provides evidence for using ecCpG to induce strong antibody and memory T cell responses to confer protection against IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ki Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Adam William Plumb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Jacqueline Cheuk-Yan Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jan Peter Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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99919
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Identification of TENP as the Gene Encoding Chicken Egg White Ovoglobulin G2 and Demonstration of Its High Genetic Variability in Chickens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159571. [PMID: 27472057 PMCID: PMC4966965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovoglobulin G2 (G2) has long been known as a major protein constituent of chicken egg white. However, little is known about the biochemical properties and biological functions of G2 because the gene encoding G2 has not been identified. Therefore, the identification of the gene encoding G2 and an analysis of its genetic variability is an important step toward the goal of understanding the biological functions of the G2 protein and its utility in poultry production. To identify and characterize the gene encoding G2, we separated G2 from egg white using electrophoresis on a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Two polymorphic forms of G2 protein (G2A and G2B), with different mobilities (fast and slow respectively), were detected by staining. The protein band corresponding to G2B was electro-eluted from the native gel, re-electrophoresed under denaturing conditions and its N-terminal sequence was determined by Edman degradation following transfer onto a membrane. Sequencing of the 47 kDa G2B band revealed it to be identical to TENP (transiently expressed in neural precursors), also known as BPI fold-containing family B, member 2 (BPIFB2), a protein with strong homology to a bacterial permeability-increasing protein family (BPI) in mammals. Full-length chicken TENP cDNA sequences were determined for 78 individuals across 29 chicken breeds, lines, and populations, and consequently eleven non-synonymous substitutions were detected in the coding region. Of the eleven non-synonymous substitutions, A329G leading to Arg110Gln was completely associated with the noted differential electrophoretic mobility of G2. Specifically G2B, with a slower mobility is encoded by A329 (Arg110), whereas G2A, with a faster mobility, is encoded by G329 (Gln110). The sequence data, derived from the coding region, also revealed that the gene encoding G2 demonstrates significant genetic variability across different chicken breeds/lines/populations. These variants, and how they correlate with egg white properties, may allow us to understand further G2’s functions.
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99920
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardis Ntoukakis
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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99921
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Filtjens J, Keirsse J, Van Ammel E, Taveirne S, Van Acker A, Kerre T, Taghon T, Vandekerckhove B, Plum J, Van Ginderachter JA, Leclercq G. Expression of the inhibitory Ly49E receptor is not critically involved in the immune response against cutaneous, pulmonary or liver tumours. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30564. [PMID: 27469529 PMCID: PMC4965774 DOI: 10.1038/srep30564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes are part of the innate immune system and are important in immune protection against tumourigenesis. NK cells display a broad repertoire of activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors that regulate NK cell activity. The Ly49 family of NK receptors is composed of several members that recognize major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) or MHC-I-related molecules. Ly49E is a unique inhibitory member, being triggered by the non-MHC-I-related protein urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in contrast to the known MHC-I-triggering of the other inhibitory Ly49 receptors. Ly49E also has an uncommon expression pattern on NK cells, including high expression on liver DX5− NK cells. Furthermore, Ly49E is the only Ly49 member expressed by epidermal γδ T cells. As γδ T cells and/or NK cells have been shown to be involved in the regulation of cutaneous, pulmonary and liver malignancies, and as uPA is involved in tumourigenesis, we investigated the role of the inhibitory Ly49E receptor in the anti-tumour immune response. We demonstrate that, although Ly49E is highly expressed on epidermal γδ T cells and liver NK cells, this receptor does not play a major role in the control of skin tumour formation or in lung and liver tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Filtjens
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jiri Keirsse
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Ammel
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Taveirne
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aline Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jean Plum
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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99922
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Moody MA, Pedroza-Pacheco I, Vandergrift NA, Chui C, Lloyd KE, Parks R, Soderberg KA, Ogbe AT, Cohen MS, Liao HX, Gao F, McMichael AJ, Montefiori DC, Verkoczy L, Kelsoe G, Huang J, Shea PR, Connors M, Borrow P, Haynes BF. Immune perturbations in HIV-1-infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:aag0851. [PMID: 28783677 PMCID: PMC5589960 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aag0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development. bnAbs occur in some HIV-1-infected individuals and frequently have characteristics of autoantibodies. We have studied cohorts of HIV-1-infected individuals who made bnAbs and compared them with those who did not do so, and determined immune traits associated with the ability to produce bnAbs. HIV-1-infected individuals with bnAbs had a higher frequency of blood autoantibodies, a lower frequency of regulatory CD4+ T cells, a higher frequency of circulating memory T follicular helper CD4+ cells, and a higher T regulatory cell level of programmed cell death-1 expression compared with HIV-1-infected individuals without bnAbs. Thus, induction of HIV-1 bnAbs may require vaccination regimens that transiently mimic immunologic perturbations in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anthony Moody
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Nathan A Vandergrift
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cecilia Chui
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Krissey E Lloyd
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelly A Soderberg
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ane T Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Myron S Cohen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinghe Huang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Patrick R Shea
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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99923
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O'Dwyer DN, Ashley SL, Moore BB. Influences of innate immunity, autophagy, and fibroblast activation in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L590-601. [PMID: 27474089 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00221.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and impaired gas exchange. The pathobiological mechanisms that account for disease progression are poorly understood but likely involve alterations in innate inflammatory cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. Thus we seek to review the most recent literature highlighting the complex roles of neutrophils and macrophages as both promoters of fibrosis and defenders against infection. With respect to epithelial cells and fibroblasts, we review the data suggesting that defective autophagy promotes the fibrogenic potential of both cell types and discuss new evidence related to matrix metalloproteinases, growth factors, and cellular metabolism in the form of lactic acid generation that may have consequences for promoting fibrogenesis. We discuss potential cross talk between innate and structural cell types and also highlight literature that may help explain the limitations of current IPF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N O'Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shanna L Ashley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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99924
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Moreno-Cubero E, Larrubia JR. Specific CD8 + T cell response immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and viral hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6469-6483. [PMID: 27605882 PMCID: PMC4968127 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i28.6469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) are characterized by exhaustion of the specific CD8+ T cell response. This process involves enhancement of negative co-stimulatory molecules, such as programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), 2B4, Tim-3, CD160 and LAG-3, which is linked to intrahepatic overexpression of some of the cognate ligands, such as PD-L1, on antigen presenting cells and thereby favouring a tolerogenic environment. Therapies that disrupt these negative signalling mechanisms represent promising therapeutic tools with the potential to restore reactivity of the specific CD8+ T cell response. In this review we discuss the impressive in vitro and in vivo results that have been recently achieved in HCC, CHB and CHC by blocking these negative receptors with monoclonal antibodies against these immune checkpoint modulators. The article mainly focuses on the role of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blocking monoclonal antibodies, the first ones to have reached clinical practice. The humanized monoclonal antibodies against CTLA-4 (tremelimumab and ipilimumab) and PD-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) have yielded good results in testing of HCC and chronic viral hepatitis patients. Trelimumab, in particular, has shown a significant increase in the time to progression in HCC, while nivolumab has shown a remarkable effect on hepatitis C viral load reduction. The research on the role of ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab on HCC is currently underway.
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99925
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Barbosa JP, Neves AR, Silva AM, Barbosa MA, Reis MS, Santos SG. Nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with resveratrol modulate human dendritic cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3501-16. [PMID: 27555771 PMCID: PMC4970450 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s108694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are promising targets for drug delivery, as they can induce immunity or tolerance. The current study aims to examine the potential of using nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) as delivery systems for human DC by evaluating nanoparticle internalization, cell labeling, and drug activity. NLC were formulated incorporating the fluorochrome fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-NLC) or the natural anti-inflammatory molecule resveratrol (rsv-NLC). Primary human DCs were differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes, and the innovative imaging flow cytometry technique was used to examine FITC-NLC internalization. The capacity of rsv-NLC to inhibit DC activation in response to proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) was investigated by conventional flow cytometry. A combination of imaging and conventional flow cytometry was used to assess NLC cytotoxicity. The results obtained indicate that both NLC formulations were stable over time, with mean diameter <200 nm and highly negative zeta potential (about -30 mV). When DCs were placed in contact with NLC, imaging flow cytometry clearly showed that DCs efficiently internalized FITC-NLC, with nearly 100% of cells internalizing nanoparticles upon 1 hour of incubation. Both immature and mature DCs internalized NLC to high and comparable levels, and without cytotoxicity. Stimulating DC with TNF-α in the presence of rsv-NLC revealed that, using these nanoparticles, very small concentrations of rsv were sufficient to significantly decrease surface expression of activation marker CD83 (5 µM) and major histocompatibility complex-class II molecule human leukocyte antigen - antigen D related (10 µM), both upregulated in response to TNF-α stimulation. Rsv-NLC were compared with free rsv; at 5 µM, rsv-NLC were able to inhibit nuclear factor κ beta phosphorylation and significantly decrease the level of interleukin-12/23, both upregulated in response to TNF-α, while 10 µM free rsv were needed to promote a similar effect. Taken together, the results presented show that NLC are suitable carriers of fluorescent labels or bioactive molecules for human DCs, leading to inflammation modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Chemical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Neves
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Chemical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia M Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário A Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Salette Reis
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Chemical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana G Santos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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99926
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Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate T Cell Immune Response in the Tumor Microenvironment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1580967. [PMID: 27547291 PMCID: PMC4980531 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1580967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by cellular metabolism play an important role as signaling messengers in immune system. ROS elevated in the tumor microenvironment are associated with tumor-induced immunosuppression. T cell-based therapy has been recently approved to be effective for cancer treatment. However, T cells often become dysfunctional after reaching the tumor site. It has been reported that ROS participate extensively in T cells activation, apoptosis, and hyporesponsiveness. The sensitivity of T cells to ROS varies among different subsets. ROS can be regulated by cytokines, amino acid metabolism, and enzymatic activity. Immunosuppressive cells accumulate in the tumor microenvironment and induce apoptosis and functional suppression of T cells by producing ROS. Thus, modulating the level of ROS may be important to prolong survival of T cells and enhance their antitumor function. Combining T cell-based therapy with antioxidant treatment such as administration of ROS scavenger should be considered as a promising strategy in cancer treatment, aiming to improve antitumor T cells immunity.
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99927
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Laksono BM, de Vries RD, McQuaid S, Duprex WP, de Swart RL. Measles Virus Host Invasion and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2016; 8:E210. [PMID: 27483301 PMCID: PMC4997572 DOI: 10.3390/v8080210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus is a highly contagious negative strand RNA virus that is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease in previously unexposed humans and non-human primates. Measles is characterised by fever and skin rash and usually associated with cough, coryza and conjunctivitis. A hallmark of measles is the transient immune suppression, leading to increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. At the same time, the disease is paradoxically associated with induction of a robust virus-specific immune response, resulting in lifelong immunity to measles. Identification of CD150 and nectin-4 as cellular receptors for measles virus has led to new perspectives on tropism and pathogenesis. In vivo studies in non-human primates have shown that the virus initially infects CD150⁺ lymphocytes and dendritic cells, both in circulation and in lymphoid tissues, followed by virus transmission to nectin-4 expressing epithelial cells. The abilities of the virus to cause systemic infection, to transmit to numerous new hosts via droplets or aerosols and to suppress the host immune response for several months or even years after infection make measles a remarkable disease. This review briefly highlights current topics in studies of measles virus host invasion and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta M Laksono
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephen McQuaid
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, BT7 1NN Belfast, UK.
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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99928
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Hosseini R, Lamers GEM, Soltani HM, Meijer AH, Spaink HP, Schaaf MJM. Efferocytosis and extrusion of leukocytes determine the progression of early mycobacterial pathogenesis. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3385-95. [PMID: 27469488 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.135194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and neutrophils are the first responders to invading pathogens and contribute strongly to the host defense against intracellular pathogens. The collective interplay and dynamic interactions between these leukocytes are to a large extent not understood. In the present study, we have investigated their role using a combination of confocal laser-scanning and electron microscopy in a zebrafish model for tuberculosis, a local Mycobacterium marinum infection in the tissue of the larval tail fin. Our results show that neutrophils are efficient in phagocytosis of mycobacteria and that they contribute largely to their dissemination. Macrophages appear to play a major role in efferocytosis, phagocytosis of dead cells that contain bacterial content. Phagocytic cells with large bacterial aggregates are formed that can be extruded out of the tissue after cell death. Alternatively, these excessively infected cells can undergo necrosis leading to immediate recruitment of surrounding leukocytes and subsequent phagocytosis of released bacteria. Our data show that these necrotic burst events result in progression of the infection, whereas extrusion abates the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohola Hosseini
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda E M Lamers
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Hiwa M Soltani
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J M Schaaf
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333CC, The Netherlands
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99929
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Min Y, Wi SM, Kang JA, Yang T, Park CS, Park SG, Chung S, Shim JH, Chun E, Lee KY. Cereblon negatively regulates TLR4 signaling through the attenuation of ubiquitination of TRAF6. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2313. [PMID: 27468689 PMCID: PMC4973362 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) is a substrate receptor protein for the CRL4A E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. In this study, we report on a new regulatory role of CRBN in TLR4 signaling. CRBN overexpression leads to suppression of NF-κB activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-1β in response to TLR4 stimulation. Biochemical studies revealed interactions between CRBN and TAK1, and TRAF6 proteins. The interaction between CRBN and TAK1 did not affect the association of the TAB1 and TAB2 proteins, which have pivotal roles in the activation of TAK1, whereas the CRBN-TRAF6 interaction critically affected ubiquitination of TRAF6 and TAB2. Binding mapping results revealed that CRBN interacts with the Zinc finger domain of TRAF6, which contains the ubiquitination site of TRAF6, leading to attenuation of ubiquitination of TRAF6 and TAB2. Functional studies revealed that CRBN-knockdown THP-1 cells show enhanced NF-κB activation and p65- or p50-DNA binding activities, leading to up-regulation of NF-κB-dependent gene expression and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in response to TLR4 stimulation. Furthermore, Crbn−/− mice exhibit decreased survival in response to LPS challenge, accompanied with marked enhancement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6. Taken together, our data demonstrate that CRBN negatively regulates TLR4 signaling via attenuation of TRAF6 and TAB2 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Min
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 300, Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Mi Wi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 300, Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Seung Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gyoo Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkwon Chung
- Department of Physiology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eunyoung Chun
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 300, Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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99930
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Sterkel M, Perdomo HD, Guizzo MG, Barletta ABF, Nunes RD, Dias FA, Sorgine MHF, Oliveira PL. Tyrosine Detoxification Is an Essential Trait in the Life History of Blood-Feeding Arthropods. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2188-93. [PMID: 27476595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood-feeding arthropods are vectors of infectious diseases such as dengue, Zika, Chagas disease, and malaria [1], and vector control is essential to limiting disease spread. Because these arthropods ingest very large amounts of blood, a protein-rich meal, huge amounts of amino acids are produced during digestion. Previous work on Rhodnius prolixus, a vector of Chagas disease, showed that, among all amino acids, only tyrosine degradation enzymes were overexpressed in the midgut compared to other tissues [2]. Here we demonstrate that tyrosine detoxification is an essential trait in the life history of blood-sucking arthropods. We found that silencing Rhodnius tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), the first two enzymes of the phenylalanine/tyrosine degradation pathway, caused the death of insects after a blood meal. This was confirmed by using the HPPD inhibitor mesotrione, which selectively killed hematophagous arthropods but did not affect non-hematophagous insects. In addition, mosquitoes and kissing bugs died after feeding on mice that had previously received a therapeutic effective oral dose (1 mg/kg) of nitisinone, another HPPD inhibitor used in humans for the treatment of tyrosinemia type I [3]. These findings indicate that HPPD (and TAT) can be a target for the selective control of blood-sucking disease vector populations. Because HPPD inhibitors are extensively used as herbicides and in medicine, these compounds may provide an alternative less toxic to humans and more environmentally friendly than the conventional neurotoxic insecticides that are currently used, with the ability to affect only hematophagous arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Sterkel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Hugo D Perdomo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Melina G Guizzo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz F Barletta
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo D Nunes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Dias
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcos H F Sorgine
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular
| | - Pedro L Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular.
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99931
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Chen L, Zhang C, Chen L, Wang X, Xiang B, Wu X, Guo Y, Mou X, Yuan L, Chen B, Wang J, Xiang C. Human Menstrual Blood-Derived Stem Cells Ameliorate Liver Fibrosis in Mice by Targeting Hepatic Stellate Cells via Paracrine Mediators. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:272-284. [PMID: 28170193 PMCID: PMC5442725 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may have potential applications in regenerative medicine for the treatment of chronic liver diseases (CLDs). Human menstrual blood is a novel source of MSCs, termed menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs). Compared with bone marrow MSCs, MenSCs exhibit a higher proliferation rate and they can be obtained through a simple, safe, painless procedure without ethical concerns. Although the therapeutic efficacy of MenSCs has been explored in some diseases, their effects on liver fibrosis are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of MenSC transplantation in a carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse model of liver fibrosis. These results revealed that MenSCs markedly improved liver function, attenuated collagen deposition, and inhibited activated hepatic stellate cells up to 2 weeks after transplantation. Moreover, tracking of green fluorescent protein-expressing MenSCs demonstrated that transplanted cells migrated to the sites of injury, but few differentiated into functional hepatocyte-like cells. Transwell coculturing experiments also showed that MenSCs suppressed proliferation of LX-2 cells (an immortalized hepatic stellate cell line) through secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-6, hepatocyte growth factor, growth-related oncogene, interleukin-8, and osteoprotegerin. Collectively, our results provided preliminary evidence for the antifibrotic capacity of MenSCs in liver fibrosis and suggested that these cells may be an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of CLDs. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:272-284.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Zhejiang‐California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Zhejiang‐California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxing Wu
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfu Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Zhejiang‐California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Cell‐Based Drug Development of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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99932
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Heterologous Infection of Pregnant Mice Induces Low Birth Weight and Modifies Offspring Susceptibility to Malaria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160120. [PMID: 27467392 PMCID: PMC4965193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy malaria (PM) is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes, and can arise due to relapse, recrudescence or a re-infection with heterologous parasites. We have used the Plasmodium chabaudi model of pregnancy malaria in C57BL/6 mice to examine recrudescence and heterologous infection using CB and AS parasite strains. After an initial course of patent parasitemia and first recrudescence, CB but not AS parasites were observed to recrudesce again in most animals that became pregnant. Pregnancy exacerbated heterologous CB infection of AS-experienced mice, leading to mortality and impaired post-natal growth of pups. Parasites were detected in placental blood without evidence of sequestration, unlike P. falciparum but similar to other malaria species that infect pregnant women. Inflammatory cytokine levels were elevated in pregnant females during malaria, and associated with intensity of infection and with poor outcomes. Pups born to dams during heterologous infection were more resistant to malaria infections at 6–7 weeks of age, compared to pups born to malaria-experienced but uninfected dams or to malaria-naïve dams. In summary, our mouse model reproduces several features of human PM, including recrudescences, heterologous infections, poor pregnancy outcomes associated with inflammatory cytokines, and modulation of offspring susceptibility to malaria. This model should be further studied to explore mechanisms underlying PM pathogenesis.
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99933
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C-type lectin receptors in tuberculosis: what we know. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:513-535. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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99934
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Wang M, Busuttil RA, Pattison S, Neeson PJ, Boussioutas A. Immunological battlefield in gastric cancer and role of immunotherapies. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6373-6384. [PMID: 27605873 PMCID: PMC4968119 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i28.6373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Like the wars predating the First World War where human foot soldiers were deemed tools in the battlefield against an enemy, so too are the host immune cells of a patient battling a malignant gastric cancer. Indeed, the tumour microenvironment resembles a battlefield, where the patient’s immune cells are the defence against invading tumour cells. However, the relationship between different immune components of the host response to cancer is more complex than an “us against them” model. Components of the immune system inadvertently work against the interests of the host and become pro-tumourigenic while other components soldier on against the common enemy – the tumour cell.
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99935
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Chang XY, Yang Y, Jia XQ, Wang Y, Peng LN, Ai XH, Jiang CY, Guo JH, Wu TT. Expression and Clinical Significance of Serum Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Med Sci 2016; 351:244-52. [PMID: 26992252 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to explore the correlation between serum dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at its various disease states, analyze its applications in the prediction and diagnosis of COPD and test the possibility of DPPIV as the serologic marker for COPD screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from 74 patients (42 cases with acute exacerbation of COPD or acute exacerbation COPD (AECOPD) and 32 cases with stable COPD) and 29 control subjects were collected in this study. Those patients with AECOPD were classified as COPD remission group if their clinical symptoms relieved after nonintravenous or oral hormone therapy for 7 ± 3 days. DPPIV concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the difference in serum concentration of DPPIV was compared among different groups. The correlation between DPPIV concentration and age, sex or smoking history was analyzed, and the diagnostic value of DPPIV was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS Serum DPPIV concentration was significantly lower in all COPD groups as compared with that in healthy control group (P < 0.001). Serum DPPIV concentration in AECOPD group was increased after treatment (P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between DPPIV concentration and age, sex or smoking history (P > 0.05). ROC analysis indicated that serum DPPIV concentration in all groups showed a good diagnostic accuracy, especially in stable COPD and AECOPD groups. The area under the ROC curve values were 0.901 and 0.906, respectively, with a high specificity of 0.931 for both groups and a high sensitivity of 0.75 for stable COPD and 0.875 for AECOPD. CONCLUSIONS Serum DPPIV concentration in patients with COPD is decreased significantly, and there is no correlation between serum DPPIV concentration and sex or age. Serum DPPIV not only is an independent predictive factor, but also of high value as a good serologic marker for the diagnosis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Chang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (X-YC, YY, X-QJ, YW, L-NP, X-HA, C-YJ, J-HG), Baotou Central Hospital, Donghe District, Baotou, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (X-YC, YY, X-QJ, YW, L-NP, X-HA, C-YJ, J-HG), Baotou Central Hospital, Donghe District, Baotou, China.
| | - Xiao-Qing Jia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (X-YC, YY, X-QJ, YW, L-NP, X-HA, C-YJ, J-HG), Baotou Central Hospital, Donghe District, Baotou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (X-YC, YY, X-QJ, YW, L-NP, X-HA, C-YJ, J-HG), Baotou Central Hospital, Donghe District, Baotou, China
| | - Li-Na Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (X-YC, YY, X-QJ, YW, L-NP, X-HA, C-YJ, J-HG), Baotou Central Hospital, Donghe District, Baotou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Ai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (X-YC, YY, X-QJ, YW, L-NP, X-HA, C-YJ, J-HG), Baotou Central Hospital, Donghe District, Baotou, China
| | - Cui-Ying Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (X-YC, YY, X-QJ, YW, L-NP, X-HA, C-YJ, J-HG), Baotou Central Hospital, Donghe District, Baotou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (X-YC, YY, X-QJ, YW, L-NP, X-HA, C-YJ, J-HG), Baotou Central Hospital, Donghe District, Baotou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Nephrology Medicine (T-TW), Baotou Central Hospital, Donghe District, Baotou, China
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99936
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Kang CC, Yamauchi KA, Vlassakis J, Sinkala E, Duncombe TA, Herr AE. Single cell-resolution western blotting. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1508-30. [PMID: 27466711 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This protocol describes how to perform western blotting on individual cells to measure cell-to-cell variation in protein expression levels and protein state. Like conventional western blotting, single-cell western blotting (scWB) is particularly useful for protein targets that lack selective antibodies (e.g., isoforms) and in cases in which background signal from intact cells is confounding. scWB is performed on a microdevice that comprises an array of microwells molded in a thin layer of a polyacrylamide gel (PAG). The gel layer functions as both a molecular sieving matrix during PAGE and a blotting scaffold during immunoprobing. scWB involves five main stages: (i) gravity settling of cells into microwells; (ii) chemical lysis of cells in each microwell; (iii) PAGE of each single-cell lysate; (iv) exposure of the gel to UV light to blot (immobilize) proteins to the gel matrix; and (v) in-gel immunoprobing of immobilized proteins. Multiplexing can be achieved by probing with antibody cocktails and using antibody stripping/reprobing techniques, enabling detection of 10+ proteins in each cell. We also describe microdevice fabrication for both uniform and pore-gradient microgels. To extend in-gel immunoprobing to gels of small pore size, we describe an optional gel de-cross-linking protocol for more effective introduction of antibodies into the gel layer. Once the microdevice has been fabricated, the assay can be completed in 4-6 h by microfluidic novices and it generates high-selectivity, multiplexed data from single cells. The technique is relevant when direct measurement of proteins in single cells is needed, with applications spanning the fundamental biosciences to applied biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chih Kang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kevin A Yamauchi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Julea Vlassakis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Elly Sinkala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Todd A Duncombe
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Amy E Herr
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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99937
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Stamatiades EG, Tremblay ME, Bohm M, Crozet L, Bisht K, Kao D, Coelho C, Fan X, Yewdell WT, Davidson A, Heeger PS, Diebold S, Nimmerjahn F, Geissmann F. Immune Monitoring of Trans-endothelial Transport by Kidney-Resident Macrophages. Cell 2016; 166:991-1003. [PMID: 27477514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small immune complexes cause type III hypersensitivity reactions that frequently result in tissue injury. The responsible mechanisms, however, remain unclear and differ depending on target organs. Here, we identify a kidney-specific anatomical and functional unit, formed by resident macrophages and peritubular capillary endothelial cells, which monitors the transport of proteins and particles ranging from 20 to 700 kDa or 10 to 200 nm into the kidney interstitium. Kidney-resident macrophages detect and scavenge circulating immune complexes "pumped" into the interstitium via trans-endothelial transport and trigger a FcγRIV-dependent inflammatory response and the recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils. In addition, FcγRIV and TLR pathways synergistically "super-activate" kidney macrophages when immune complexes contain a nucleic acid. These data identify a physiological function of tissue-resident kidney macrophages and a basic mechanism by which they initiate the inflammatory response to small immune complexes in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios G Stamatiades
- Immunology Program and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bohm
- Immunology Program and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Immunology, Infection and Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Inflammatory Diseases King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Lucile Crozet
- Immunology Program and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Daniela Kao
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolina Coelho
- Immunology Program and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xiying Fan
- Immunology Program and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William T Yewdell
- Immunology Program and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anne Davidson
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Department of Medicine, Recanati Miller Transplant Institute and Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sandra Diebold
- Immunotoxicology Team Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Immunology, Infection and Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Inflammatory Diseases King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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99938
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T Helper Cell Activation and Expansion Is Sensitive to Glutaminase Inhibition under Both Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160291. [PMID: 27467144 PMCID: PMC4965213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses often take place where nutrients and O2 availability are limited. This has an impact on T cell metabolism and influences activation and effector functions. T cell proliferation and expansion are associated with increased consumption of glutamine which is needed in a number of metabolic pathways and regulate various physiological processes. The first step in endogenous glutamine metabolism is reversible and is regulated by glutaminase (GLS1 and GLS2) and glutamine synthase (GLUL). There are two isoforms of GLS1, Kidney type glutaminase (KGA) and Glutaminase C (GAC). The aim of this study is to investigate the expression, localization and role of GLS1 and GLUL in naïve and activated human CD4+ T cells stimulated through the CD3 and CD28 receptors under normoxia and hypoxia. In proliferating cells, GAC was upregulated and KGA was downregulated, and both enzymes were located to the mitochondria irrespective of O2 levels. By contrast GLUL is localized to the cytoplasm and was upregulated under hypoxia. Proliferation was dependent on glutamine consumption, as glutamine deprivation and GLS1 inhibition decreased proliferation and expression of CD25 and CD226, regardless of O2 availability. Again irrespective of O2, GLS1 inhibition decreased the proportion of CCR6 and CXCR3 expressing CD4+ T cells as well as cytokine production. We propose that systemic Th cell activation and expansion might be dependent on glutamine but not O2 availability.
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99939
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Pfeifhofer-Obermair C, Albrecht-Schgoer K, Peer S, Nairz M, Siegmund K, Klepsch V, Haschka D, Thuille N, Hermann-Kleiter N, Gruber T, Weiss G, Baier G. Role of PKCtheta in macrophage-mediated immune response to Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:14. [PMID: 27465248 PMCID: PMC4964075 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serine/threonine protein kinase C (PKC) theta has been firmly implicated in T cell-mediated immunity. Because its role in macrophages has remained undefined, we employed PKCtheta-deficient (PKCtheta (-/-)) mice in order to investigate if PKCtheta plays a role in macrophage-mediated immune responses during bacterial infections. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that PKCtheta plays an important role in host defense against the Gram-negative, intracellular bacterium Salmonella typhimurium, as reflected both by markedly decreased survival and a significantly enhanced number of bacteria in spleen and liver of PKCtheta (-/-) mice, when compared to wild-type mice. Of note, albeit macrophages do not express detectable PKCtheta, PKCtheta mRNA expression was found to be profoundly upregulated during the first hours of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-, but not IL-4-mediated cell polarization conditions in vitro. Mechanistically, despite expressing normal levels of classically activated macrophage (CAM) markers, PKCtheta-deficient CAMs expressed significantly higher levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in vivo and in vitro when challenged with S. typhimurium or LPS/IFNgamma. Neutralization of IL-10 recovered immune control to S. typhimurium infection in PKCtheta-deficient macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data provide genetic evidence that PKCtheta promotes a potent pro-inflammatory CAM phenotype that is instrumental to mounting protective anti-bacterial immunity. Mechanistically, PKCtheta exerts a host-protective role against S. typhimurium infection, and acts as an essential link between TLR4/IFNgammaR signaling and selective suppression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 at the onset of CAM differentiation in the course of a bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Pfeifhofer-Obermair
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Straße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine VI/Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karin Albrecht-Schgoer
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Straße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Peer
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Straße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI/Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerstin Siegmund
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Straße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Victoria Klepsch
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Straße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine VI/Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Thuille
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Straße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Straße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Straße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI/Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Straße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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99940
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Abstract
All higher vertebrates share the fundamental components of the adaptive immune system: the B cell receptor, the T cell receptor, and classical MHC proteins. At a more detailed level, their immune systems vary considerably, especially with respect to the non-polymorphic MHC class I-like proteins. In mammals, the CD1 family of lipid-presenting proteins is encoded by clusters of genes of widely divergent sizes and compositions. Another MHC class I-like protein, MR1, is typically encoded by a single gene that is highly conserved among species. Based on mammalian genomes and the available data on cellular expression profiles and protein structure, we review MR1 genes and families of CD1 genes in modern mammals from a genetic and functional perspective. Understanding the CD1 and MR1 systems across animal species provides insights into the specialized functions of the five types of CD1 proteins and facilitates careful consideration of animal models for human diseases in which immune responses to lipids and bacterial metabolites play a role.
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99941
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You H, Li R, Wei C, Chen S, Mao L, Zhang Z, Yang X. Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Neutralization Inhibits the Immune Adjuvant Effect of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Balb/c Mouse Asthma Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159479. [PMID: 27467143 PMCID: PMC4965047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a commonly used plasticizer, has an adjuvant effect in combination with ovalbumin (OVA). The adjuvant effect of DEHP has already been verified in our previous studies. In this study, to further investigate whether thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) was involved in the DEHP-adjuvant effect, DEHP was administered through a daily gavage exposure route. Mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) to trigger allergic responses, and an anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody was used to neutralize the effect of TSLP. Biomarkers including cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), serum total IgE and TSLP content in the lung were detected. In addition, airway hyperreactivity and lung sections were examined. Collectively, these data indicated a salient Th2 response which was characterized by the upregulation of Th2-type cytokines, such as interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13. Moreover, the eosinophil number in BALF and the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in the lung were seen to have increased significantly. However, neutralization of TSLP with an anti-TSLP mAb reversed the adjuvant effect of DEHP on airway inflammation, structural alterations in the airway wall and increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine induced by the OVA allergen, suggesting that TSLP was an effective target site for suppressing the adjuvant effect of DEHP co-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui You
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenxi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety Monitoring and Evaluation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaohui Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Mao
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenye Zhang
- University Hospital, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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99942
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Gupta P, Lai SM, Sheng J, Tetlak P, Balachander A, Claser C, Renia L, Karjalainen K, Ruedl C. Tissue-Resident CD169(+) Macrophages Form a Crucial Front Line against Plasmodium Infection. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1749-1761. [PMID: 27477286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue macrophages exhibit diverse functions, ranging from the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, including clearance of senescent erythrocytes and cell debris, to modulation of inflammation and immunity. Their contribution to the control of blood-stage malaria remains unclear. Here, we show that in the absence of tissue-resident CD169(+) macrophages, Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection results in significantly increased parasite sequestration, leading to vascular occlusion and leakage and augmented tissue deposition of the malarial pigment hemozoin. This leads to widespread tissue damage culminating in multiple organ inflammation. Thus, the capacity of CD169(+) macrophages to contain the parasite burden and its sequestration into different tissues and to limit infection-induced inflammation is crucial to mitigating Plasmodium infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Gupta
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Si Min Lai
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jianpeng Sheng
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Piotr Tetlak
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Akhila Balachander
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Klaus Karjalainen
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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99943
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NK cells pave the road for alloengraftment. Blood 2016; 127:1083-4. [PMID: 26941391 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-692202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Alvarez et al describe a novel inhibitory receptor-mediated role for unlicensed natural killer (U-NK) cells in allogeneic graft facilitation.
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99944
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Schneider C, Nobs SP, Heer AK, Hirsch E, Penninger J, Siggs OM, Kopf M. Frontline Science: Coincidental null mutation of Csf2rα in a colony of PI3Kγ-/- mice causes alveolar macrophage deficiency and fatal respiratory viral infection. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:367-376. [PMID: 27468760 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4hi0316-157r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3Ks have been identified as key signaling proteins involved in many basic biologic processes in health and disease. Transgenic animals have been essential tools to study the underlying molecular mechanisms in this context and therefore, have been widely used to elucidate the role of these factors in many different settings. More specifically, PI3Kγ, a subunit highly expressed in the hematopoietic system, has been implicated to play an important role in many inflammatory diseases as well as cancer. Here, we report identification of multiple, additional, previously unknown mutations in the genome of a widely used PI3Kγ-deficient (PI3Kγ-/-) mouse colony. These include a STOP mutation in the GM-CSFRα chain, leading to a complete and specific deficiency in GM-CSF signaling. PI3Kγ-/- animals consequently lacked alveolar macrophages (AMs) and succumbed rapidly to influenza virus infection. Furthermore, PI3Kγ-/- mice carried an additional mutation that affects mucin 2 (Muc2) transcripts. This protein is strongly involved in the regulation of colorectal cancer, and indeed, conflicting reports have indicated that PI3Kγ-/- animals spontaneously develop colorectal tumors. Thus, we uncover previously unknown, confounding factors present in a strain of PI3Kγ-/- mice, leading to additional deficiencies in important signaling pathways with potentially wide-ranging implications for the interpretation of previous studies. By separating the mutations, we established a unique Csf2ra-/- mouse model that allows us to study the role of cell intrinsic GM-CSFR signaling in vivo without confounding variables introduced by defective IL-5R and IL-3R signaling in mice lacking the common β chain (Csf2rb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel P Nobs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex K Heer
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Owen M Siggs
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;
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99945
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Salehi Z, Doosti R, Beheshti M, Janzamin E, Sahraian MA, Izad M. Differential Frequency of CD8+ T Cell Subsets in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Various Clinical Patterns. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159565. [PMID: 27467597 PMCID: PMC4965085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence points to a pathogenic role for CD8+ cytotoxic T (Tc) cells in Multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on cytokine profile, Tc cells can be divided into different subsets: IFN-γ (Tc1), IL-4 (Tc2), IL-10 (Tc10), IL-17 (Tc17), IL-21 (Tc21), IL-22 (Tc22) and TNF-α producing cells. In this study we evaluated the frequency of Tc cell subsets and the serum level of Tc17 differentiation cytokines in MS patients with different clinical patterns. We analyzed Tc cell subsets percentage in peripheral blood of relapsing-remitting (RRMS) (n = 28), secondary-progressive (SPMS) (n = 10) and primary-progressive (PPMS) (n = 4) MS patients in comparison to healthy controls (n = 15) using flow cytometry. Serum level of TGF-β, IL-6 and IL-23 were measured by ELISA. We showed elevated levels of Tc1 and Tc17 cells in SPMS and RRMS patients in relapse phase, respectively (P = 0.04). Interestingly, the percentage of TNF-α producing CD8+ T cells in relapse and remission phase of RRMS and SPMS patients were higher than controls (P = 0.01, P = 0.004, P = 0.01, respectively) and Tc21 increased in remission phase of RRMS compared to SPMS (P = 0.03). We also found higher frequency of CD8+ IFN-γ+ TNF-α+ IL-17+ T cells in relapse phase of RRMS compared to remission phase, SPMS patients and controls (P = 0.01, P = 0.004 and P = 0.02, respectively). TGF- β increased in sera of RRMS patients in remission phase (P = 0.03) and SPMS (P = 0.05) compared to healthy subjects. Increased level of Tc17 and CD8+ IFN-γ+ TNF-α+ IL-17+ T cells in relapse phase highlights the critical role of IL-17 in RRMS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salehi
- Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rozita Doosti
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Beheshti
- Pathophysiology laboratory, Sina hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Janzamin
- Flow Cytometry laboratory, Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (MI); (M-AS)
| | - Maryam Izad
- Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (MI); (M-AS)
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99946
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Weckmann M, Schultheiss C, Hollaender A, Bobis I, Rupp J, Kopp MV. Treatment with rhDNase in patients with cystic fibrosis alters in-vitro CHIT-1 activity of isolated leucocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:382-91. [PMID: 27324468 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest a possible relationship between cystic fibrosis (CF) pharmacotherapy, Aspergillus fumigatus colonization (AC) and/or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). The aim of this study was to determine if anti-fungal defence mechanisms are influenced by CF pharmacotherapy, i.e. if (1) neutrophils form CF and non-CF donors differ in their ability to produce chitotriosidase (CHIT-1); (2) if incubation of isolated neutrophils with azithromycin, salbutamol, prednisolone or rhDNase might influence the CHIT-1 activity; and (3) if NETosis and neutrophil killing efficiency is influenced by rhDNase. Neutrophils were isolated from the blood of CF patients (n = 19; mean age 26·8 years or healthy, non-CF donors (n = 20; 38·7 years) and stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), azithromycin, salbutamol, prednisolone or rhDNase. CHIT-1 enzyme activity was measured with a fluorescent substrate. NETosis was induced by PMA and neutrophil killing efficiency was assessed by a hyphae recovery assay. Neutrophil CHIT-1 activity was comparable in the presence or absence of PMA stimulation in both CF and non-CF donors. PMA stimulation and preincubation with rhDNase increased CHIT-1 activity in culture supernatants from non-CF and CF donors. However, this increase was significant in non-CF donors but not in CF patients (P < 0·05). RhDNase reduced the number of NETs in PMA-stimulated neutrophils and decreased the killing efficiency of leucocytes in our in-vitro model. Azithromycin, salbutamol or prednisolone had no effect on CHIT-1 activity. Stimulation of isolated leucocytes with PMA and treatment with rhDNase interfered with anti-fungal defence mechanisms. However, the impact of our findings for treatment in CF patients needs to be proved in a clinical cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weckmann
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology, Clinic of Pediatrics UKSH, University of Luebeck, Luebeck.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - C Schultheiss
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology, Clinic of Pediatrics UKSH, University of Luebeck, Luebeck.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - A Hollaender
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology, Clinic of Pediatrics UKSH, University of Luebeck, Luebeck.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - I Bobis
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, UKSH, University of Kiel, Kiel
| | - J Rupp
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Infectious Diseases, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - M V Kopp
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology, Clinic of Pediatrics UKSH, University of Luebeck, Luebeck.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
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99947
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Doenhoff MJ, El-Faham M, Liddell S, Fuller HR, Stanley RG, Schramm G, Igetei JE. Cross-Reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni Antigens and the Latex Allergen Hev b 7: Putative Implication of Cross-Reactive Carbohydrate Determinants (CCDs). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159542. [PMID: 27467385 PMCID: PMC4965158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG antibodies produced by rabbits immunized against S. mansoni antigens cross-reacted with aqueous soluble constituents of a variety of allergens. The antibody cross-reactivity was largely sensitive to degradation by treatment of the target antigens with sodium meta-periodate, suggesting the cross-reactivity was due to carbohydrate determinants that were common to both the schistosome and the allergens (CCDs). The reaction between the rabbit antibodies and a 43 kDa molecule in a rubber latex extract was analysed further: tandem mass spectrometry identified the latex molecule as allergen Hev b 7. Rabbit anti-schistosome IgG antibodies purified by acid-elution from solid-phase latex Hev b 7 reacted with the S. mansoni egg antigens IPSE/alpha-1 and kappa-5 and cercarial antigens SPO-1 and a fatty acid-binding protein. Moreover, purified anti-S. mansoni egg, latex cross-reactive antibodies reacted with antigenic constituents of some fruits, a result of potential relevance to the latex-fruit syndrome of allergic reactions. We propose that IgG anti-schistosome antibodies that cross-react with allergens may be able to block IgE-induced allergic reactions and thus provide a possible explanation for the hygiene hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Doenhoff
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marwa El-Faham
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Susan Liddell
- School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi R. Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald G. Stanley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Schramm
- Research Center Borstel, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Experimental Pneumology, Parkallee 22, D-23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Joseph E. Igetei
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
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99948
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Nakanishi K, Kukita Y, Segawa H, Inoue N, Ohue M, Kato K. Characterization of the T-cell receptor beta chain repertoire in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2513-21. [PMID: 27465739 PMCID: PMC5055180 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are direct effectors of tumor immunity, and their characterization is important for further development of immunotherapy. Recent advances in high‐throughput sequencing technologies have enabled a comprehensive analysis of T‐cell receptor (TCR) complementarity‐determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences, which may provide information of therapeutic importance. We developed a high‐fidelity target sequencing method with the ability for absolute quantitation, and performed large‐scale sequencing of TCR beta chain (TCRB) CDR3 regions in TILs and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The estimated TCRB repertoire sizes of PBLs from four healthy individuals and TILs from four colorectal cancer tissue samples were 608,664–1,003,098 and 90,228–223,757, respectively. The usage of J‐ and V‐regions was similar in PBLs and TILs. Proportions of CDR3 amino acid (aa) sequences occupying more than 0.01% of the total molecular population were 0.33–0.43% in PBLs and 1.3–3.6% in TILs. Additional low coverage sequencing of 15 samples identified five CDR3 aa sequences that were shared by nine patients, one sequence shared by 10 patients, and one sequence shared by 12 patients. The estimated size of the TCRB repertoire in TILs was significantly smaller than that in PBLs. The proportion of abundant species (>0.01%) in TILs was larger than that in PBLs. Shared CDR3 aa sequences represent a response to common antigens, and the identification of such CDR3 sequences may be beneficial in developing clinical biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Nakanishi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoji Kukita
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Segawa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Inoue
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohue
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kikuya Kato
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan.
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99949
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Mizukawa Y, Doi T, Yamazaki Y, Kudo A, Shiohara T. Epidermal Neuromedin U Attenuates IgE-Mediated Allergic Skin Inflammation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160122. [PMID: 27463114 PMCID: PMC4963095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although keratinocyte-derived neuropeptide neuromedin U (NMU) mediates the proinflammatory effects of innate-type mast cell activation, no information is available on the physiological roles. Here, to investigate the effects of NMU on IgE-mediated allergic skin inflammation, we determined whether IgE-mediated inflammation associated with severe scratching was induced in Nmu-/- mice administered repeated hapten applications to the ear or footpad. Dry skin was induced by targeted deletion of Nmu. Mice administered repeated hapten application developed IgE-mediated allergic inflammation characterized by severe scratching and increased serum IgE levels only when the ear, and not the footpad, was subjected to scratching, indicating that depletion of NMU from the epidermis alone does not drive such allergic inflammation. Thus, the susceptibility of Nmu-/- mice to allergic inflammation depends primarily on scratching dry skin. Further, allergic skin inflammation mediated by FcεRI cross-linking in Nmu-/-mice was inhibited by prior injection of NMU. These results indicate that NMU plays an important physiological role as a negative regulator during the late stage of IgE-mediated allergic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Mizukawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takaaki Doi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shiohara
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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99950
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Ebola Virus Does Not Induce Stress Granule Formation during Infection and Sequesters Stress Granule Proteins within Viral Inclusions. J Virol 2016; 90:7268-7284. [PMID: 27252530 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00459-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A hallmark of Ebola virus (EBOV) infection is the formation of viral inclusions in the cytoplasm of infected cells. These viral inclusions contain the EBOV nucleocapsids and are sites of viral replication and nucleocapsid maturation. Although there is growing evidence that viral inclusions create a protected environment that fosters EBOV replication, little is known about their role in the host response to infection. The cellular stress response is an effective antiviral strategy that leads to stress granule (SG) formation and translational arrest mediated by the phosphorylation of a translation initiation factor, the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). Here, we show that selected SG proteins are sequestered within EBOV inclusions, where they form distinct granules that colocalize with viral RNA. These inclusion-bound (IB) granules are functionally and structurally different from canonical SGs. Formation of IB granules does not indicate translational arrest in the infected cells. We further show that EBOV does not induce formation of canonical SGs or eIF2α phosphorylation at any time postinfection but is unable to fully inhibit SG formation induced by different exogenous stressors, including sodium arsenite, heat, and hippuristanol. Despite the sequestration of SG marker proteins into IB granules, canonical SGs are unable to form within inclusions, which we propose might be mediated by a novel function of VP35, which disrupts SG formation. This function is independent of VP35's RNA binding activity. Further studies aim to reveal the mechanism for SG protein sequestration and precise function within inclusions. IMPORTANCE Although progress has been made developing antiviral therapeutics and vaccines against the highly pathogenic Ebola virus (EBOV), the cellular mechanisms involved in EBOV infection are still largely unknown. To better understand these intracellular events, we investigated the cellular stress response, an antiviral pathway manipulated by many viruses. We show that EBOV does not induce formation of stress granules (SGs) in infected cells and is therefore unrestricted by their concomitant translational arrest. We identified SG proteins sequestered within viral inclusions, which did not impair protein translation. We further show that EBOV is unable to block SG formation triggered by exogenous stress early in infection. These findings provide insight into potential targets of therapeutic intervention. Additionally, we identified a novel function of the interferon antagonist VP35, which is able to disrupt SG formation.
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